151
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A Nanoscale Polymeric Penetration Enhancer Based on Polylysine for Topical Delivery of Proteins and Peptides. J Pharm Sci 2016; 105:3585-3593. [DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2016.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2016] [Revised: 07/25/2016] [Accepted: 08/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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152
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Gao W, Sha B, Zhao Y, Fan Z, Liu L, Shen X. Comparison of simultaneous and sequential administration of fentanyl-propofol for surgical abortion: a randomized single-blinded controlled trial. ARTIFICIAL CELLS NANOMEDICINE AND BIOTECHNOLOGY 2016; 45:1045-1050. [PMID: 27707001 DOI: 10.1080/21691401.2016.1239106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Propofol lipid emulsion (PLE) is a nanosized sedative, and it is used with a combination of salted antalgic prodrug, fentanyl citrate (FC). To illustrate the synergistic effect of mixing, we compared the sedation/analgesia resulting from simultaneous and sequential administration in surgically induced abortion (No. ChiCTR-IPC-15006153). Simultaneous group showed lower bispectral index, blood pressure, and heart rate, when cannula was inserted into the uterus. It also showed less frequency of hypertension, sinus tachycardia, movement, pain at the injection site, and additional FC. Therefore, premixing of PLE and FC enhanced the sedation and analgesia; stabilized the hemodynamics; lessened the incidence of movement and injection pain; and reduced the requirement of drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Gao
- a Department of Anesthesiology , The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an , P.R. China
| | - Baoyong Sha
- b School of Basic Medical Science, Xi'an Medical University , Xi'an , P.R. China
| | - Yuan Zhao
- a Department of Anesthesiology , The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an , P.R. China
| | - Zhe Fan
- a Department of Anesthesiology , The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an , P.R. China
| | - Lin Liu
- a Department of Anesthesiology , The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an , P.R. China
| | - Xin Shen
- a Department of Anesthesiology , The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an , P.R. China
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153
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Šmejkalová D, Muthný T, Nešporová K, Hermannová M, Achbergerová E, Huerta-Angeles G, Svoboda M, Čepa M, Machalová V, Luptáková D, Velebný V. Hyaluronan polymeric micelles for topical drug delivery. Carbohydr Polym 2016; 156:86-96. [PMID: 27842856 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2016.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2016] [Revised: 08/30/2016] [Accepted: 09/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Nanosized materials offer promising strategy for topical drug delivery due to their enhancing effect on drug percutaneous transport across the stratum corneum barrier. In this work, polymeric micelles made from hydrophobized hyaluronic acid (HA) were probed for skin delivery. Compared to non-polymeric micelle solutions containing similar drug amount, in vitro skin penetration analysis indicated 3 times larger deposition of drug in the epidermis and 6 times larger drug deposition in the dermis after 5h of topical treatment in Franz diffusion cells. The drug deposition was further increased with prolonged time of topical treatment. Laser confocal microscopy revealed the accumulation of both, the HA forming the vehicle and the payload, in the epidermis and dermis. Although fluorescent labeling of the HA would suggest co-transport of the HA and the drug, loading FRET pair dyes in the micellar core clearly demonstrated gradual micelle disruption with increasing skin depth. Transcellular penetration was the predominant pathway for the loaded drug. The HA polymeric micelles also demonstrated increased bioactivity of loaded compound in vitro and in vivo. In addition, the loaded micelles were found to be stable in cream formulations and thus they have great potential for topical applications for cosmetic and pharmaceutical purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Kristina Nešporová
- Contipro a.s., Dolní Dobrouč, Czech Republic; Institute of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic.
