151
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Papagiannakis N, Xilouri M, Koros C, Stamelou M, Antonelou R, Maniati M, Papadimitriou D, Moraitou M, Michelakakis H, Stefanis L. Lysosomal alterations in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of Parkinson's disease patients. Mov Disord 2015; 30:1830-4. [PMID: 26769460 DOI: 10.1002/mds.26433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2015] [Revised: 08/21/2015] [Accepted: 08/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Reduced expression of lysosomal-associated membrane protein 2a and heatshock-cognate 70 proteins, involved in chaperone-mediated autophagy and of glucocerebrosidase, is reported in PD brains. The aim of this study was to identify systemic alterations in lysosomal-associated membrane protein 2a, heatshock cognate-70, and glucocerebrosidase levels/activity in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from PD patients. METHODS Protein/mRNA levels were assessed in PD patients from genetically undetermined background, alpha-synuclein (G209A/A53T), or glucocerebrosidase mutation carriers and age-/sex-matched controls. RESULTS Heatshock cognate 70 protein levels were reduced in all PD groups, whereas its mRNA levels were decreased only in the genetically undetermined group. Glucocerebrosidase protein levels were decreased only in the genetic PD groups, whereas increased mRNA levels and decreased activity were detected only in the glucocerebrosidase mutation group. CONCLUSIONS Reduced heatshock cognate-70 levels are suggestive of an apparent systemic chaperone-mediated autophagy dysfunction irrespective of genetic background. Glucocerebrosidase activity may serve as a screening tool to identify glucocerebrosidase mutation carriers with PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaos Papagiannakis
- Center of Clinical Research, Experimental Surgery and Translational Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
- Second Department of Neurology, University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece
| | - Maria Xilouri
- Center of Clinical Research, Experimental Surgery and Translational Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Christos Koros
- Second Department of Neurology, University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece
| | - Maria Stamelou
- Second Department of Neurology, University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece
| | - Roubina Antonelou
- Second Department of Neurology, University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece
| | - Matina Maniati
- Center of Clinical Research, Experimental Surgery and Translational Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | | | - Marina Moraitou
- Department of Enzymology and Cellular Function, Institute of Child Health, Athens, Greece
| | - Helen Michelakakis
- Department of Enzymology and Cellular Function, Institute of Child Health, Athens, Greece
| | - Leonidas Stefanis
- Center of Clinical Research, Experimental Surgery and Translational Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
- Second Department of Neurology, University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece
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152
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Increased Transcript Complexity in Genes Associated with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0140885. [PMID: 26480348 PMCID: PMC4610675 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0140885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2015] [Accepted: 09/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Genome-wide association studies aim to correlate genotype with phenotype. Many common diseases including Type II diabetes, Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) are complex genetic traits with hundreds of different loci that are associated with varied disease risk. Identifying common features in the genes associated with each disease remains a challenge. Furthermore, the role of post-transcriptional regulation, and in particular alternative splicing, is still poorly understood in most multigenic diseases. We therefore compiled comprehensive lists of genes associated with Type II diabetes, Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s and COPD in an attempt to identify common features of their corresponding mRNA transcripts within each gene set. The SERPINA1 gene is a well-recognized genetic risk factor of COPD and it produces 11 transcript variants, which is exceptional for a human gene. This led us to hypothesize that other genes associated with COPD, and complex disorders in general, are highly transcriptionally diverse. We found that COPD-associated genes have a statistically significant enrichment in transcript complexity stemming from a disproportionately high level of alternative splicing, however, Type II Diabetes, Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s disease genes were not significantly enriched. We also identified a subset of transcriptionally complex COPD-associated genes (~40%) that are differentially expressed between mild, moderate and severe COPD. Although the genes associated with other lung diseases are not extensively documented, we found preliminary data that idiopathic pulmonary disease genes, but not cystic fibrosis modulators, are also more transcriptionally complex. Interestingly, complex COPD transcripts are more often the product of alternative acceptor site usage. To verify the biological importance of these alternative transcripts, we used RNA-sequencing analyses to determine that COPD-associated genes are frequently expressed in lung and liver tissues and are regulated in a tissue-specific manner. Additionally, many complex COPD-associated genes are spliced differently between COPD and non-COPD patients. Our analysis therefore suggests that post-transcriptional regulation, particularly alternative splicing, is an important feature specific to COPD disease etiology that warrants further investigation.
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153
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Biomarkers in Parkinson's disease: Advances and strategies. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2015; 22 Suppl 1:S106-10. [PMID: 26439946 DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2015.09.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2015] [Revised: 09/18/2015] [Accepted: 09/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by progressive motor disturbances and affects more than 1% of the worldwide population. Despite considerable progress in understanding PD pathophysiology, including genetic and biochemical causes, diagnostic approaches lack accuracy and interventions are restricted to symptomatic treatments. PD is a complex syndrome with different clinical subtypes and a wide variability in disorder course. In order to deliver better clinical management of PD patients and discovery of novel therapies, there is an urgent need to find sensitive, specific, and reliable biomarkers. The development of biomarkers will not only help the scientific community to identify populations at risk, but also facilitate clinical diagnosis. Furthermore, these tools could monitor progression, which could ultimately deliver personalized therapeutic strategies. The field of biomarker discovery in PD has attracted significant attention and there have been numerous contributions in recent years. Although none of the parameters have been validated for clinical practice, some candidates hold promise. This review summarizes recent advances in the development of PD biomarkers and discusses new strategies for their utilization.
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154
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Mattson MP. Late-onset dementia: a mosaic of prototypical pathologies modifiable by diet and lifestyle. NPJ Aging Mech Dis 2015. [PMID: 28642821 PMCID: PMC5478237 DOI: 10.1038/npjamd.2015.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Idiopathic late-onset dementia (ILOD) describes impairments of memory, reasoning and/or social abilities in the elderly that compromise their daily functioning. Dementia occurs in several major prototypical neurodegenerative disorders that are currently defined by neuropathological criteria, most notably Alzheimer’s disease (AD), Lewy body dementia (LBD), frontotemporal dementia (FTD) and hippocampal sclerosis of aging (HSA). However, people who die with ILOD commonly exhibit mixed pathologies that vary within and between brain regions. Indeed, many patients diagnosed with probable AD exhibit only modest amounts of disease-defining amyloid β-peptide plaques and p-Tau tangles, and may have features of FTD (TDP-43 inclusions), Parkinson’s disease (α-synuclein accumulation), HSA and vascular lesions. Here I argue that this ‘mosaic neuropathological landscape’ is the result of commonalities in aging-related processes that render neurons vulnerable to the entire spectrum of ILODs. In this view, all ILODs involve deficits in neuronal energy metabolism, neurotrophic signaling and adaptive cellular stress responses, and associated dysregulation of neuronal calcium handling and autophagy. Although this mosaic of neuropathologies and underlying mechanisms poses major hurdles for development of disease-specific therapeutic interventions, it also suggests that certain interventions would be beneficial for all ILODs. Indeed, emerging evidence suggests that the brain can be protected against ILOD by lifelong intermittent physiological challenges including exercise, energy restriction and intellectual endeavors; these interventions enhance cellular stress resistance and facilitate neuroplasticity. There is also therapeutic potential for interventions that bolster neuronal bioenergetics and/or activate one or more adaptive cellular stress response pathways in brain cells. A wider appreciation that all ILODs share age-related cellular and molecular alterations upstream of aggregated protein lesions, and that these upstream events can be mitigated, may lead to implementation of novel intervention strategies aimed at reversing the rising tide of ILODs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark P Mattson
- Laboratory of Neurosciences, National Institute on Aging Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, MD 21224.,Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205
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155
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Pickrell AM, Huang CH, Kennedy SR, Ordureau A, Sideris DP, Hoekstra JG, Harper JW, Youle RJ. Endogenous Parkin Preserves Dopaminergic Substantia Nigral Neurons following Mitochondrial DNA Mutagenic Stress. Neuron 2015; 87:371-81. [PMID: 26182419 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2015.06.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 239] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2015] [Revised: 06/03/2015] [Accepted: 06/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disease caused by the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra. PARK2 mutations cause early-onset forms of PD. PARK2 encodes an E3 ubiquitin ligase, Parkin, that can selectively translocate to dysfunctional mitochondria to promote their removal by autophagy. However, Parkin knockout (KO) mice do not display signs of neurodegeneration. To assess Parkin function in vivo, we utilized a mouse model that accumulates dysfunctional mitochondria caused by an accelerated generation of mtDNA mutations (Mutator mice). In the absence of Parkin, dopaminergic neurons in Mutator mice degenerated causing an L-DOPA reversible motor deficit. Other neuronal populations were unaffected. Phosphorylated ubiquitin was increased in the brains of Mutator mice, indicating PINK1-Parkin activation. Parkin loss caused mitochondrial dysfunction and affected the pathogenicity but not the levels of mtDNA somatic mutations. A systemic loss of Parkin synergizes with mitochondrial dysfunction causing dopaminergic neuron death modeling PD pathogenic processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia M Pickrell
- Surgical Neurology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Chiu-Hui Huang
- Surgical Neurology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Scott R Kennedy
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98104, USA
| | - Alban Ordureau
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Dionisia P Sideris
- Surgical Neurology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Jake G Hoekstra
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98104, USA
| | - J Wade Harper
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Richard J Youle
- Surgical Neurology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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156
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Ikonomov OC, Sbrissa D, Compton LM, Kumar R, Tisdale EJ, Chen X, Shisheva A. The Protein Complex of Neurodegeneration-related Phosphoinositide Phosphatase Sac3 and ArPIKfyve Binds the Lewy Body-associated Synphilin-1, Preventing Its Aggregation. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:28515-28529. [PMID: 26405034 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.669929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The 5-phosphoinositide phosphatase Sac3, in which loss-of-function mutations are linked to neurodegenerative disorders, forms a stable cytosolic complex with the scaffolding protein ArPIKfyve. The ArPIKfyve-Sac3 heterodimer interacts with the phosphoinositide 5-kinase PIKfyve in a ubiquitous ternary complex that couples PtdIns(3,5)P2 synthesis with turnover at endosomal membranes, thereby regulating the housekeeping endocytic transport in eukaryotes. Neuron-specific associations of the ArPIKfyve-Sac3 heterodimer, which may shed light on the neuropathological mechanisms triggered by Sac3 dysfunction, are unknown. Here we conducted mass spectrometry analysis for brain-derived interactors of ArPIKfyve-Sac3 and unraveled the α-synuclein-interacting protein Synphilin-1 (Sph1) as a new component of the ArPIKfyve-Sac3 complex. Sph1, a predominantly neuronal protein that facilitates aggregation of α-synuclein, is a major component of Lewy body inclusions in neurodegenerative α-synucleinopathies. Modulations in ArPIKfyve/Sac3 protein levels by RNA silencing or overexpression in several mammalian cell lines, including human neuronal SH-SY5Y or primary mouse cortical neurons, revealed that the ArPIKfyve-Sac3 complex specifically altered the aggregation properties of Sph1-GFP. This effect required an active Sac3 phosphatase and proceeded through mechanisms that involved increased Sph1-GFP partitioning into the cytosol and removal of Sph1-GFP aggregates by basal autophagy but not by the proteasomal system. If uncoupled from ArPIKfyve elevation, overexpressed Sac3 readily aggregated, markedly enhancing the aggregation potential of Sph1-GFP. These data identify a novel role of the ArPIKfyve-Sac3 complex in the mechanisms controlling aggregate formation of Sph1 and suggest that Sac3 protein deficiency or overproduction may facilitate aggregation of aggregation-prone proteins, thereby precipitating the onset of multiple neuronal disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ognian C Ikonomov
- Departments of Physiology, Wayne State School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan 48201
| | - Diego Sbrissa
- Departments of Physiology, Wayne State School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan 48201
| | - Lauren M Compton
- Departments of Physiology, Wayne State School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan 48201
| | - Rita Kumar
- Departments of Physiology, Wayne State School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan 48201; Departments of Emergency Medicine, Wayne State School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan 48201
| | - Ellen J Tisdale
- Departments of Pharmacology, Wayne State School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan 48201
| | - Xuequn Chen
- Departments of Physiology, Wayne State School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan 48201
| | - Assia Shisheva
- Departments of Physiology, Wayne State School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan 48201.