| | | | - Eva Achbergerová
- Contipro a.s., Dolní Dobrouč, Czech Republic; Faculty of Technology, Department of Chemistry, Tomas Bata University in Zlín, Zlín, Czech Republic
| | | | - Marek Svoboda
- Contipro a.s., Dolní Dobrouč, Czech Republic; Department of Biological and Biochemical Sciences, Faculty of Chemical-Technology, University of Pardubice, Pardubice, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Čepa
- Contipro a.s., Dolní Dobrouč, Czech Republic
| | | | - Dominika Luptáková
- Institute of Microbiology of the CAS, v.v.i., Prague, Czech Republic; Department of Pharmacology, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University Bratislava, BioMed Martin, Slovakia
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154
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Zeb A, Qureshi OS, Kim HS, Cha JH, Kim HS, Kim JK. Improved skin permeation of methotrexate via nanosized ultradeformable liposomes. Int J Nanomedicine 2016; 11:3813-24. [PMID: 27540293 PMCID: PMC4982511 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s109565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study is to investigate methotrexate-entrapped ultradeformable liposomes (MTX-UDLs) for potential transdermal application. MTX-UDLs were prepared by extrusion method with phosphatidylcholine as a bilayer matrix and sodium cholate or Tween 80 as an edge activator. The physicochemical properties of MTX-UDLs were determined in terms of particle size, polydispersity index, zeta potential, and entrapment efficiency. The deformability of MTX-UDLs was compared with that of methotrexate-entrapped conventional liposomes (MTX-CLs) using a steel pressure filter device. The skin permeation of MTX-UDLs was investigated using Franz diffusion cell, and the skin penetration depth of rhodamine 6G-entrapped UDLs was determined by confocal laser scanning microscopy. MTX-UDLs showed a narrow size distribution, with the particle size of ~100 nm. The deformability of MTX-UDLs was two to five times greater than that of MTX-CLs. The skin permeation of MTX-UDLs was significantly improved compared with MTX-CLs and free MTX solution. The optimized UDLs (phosphatidylcholine: Tween 80 =7:3, w/w) showed a higher fluorescence intensity than conventional liposomes at every increment of skin depth. Thus, the optimized UDLs could be promising nanocarriers for systemic delivery of MTX across skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alam Zeb
- College of Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan, Gyeonggi, Republic of Korea
| | - Omer Salman Qureshi
- College of Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan, Gyeonggi, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung-Seo Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan, Gyeonggi, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Hye Cha
- College of Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan, Gyeonggi, Republic of Korea
| | - Hoo-Seong Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan, Gyeonggi, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Ki Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan, Gyeonggi, Republic of Korea
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155
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Efficacy of bi-component cocrystals and simple binary eutectics screening using heat of mixing estimated under super cooled conditions. J Mol Graph Model 2016; 68:23-28. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmgm.2016.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2016] [Revised: 06/06/2016] [Accepted: 06/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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156
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Strasinger C, Raney SG, Tran DC, Ghosh P, Newman B, Bashaw ED, Ghosh T, Shukla CG. Navigating sticky areas in transdermal product development. J Control Release 2016; 233:1-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2016.04.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2016] [Revised: 04/19/2016] [Accepted: 04/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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157
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Akhtar N, Verma A, Pathak K. Feasibility of binary composition in development of nanoethosomal glycolic vesicles of triamcinolone acetonide using Box-behnken design: in vitro and ex vivo characterization. ARTIFICIAL CELLS NANOMEDICINE AND BIOTECHNOLOGY 2016; 45:1-9. [PMID: 27367965 DOI: 10.1080/21691401.2016.1202261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Triamcinolone acetonide (TA) employed for the treatment of atopic dermatitis exhibits limited penetration into the epidermis. This investigation aimed to explore the role of binary solvents in topical drug delivery of TA by developing nanoethosomal glycolic lipid vesicles by infusion method. Screening of vesicles (TA1-TA17) formulated by Box Behnken design identified the optimized formulation (TA10) that was developed as carbomer gels. The gels were then evaluated for pharmaceutical properties and compared with control and reference ethosomal gel (RG). Higher in vitro permeation was found in gels containing TA10, prepared with or without using penetration enhancer (EGP 83.76 ± 0.72% and EG 82.42 ± 0.89%, respectively). CLSM studies depicted deeper uniform penetration of fluorescent tracer into the epidermis via EG as compared with RG and control gel. Enhanced penetration was due to combinational solvent effect exerted by ethanol and propylene glycol. Histological analysis confirmed the non-irritant potential of the gel. Thus, it can be concluded that nanoethosomal glycolic vesicles proved to be an effective non irritant carrier for improvised penetration of triamcinolone acetonide for potential topical therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nida Akhtar
- a Department of Pharmaceutics , Rajiv Academy for Pharmacy , Mathura , India
| | - Anurag Verma
- b Department of Pharmaceutics , School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Moradabad , India
| | - Kamla Pathak
- c Department of Pharmaceutics , Pharmacy College Saifai, Uttar Pradesh University of Medical Sciences , Saifai, Etawah , Uttar Pradesh , India
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158
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Kuznetsova EG, Ryzhikova VA, Salomatina LA, Sevastianov VI. TRANSDERMAL DRUG DELIVERY AND METHODS TO ENHANCE IT. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF TRANSPLANTOLOGY AND ARTIFICIAL ORGANS 2016. [DOI: 10.15825/1995-1191-2016-2-152-162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The paper presents the common methods employed in recent years for enhancing transdermal delivery of drug substances when applying transdermal therapeutic delivery systems. The chemical, physical and mechanical methods to enhance the transport of macromolecular compounds through the skin are considered in details.
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Affiliation(s)
- E. G. Kuznetsova
- V.I. Shumakov Federal Research Center of Transplantology and Artificial Organs, Moscow
| | - V. A. Ryzhikova
- V.I. Shumakov Federal Research Center of Transplantology and Artificial Organs, Moscow
| | - L. A. Salomatina
- V.I. Shumakov Federal Research Center of Transplantology and Artificial Organs, Moscow
| | - V. I. Sevastianov
- V.I. Shumakov Federal Research Center of Transplantology and Artificial Organs, Moscow
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159
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Tay BYP, Yung SC, Teoh TY. Determination and confirmation of isopropyl p-toluenesulfonate in cosmetics by HPLC-diode array detector method and GC-MS. Int J Cosmet Sci 2016; 38:627-633. [PMID: 27169828 DOI: 10.1111/ics.12342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2015] [Accepted: 05/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Isopropyl p-toluenesulfonate (IPTS) is a potentially genotoxic by-product formed during the esterification of palm oil-based palmitic and palm kernel oil-based myristic acid with isopropanol to produce isopropyl palmitate or isopropyl myristate. There are no methods described for the analysis of IPTS in cosmetic products. In this work, we have established a simple, precise and accurate method to determine the presence and level of IPTS in various finished cosmetic products which contain palm-based esters in their formulations. METHODS An Agilent 1200 series high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) unit using a diode-array detector (DAD) has been employed and optimized to detect IPTS in cosmetic products. For the separation, a reverse-phase Hypersil Gold C8 column (5 μm, 4.6 mm i.d. 250 mm) 5 mM tetrabutylammonium phosphate buffer 50 : 50, (v/v) solution in acetonitrile as mobile phase, in isocratic mode and a flow rate of 0.8 mL min-1 were used. A second method using a gas chromatography/mass selective detector GC-MSD was also developed to confirm the IPTS identity in the cosmetic products. RESULTS Recoveries of IPTS from cosmetic matrices such as a lotion, cleansing milk and a cream ranged from 94.0% to 101.1% with <5% relative standard deviation (%RSD) showing good accuracy and repeatability of the method. The six-point calibration curves (determined over the range 0.5-50 μg mL-1 ) have a correlation coefficient of 0.9999 (based on HPLC peak area) and 0.9998 (based on HPLC peak height). The intra- and interday precisions (measured by the %RSD) of the method were <2% and <5%, respectively, indicating that the developed method is reliable, precise and reproducible. The detection and quantification limit of the method were found to be 0.5 μg mL-1 and 1.6 μg mL-1 , respectively. Analyses of 83 commercial cosmetics showed no presence of IPTS. CONCLUSIONS The validation data indicated that this method was suitable for the quantitative analysis of IPTS in commercial cosmetics. This method is applicable for analyses of trace levels of IPTS in cosmetics and has the advantage of using only simple sample preparation steps.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Y P Tay
- Malaysian Palm Oil Board, No. 6 Persiaran Institusi, Bandar Baru Bangi, Kajang Selangor, 43000, Malaysia
| | - S C Yung
- Faculty of Science and Technology, The National University of Malaysia, (UKM), Bangi Selangor, 43600, Malaysia
| | - T Y Teoh
- Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, 50603, Malaysia
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160
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Zylberberg C, Matosevic S. Pharmaceutical liposomal drug delivery: a review of new delivery systems and a look at the regulatory landscape. Drug Deliv 2016; 23:3319-3329. [PMID: 27145899 DOI: 10.1080/10717544.2016.1177136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 361] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Liposomes were the first nanoscale drug to be approved for clinical use in 1995. Since then, the technology has grown considerably, and pioneering recent work in liposome-based delivery systems has brought about remarkable developments with significant clinical implications. This includes long-circulating liposomes, stimuli-responsive liposomes, nebulized liposomes, elastic liposomes for topical, oral and transdermal delivery and covalent lipid-drug complexes for improved drug plasma membrane crossing and targeting to specific organelles. While the regulatory bodies' opinion on liposomes is well-documented, current guidance that address new delivery systems are not. This review describes, in depth, the current state-of-the-art of these new liposomal delivery systems and provides a critical overview of the current regulatory landscape surrounding commercialization efforts of higher-level complexity systems, the expected requirements and the hurdles faced by companies seeking to bring novel liposome-based systems for clinical use to market.
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161
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Hsiao PF, Peng S, Tang TC, Lin SY, Tsai HC. Enhancing the in vivo transdermal delivery of gold nanoparticles using poly(ethylene glycol) and its oleylamine conjugate. Int J Nanomedicine 2016; 11:1867-78. [PMID: 27194910 PMCID: PMC4859419 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s102599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we investigated the effect of (ethylene glycol) (PEG) and PEG-oleylamine (OAm) functionalization on the skin permeation property of gold nanoparticles (GNS) in vivo. Chemisorption of polymers onto GNS was verified by a red shift in the ultraviolet-visible spectrum as well as by a change in the nanoparticle surface charge. The physicochemical properties of pristine and functionalized nanoparticles were analyzed by ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy, zeta potential analyzer, and transmission electron microscopy. Transmission electron microscopy revealed that the interparticle distance between nanoparticles increased after GNS functionalization. Comparing the skin permeation profile of pristine and functionalized GNS, the follicular deposition of GNS increased twofold after PEG-OAm functionalization. Moreover, PEG- and PEG-OAm-functionalized nanoparticles were able to overcome the skin barrier and deposit in the deeper subcutaneous adipose tissue. These findings demonstrate the potential of PEG- and PEG-OAm-functionalized GNS in serving a multitude of applications in transdermal pharmaceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pa Fan Hsiao