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157
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van der Brug MP, Singleton A, Gasser T, Lewis PA. Parkinson's disease: From human genetics to clinical trials. Sci Transl Med 2015; 7:205ps20. [PMID: 26378242 PMCID: PMC5995146 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aaa8280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Combining genetic insights into the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease (PD) with findings from animal and cellular models of this disorder has advanced our understanding of the pathways that lead to the characteristic degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the brain's nigrostriatal pathway. This has fueled an increase in candidate compounds designed to modulate these pathways and to alter the processes underlying neuronal death in this disorder. Using mitochondrial quality control and the macroautophagy/lysosomal pathways as examples, we discuss the pipeline from a comprehensive genetic architecture for PD through to clinical trials for drugs targeting pathways linked to neurodegeneration in PD. We also identify opportunities and pitfalls on the road to a clinically effective disease-modifying treatment for this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Andrew Singleton
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Thomas Gasser
- Department for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen and German Centre for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Tübingen, Germany
| | - Patrick A Lewis
- School of Pharmacy, University of Reading, Reading RG6 6AP, UK. Centre for Integrated Neuroscience and Neurodynamics, University of Reading, Reading RG6 6AP, UK. Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen's Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK.
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158
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Linking genes to neurological clinical practice: the genomic basis for neurorehabilitation. J Neurol Phys Ther 2015; 39:52-61. [PMID: 25415554 DOI: 10.1097/npt.0000000000000066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Large-scale genomics projects such as the Human Genome Project and the International HapMap Project promise significant advances in the ability to diagnose and treat many conditions, including those with a neurological basis. A major focus of research has emerged in the neurological sciences to elucidate the molecular and genetic basis of various neurological diseases. Indeed, genetic factors are implicated in susceptibility for many neurological disorders, with family history studies providing strong evidence of familial risk for conditions such as stroke, Parkinson's, Alzheimer's, and Huntington's diseases. Heritability studies also suggest a strong genetic contribution to the risk for neurological diseases. Genome-wide association studies are also uncovering novel genetic variants associated with neurological disorders. Whole-genome and exome sequencing are likely to provide novel insights into the genetic basis of neurological disorders. Genetic factors are similarly associated with clinical phenotypes such as symptom severity and progression as well as response to treatment. Specifically, disease progression and functional restoration depend, in part, on the capacity for neural plasticity within residual neural tissues. Furthermore, such plasticity may be influenced in part by the presence of polymorphisms in several genes known to orchestrate neural plasticity including brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and Apolipoprotein E. (APOE). It is important for neurorehabilitation therapist practicing in the "genomic era" to be aware of the potential influence of genetic factors during clinical encounters, as advances in molecular sciences are revealing information of critical relevance to the clinical rehabilitation management of individuals with neurological conditions. Video Abstract available (See Video, Supplemental Digital Content 1, http://links.lww.com/JNPT/A88) for more insights from the authors.
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159
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Lardenoije R, Iatrou A, Kenis G, Kompotis K, Steinbusch HWM, Mastroeni D, Coleman P, Lemere CA, Hof PR, van den Hove DLA, Rutten BPF. The epigenetics of aging and neurodegeneration. Prog Neurobiol 2015; 131:21-64. [PMID: 26072273 PMCID: PMC6477921 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2015.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 246] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2014] [Revised: 05/13/2015] [Accepted: 05/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Epigenetics is a quickly growing field encompassing mechanisms regulating gene expression that do not involve changes in the genotype. Epigenetics is of increasing relevance to neuroscience, with epigenetic mechanisms being implicated in brain development and neuronal differentiation, as well as in more dynamic processes related to cognition. Epigenetic regulation covers multiple levels of gene expression; from direct modifications of the DNA and histone tails, regulating the level of transcription, to interactions with messenger RNAs, regulating the level of translation. Importantly, epigenetic dysregulation currently garners much attention as a pivotal player in aging and age-related neurodegenerative disorders, such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and Huntington's disease, where it may mediate interactions between genetic and environmental risk factors, or directly interact with disease-specific pathological factors. We review current knowledge about the major epigenetic mechanisms, including DNA methylation and DNA demethylation, chromatin remodeling and non-coding RNAs, as well as the involvement of these mechanisms in normal aging and in the pathophysiology of the most common neurodegenerative diseases. Additionally, we examine the current state of epigenetics-based therapeutic strategies for these diseases, which either aim to restore the epigenetic homeostasis or skew it to a favorable direction to counter disease pathology. Finally, methodological challenges of epigenetic investigations and future perspectives are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roy Lardenoije
- School for Mental Health and Neuroscience (MHeNS), Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, Maastricht University, Universiteitssingel 50, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Artemis Iatrou
- School for Mental Health and Neuroscience (MHeNS), Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, Maastricht University, Universiteitssingel 50, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Gunter Kenis
- School for Mental Health and Neuroscience (MHeNS), Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, Maastricht University, Universiteitssingel 50, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Konstantinos Kompotis
- Center for Integrative Genomics, University of Lausanne, Genopode Building, 1015 Lausanne-Dorigny, Switzerland
| | - Harry W M Steinbusch
- School for Mental Health and Neuroscience (MHeNS), Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, Maastricht University, Universiteitssingel 50, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Diego Mastroeni
- School for Mental Health and Neuroscience (MHeNS), Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, Maastricht University, Universiteitssingel 50, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands; L.J. Roberts Alzheimer's Disease Center, Banner Sun Health Research Institute, 10515 W. Santa Fe Drive, Sun City, AZ 85351, USA
| | - Paul Coleman
- L.J. Roberts Alzheimer's Disease Center, Banner Sun Health Research Institute, 10515 W. Santa Fe Drive, Sun City, AZ 85351, USA
| | - Cynthia A Lemere
- Center for Neurologic Diseases, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Patrick R Hof
- Fishberg Department of Neuroscience and Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Daniel L A van den Hove
- School for Mental Health and Neuroscience (MHeNS), Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, Maastricht University, Universiteitssingel 50, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands; Laboratory of Translational Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University of Wuerzburg, Fuechsleinstrasse 15, 97080 Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Bart P F Rutten
- School for Mental Health and Neuroscience (MHeNS), Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, Maastricht University, Universiteitssingel 50, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands.
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160
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Picillo M, De Rosa A, Pellecchia MT, Criscuolo C, Amboni M, Erro R, Bonifati V, De Michele G, Barone P. Olfaction in Homozygous and Heterozygous SYNJ1 Arg258Gln Mutation Carriers. Mov Disord Clin Pract 2015; 2:413-416. [PMID: 30363595 DOI: 10.1002/mdc3.12183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2015] [Revised: 03/15/2015] [Accepted: 03/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Hyposmia is a common nonmotor symptom in Parkinson's disease (PD) and has been variably detected in monogenic parkinsonism. SYNJ1 has been recently identified as the gene defective in a novel form of autosomal-recessive, early-onset atypical parkinsonism, designed as PARK20. To assess olfaction in PARK20, we administered the University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test (UPSIT) in four groups of subjects: SYNJ1 homozygous (HOM = 3) and heterozygous (HET = 4); sporadic PD (PD = 68); and healthy control subjects (CTR = 61). A linear regression model was constructed to assess the association between raw UPSIT score (outcome) and group (HOM, HET, PD, and CTR), adjusting for age, gender, and current smoking status. Likewise in PD patients, odor identification is impaired in homozygous SYNJ1 mutation carriers. Although the limited sample size precludes definite conclusions about olfaction in SYNJ1-related parkinsonism, our findings suggest new insights into PARK20 phenotype and pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Picillo
- Department of Medicine and Surgery Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (CEMAND) University of Salerno Salerno Italy.,Department of Neuroscience Reproductive sciences and Odontostomatology University Federico II Naples Italy.,Morton and Gloria Shulman Movement Disorders Clinic and the Edmond J. Safra Program in Parkinson's Disease Toronto Western Hospital Toronto Ontario Canada
| | - Anna De Rosa
- Department of Neuroscience Reproductive sciences and Odontostomatology University Federico II Naples Italy
| | - Maria Teresa Pellecchia
- Department of Medicine and Surgery Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (CEMAND) University of Salerno Salerno Italy
| | - Chiara Criscuolo
- Department of Neuroscience Reproductive sciences and Odontostomatology University Federico II Naples Italy
| | - Marianna Amboni
- Department of Medicine and Surgery Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (CEMAND) University of Salerno Salerno Italy.,IDC Hermitage-Capodimonte Naples Italy
| | - Roberto Erro
- Sobell Department of Motor Neuroscience and Movement Disorders University College London (UCL) Institute of Neurology London United Kingdom.,Department of Neurological and Movement Sciences University of Verona, Policlinico Borgo Roma Verona Italy
| | - Vincenzo Bonifati
- Department of Clinical Genetics Erasmus MC Rotterdam The Netherlands
| | - Giuseppe De Michele
- Department of Neuroscience Reproductive sciences and Odontostomatology University Federico II Naples Italy
| | - Paolo Barone
- Department of Medicine and Surgery Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (CEMAND) University of Salerno Salerno Italy
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161
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Tijero B, Gabilondo I, Lezcano E, Teran-Villagrá N, Llorens V, Ruiz-Martinez J, Marti-Masso JF, Carmona M, Luquin MR, Berganzo K, Fernandez I, Fernandez M, Zarranz JJ, Gómez-Esteban JC. Autonomic involvement in Parkinsonian carriers of PARK2 gene mutations. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2015; 21:717-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2015.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2014] [Revised: 04/03/2015] [Accepted: 04/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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162
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Batla A, Erro R, Ganos C, Stamelou M, Bhatia KP. Levodopa-Responsive Parkinsonism with Prominent Freezing and Abnormal Dopamine Transporter Scan Associated with SANDO Syndrome. Mov Disord Clin Pract 2015; 2:304-307. [PMID: 30838234 DOI: 10.1002/mdc3.12164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2014] [Revised: 01/14/2015] [Accepted: 01/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Amit Batla
- Sobell Department of Motor Neuroscience and Movement disorders UCL Institute of Neurology London United Kingdom
| | - Roberto Erro
- Sobell Department of Motor Neuroscience and Movement disorders UCL Institute of Neurology London United Kingdom.,Dipartimento di Scienze Neurologiche e del Movimento Università di Verona Verona Italy
| | - Christos Ganos
- Sobell Department of Motor Neuroscience and Movement disorders UCL Institute of Neurology London United Kingdom.,Neurology University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE) Hamburg Germany
| | - Maria Stamelou
- Sobell Department of Motor Neuroscience and Movement disorders UCL Institute of Neurology London United Kingdom.,Second Department of Neurology Kapodistrian University of Athens Athens Greece.,Neurology Clinic Philipps University Marburg Germany
| | - Kailash P Bhatia
- Sobell Department of Motor Neuroscience and Movement disorders UCL Institute of Neurology London United Kingdom
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163
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Takahashi M, Suzuki M, Fukuoka M, Fujikake N, Watanabe S, Murata M, Wada K, Nagai Y, Hohjoh H. Normalization of Overexpressed α-Synuclein Causing Parkinson's Disease By a Moderate Gene Silencing With RNA Interference. MOLECULAR THERAPY. NUCLEIC ACIDS 2015; 4:e241. [PMID: 25965551 DOI: 10.1038/mtna.2015.14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2014] [Accepted: 03/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The α-synuclein (SNCA) gene is a responsible gene for Parkinson's disease (PD); and not only nucleotide variations but also overexpression of SNCA appears to be involved in the pathogenesis of PD. A specific inhibition against mutant SNCA genes carrying nucleotide variations may be feasible by a specific silencing such as an allele-specific RNA interference (RNAi); however, there is no method for restoring the SNCA overexpression to a normal level. Here, we show that an atypical RNAi using small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) that confer a moderate level of gene silencing is capable of controlling overexpressed SNCA genes to return to a normal level; named "expression-control RNAi" (ExCont-RNAi). ExCont-RNAi exhibited little or no significant off-target effects in its treated PD patient's fibroblasts that carry SNCA triplication. To further assess the therapeutic effect of ExCont-RNAi, PD-model flies that carried the human SNCA gene underwent an ExCont-RNAi treatment. The treated PD-flies demonstrated a significant improvement in their motor function. Our current findings suggested that ExCont-RNAi might be capable of becoming a novel therapeutic procedure for PD with the SNCA overexpression, and that siRNAs conferring a moderate level of gene silencing to target genes, which have been abandoned as useless siRNAs so far, might be available for controlling abnormally expressed disease-causing genes without producing adverse effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaki Takahashi
- 1] Department of Molecular Pharmacology, National Institute of Neuroscience, NCNP, Tokyo, Japan [2] Present address: Division of RNA Medical Science, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mari Suzuki
- Department of Degenerative Neurological Disease, National Institute of Neuroscience, NCNP, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masashi Fukuoka
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, National Institute of Neuroscience, NCNP, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Nobuhiro Fujikake
- Department of Degenerative Neurological Disease, National Institute of Neuroscience, NCNP, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Miho Murata
- National Center Hospital, NCNP, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Keiji Wada
- Department of Degenerative Neurological Disease, National Institute of Neuroscience, NCNP, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Nagai
- Department of Degenerative Neurological Disease, National Institute of Neuroscience, NCNP, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hirohiko Hohjoh
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, National Institute of Neuroscience, NCNP, Tokyo, Japan
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164
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Rutherford NJ, Giasson BI. The A53E α-synuclein pathological mutation demonstrates reduced aggregation propensity in vitro and in cell culture. Neurosci Lett 2015; 597:43-8. [PMID: 25892596 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2015.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2015] [Revised: 04/02/2015] [Accepted: 04/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Mutations in the gene that encodes α-synuclein (αS) are a known cause of Parkinson's disease. αS is also the major component of pathological inclusions that characterize this disorder and a spectrum of other neurodegenerative diseases termed synucleinopathies. The effects of the most recently identified αS mutation, A53E, on αS aggregation were studied in vitro and in cell culture models. The A53E mutation in αS impedes the formation of aggregated, amyloid protein in vitro compared to wild-type αS. Under certain conditions, A53E αS can still form elongated amyloid fibrils with similar morphology, but with thinner width compared to wild-type αS. Using amyloid seeding of αS in cell culture studies, we demonstrate that significantly less A53E αS could be induced to aggregate compared to wild-type αS, although the mutant protein was still able to form mature inclusions within some cells. Furthermore, expression of A53E αS enhanced toxicity in cells experiencing mitochondrial stress. These findings indicate that the A53E mutation in αS reduces the propensity of αS to aggregate both in vitro and in the cellular environment, and may lead to cellular toxicity through other mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola J Rutherford
- Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease and Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA.