- Department of Dermatology, Mackay Memorial Hospital, New Taipei City, Taipei, Taiwan; Mackay Medicine, Nursing and Management College, New Taipei City, Taipei, Taiwan; Mackay Medical College, New Taipei City, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Sydney Peng
- Graduate Institute of Applied Science and Technology, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ting-Cheng Tang
- Graduate Institute of Applied Science and Technology, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shuian-Yin Lin
- National Applied Research Laboratories, Instrument Technology Research Center, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Hsieh-Chih Tsai
- Graduate Institute of Applied Science and Technology, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei, Taiwan
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162
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Transdermal glimepiride delivery system based on optimized ethosomal nano-vesicles: Preparation, characterization, in vitro , ex vivo and clinical evaluation. Int J Pharm 2016; 500:245-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2016.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2015] [Revised: 01/08/2016] [Accepted: 01/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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163
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Pinheiro IM, Carvalho IP, de Carvalho CES, Brito LM, da Silva ABS, Conde Júnior AM, de Carvalho FAA, Carvalho ALM. Evaluation of the in vivo leishmanicidal activity of amphotericin B emulgel: An alternative for the treatment of skin leishmaniasis. Exp Parasitol 2016; 164:49-55. [PMID: 26902606 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2016.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2015] [Revised: 02/15/2016] [Accepted: 02/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The American Cutaneous Leishmaniasis (ACL) is an infectious disease that can be fatal. The first line of treatment is pentavalent antimonies. However, due to its potential to develop resistance, Amphotericin B (AmB) started to be used as an alternative medicine. Current treatments are limited, a fact that has led to a growing interesting in developing new therapies. This study aims to evaluate the therapeutic potential in vivo of an amphotericin B + oleic acid (OA) emulgel in the treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis in an experimental model. Strains of Leishmania major MHOM/IL/80/Friendlin of Leishmania major were used. The animals were inoculated subcutaneously. After the development of leishmanial, nodular or ulcerative lesions, the animals were divided into three groups (control, Group A and Group B) and treated twice a day for twelve days. The weight of the animals was measured and the size of the lesions was observed. A histopathological analysis was performed with skin fragments of lesions and with the spleen of animals treated with different treatments (emulgel, AmB 3% emulgel and AmB 3% plus OA 5% emulgel). It was observed that when subjected to treatment with AmB 3% emulgel during the study period using both formulations, with enhancer and without enhancer, ulcerative lesions regress gradually or even complete cure. The quantification of the average number of parasites recovered from the inoculation site was made after the treatment in each group and the differences were considered significant. The treatment with AmB 3% and OA 5% emulgel had the best in vivo therapeutic response, showing good prospects for cutaneous leishmaniasis therapy as an alternative therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ivana Pereira Carvalho
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | | | - Lucas Moreira Brito
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Farmacologia, Universidade Federal do Piauí, Brazil
| | | | - Airton Mendes Conde Júnior
- Adjunto do Departamento de Morfologia do Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Piauí, Brazil
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164
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Jaiswal M, Kumar A, Sharma S. Nanoemulsions loaded Carbopol® 934 based gel for intranasal delivery of neuroprotective Centella asiatica extract: in–vitro and ex–vivo permeation study. JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL INVESTIGATION 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s40005-016-0228-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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165
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Essential Fatty Acids as Transdermal Penetration Enhancers. J Pharm Sci 2016; 105:188-93. [DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2015.11.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2015] [Revised: 10/27/2015] [Accepted: 11/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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166
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Liu C, Fang L. Drug in Adhesive Patch of Zolmitriptan: Formulation and In vitro /In vivo Correlation. AAPS PharmSciTech 2015; 16:1245-53. [PMID: 25771739 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-015-0303-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2014] [Accepted: 01/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of the present study was to develop transdermal patch for zolmitriptan, determine its in vivo absorption using the rabbit skin. Solvent evaporation technique prepared zolmitriptan patch was settled in two-chamber diffusion cell combined with excised rabbit abdomen skin for permeation study. A sufficient cumulative penetration amount of zolmitriptan (258.5 ± 26.9 μg/cm(2) in 24 h) was achieved by the formulation of 4% zolmitriptan, 10% Azone, and adhesive of DURO-TAK® 87-4098. Pharmacokinetic parameters were determined via i.v. and transdermal administrations using animal model of rabbit. The results revealed that the absolute bioavailability was about 63%. Zolmitriptan could be detected with drug level of 88 ± 51 ng/mL after transdermal administration of 15 min. The in vivo absorption curve obtained by deconvolution approach using WinNonlin® program was correlated well with the in vitro permeation curve, the correlation coefficient R is 0.84, and the result indicated that in vitro skin permeation experiments were useful to predict the in vivo performance. In addition, little skin irritation was found in the irritation study. As a conclusion, the optimized zolmitriptan transdermal patches could effectively deliver adequate drug into systemic circulation in short time without producing any irritation phenomenon and worth to be developed.
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167
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Shreya AB, Managuli RS, Menon J, Kondapalli L, Hegde AR, Avadhani K, Shetty PK, Amirthalingam M, Kalthur G, Mutalik S. Nano-transfersomal formulations for transdermal delivery of asenapine maleate: in vitro and in vivo performance evaluations. J Liposome Res 2015; 26:221-32. [DOI: 10.3109/08982104.2015.1098659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. B. Shreya
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal, Karnataka State, India
| | - Renuka S. Managuli
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal, Karnataka State, India
| | - Jyothsna Menon
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal, Karnataka State, India
| | - Lavanya Kondapalli
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal, Karnataka State, India
| | - Aswathi R. Hegde
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal, Karnataka State, India
| | - Kiran Avadhani
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal, Karnataka State, India
| | - Pallavi K. Shetty
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal, Karnataka State, India
| | - Muthukumar Amirthalingam
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal, Karnataka State, India
| | - Guruprasad Kalthur
- Department of Clinical Embryology, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal, Karnataka State, India
| | - Srinivas Mutalik
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal, Karnataka State, India
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168
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Healy BF, English KR, Jagals P, Sly PD. Bisphenol A exposure pathways in early childhood: Reviewing the need for improved risk assessment models. JOURNAL OF EXPOSURE SCIENCE & ENVIRONMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY 2015; 25:544-556. [PMID: 26350983 DOI: 10.1038/jes.2015.49] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2015] [Accepted: 07/20/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Bisphenol A (BPA) is a plasticiser found in a number of household plastics, electronics, and food-packaging materials. Over the past 5 years, several human epidemiological studies have reported a positive association between BPA exposure and adverse health outcomes in children, including obesity, asthma, preterm birth, and neuro-behavioural disturbances. These findings are in conflict with international environmental risk assessment models, which predict daily exposure levels to BPA should not pose a risk to child health. The aim of this review is to provide an overview of the evidence for different exposure sources and potential exposure pathways of BPA in early childhood. By collating the findings from experimental models and exposure associations observed in human bio-monitoring studies, we affirm the potential for non-dietary sources to make a substantial contribution to total daily exposure in young children. Infants and toddlers have distinctive exposure sources, physiology, and metabolism of endocrine-disrupting chemicals. We recommend risk-assessment models implement new frameworks, which specifically address exposure and hazard in early childhood. This is particularly important for BPA, which is present in numerous products in the home and day-care environments, and for which animal studies report contradictory findings on its safety at environmentally relevant levels of exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bridget F Healy
- Children's Health and Environment Program, Queensland Children's Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- School of Public Health, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Child Health Research Centre, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Karin R English
- Children's Health and Environment Program, Queensland Children's Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Child Health Research Centre, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Paul Jagals
- School of Public Health, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Peter D Sly
- Children's Health and Environment Program, Queensland Children's Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Child Health Research Centre, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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169
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Gidwani B, Vyas A. A Comprehensive Review on Cyclodextrin-Based Carriers for Delivery of Chemotherapeutic Cytotoxic Anticancer Drugs. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:198268. [PMID: 26582104 PMCID: PMC4637021 DOI: 10.1155/2015/198268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 274] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2015] [Revised: 06/02/2015] [Accepted: 06/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Most of the cytotoxic chemotherapeutic agents have poor aqueous solubility. These molecules are associated with poor physicochemical and biopharmaceutical properties, which makes the formulation difficult. An important approach in this regard is the use of combination of cyclodextrin and nanotechnology in delivery system. This paper provides an overview of limitations associated with anticancer drugs, their complexation with cyclodextrins, loading/encapsulating the complexed drugs into carriers, and various approaches used for the delivery. The present review article aims to assess the utility of cyclodextrin-based carriers like liposomes, niosomes, nanoparticles, micelles, millirods, and siRNA for delivery of antineoplastic agents. These systems based on cyclodextrin complexation and nanotechnology will camouflage the undesirable properties of drug and lead to synergistic or additive effect. Cyclodextrin-based nanotechnology seems to provide better therapeutic effect and sustain long life of healthy and recovered cells. Still, considerable study on delivery system and administration routes of cyclodextrin-based carriers is necessary with respect to their pharmacokinetics and toxicology to substantiate their safety and efficiency. In future, it would be possible to resolve the conventional and current issues associated with the development and commercialization of antineoplastic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bina Gidwani
- University Institute of Pharmacy, Pt. Ravishankar Shukla University, Raipur 492010, India
| | - Amber Vyas
- University Institute of Pharmacy, Pt. Ravishankar Shukla University, Raipur 492010, India
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170
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Alkilani AZ, McCrudden MTC, Donnelly RF. Transdermal Drug Delivery: Innovative Pharmaceutical Developments Based on Disruption of the Barrier Properties of the stratum corneum. Pharmaceutics 2015; 7:438-70. [PMID: 26506371 PMCID: PMC4695828 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics7040438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 500] [Impact Index Per Article: 55.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2015] [Revised: 09/29/2015] [Accepted: 10/13/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The skin offers an accessible and convenient site for the administration of medications. To this end, the field of transdermal drug delivery, aimed at developing safe and efficacious means of delivering medications across the skin, has in the past and continues to garner much time and investment with the continuous advancement of new and innovative approaches. This review details the progress and current status of the transdermal drug delivery field and describes numerous pharmaceutical developments which have been employed to overcome limitations associated with skin delivery systems. Advantages and disadvantages of the various approaches are detailed, commercially marketed products are highlighted and particular attention is paid to the emerging field of microneedle technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahlam Zaid Alkilani
- School of Pharmacy, 97 Lisburn Road, Queens University Belfast, Belfast BT9 7BL, Northern Ireland, UK.