| | - Benoit I Giasson
- Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease and Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA.
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165
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Medici M, Visser WE, Visser TJ, Peeters RP. Genetic determination of the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis: where do we stand? Endocr Rev 2015; 36:214-44. [PMID: 25751422 DOI: 10.1210/er.2014-1081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
For a long time it has been known that both hypo- and hyperthyroidism are associated with an increased risk of morbidity and mortality. In recent years, it has also become clear that minor variations in thyroid function, including subclinical dysfunction and variation in thyroid function within the reference range, can have important effects on clinical endpoints, such as bone mineral density, depression, metabolic syndrome, and cardiovascular mortality. Serum thyroid parameters show substantial interindividual variability, whereas the intraindividual variability lies within a narrow range. This suggests that every individual has a unique hypothalamus-pituitary-thyroid axis setpoint that is mainly determined by genetic factors, and this heritability has been estimated to be 40-60%. Various mutations in thyroid hormone pathway genes have been identified in persons with thyroid dysfunction or altered thyroid function tests. Because these causes are rare, many candidate gene and linkage studies have been performed over the years to identify more common variants (polymorphisms) associated with thyroid (dys)function, but only a limited number of consistent associations have been found. However, in the past 5 years, advances in genetic research have led to the identification of a large number of new candidate genes. In this review, we provide an overview of the current knowledge about the polygenic basis of thyroid (dys)function. This includes new candidate genes identified by genome-wide approaches, what insights these genes provide into the genetic basis of thyroid (dys)function, and which new techniques will help to further decipher the genetic basis of thyroid (dys)function in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Medici
- Rotterdam Thyroid Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, 3015 GE Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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166
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Pickrell AM, Youle RJ. The roles of PINK1, parkin, and mitochondrial fidelity in Parkinson's disease. Neuron 2015; 85:257-73. [PMID: 25611507 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2014.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1494] [Impact Index Per Article: 166.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the function of genes mutated in hereditary forms of Parkinson's disease yields insight into disease etiology and reveals new pathways in cell biology. Although mutations or variants in many genes increase the susceptibility to Parkinson's disease, only a handful of monogenic causes of parkinsonism have been identified. Biochemical and genetic studies reveal that the products of two genes that are mutated in autosomal recessive parkinsonism, PINK1 and Parkin, normally work together in the same pathway to govern mitochondrial quality control, bolstering previous evidence that mitochondrial damage is involved in Parkinson's disease. PINK1 accumulates on the outer membrane of damaged mitochondria, activates Parkin's E3 ubiquitin ligase activity, and recruits Parkin to the dysfunctional mitochondrion. Then, Parkin ubiquitinates outer mitochondrial membrane proteins to trigger selective autophagy. This review covers the normal functions that PINK1 and Parkin play within cells, their molecular mechanisms of action, and the pathophysiological consequences of their loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia M Pickrell
- Biochemistry Section, Surgical Neurology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS), NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Richard J Youle
- Biochemistry Section, Surgical Neurology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS), NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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167
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Xilouri M, Stefanis L. Chaperone mediated autophagy to the rescue: A new-fangled target for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases. Mol Cell Neurosci 2015; 66:29-36. [PMID: 25724482 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2015.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2014] [Revised: 01/14/2015] [Accepted: 01/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the main pathways of lysosomal proteolysis is chaperone-mediated autophagy (CMA), which represents a selective mechanism for the degradation of specific soluble proteins within lysosomes. Along with the other two lysosomal pathways, macro- and micro-autophagy, CMA contributes to cellular quality control through the removal of damaged or malfunctioning proteins. The two intrinsic characteristics of CMA are the selective targeting and the direct translocation of substrate proteins into the lysosomal lumen, in a fine-tuned manner through the orchestrated action of a chaperone/co-chaperone complex localized both at the cytosol and the lysosomes. Even though CMA was originally identified as a stress-induced pathway, basal CMA activity is detectable in most cell types analyzed so far, including neurons. Additionally, CMA activity declines with age and this may become a major aggravating factor contributing to neurodegeneration. More specifically, it has been suggested that CMA impairment may underlie the accumulation of misfolded/aggregated proteins, such as alpha-synuclein or LRRK2, whose levels or conformations are critical to Parkinson's disease pathogenesis. On the other hand, CMA induction might accelerate clearance of pathogenic proteins and promote cell survival, suggesting that CMA represents a viable therapeutic target for the treatment of various proteinopathies. In the current review, we provide an overview of the current state of knowledge regarding the role of CMA under physiological and pathological conditions of the nervous system and discuss the implications of these findings for therapeutic interventions for Parkinson's disease and other neurodegenerative disorders. This article is part of Special Issue entitled "Neuronal Protein".
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Xilouri
- Division of Basic Neurosciences, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece.
| | - Leonidas Stefanis
- Division of Basic Neurosciences, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece; Second Department of Neurology, University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece
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168
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Diagnosis and differential diagnosis of MSA: boundary issues. J Neurol 2015; 262:1801-13. [PMID: 25663409 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-015-7654-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2015] [Revised: 01/22/2015] [Accepted: 01/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Because the progression of multiple system atrophy (MSA) is usually rapid and there still is no effective cause-related therapy, early and accurate diagnosis is important for the proper management of patients as well as the development of neuroprotective agents. However, despite the progression in the field of MSA research in the past few years, the diagnosis of MSA in clinical practice still relies largely on clinical features and there are limitations in terms of sensitivity and specificity, especially in the early course of the disease. Furthermore, recent pathological, clinical, and neuroimaging studies have shown that (1) MSA can present with a wider range of clinical and pathological features than previously thought, including features considered atypical for MSA; thus, MSA can be misdiagnosed as other diseases, and conversely, disorders with other etiologies and pathologies can be clinically misdiagnosed as MSA; and (2) several investigations may help to improve the diagnosis of MSA in clinical practice. These aspects should be taken into consideration when revising the current diagnostic criteria. This is especially true given that disease-modifying treatments for MSA are under investigation.