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Zarqa University, Zarqa 132222, Jordan.
| | - Maelíosa T C McCrudden
- School of Pharmacy, 97 Lisburn Road, Queens University Belfast, Belfast BT9 7BL, Northern Ireland, UK.
| | - Ryan F Donnelly
- School of Pharmacy, 97 Lisburn Road, Queens University Belfast, Belfast BT9 7BL, Northern Ireland, UK.
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171
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Bragagni M, Scozzafava A, Mastrolorenzo A, Supuran CT, Mura P. Development and ex vivo evaluation of 5-aminolevulinic acid-loaded niosomal formulations for topical photodynamic therapy. Int J Pharm 2015; 494:258-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2015.08.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2015] [Revised: 07/30/2015] [Accepted: 08/12/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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172
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Zakrewsky M, Kumar S, Mitragotri S. Nucleic acid delivery into skin for the treatment of skin disease: Proofs-of-concept, potential impact, and remaining challenges. J Control Release 2015; 219:445-456. [PMID: 26385169 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2015.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2015] [Revised: 09/07/2015] [Accepted: 09/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Nucleic acids (NAs) hold significant potential for the treatment of several diseases. Topical delivery of NAs for the treatment of skin diseases is especially advantageous since it bypasses the challenges associated with systemic administration which suffers from enzymatic degradation, systemic toxicity and lack of targeting to skin. However, the skin's protective barrier function limits the delivery of NAs into skin after topical application. Here, we highlight strategies for enhancing delivery of NAs into skin, and provide evidence that translation of topical NA therapies could have a transformative impact on the treatment of skin diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Zakrewsky
- Center for Bioengineering and Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
| | - Sunny Kumar
- Center for Bioengineering and Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
| | - Samir Mitragotri
- Center for Bioengineering and Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA.
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173
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Kudłak B, Owczarek K, Namieśnik J. Selected issues related to the toxicity of ionic liquids and deep eutectic solvents--a review. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 22:11975-92. [PMID: 26040266 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-015-4794-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2015] [Accepted: 05/27/2015] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Green Chemistry plays a more and more important role in implementing rules of sustainable development to prevent environmental pollution caused by technological processes, while simultaneously increasing the production yield. Ionic liquids (ILs) and deep eutectic solvents (DESs) constitute a very broad group of substances. Apart from many imperfections, ILs and DESs have been the most promising discoveries in the world of Green Chemistry in recent years. The main advantage of ILs is their unique physicochemical properties-they are very desirable from the technological point of view, but apart from these benefits, ILs appear to be highly toxic towards organisms from different trophic levels. DES areas of usage are very spread, because they cover organic synthesis, extraction processes, electrochemistry, enzymatic reactions and many others. Moreover, DESs seem to be a less toxic alternative to ionic liquids. New possibilities of applications and future development trends are sought and presented, including such important solutions of life branches as pharmaceuticals' production and medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Błażej Kudłak
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, Narutowicza Str. 11/12, 80-233, Gdańsk, Poland
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174
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Ravula R, Herwadkar AK, Abla MJ, Little J, Banga AK. Formulation optimization of a drug in adhesive transdermal analgesic patch. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2015; 42:862-70. [DOI: 10.3109/03639045.2015.1071832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ranadheer Ravula
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Mercer University, Atlanta, GA, USA,
| | - Anushree K. Herwadkar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Mercer University, Atlanta, GA, USA,
| | - Mehtab J. Abla
- University of the Arts London, London College of Fashion, London, UK, and
| | | | - Ajay K. Banga
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Mercer University, Atlanta, GA, USA,
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175
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Zhang Q, Flach CR, Mendelsohn R, Mao G, Pappas A, Mack MC, Walters RM, Southall MD. Topically applied ceramide accumulates in skin glyphs. Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol 2015; 8:329-37. [PMID: 26170709 PMCID: PMC4493983 DOI: 10.2147/ccid.s83857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Ceramides (CERs), structural components of the stratum corneum (SC), impart essential barrier properties to this thin outer layer of the epidermis. Variations in CER species within this layer have been linked to several skin diseases. A recent proliferation of CER-containing topical skin-care products warrants the elucidation of CER penetration profiles in both healthy and diseased skin. In the current study, the spatial distributions of CER concentration profiles, following topical application of two species of CER, were tracked using infrared imaging. Suspensions of single-chain perdeuterated sphingosine and phytosphingosine CER in oleic acid were applied, in separate experiments, to the surface of healthy intact ex vivo human skin using Franz diffusion cells. Following either a 24- or 48-hour incubation period at 34°C, infrared images were acquired from microtomed skin sections. Both CER species accumulated in glyph regions of the skin and penetrated into the SC, to a limited extent, only in these regions. The concentration profiles observed herein were independent of the CER species and incubation time utilized in the study. As a result, a very heterogeneous, sparse, spatial distribution of CERs in the SC was revealed. In contrast, oleic acid was found to be fairly homogeneously distributed throughout the SC and viable epidermis, albeit at lower concentrations in the latter. A more uniform, lateral distribution of CERs in the SC would likely be important for barrier efficacy or enhancement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qihong Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Carol R Flach
- Department of Chemistry, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ, USA
| | | | - Guangru Mao
- Johnson & Johnson Consumer Companies, Inc., Skillman, NJ, USA
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176
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Wan G, Dai X, Yin Q, Shi X, Qiao Y. Interaction of menthol with mixed-lipid bilayer of stratum corneum: A coarse-grained simulation study. J Mol Graph Model 2015; 60:98-107. [PMID: 26125116 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmgm.2015.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2015] [Revised: 06/10/2015] [Accepted: 06/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Menthol is a widely used penetration enhancer in clinical medicine due to its high efficiency and relative safety. Although there are many studies focused on the penetration-enhancing activity of menthol, the details of molecular mechanism are rarely involved in the discussion. In this study, we present a series of coarse-grained molecular dynamics simulations to investigate the interaction of menthol with a mixed-lipid bilayer model consisting of ceramides, cholesterol and free fatty acids in a 2:2:1 molar ratio. Taking both the concentration of menthol and temperature into consideration, it was found that a rise in temperature and concentration within a specific range (1-20%) could improve the penetration-enhancing property of menthol and the floppiness of the bilayer. However, at high concentrations (30% and more), menthol completely mixed with the lipids and the membrane can no longer maintain a bilayer structure. Our results elucidates some of the molecular basis for menthol's penetration enhancing effects and may provide some assistance for the development and applications of menthol as a penetration enhancer. Furthermore, we establish a method to investigate the penetration enhancement mechanism of traditional Chinese medicine using the mixed-lipid bilayer model of stratum corneum by molecular dynamics simulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guang Wan
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China; Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, China.
| | - Xingxing Dai
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, China; Key Laboratory of TCM-information Engineer of State Administration of TCM, Beijing 100102, China.
| | - Qianqian Yin
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China.
| | - Xinyuan Shi
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, China; Key Laboratory of TCM-information Engineer of State Administration of TCM, Beijing 100102, China.
| | - Yanjiang Qiao
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, China; Key Laboratory of TCM-information Engineer of State Administration of TCM, Beijing 100102, China.
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177
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Bednarczyk-Cwynar B, Partyka D, Zaprutko L. Simple amides of oleanolic acid as effective penetration enhancers. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0122857. [PMID: 26010090 PMCID: PMC4444294 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0122857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2014] [Accepted: 02/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Transdermal transport is now becoming one of the most convenient and safe pathways for drug delivery. In some cases it is necessary to use skin penetration enhancers in order to allow for the transdermal transport of drugs that are otherwise insufficiently skin-permeable. A series of oleanolic acid amides as potential transdermal penetration enhancers was formed by multistep synthesis and the synthesis of all newly prepared compounds is presented. The synthetized amides of oleanolic acid were tested for their in vitro penetration promoter activity. The above activity was evaluated by means of using the Fürst method. The relationships between the chemical structure of the studied compounds and penetration activity are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Bednarczyk-Cwynar
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Grunwaldzka Str. 6, 60–780 Poznan, Poland
- * E-mail:
| | - Danuta Partyka
- Department of Technology of Drug Forms, Faculty of Pharmacy, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Grunwaldzka Str. 6, 60–780 Poznan, Poland
| | - Lucjusz Zaprutko
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Grunwaldzka Str. 6, 60–780 Poznan, Poland
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178
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Enhanced epidermal localization of topically applied steroids using SPACE™ peptide. Drug Deliv Transl Res 2015; 5:523-30. [PMID: 25939432 DOI: 10.1007/s13346-015-0232-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The balance of efficacy and safety of topical corticosteroids (TCs) depends on their ability to penetrate into and be retained within the skin. Here, we evaluated the ability of SPACE™ peptide to enhance epidermal delivery and localization of three model TCs. In vitro and in vivo skin penetration studies were performed to evaluate penetration of TCs into and across the skin in the presence of various formulations of SPACE™ peptide. Topical formulations of corticosterone containing free SPACE™ peptide produced significantly enhanced epidermal penetration and localization. Ratio of drug deposition in the skin and receiver (efficacy/safety, indicative of ratio of local to systemic uptake) exhibited higher values for SPACE™ peptide-based formulation as compared to aqueous and hydroethanolic solutions and Cortizone™ cream. Mass spectrometry analysis showed that SPACE™ peptide associates with corticosterone, which may explain its enhanced retention effect. SPACE™ peptide also enhanced dermal retention of two more TCs (hydrocortisone and triamcinolone acetonide) compared to the vehicle control. An in vivo study in mice further established the ability of SPACE™ peptide to enhance skin retention of hydrocortisone without producing elevated blood concentrations. These results show that SPACE™ peptide is an effective additive to the formulation for enhanced skin localization of topical steroids.