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169
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Pfeiffer RF. The Phenotypic Spectrum of Parkinson Disease. Mov Disord 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-405195-9.00014-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
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170
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Gan-Or Z, Dion PA, Rouleau GA. Genetic perspective on the role of the autophagy-lysosome pathway in Parkinson disease. Autophagy 2015; 11:1443-57. [PMID: 26207393 PMCID: PMC4590678 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2015.1067364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 190] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2015] [Revised: 06/10/2015] [Accepted: 06/24/2015] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson disease (PD), once considered as a prototype of a sporadic disease, is now known to be considerably affected by various genetic factors, which interact with environmental factors and the normal process of aging, leading to PD. Large studies determined that the hereditary component of PD is at least 27%, and in some populations, single genetic factors are responsible for more than 33% of PD patients. Interestingly, many of these genetic factors, such as LRRK2, GBA, SMPD1, SNCA, PARK2, PINK1, PARK7, SCARB2, and others, are involved in the autophagy-lysosome pathway (ALP). Some of these genes encode lysosomal enzymes, whereas others correspond to proteins that are involved in transport to the lysosome, mitophagy, or other autophagic-related functions. Is it possible that all these factors converge into a single pathway that causes PD? In this review, we will discuss these genetic findings and the role of the ALP in the pathogenesis of PD and will try to answer this question. We will suggest a novel hypothesis for the pathogenic mechanism of PD that involves the lysosome and the different autophagy pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziv Gan-Or
- The Department of Human Genetics; McGill University; Montreal, QC Canada
- Montreal Neurological Institute; McGill University; Montreal, QC Canada
| | - Patrick A Dion
- The Department of Human Genetics; McGill University; Montreal, QC Canada
- Montreal Neurological Institute; McGill University; Montreal, QC Canada
- The Department of Neurology & Neurosurgery; McGill University; Montreal, QC Canada
| | - Guy A Rouleau
- The Department of Human Genetics; McGill University; Montreal, QC Canada
- Montreal Neurological Institute; McGill University; Montreal, QC Canada
- The Department of Neurology & Neurosurgery; McGill University; Montreal, QC Canada
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171
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Brichta L, Greengard P. Molecular determinants of selective dopaminergic vulnerability in Parkinson's disease: an update. Front Neuroanat 2014; 8:152. [PMID: 25565977 PMCID: PMC4266033 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2014.00152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2014] [Accepted: 11/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Numerous disorders of the central nervous system (CNS) are attributed to the selective death of distinct neuronal cell populations. Interestingly, in many of these conditions, a specific subset of neurons is extremely prone to degeneration while other, very similar neurons are less affected or even spared for many years. In Parkinson’s disease (PD), the motor manifestations are primarily linked to the selective, progressive loss of dopaminergic (DA) neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc). In contrast, the very similar DA neurons in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) demonstrate a much lower degree of degeneration. Elucidating the molecular mechanisms underlying the phenomenon of differential DA vulnerability in PD has proven extremely challenging. Moreover, an increasing number of studies demonstrate that considerable molecular and electrophysiologic heterogeneity exists among the DA neurons within the SNpc as well as those within the VTA, adding yet another layer of complexity to the selective DA vulnerability observed in PD. The discovery of key pathways that regulate this differential susceptibility of DA neurons to degeneration holds great potential for the discovery of novel drug targets and the development of promising neuroprotective treatment strategies. This review provides an update on the molecular basis of the differential vulnerability of midbrain DA neurons in PD and highlights the most recent developments in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars Brichta
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience, The Rockefeller University New York, NY, USA
| | - Paul Greengard
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience, The Rockefeller University New York, NY, USA
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172
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Kim HJ, Jeon BS. Hypothesis: somatic mosaicism and Parkinson disease. Exp Neurobiol 2014; 23:271-6. [PMID: 25548528 PMCID: PMC4276799 DOI: 10.5607/en.2014.23.4.271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2014] [Revised: 09/29/2014] [Accepted: 09/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations causing genetic disorders can occur during mitotic cell division after fertilization, which is called somatic mutations. This leads to somatic mosaicism, where two or more genetically distinct cells are present in one individual. Somatic mutations are the most well studied in cancer where it plays an important role and also have been associated with some neurodegenerative disorders. The study of somatic mosaicism in Parkinson disease (PD) is only in its infancy, and a case with somatic mutation has not yet been described. However, we can speculate that a somatic mutation affecting cells in the central nervous system including substantia nigra dopaminergic neurons could lead to the development of PD through the same pathomechanisms of genetic PD even in the absence of a germ-line mutation. Theoretically, a number of genes could be candidates for genetic analysis for the presence of somatic mosaicism. Among them, SNCA and PARK2 could be the best candidates to analyze. Because analyzing brain tissues in living patients is impossible, alternative tissues could be used to indicate the genetic status of the brain. Performance of the technology is another factor to consider when analyzing the tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han-Joon Kim
- Department of Neurology and Movement Disorder Center, Parkinson Study Group, and Neuroscience Research Institute, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Beom S Jeon
- Department of Neurology and Movement Disorder Center, Parkinson Study Group, and Neuroscience Research Institute, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
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173
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Toft M. Advances in genetic diagnosis of neurological disorders. Acta Neurol Scand 2014:20-5. [PMID: 24588502 DOI: 10.1111/ane.12232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Neurogenetics has developed enormously in recent years, and the genetic basis of human disorders is being unravelled rapidly. Many neurological disorders are Mendelian disorders, caused by mutations in genes involved in normal function of the brain, spinal cord, peripheral nerves or muscles. Due to high costs and time-consuming procedures, genetic tests have normally been performed late in the diagnostic process, when clinical examination and other tests have indicated a specific gene as the likely disease cause. Many neurological phenotypes are genetically very heterogeneous, and testing of all possible disease genes has been impossible. As a result, many patients with genetic neurological disorders have remained without a specific diagnosis, even when the disease is caused by mutations in known disease genes. Recent technological advances, in particular next-generation DNA sequencing techniques, have resulted in rapid identification of genes involved in Mendelian disorders and provided new possibilities for diagnostic genetic testing. The development of methods for coupling targeted capture and massively parallel DNA sequencing has made it possible to examine a large number of genes in a single reaction. Diagnostic genetic testing can today be performed by the use of gene panels and exome sequencing. This allows a more precise diagnosis of many neurological disorders, and genetic testing should now be considered earlier in the diagnostic procedure.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Toft
- Department of Neurology; Oslo University Hospital - Rikshospitalet; Oslo Norway
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174
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Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Impairment of the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) has been implicated in the pathogenesis of a wide variety of neurodegenerative disorders, including Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, and Huntington's diseases. The most significant risk factor for the development of these disorders is aging, which is associated with a progressive decline in UPS activity and the accumulation of oxidatively modified proteins. To date, no therapies have been developed that can specifically up-regulate this system. RECENT ADVANCES In the neurodegenerative brain, dysfunction of the UPS has been associated with the deposition of ubiquitinated protein aggregates and widespread disruption of the proteostasis network. Recent research has identified further evidence of impairment in substrate ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation, which could contribute to the loss of cellular proteostasis in neurodegenerative disease. Novel strategies for activation of the UPS by genetic manipulation and treatment with synthetic compounds have also recently been identified. CRITICAL ISSUES Here, we discuss the specific roles of the UPS in the healthy central nervous system and establish how dysfunctional components can contribute to neurotoxicity in the context of disease. FUTURE DIRECTIONS Knowledge of the UPS components that are specifically or preferentially involved in neurodegenerative disease will be critical in the development of targeted therapies which aim at limiting the accumulation of misfolded proteins without gross disturbance of this major proteolytic pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris McKinnon
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, University College London Institute of Neurology , London, United Kingdom
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175
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Xu W, Tan L, Yu JT. Link between the SNCA gene and parkinsonism. Neurobiol Aging 2014; 36:1505-18. [PMID: 25554495 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2014.10.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2014] [Revised: 10/30/2014] [Accepted: 10/31/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The groundbreaking discovery of mutations in the SNCA gene in a rare familial form of Parkinson's disease (PD) has revolutionized our basic understanding of the etiology of PD and other related disorders. Genome-wide Association Studies has demonstrated a wide array of single-nucleotide polymorphisms associated with the increasing risk of developing the more common type, sporadic PD, further corroborating the genetic etiology of PD. Among them, SNCA is a gene responsible for encoding α-synuclein, a protein found to be the major component of Lewy body and Lewy neurite, both of these components are the pathognomonic hallmarks of PD. Thus, it has been postulated that this gene plays specific roles in pathogenesis of PD. Here, we summarize the basic biological characteristics of the wild type of the protein (wt-α-synuclein) as well as genetic and epigenetic features of its encoding gene (SNCA) in PD. Based on these characteristics, SNCA may be involved in PD pathogenesis in at least 2 ways: wt-α-synuclein overexpression and its mutation types via different mechanisms. Associations between SNCA mutations and other Lewy body disorders, such as dementia with Lewy bodies and multiple system atrophy, are also mentioned. Finally, it is necessary to explore the influences which SNCA exerts on clinical and neuropathological phenotypes by promoting the transfer of scientific research into practice, such as clinical evaluation, diagnosis, and treatment of the disease. We believe it is promising to target SNCA for developing novel therapeutic strategies for parkinsonism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Xu
- Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, School of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China
| | - Lan Tan
- Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, School of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China; Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, College of Medicine and Pharmaceutics, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China; Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China.
| | - Jin-Tai Yu
- Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, School of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China; Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, College of Medicine and Pharmaceutics, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China; Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China.
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176
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GSK-3β dysregulation contributes to parkinson's-like pathophysiology with associated region-specific phosphorylation and accumulation of tau and α-synuclein. Cell Death Differ 2014; 22:838-51. [PMID: 25394490 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2014.179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2014] [Revised: 07/28/2014] [Accepted: 09/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Aberrant posttranslational modifications (PTMs) of proteins, namely phosphorylation, induce abnormalities in the biological properties of recipient proteins, underlying neurological diseases including Parkinson's disease (PD). Genome-wide studies link genes encoding α-synuclein (α-Syn) and Tau as two of the most important in the genesis of PD. Although several kinases are known to phosphorylate α-Syn and Tau, we focused our analysis on GSK-3β because of its accepted role in phosphorylating Tau and to increasing evidence supporting a strong biophysical relationship between α-Syn and Tau in PD. Therefore, we investigated transgenic mice, which express a point mutant (S9A) of human GSK-3β. GSK-3β-S9A is capable of activation through endogenous natural signaling events, yet is unable to become inactivated through phosphorylation at serine-9. We used behavioral, biochemical, and in vitro analysis to assess the contributions of GSK-3β to both α-Syn and Tau phosphorylation. Behavioral studies revealed progressive age-dependent impairment of motor function, accompanied by loss of tyrosine hydroxylase-positive (TH+ DA-neurons) neurons and dopamine production in the oldest age group. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed deterioration of the substantia nigra in aged mice, a characteristic feature of PD patients. At the molecular level, kinase-active p-GSK-3β-Y216 was seen at all ages throughout the brain, yet elevated levels of p-α-Syn-S129 and p-Tau (S396/404) were found to increase with age exclusively in TH+ DA-neurons of the midbrain. p-GSK-3β-Y216 colocalized with p-Tau and p-α-Syn-S129. In vitro kinase assays showed that recombinant human GSK-3β directly phosphorylated α-Syn at a single site, Ser129, in addition to its known ability to phosphorylate Tau. Moreover, α-Syn and Tau together cooperated with one another to increase the magnitude or rate of phosphorylation of the other by GSK-3β. Together, these data establish a novel upstream role for GSK-3β as one of several kinases associated with PTMs of key proteins known to be causal in PD.
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177
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Taymans JM, Baekelandt V. Phosphatases of α-synuclein, LRRK2, and tau: important players in the phosphorylation-dependent pathology of Parkinsonism. Front Genet 2014; 5:382. [PMID: 25426138 PMCID: PMC4224088 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2014.00382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2014] [Accepted: 10/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
An important challenge in the field of Parkinson’s disease (PD) is to develop disease modifying therapies capable of stalling or even halting disease progression. Coupled to this challenge is the need to identify disease biomarkers, in order to identify pre-symptomatic hallmarks of disease and monitor disease progression. The answer to these challenges lies in the elucidation of the molecular causes underlying PD, for which important leads are disease genes identified in studies investigating the underlying genetic causes of PD. LRRK2 and α-syn have been both linked to familial forms of PD as well as associated to sporadic PD. Another gene, microtubule associated protein tau (MAPT), has been genetically linked to a dominant form of frontotemporal dementia and parkinsonism linked to chromosome 17 (FTDP-17) and genome-wide association studies report a strong association between MAPT and sporadic PD. Interestingly, LRRK2, α-syn, and tau are all phosphorylated proteins, and their phosphorylation patterns are linked to disease. In this review, we provide an overview of the evidence linking LRRK2, α-syn, and tau phosphorylation to PD pathology and focus on studies which have identified phosphatases responsible for dephosphorylation of pathology-related phosphorylations. We also discuss how the LRRK2, α-syn, and tau phosphatases may point to separate or cross-talking pathological pathways in PD. Finally, we will discuss how the study of phosphatases of dominant Parkinsonism proteins opens perspectives for targeting pathological phosphorylation events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Marc Taymans
- Department of Neurosciences, Laboratory for Neurobiology and Gene Therapy, KU Leuven Leuven, Belgium
| | - Veerle Baekelandt
- Department of Neurosciences, Laboratory for Neurobiology and Gene Therapy, KU Leuven Leuven, Belgium
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178
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Parkinson's disease as a member of Prion-like disorders. Virus Res 2014; 207:38-46. [PMID: 25456401 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2014.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2014] [Revised: 09/29/2014] [Accepted: 10/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease is one of several neurodegenerative diseases associated with a misfolded, aggregated and pathological protein. In Parkinson's disease this protein is alpha-synuclein and its neuronal deposits in the form of Lewy bodies are considered a hallmark of the disease. In this review we describe the clinical and experimental data that have led to think of alpha-synuclein as a prion-like protein and we summarize data from in vitro, cellular and animal models supporting this view.
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179
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Dave KD, De Silva S, Sheth NP, Ramboz S, Beck MJ, Quang C, Switzer RC, Ahmad SO, Sunkin SM, Walker D, Cui X, Fisher DA, McCoy AM, Gamber K, Ding X, Goldberg MS, Benkovic SA, Haupt M, Baptista MA, Fiske BK, Sherer TB, Frasier MA. Phenotypic characterization of recessive gene knockout rat models of Parkinson's disease. Neurobiol Dis 2014; 70:190-203. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2014.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2013] [Revised: 05/30/2014] [Accepted: 06/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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180
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Saunders-Pullman R, Mirelman A, Wang C, Alcalay RN, San Luciano M, Ortega R, Raymond D, Mejia-Santana H, Ozelius L, Clark L, Orr-Utreger A, Marder K, Giladi N, Bressman SB. Olfactory identification in LRRK2 G2019S mutation carriers: a relevant marker? Ann Clin Transl Neurol 2014; 1:670-8. [PMID: 25493281 PMCID: PMC4241794 DOI: 10.1002/acn3.95] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2014] [Accepted: 07/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Olfactory impairment is a potential marker for impending phenoconversion to Parkinson disease (PD) that may precede the development of disease by several years. Because of low specificity, it may be of greater predictive value in those with genetic mutations and its potential as a marker for developing LRRK2 PD should be evaluated. Methods We examined olfactory identification in 126 LRRK2 G2019S mutation carriers with PD, 125 mutation carriers not manifesting PD, 126 noncarriers with idiopathic PD, 106 noncarrier family members without PD, and 35 unrelated controls. We compared olfactory performance and performed mixture modeling to identify possible subgroups of olfactory performance in LRRK2 PD and nonmanifesting carriers. Results Adjusting for sex, age, cognitive score, site, and smoking history, LRRK2 PD had better olfactory scores compared to idiopathic PD (mean olfaction difference: −3.7, P < 0.001), and both LRRK2 PD and idiopathic PD had worse olfaction than controls (−12.8, −9.1, both P < 0.001). LRRK2 PD were less likely to be hyposmic than idiopathic PD (54.8% vs. 80.2%, P < 0.001). Nonmanifesting carriers and noncarrier family members did not differ. Mixture model analysis identified three classes in the LRRK2 PD and nonmanifesting carriers, suggesting that there are subgroups with poor olfactory identification in both LRRK2 PD and nonmanifesting carriers. Interpretation Therefore, olfactory identification deficit is less likely to be an obligate feature in LRRK2 PD than idiopathic PD, and while a relevant marker in some, a subset of carriers who eventually phenoconvert may proceed directly to PD without prior impaired olfaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Saunders-Pullman
- Department of Neurology, Mount Sinai Beth Israel Medical Center New York City, New York ; Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai New York City, New York ; Department of Neurology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine Bronx, New York
| | - Anat Mirelman
- Movement Disorders Unit, Department of Neurology, Tel-Aviv Medical Center, Sackler School of Medicine, Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel-Aviv University Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Cuiling Wang
- Department of Epidemiology and Social Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine Bronx, New York
| | - Roy N Alcalay
- Department of Neurology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University New York City, New York ; Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University New York City, New York
| | - Marta San Luciano
- Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco San Francisco, California
| | - Robert Ortega
- Department of Neurology, Mount Sinai Beth Israel Medical Center New York City, New York
| | - Deborah Raymond
- Department of Neurology, Mount Sinai Beth Israel Medical Center New York City, New York
| | - Helen Mejia-Santana
- Department of Neurology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University New York City, New York ; Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University New York City, New York
| | - Laurie Ozelius
- Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai New York City, New York ; Department of Genetics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai New York City, New York
| | - Lorraine Clark
- Department of Neurology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University New York City, New York ; Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University New York City, New York
| | - Avi Orr-Utreger
- Genetic Institute, Tel-Aviv Medical Center, Sackler School of Medicine, Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel-Aviv University Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Karen Marder
- Department of Neurology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University New York City, New York ; Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University New York City, New York ; Gertrude H. Sergievsky Center, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University New York City, New York ; Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Medical Center New York City, New York
| | - Nir Giladi
- Movement Disorders Unit, Department of Neurology, Tel-Aviv Medical Center, Sackler School of Medicine, Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel-Aviv University Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Susan B Bressman
- Department of Neurology, Mount Sinai Beth Israel Medical Center New York City, New York ; Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai New York City, New York
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Mishra P, Chan DC. Mitochondrial dynamics and inheritance during cell division, development and disease. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2014; 15:634-46. [PMID: 25237825 DOI: 10.1038/nrm3877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 716] [Impact Index Per Article: 71.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
During cell division, it is critical to properly partition functional sets of organelles to each daughter cell. The partitioning of mitochondria shares some common features with that of other organelles, particularly in the use of interactions with cytoskeletal elements to facilitate delivery to the daughter cells. However, mitochondria have unique features - including their own genome and a maternal mode of germline transmission - that place additional demands on this process. Consequently, mechanisms have evolved to regulate mitochondrial segregation during cell division, oogenesis, fertilization and tissue development, as well as to ensure the integrity of these organelles and their DNA, including fusion-fission dynamics, organelle transport, mitophagy and genetic selection of functional genomes. Defects in these processes can lead to cell and tissue pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prashant Mishra
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
| | - David C Chan
- 1] Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA. [2] Howard Hughes Medical Institute, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
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182
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Affiliation(s)
- Alisdair McNeill
- Sheffield Institute of Translational Neuroscience, Glossop Road, Sheffield, UK
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183
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Abstract
Genetic and pathological studies link α-synuclein to the etiology of Parkinson's disease (PD), but the normal function of this presynaptic protein remains unknown. α-Synuclein, an acidic lipid binding protein, shares high sequence identity with β- and γ-synuclein. Previous studies have implicated synucleins in synaptic vesicle (SV) trafficking, although the precise site of synuclein action continues to be unclear. Here we show, using optical imaging, electron microscopy, and slice electrophysiology, that synucleins are required for the fast kinetics of SV endocytosis. Slowed endocytosis observed in synuclein null cultures can be rescued by individually expressing mouse α-, β-, or γ-synuclein, indicating they are functionally redundant. Through comparisons to dynamin knock-out synapses and biochemical experiments, we suggest that synucleins act at early steps of SV endocytosis. Our results categorize α-synuclein with other familial PD genes known to regulate SV endocytosis, implicating this pathway in PD.
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184
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Cotman SL, Karaa A, Staropoli JF, Sims KB. Neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis: impact of recent genetic advances and expansion of the clinicopathologic spectrum. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep 2014; 13:366. [PMID: 23775425 DOI: 10.1007/s11910-013-0366-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis (NCL), first clinically described in 1826 and pathologically defined in the 1960s, refers to a group of disorders mostly diagnosed in the childhood years that involve the accumulation of lysosomal storage material with characteristic ultrastructure and prominent neurodegenerative features including vision loss, seizures, motor and cognitive function deterioration, and often times, psychiatric disturbances. All NCL disorders evidence early morbidity and treatment options are limited to symptomatic and palliative care. While distinct genetic forms of NCL have long been recognized, recent genetic advances are considerably widening the NCL genotypic and phenotypic spectrum, highlighting significant overlap with other neurodegenerative diseases. This review will discuss these recent advances and the expanded potential for increased awareness and new research that will ultimately lead to effective treatments for NCL and related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan L Cotman
- Center for Human Genetic Research, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, 185 Cambridge St, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
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185
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Correlation between the biochemical pathways altered by mutated parkinson-related genes and chronic exposure to manganese. Neurotoxicology 2014; 44:314-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2014.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2014] [Revised: 08/11/2014] [Accepted: 08/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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186
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Mencacci NE, Isaias IU, Reich MM, Ganos C, Plagnol V, Polke JM, Bras J, Hersheson J, Stamelou M, Pittman AM, Noyce AJ, Mok KY, Opladen T, Kunstmann E, Hodecker S, Münchau A, Volkmann J, Samnick S, Sidle K, Nanji T, Sweeney MG, Houlden H, Batla A, Zecchinelli AL, Pezzoli G, Marotta G, Lees A, Alegria P, Krack P, Cormier-Dequaire F, Lesage S, Brice A, Heutink P, Gasser T, Lubbe SJ, Morris HR, Taba P, Koks S, Majounie E, Raphael Gibbs J, Singleton A, Hardy J, Klebe S, Bhatia KP, Wood NW. Parkinson's disease in GTP cyclohydrolase 1 mutation carriers. Brain 2014; 137:2480-92. [PMID: 24993959 PMCID: PMC4132650 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awu179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2013] [Revised: 05/16/2014] [Accepted: 05/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
GTP cyclohydrolase 1, encoded by the GCH1 gene, is an essential enzyme for dopamine production in nigrostriatal cells. Loss-of-function mutations in GCH1 result in severe reduction of dopamine synthesis in nigrostriatal cells and are the most common cause of DOPA-responsive dystonia, a rare disease that classically presents in childhood with generalized dystonia and a dramatic long-lasting response to levodopa. We describe clinical, genetic and nigrostriatal dopaminergic imaging ([(123)I]N-ω-fluoropropyl-2β-carbomethoxy-3β-(4-iodophenyl) tropane single photon computed tomography) findings of four unrelated pedigrees with DOPA-responsive dystonia in which pathogenic GCH1 variants were identified in family members with adult-onset parkinsonism. Dopamine transporter imaging was abnormal in all parkinsonian patients, indicating Parkinson's disease-like nigrostriatal dopaminergic denervation. We subsequently explored the possibility that pathogenic GCH1 variants could contribute to the risk of developing Parkinson's disease, even in the absence of a family history for DOPA-responsive dystonia. The frequency of GCH1 variants was evaluated in whole-exome sequencing data of 1318 cases with Parkinson's disease and 5935 control subjects. Combining cases and controls, we identified a total of 11 different heterozygous GCH1 variants, all at low frequency. This list includes four pathogenic variants previously associated with DOPA-responsive dystonia (Q110X, V204I, K224R and M230I) and seven of undetermined clinical relevance (Q110E, T112A, A120S, D134G, I154V, R198Q and G217V). The frequency of GCH1 variants was significantly higher (Fisher's exact test P-value 0.0001) in cases (10/1318 = 0.75%) than in controls (6/5935 = 0.1%; odds ratio 7.5; 95% confidence interval 2.4-25.3). Our results show that rare GCH1 variants are associated with an increased risk for Parkinson's disease. These findings expand the clinical and biological relevance of GTP cycloydrolase 1 deficiency, suggesting that it not only leads to biochemical striatal dopamine depletion and DOPA-responsive dystonia, but also predisposes to nigrostriatal cell loss. Further insight into GCH1-associated pathogenetic mechanisms will shed light on the role of dopamine metabolism in nigral degeneration and Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niccolò E Mencacci
- 1 Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, London WC1N 3BG, UK2 IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Department of Neurology and Laboratory of Neuroscience - Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, "Dino Ferrari" Centre, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20149 Milan, Italy
| | - Ioannis U Isaias
- 3 Department of Neurology, University Hospital, 97080 Würzburg, Germany4 Parkinson Institute, Istituti Clinici di Perfezionamento, 20126 Milan, Italy
| | - Martin M Reich
- 3 Department of Neurology, University Hospital, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Christos Ganos
- 5 Sobell Department of Motor Neuroscience and Movement Disorders, UCL Institute of Neurology, London WC1N 3BG, UK6 Department of Neurology, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany7 Department of Paediatric and Adult Movement Disorders and Neuropsychiatry, Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Lübeck, 23538 Lübeck, Germany
| | | | - James M Polke
- 9 Neurogenetics Unit, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Jose Bras
- 1 Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Joshua Hersheson
- 1 Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Maria Stamelou
- 5 Sobell Department of Motor Neuroscience and Movement Disorders, UCL Institute of Neurology, London WC1N 3BG, UK10 Neurology Clinic, Attiko Hospital, University of Athens, 126 42 Haidari, Athens, Greece11 Neurology Clinic, Philipps University, 35032 Marburg, Germany
| | - Alan M Pittman
- 1 Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, London WC1N 3BG, UK12 Reta Lila Weston Institute of Neurological Studies, UCL Institute of Neurology, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Alastair J Noyce
- 1 Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, London WC1N 3BG, UK12 Reta Lila Weston Institute of Neurological Studies, UCL Institute of Neurology, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Kin Y Mok
- 1 Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Thomas Opladen
- 13 Division of Inborn Errors of Metabolism, University Children's Hospital Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Erdmute Kunstmann
- 14 Institut of Human Genetics, Julius-Maximilian-University, 97070 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Sybille Hodecker
- 6 Department of Neurology, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Alexander Münchau
- 7 Department of Paediatric and Adult Movement Disorders and Neuropsychiatry, Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Lübeck, 23538 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Jens Volkmann
- 4 Parkinson Institute, Istituti Clinici di Perfezionamento, 20126 Milan, Italy
| | - Samuel Samnick
- 15 Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Katie Sidle
- 1 Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Tina Nanji
- 9 Neurogenetics Unit, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Mary G Sweeney
- 9 Neurogenetics Unit, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Henry Houlden
- 1 Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Amit Batla
- 5 Sobell Department of Motor Neuroscience and Movement Disorders, UCL Institute of Neurology, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Anna L Zecchinelli
- 4 Parkinson Institute, Istituti Clinici di Perfezionamento, 20126 Milan, Italy
| | - Gianni Pezzoli
- 4 Parkinson Institute, Istituti Clinici di Perfezionamento, 20126 Milan, Italy
| | - Giorgio Marotta
- 16 Department of Nuclear Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milano, Italy
| | - Andrew Lees
- 12 Reta Lila Weston Institute of Neurological Studies, UCL Institute of Neurology, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Paulo Alegria
- 17 Serviço de Neurologia, Hospital Beatriz Ângelo, 2674-514 Loures, Portugal
| | - Paul Krack
- 18 Movement Disorder Unit, CHU Grenoble, Joseph Fourier University, and INSERM U836, Grenoble Institute Neuroscience, F-38043 Grenoble, France
| | - Florence Cormier-Dequaire
- 19 Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris6, Centre de Recherche de l'Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, UMR-S975; Inserm, U975, Cnrs, UMR 7225, Paris, France20 Centre d'Investigation Clinique (CIC-9503), Département de Neurologie, Hôpital Pitié-Salpétriêre, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Suzanne Lesage
- 19 Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris6, Centre de Recherche de l'Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, UMR-S975; Inserm, U975, Cnrs, UMR 7225, Paris, France
| | - Alexis Brice
- 19 Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris6, Centre de Recherche de l'Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, UMR-S975; Inserm, U975, Cnrs, UMR 7225, Paris, France21 Département de Génétique et Cytogénétique, Pitié-Salpêtrière hospital, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Peter Heutink
- 22 DZNE-Deutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen (German Centre for Neurodegenerative Diseases), Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Thomas Gasser
- 22 DZNE-Deutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen (German Centre for Neurodegenerative Diseases), Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Steven J Lubbe
- 23 Department of Clinical Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Huw R Morris
- 23 Department of Clinical Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Pille Taba
- 24 Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, University of Tartu, 50090 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Sulev Koks
- 25 Department of Pathophysiology, Centre of Excellence for Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, 50411 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Elisa Majounie
- 26 Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - J Raphael Gibbs
- 26 Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Andrew Singleton
- 26 Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - John Hardy
- 1 Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, London WC1N 3BG, UK12 Reta Lila Weston Institute of Neurological Studies, UCL Institute of Neurology, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Stephan Klebe
- 3 Department of Neurology, University Hospital, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Kailash P Bhatia
- 5 Sobell Department of Motor Neuroscience and Movement Disorders, UCL Institute of Neurology, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Nicholas W Wood
- 1 Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, London WC1N 3BG, UK
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Bellani S, Mescola A, Ronzitti G, Tsushima H, Tilve S, Canale C, Valtorta F, Chieregatti E. GRP78 clustering at the cell surface of neurons transduces the action of exogenous alpha-synuclein. Cell Death Differ 2014; 21:1971-83. [PMID: 25124556 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2014.111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2014] [Revised: 06/02/2014] [Accepted: 07/01/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Mutation or multiplication of the alpha-synuclein (Syn)-encoding gene is frequent cause of early onset Parkinson's disease (PD). Recent evidences point to the pathogenic role of excess Syn also in sporadic PD. Syn is a cytosolic protein, which has been shown to be released from neurons. Here we provide evidence that extracellular Syn induces an increase in surface-exposed glucose-related protein of 78 kDa (GRP78), which becomes clustered in microdomains of the neuronal plasma membrane. Upon interacting with Syn, GRP78 activates a signaling cascade leading to cofilin 1 inactivation and stabilization of microfilaments, thus affecting morphology and dynamics of actin cytoskeleton in cultured neurons. Downregulation of GRP78 abolishes the activity of exogenous Syn, indicating that it is the primary target of Syn. Inactivation of cofilin 1 and stabilization of actin cytoskeleton are present also in fibroblasts derived from genetic PD patients, which show a dramatic increase in stress fibers. Similar changes are displayed by control cells incubated with the medium of PD fibroblasts, only when Syn is present. The accumulation of Syn in the extracellular milieu, its interaction with the plasma membrane and Syn-driven clustering of GRP78 appear, therefore, responsible for the dysregulation of actin turnover, leading to early deficits in synaptic function that precede neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Bellani
- Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute and Vita-Salute University, Milan 20132, Italy
| | - A Mescola
- Department of Nanophysics and Brain Technologies, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genoa 16163, Italy
| | - G Ronzitti
- Department of Neuroscience and Brain Technologies, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genoa 16163, Italy
| | - H Tsushima
- Department of Neuroscience and Brain Technologies, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genoa 16163, Italy
| | - S Tilve
- Department of Neuroscience and Brain Technologies, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genoa 16163, Italy
| | - C Canale
- Department of Nanophysics and Brain Technologies, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genoa 16163, Italy
| | - F Valtorta
- Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute and Vita-Salute University, Milan 20132, Italy
| | - E Chieregatti
- Department of Neuroscience and Brain Technologies, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genoa 16163, Italy
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188
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Altarescu G, Ioscovich D, Alcalay RN, Zimran A, Elstein D. α-Synuclein rs356219 polymorphisms in patients with Gaucher disease and Parkinson disease. Neurosci Lett 2014; 580:104-7. [PMID: 25111979 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2014.07.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2013] [Revised: 07/27/2014] [Accepted: 07/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Mutations in β-glucocerebrosidase, the genetic defect in Gaucher disease (GD), are an important susceptibility factor for Parkinson disease (PD). A PD effector is α-synuclein (SNCA) hypothesized to selectively interact with β-glucocerebrosidase under lysosomal conditions. SNCA polymorphism rs356219 may be associated with early-age-onset PD, common among patients with GD+PD. The objective of this study was to ascertain rs356219 genotypes of GD+PD patients. All GD+PD patients at our Gaucher referral clinic were asked to participate. A GD-only sex-, age-, GD genotype-, and enzyme therapy (ERT)-matched control was found for each GD+PD participant. Student's t-test was used (p-value <0.05 as significant). There were 14 GD+PD patients: all Ashkenazi Jewish; 11 males (78.6%); mean (range) age diagnosed GD 34.2 (5-62) years; 50% N370S homozygous; mild to moderate GD; 3 asplenic and only these have osteonecrosis; 5 received ERT; mean age (range) diagnosed PD was 57.8 (43-70) years; first PD sign was tremor in 9 (64.3%); cognitive dysfunction in all. In GD+PD, frequency for AG+GG (9) was greater than AA (5); in GD only, there was equality (7). Odds Ratio risk for PD increases with number minor alleles: but not significantly greater among GD+PD than GD only; in aggregate, there was no difference between cohorts for frequency of minor alleles. The limitation of this study is few GD+PD, albeit virtually all the GD+PD cohort >500 adult GD patients in our clinic. Nonetheless, as a foray into potential genetic GD susceptibility for a synucleinopathy, this study suggests the need for collaboration to achieve larger sample size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gheona Altarescu
- Genetics Unit, Shaare Zedek Medical Center, Affliated with the Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Daniel Ioscovich
- Gaucher Clinic, Shaare Zedek Medical Center, Affliated with the Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Roy N Alcalay
- Department of Neurology and the Taub Institute, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ari Zimran
- Gaucher Clinic, Shaare Zedek Medical Center, Affliated with the Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Deborah Elstein
- Gaucher Clinic, Shaare Zedek Medical Center, Affliated with the Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel.
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189
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McNeill A. Is elevated beta‐hexosaminidase activity a potential biomarker for Parkinson's disease? Mov Disord 2014; 29:1328-9. [PMID: 25130999 DOI: 10.1002/mds.25972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2014] [Accepted: 06/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Alisdair McNeill
- West Midlands Regional Clinical Genetics Service, Birmingham Women≈s Hospital, B15 2TG United Kingdom
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190
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Li H, Yusufujiang A, Naser S, Zhu Y, Maimaiti M, He X, Bu J, Meng X, Wang M, Li J, Dina B, Yang L, Nayi Z, Dang H, Wang C, Amiti D, Aji A, Yusufu N, Jiao Y, Duan F. Mutation analysis of PARK2 in a Uyghur family with early-onset Parkinson's disease in Xinjiang, China. J Neurol Sci 2014; 342:21-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2014.03.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2013] [Revised: 03/19/2014] [Accepted: 03/24/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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191
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Foulds PG, Diggle P, Mitchell JD, Parker A, Hasegawa M, Masuda-Suzukake M, Mann DMA, Allsop D. A longitudinal study on α-synuclein in blood plasma as a biomarker for Parkinson's disease. Sci Rep 2014; 3:2540. [PMID: 23985836 PMCID: PMC3756331 DOI: 10.1038/srep02540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2013] [Accepted: 08/13/2013] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
There have been no longitudinal studies on α-synuclein as a potential biomarker for the progression of Parkinson's disease (PD). Here, blood plasma ‘total α-synuclein’ and ‘Ser-129 phosphorylated α-synuclein’ were assayed at 4–6 monthly intervals from a cohort of 189 newly-diagnosed patients with PD. For log-transformed data, plasma total α-synuclein levels increased with time for up to 20 yrs after the appearance of initial symptoms (p = 0.012), whereas phosphorylated α-synuclein remained constant over this same period. The mean level of phosphorylated α-synuclein, but not of total α-synuclein, was higher in the PD plasma samples taken at first visit than in single samples taken from a group of 91 healthy controls (p = 0.012). Overall, we conclude that the plasma level of phosphorylated α-synuclein has potential value as a diagnostic tool, whereas the level of total α-synuclein could act as a surrogate marker for the progression of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Penelope G Foulds
- Division of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Lancaster, Lancaster, LA1 4AY, UK
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Krismer F, Jellinger KA, Scholz SW, Seppi K, Stefanova N, Antonini A, Poewe W, Wenning GK. Multiple system atrophy as emerging template for accelerated drug discovery in α-synucleinopathies. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2014; 20:793-9. [PMID: 24894118 PMCID: PMC4141743 DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2014.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2013] [Revised: 04/27/2014] [Accepted: 05/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
There is evidence that the α-synucleinopathies Parkinson's disease (PD) and the Parkinson variant of multiple system atrophy (MSA-P) overlap at multiple levels. Both disorders are characterized by deposition of abnormally phosphorylated fibrillar α-synuclein within the central nervous system suggesting shared pathophysiological mechanisms. Despite the considerable clinical overlap in the early disease stages, MSA-P, in contrast to PD, is fatal and rapidly progressive. Moreover recent clinical studies have shown that surrogate markers of disease progression can be quantified easily and may reliably depict the rapid course of MSA. We therefore posit that, MSA-P may be exploited as a filter barrier in the development of disease-modifying therapeutic strategies targeting common pathophysiological mechanisms of α-synucleinopathies. This approach might reduce the number of negative phase III clinical trials, and, in turn, shift the available resources to earlier development stages, thereby increasing the number of candidate compounds validated. α-synucleinopathies overlap at multiple levels. α-synucleinopathies are characterized by an abnormal deposition of α-synuclein. Validated surrogate markers in MSA reliably monitor disease progression. MSA may serve as a template disease for other α-synucleinopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Krismer
- Department of Neurology, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria.
| | | | - Sonja W Scholz
- Department of Neurology, The Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA.
| | - Klaus Seppi
- Department of Neurology, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria.
| | - Nadia Stefanova
- Department of Neurology, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria.
| | - Angelo Antonini
- Department of Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders, IRCCS San Camillo, Venice, Italy.
| | - Werner Poewe
- Department of Neurology, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria.
| | - Gregor K Wenning
- Department of Neurology, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria.
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193
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Chapman MA. Interactions between cell adhesion and the synaptic vesicle cycle in Parkinson's disease. Med Hypotheses 2014; 83:203-7. [PMID: 24837686 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2014.04.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2014] [Accepted: 04/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Synaptic dysfunction has been identified as an early neuropathologic event in Parkinson's disease. Synapses depend critically on the adhesion of neurons to one another, glial cells, and the extracellular matrix. Cell-cell and cell-matrix adhesions regulate the structure and function of synapses, in part, through interactions with structural elements such as actin and microtubule proteins. These proteins are critical not only for neuronal structure and polarity, but also for the synaptic vesicle cycle, including maintenance of and transfer between vesicle pools, exocytosis, and vesicle recycling. Pathway analyses of genome wide association studies (GWAS) in Parkinson's disease have identified frequent single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in cell adhesion pathways, suggesting that dysfunction in cell adhesion may play a role in disease pathology. Based on these observations, it may be hypothesized that Parkinson's disease is due to synaptic dysfunction caused by genetic variations in cell adhesion pathways that affect actin and/or microtubule-mediated events in the synaptic vesicle cycle. Furthermore, it is hypothesized that cells with pacemaker-like activity-a characteristic of neurons that degenerate in Parkinson's disease-may depend more on actin for recruiting synaptic vesicles for release than do less active neurons, thereby enhancing their sensitivity to SNPs in cell adhesion pathways and explaining the selectivity of neurodegeneration. Cells may ultimately die due to detachment from the extracellular matrix. This hypothesis suggests that further exploration of cell adhesion pathways and their linkage to neurotransmitter release through cell structural proteins such as actin and microtubules may provide important insights into Parkinson's disease.
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194
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Scarffe LA, Stevens DA, Dawson VL, Dawson TM. Parkin and PINK1: much more than mitophagy. Trends Neurosci 2014; 37:315-24. [PMID: 24735649 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2014.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 300] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2014] [Revised: 03/12/2014] [Accepted: 03/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease that causes a debilitating movement disorder. Although most cases of PD appear to be sporadic, rare Mendelian forms have provided tremendous insight into disease pathogenesis. Accumulating evidence suggests that impaired mitochondria underpin PD pathology. In support of this theory, data from multiple PD models have linked Phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN)-induced putative kinase 1 (PINK1) and parkin, two recessive PD genes, in a common pathway impacting mitochondrial health, prompting a flurry of research to identify their mitochondrial targets. Recent work has focused on the role of PINK1 and parkin in mediating mitochondrial autophagy (mitophagy); however, emerging evidence casts parkin and PINK1 as key players in multiple domains of mitochondrial health and quality control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leslie A Scarffe
- Neuroregeneration and Stem Cell Programs, Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Adrienne Helis Malvin Medical Research Foundation, New Orleans, LA 70130-2685, USA
| | - Daniel A Stevens
- Neuroregeneration and Stem Cell Programs, Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Valina L Dawson
- Neuroregeneration and Stem Cell Programs, Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Department of Physiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Adrienne Helis Malvin Medical Research Foundation, New Orleans, LA 70130-2685, USA.
| | - Ted M Dawson
- Neuroregeneration and Stem Cell Programs, Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Adrienne Helis Malvin Medical Research Foundation, New Orleans, LA 70130-2685, USA.
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195
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Stott SRW, Barker RA. Time course of dopamine neuron loss and glial response in the 6-OHDA striatal mouse model of Parkinson's disease. Eur J Neurosci 2014; 39:1042-1056. [PMID: 24372914 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.12459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2013] [Revised: 10/22/2013] [Accepted: 11/19/2013] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) neurotoxic lesion of the midbrain dopamine (DA) system is one of the most widely used techniques for modelling Parkinson's disease in rodents. The majority of studies using this approach, however, largely limit their analysis to lesioning acutely, and looking at behavioural deficits and the number of surviving tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)-stained cells in the midbrain. Here we have analysed additional characteristics that occur following intrastriatal delivery of 6-OHDA, providing better understanding of the neurodegenerative process. Female C57/Black mice were given lesions at 10 weeks old, and killed at several different time points postoperatively (3 and 6 h, 1, 3, 6, 9 and 12 days). While the detrimental effect of the toxin on the TH+ fibres in the striatum was immediate, we found that the loss of TH+ dendritic fibres, reduction in cell size and intensity of TH expression, and eventual reduction in the number of TH+ neurons in the substantia nigra was delayed for several days post-surgery. We also investigated the expression of various transcription factors and proteins expressed by midbrain DA neurons following lesioning, and observed changes in the expression of Aldh1a1 (aldehyde dehydrogenase 1 family, member A1) as the neurodegenerative process evolved. Extracellularly, we looked at microglia and astrocytes in reaction to the 6-OHDA striatal lesion, and found a delay in their response and proliferation in the substantia nigra. In summary, this work highlights aspects of the neurodegenerative process in the 6-OHDA mouse model that can be applied to future studies looking at therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon R W Stott
- John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, Forvie Site, Robinson Way, Cambridge, CB2 0PY, UK
| | - Roger A Barker
- John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, Forvie Site, Robinson Way, Cambridge, CB2 0PY, UK
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196
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Herva ME, Zibaee S, Fraser G, Barker RA, Goedert M, Spillantini MG. Anti-amyloid compounds inhibit α-synuclein aggregation induced by protein misfolding cyclic amplification (PMCA). J Biol Chem 2014; 289:11897-11905. [PMID: 24584936 PMCID: PMC4002097 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.542340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Filaments made of α-synuclein form the characteristic Lewy pathology in Parkinson and other diseases. The formation of α-synuclein filaments can be reproduced in vitro by incubation of recombinant protein, but the filament growth is very slow and highly variable and so unsuitable for fast high throughput anti-aggregation drug screening. To overcome this obstacle we have investigated whether the protein misfolding cyclic amplification (PMCA) technique, used for fast amplification of prion protein aggregates, could be adapted for growing α-synuclein aggregates and thus suitable for screening of drugs to affect α-synuclein aggregation for the treatment of the yet incurable α-synucleinopathies. Circular dichroism, electron microscopy, and native and SDS-polyacrylamide gels were used to demonstrate α-synuclein aggregate formation by PMCA, and the strain imprint of the α-synuclein fibrils was studied by proteinase K digestion. We also demonstrated that α-synuclein fibrils are able to seed new α-synuclein PMCA reactions and to enter and aggregate in cells in culture. In particular, we have generated a line of “chronically infected” cells, which transmit α-synuclein aggregates even after multiple passages. To evaluate the sensitivity of the PMCA system as an α-synuclein anti-aggregating drug screening assay a panel of 10 drugs was tested. Anti-amyloid compounds proved efficient in inhibiting α-synuclein fibril formation induced by PMCA. Our results show that α-synuclein PMCA is a fast and reproducible system that could be used as a high throughput screening method for finding new α-synuclein anti-aggregating compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Eugenia Herva
- John Van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, E. D. Adrian Building, Robinson Way, Cambridge CB2 0PY, United Kingdom.
| | - Shahin Zibaee
- Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0QH, United Kingdom
| | - Graham Fraser
- Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0QH, United Kingdom
| | - Roger A Barker
- John Van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, E. D. Adrian Building, Robinson Way, Cambridge CB2 0PY, United Kingdom
| | - Michel Goedert
- Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0QH, United Kingdom
| | - Maria Grazia Spillantini
- John Van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, E. D. Adrian Building, Robinson Way, Cambridge CB2 0PY, United Kingdom.
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197
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Medici M, Porcu E, Pistis G, Teumer A, Brown SJ, Jensen RA, Rawal R, Roef GL, Plantinga TS, Vermeulen SH, Lahti J, Simmonds MJ, Husemoen LLN, Freathy RM, Shields BM, Pietzner D, Nagy R, Broer L, Chaker L, Korevaar TIM, Plia MG, Sala C, Völker U, Richards JB, Sweep FC, Gieger C, Corre T, Kajantie E, Thuesen B, Taes YE, Visser WE, Hattersley AT, Kratzsch J, Hamilton A, Li W, Homuth G, Lobina M, Mariotti S, Soranzo N, Cocca M, Nauck M, Spielhagen C, Ross A, Arnold A, van de Bunt M, Liyanarachchi S, Heier M, Grabe HJ, Masciullo C, Galesloot TE, Lim EM, Reischl E, Leedman PJ, Lai S, Delitala A, Bremner AP, Philips DIW, Beilby JP, Mulas A, Vocale M, Abecasis G, Forsen T, James A, Widen E, Hui J, Prokisch H, Rietzschel EE, Palotie A, Feddema P, Fletcher SJ, Schramm K, Rotter JI, Kluttig A, Radke D, Traglia M, Surdulescu GL, He H, Franklyn JA, Tiller D, Vaidya B, de Meyer T, Jørgensen T, Eriksson JG, O'Leary PC, Wichmann E, Hermus AR, Psaty BM, Ittermann T, Hofman A, Bosi E, Schlessinger D, Wallaschofski H, Pirastu N, Aulchenko YS, de la Chapelle A, Netea-Maier RT, Gough SCL, Meyer zu Schwabedissen H, Frayling TM, Kaufman JM, Linneberg A, Räikkönen K, Smit JWA, Kiemeney LA, Rivadeneira F, Uitterlinden AG, Walsh JP, Meisinger C, den Heijer M, Visser TJ, Spector TD, Wilson SG, Völzke H, Cappola A, Toniolo D, Sanna S, Naitza S, Peeters RP. Identification of novel genetic Loci associated with thyroid peroxidase antibodies and clinical thyroid disease. PLoS Genet 2014; 10:e1004123. [PMID: 24586183 PMCID: PMC3937134 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1004123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2013] [Accepted: 12/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Autoimmune thyroid diseases (AITD) are common, affecting 2-5% of the general population. Individuals with positive thyroid peroxidase antibodies (TPOAbs) have an increased risk of autoimmune hypothyroidism (Hashimoto's thyroiditis), as well as autoimmune hyperthyroidism (Graves' disease). As the possible causative genes of TPOAbs and AITD remain largely unknown, we performed GWAS meta-analyses in 18,297 individuals for TPOAb-positivity (1769 TPOAb-positives and 16,528 TPOAb-negatives) and in 12,353 individuals for TPOAb serum levels, with replication in 8,990 individuals. Significant associations (P<5×10(-8)) were detected at TPO-rs11675434, ATXN2-rs653178, and BACH2-rs10944479 for TPOAb-positivity, and at TPO-rs11675434, MAGI3-rs1230666, and KALRN-rs2010099 for TPOAb levels. Individual and combined effects (genetic risk scores) of these variants on (subclinical) hypo- and hyperthyroidism, goiter and thyroid cancer were studied. Individuals with a high genetic risk score had, besides an increased risk of TPOAb-positivity (OR: 2.18, 95% CI 1.68-2.81, P = 8.1×10(-8)), a higher risk of increased thyroid-stimulating hormone levels (OR: 1.51, 95% CI 1.26-1.82, P = 2.9×10(-6)), as well as a decreased risk of goiter (OR: 0.77, 95% CI 0.66-0.89, P = 6.5×10(-4)). The MAGI3 and BACH2 variants were associated with an increased risk of hyperthyroidism, which was replicated in an independent cohort of patients with Graves' disease (OR: 1.37, 95% CI 1.22-1.54, P = 1.2×10(-7) and OR: 1.25, 95% CI 1.12-1.39, P = 6.2×10(-5)). The MAGI3 variant was also associated with an increased risk of hypothyroidism (OR: 1.57, 95% CI 1.18-2.10, P = 1.9×10(-3)). This first GWAS meta-analysis for TPOAbs identified five newly associated loci, three of which were also associated with clinical thyroid disease. With these markers we identified a large subgroup in the general population with a substantially increased risk of TPOAbs. The results provide insight into why individuals with thyroid autoimmunity do or do not eventually develop thyroid disease, and these markers may therefore predict which TPOAb-positives are particularly at risk of developing clinical thyroid dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Medici
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
| | - Eleonora Porcu
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica (IRGB), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, c/o Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato, Monserrato, Cagliari, Italy
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Universita di Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Giorgio Pistis
- Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Alexander Teumer
- Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University Medicine and Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-University Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Suzanne J. Brown
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Richard A. Jensen
- Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Departments of Medicine, Epidemiology and Health Services, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Rajesh Rawal
- Institute for Genetic Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum Munich, Munich/Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Greet L. Roef
- Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, University Hospital Ghent and Faculty of Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Theo S. Plantinga
- Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Sita H. Vermeulen
- Department for Health Evidence, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jari Lahti
- Institute of Behavioural Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Matthew J. Simmonds
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism and NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, UK Churchill Hospital, Headington, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Lise Lotte N. Husemoen
- Research Centre for Prevention and Health, Glostrup University Hospital, the Capital Region of Denmark, Glostrup, Denmark
| | - Rachel M. Freathy
- Genetics of Complex Traits, University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Beverley M. Shields
- Peninsula NIHR Clinical Research Facility, University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Diana Pietzner
- Institute of Medical Epidemiology, Biostatistics, and Informatics, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - Rebecca Nagy
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Linda Broer
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Layal Chaker
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Tim I. M. Korevaar
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Maria Grazia Plia
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica (IRGB), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, c/o Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato, Monserrato, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Cinzia Sala
- Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Uwe Völker
- Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University Medicine and Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-University Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - J. Brent Richards
- Departments of Medicine, Human Genetics, Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Lady Davis Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Fred C. Sweep
- Department for Health Evidence, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Christian Gieger
- Institute for Genetic Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum Munich, Munich/Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Tanguy Corre
- Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Eero Kajantie
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
- Hospital for Children and Adolescents, Helsinki University Central Hospital and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Betina Thuesen
- Research Centre for Prevention and Health, Glostrup University Hospital, the Capital Region of Denmark, Glostrup, Denmark
| | - Youri E. Taes
- Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, University Hospital Ghent and Faculty of Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - W. Edward Visser
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Andrew T. Hattersley
- Peninsula NIHR Clinical Research Facility, University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Jürgen Kratzsch
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Alexander Hamilton
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism and NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, UK Churchill Hospital, Headington, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Wei Li
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Georg Homuth
- Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University Medicine and Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-University Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Monia Lobina
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica (IRGB), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, c/o Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato, Monserrato, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Stefano Mariotti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Universita di Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | | | - Massimiliano Cocca
- Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Matthias Nauck
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Christin Spielhagen
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Alec Ross
- Department for Health Evidence, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Alice Arnold
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Martijn van de Bunt
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism and NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, UK Churchill Hospital, Headington, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Sandya Liyanarachchi
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Margit Heier
- Helmholtz Zentrum Muenchen, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Institute of Epidemiology II, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Hans Jörgen Grabe
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medicine Greifswald, HELIOS Hospital Stralsund, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Corrado Masciullo
- Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Tessel E. Galesloot
- Department for Health Evidence, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Ee M. Lim
- Pathwest Laboratory Medicine WA, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Eva Reischl
- Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Peter J. Leedman
- School of Medicine and Pharmacology, the University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
- UWA Centre for Medical Research, Western Australian Institute for Medical Research, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Sandra Lai
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica (IRGB), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, c/o Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato, Monserrato, Cagliari, Italy
| | | | - Alexandra P. Bremner
- School of Population Health, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
| | - David I. W. Philips
- MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - John P. Beilby
- Pathwest Laboratory Medicine WA, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
- School of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Antonella Mulas
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica (IRGB), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, c/o Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato, Monserrato, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Matteo Vocale
- High Performance Computing and Network, CRS4, Parco Tecnologico della Sardegna, Pula, Italy
| | - Goncalo Abecasis
- Center for Statistical Genetics, Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Tom Forsen
- Department of Chronic Disease Prevention, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
- Vaasa Health Care Centre, Diabetes Unit, Vaasa, Finland
| | - Alan James
- School of Medicine and Pharmacology, the University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Elisabeth Widen
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jennie Hui
- Pathwest Laboratory Medicine WA, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Holger Prokisch
- Institute of Human Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum Munich, Munich, Germany
- Institute of Human Genetics, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Ernst E. Rietzschel
- Department of Cardiology and Internal Medicine, University Hospital Ghent and Faculty of Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Aarno Palotie
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Helsinki and University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | | | - Katharina Schramm
- Institute of Human Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Jerome I. Rotter
- Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute, Torrance, California, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, California, United States of America
| | - Alexander Kluttig
- Institute of Medical Epidemiology, Biostatistics, and Informatics, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - Dörte Radke
- Institute for Community Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Michela Traglia
- Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Gabriela L. Surdulescu
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Huiling He
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Jayne A. Franklyn
- School of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, Univeristy of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel Tiller
- Institute of Medical Epidemiology, Biostatistics, and Informatics, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - Bijay Vaidya
- Diabetes, Endocrinology and Vascular Health Centre, Royal Devon and Exeter NHS Foundation Trust, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Tim de Meyer
- BIOBIX Lab. for Bioinformatics and Computational Genomics, Dept. of Mathematical Modelling, Statistics and Bioinformatics. Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Torben Jørgensen
- Research Centre for Prevention and Health, Glostrup University Hospital, the Capital Region of Denmark, Glostrup, Denmark
- Faculty of Health Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Johan G. Eriksson
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of General Practice and Primary Health Care, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Helsinki University Central Hospital, Unit of General Practice, Helsinki, Finland
- Folkhalsan Research Centre, Helsinki, Finland
- Vasa Central Hospital, Vasa, Finland
| | - Peter C. O'Leary
- School of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
- Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University of Technology, Bentley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Eric Wichmann
- Institute of Epidemiology I, Helmholtz Zentrum Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Ad R. Hermus
- Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Bruce M. Psaty
- Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Departments of Medicine, Epidemiology and Health Services, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Group Health Research Institute, Group Health Cooperative, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Till Ittermann
- Institute for Community Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Albert Hofman
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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- Department of Internal Medicine, Diabetes & Endocrinology Unit, San Raffaele Scientific Institute and Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
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- Laboratory of Genetics, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
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- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
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- Institute for Maternal and Child Health - IRCCS “Burlo Garofolo”, Trieste, Italy
- University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Yurii S. Aulchenko
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Albert de la Chapelle
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
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- Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Stephen C. L. Gough
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism and NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, UK Churchill Hospital, Headington, Oxford, United Kingdom
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- Genetics of Complex Traits, University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
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- Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, University Hospital Ghent and Faculty of Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Allan Linneberg
- Research Centre for Prevention and Health, Glostrup University Hospital, the Capital Region of Denmark, Glostrup, Denmark
| | - Katri Räikkönen
- Institute of Behavioural Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Johannes W. A. Smit
- Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Lambertus A. Kiemeney
- Department for Health Evidence, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Fernando Rivadeneira
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Aging, Netherlands Genomics Initiative, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - André G. Uitterlinden
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Aging, Netherlands Genomics Initiative, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - John P. Walsh
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
- School of Medicine and Pharmacology, the University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Christa Meisinger
- Helmholtz Zentrum Muenchen, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Institute of Epidemiology II, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Martin den Heijer
- Department of Internal Medicine, VU Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Theo J. Visser
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Timothy D. Spector
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Scott G. Wilson
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
- School of Medicine and Pharmacology, the University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Henry Völzke
- Institute for Community Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Anne Cappola
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Daniela Toniolo
- Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
- Institute of Molecular Genetics-CNR, Pavia, Italy
| | - Serena Sanna
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica (IRGB), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, c/o Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato, Monserrato, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Silvia Naitza
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica (IRGB), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, c/o Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato, Monserrato, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Robin P. Peeters
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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McNeill A, Magalhaes J, Shen C, Chau KY, Hughes D, Mehta A, Foltynie T, Cooper JM, Abramov AY, Gegg M, Schapira AHV. Ambroxol improves lysosomal biochemistry in glucocerebrosidase mutation-linked Parkinson disease cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 137:1481-95. [PMID: 24574503 PMCID: PMC3999713 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awu020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 243] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Heterozygous GBA gene mutations are the most frequent Parkinson’s disease risk factor. Using Parkinson’s disease patient derived fibroblasts McNeill et al. show that heterozygous GBA mutations reduce glucosylceramidase activity, and are associated with endoplasmic reticulum and oxidative stress. Ambroxol treatment improved glucosylceramidase activity and reduced oxidative stress in these cells. Gaucher disease is caused by mutations in the glucocerebrosidase gene, which encodes the lysosomal hydrolase glucosylceramidase. Patients with Gaucher disease and heterozygous glucocerebrosidase mutation carriers are at increased risk of developing Parkinson’s disease. Indeed, glucocerebrosidase mutations are the most frequent risk factor for Parkinson’s disease in the general population. Therefore there is an urgent need to understand the mechanisms by which glucocerebrosidase mutations predispose to neurodegeneration to facilitate development of novel treatments. To study this we generated fibroblast lines from skin biopsies of five patients with Gaucher disease and six heterozygous glucocerebrosidase mutation carriers with and without Parkinson’s disease. Glucosylceramidase protein and enzyme activity levels were assayed. Oxidative stress was assayed by single cell imaging of dihydroethidium. Glucosylceramidase enzyme activity was significantly reduced in fibroblasts from patients with Gaucher disease (median 5% of controls, P = 0.0001) and heterozygous mutation carriers with (median 59% of controls, P = 0.001) and without (56% of controls, P = 0.001) Parkinson’s disease compared with controls. Glucosylceramidase protein levels, assessed by western blot, were significantly reduced in fibroblasts from Gaucher disease (median glucosylceramidase levels 42% of control, P < 0.001) and heterozygous mutation carriers with (median 59% of control, P < 0.001) and without (median 68% of control, P < 0.001) Parkinson’s disease. Single cell imaging of dihydroethidium demonstrated increased production of cytosolic reactive oxygen species in fibroblasts from patients with Gaucher disease (dihydroethidium oxidation rate increased by a median of 62% compared to controls, P < 0.001) and heterozygous mutation carriers with (dihydroethidium oxidation rate increased by a median of 68% compared with controls, P < 0.001) and without (dihydroethidium oxidation rate increased by a median of 70% compared with controls, P < 0.001) Parkinson’s disease. We hypothesized that treatment with the molecular chaperone ambroxol hydrochloride would improve these biochemical abnormalities. Treatment with ambroxol hydrochloride increased glucosylceramidase activity in fibroblasts from healthy controls, Gaucher disease and heterozygous glucocerebrosidase mutation carriers with and without Parkinson’s disease. This was associated with a significant reduction in dihydroethidium oxidation rate of ∼50% (P < 0.05) in fibroblasts from controls, Gaucher disease and heterozygous mutation carriers with and without Parkinson’s disease. In conclusion, glucocerebrosidase mutations are associated with reductions in glucosylceramidase activity and evidence of oxidative stress. Ambroxol treatment significantly increases glucosylceramidase activity and reduces markers of oxidative stress in cells bearing glucocerebrosidase mutations. We propose that ambroxol hydrochloride should be further investigated as a potential treatment for Parkinson’s disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alisdair McNeill
- 1 Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Institute of Neurology, University College London, UK
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Annese V, Herrero MT, Di Pentima M, Gomez A, Lombardi L, Ros CM, De Pablos V, Fernandez-Villalba E, De Stefano ME. Metalloproteinase-9 contributes to inflammatory glia activation and nigro-striatal pathway degeneration in both mouse and monkey models of 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-induced Parkinsonism. Brain Struct Funct 2014; 220:703-27. [PMID: 24558048 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-014-0718-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2013] [Accepted: 01/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Inflammation is a predominant aspect of neurodegenerative diseases, manifested by glia activation and expression of pro-inflammatory mediators. Studies on animal models of Parkinson's disease (PD) suggest that sustained neuroinflammation exacerbates degeneration of the dopaminergic (DA) nigro-striatal pathway. Therefore, insights into the inflammatory mechanisms of PD may help the development of novel therapeutic strategies against this disease. As extracellular matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) could be major players in the progression of Parkinsonism, we investigated, in the substantia nigra and striatum of mice acutely injected with 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP), changes in mRNA expression, protein levels, and cell localization of MMP-9. This protease is mainly neuronal, but early after MPTP injection its mRNA and protein levels, as well as the number of MMP-9-expressing microglia and astrocytes, increase concomitantly to a prominent inflammation. Neuroinflammation and MMP-9(+) glia begin to decline within 2 weeks, although protein levels remain higher than control, in association with a partial recovery of DA nigro-striatal circuit. Comparable quantitative studies on MMP-9 knock-out mice, show a significant decrease in both glia activation and loss of DA neurons and fibers, with respect to wild-type. Moreover, in a parallel study on chronically MPTP-injected macaques, we observed that perpetuation of inflammation and high levels of MMP-9 are associated to DA neuron loss. Our data suggest that MMP-9 released by injured neurons favors glia activation; glial cells in turn reinforce their reactive state via autocrine MMP-9 release, contributing to nigro-striatal pathway degeneration. Specific modulation of MMP-9 activity may, therefore, be a strategy to ameliorate harmful inflammatory outcomes in Parkinsonism.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Annese
- Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie "Charles Darwin", Sapienza Università di Roma, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy
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