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179
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Current and emerging formulation strategies for the effective transdermal delivery of HIV inhibitors. Ther Deliv 2015; 6:217-29. [PMID: 25690088 DOI: 10.4155/tde.14.110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Current and emerging formulation strategies for skin permeation are poised to open the transdermal drug delivery to a broader range of small molecule compounds that do not fit the traditional requirements for successful transdermal drug delivery, allowing the development of new patch technologies to deliver antiretroviral drugs that were previously incapable of being delivered through transdermal means. Transdermal drug delivery offers several distinct advantages over traditional dosage forms. Current antiretroviral drugs used for the treatment of HIV infection include a variety of highly active small molecule compounds with significantly limited skin permeability, and thus new and novel means of enhancing transport through the skin are needed. Current and emerging formulation strategies are poised to open the transdermal drug delivery to a broader range of compounds that do not fit the traditional requirements for successful transdermal drug delivery, allowing the development of new patch technologies to deliver antiretroviral drugs that were previously incapable of being delivered through transdermal means. Thus, with continuing research into skin permeability and patch formulation strategies, there is a large potential for antiretroviral transdermal drug delivery.
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180
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Kumar S, Zakrewsky M, Chen M, Menegatti S, Muraski JA, Mitragotri S. Peptides as skin penetration enhancers: Mechanisms of action. J Control Release 2015; 199:168-78. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2014.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2014] [Revised: 11/22/2014] [Accepted: 12/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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181
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Formulation design for topical drug and nanoparticle treatment of skin disease. Ther Deliv 2015; 6:197-216. [PMID: 25690087 DOI: 10.4155/tde.14.106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The skin has evolved to resist the penetration of foreign substances and particles. Topical therapeutic and cosmeceutical delivery is a growing field founded on selectively overcoming this barrier. Both the biology of the skin and the nature of the formulation/active ingredient must be aligned for efficient transcutaneous delivery. This review discusses the biological changes in the skin barrier that occur with common dermatological conditions. This context is the foundation for the discussion of formulation strategies to improve penetration profiles of common active ingredients in dermatology. Finally, we compare and contrast those approaches to recent advances described in the research literature with an eye toward the future of topical formulation design.
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182
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Tuntiyasawasdikul S, Limpongsa E, Jaipakdee N, Sripanidkulchai B. A monolithic drug-in-adhesive patch of methoxyflavones from Kaempferia parviflora: In vitro and in vivo evaluation. Int J Pharm 2015; 478:486-95. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2014.11.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2014] [Revised: 11/13/2014] [Accepted: 11/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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183
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Herman A, Herman AP. Essential oils and their constituents as skin penetration enhancer for transdermal drug delivery: a review. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 67:473-85. [PMID: 25557808 DOI: 10.1111/jphp.12334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2014] [Accepted: 08/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES In this paper, we focused on essential oils and their constituents as skin penetration enhancers for transdermal drug delivery, mechanism of their action as well as their possible toxicity. KEY FINDINGS Essential oils and their volatile constituents can penetrate through the skin as well as enhance penetration of different drug from topical formulation into the lower skin layers using different mechanisms of action based on (1) disintegration of the highly ordered intercellular lipid structure between corneocytes in stratum corneum, (2) interaction with intercellular domain of protein, which induces their conformational modification, (3) increase the partitioning of a drug. After application to the skin, essential oils and their components are rapidly metabolized, not accumulated in the organism and fast excreted what strongly suggest that they can be successfully use as safe penetration enhancers. SUMMARY Essential oils and their constituents may be preferred over the traditionally used synthetics materials as safe and suitable permeation enhancers to promote the percutaneous absorption of hydrophilic and lipophilic drugs from topical formulation into the lower skin layers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Herman
- Academy of Cosmetics and Health Care, Warsaw, Poland
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184
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vom Saal FS, Welshons WV. Evidence that bisphenol A (BPA) can be accurately measured without contamination in human serum and urine, and that BPA causes numerous hazards from multiple routes of exposure. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2014; 398:101-13. [PMID: 25304273 PMCID: PMC4805123 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2014.09.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2014] [Revised: 09/25/2014] [Accepted: 09/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
There is extensive evidence that bisphenol A (BPA) is related to a wide range of adverse health effects based on both human and experimental animal studies. However, a number of regulatory agencies have ignored all hazard findings. Reports of high levels of unconjugated (bioactive) serum BPA in dozens of human biomonitoring studies have also been rejected based on the prediction that the findings are due to assay contamination and that virtually all ingested BPA is rapidly converted to inactive metabolites. NIH and industry-sponsored round robin studies have demonstrated that serum BPA can be accurately assayed without contamination, while the FDA lab has acknowledged uncontrolled assay contamination. In reviewing the published BPA biomonitoring data, we find that assay contamination is, in fact, well controlled in most labs, and cannot be used as the basis for discounting evidence that significant and virtually continuous exposure to BPA must be occurring from multiple sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederick S vom Saal
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211 USA.
| | - Wade V Welshons
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia MO 65211 USA
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185
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Hormann AM, vom Saal FS, Nagel SC, Stahlhut RW, Moyer CL, Ellersieck MR, Welshons WV, Toutain PL, Taylor JA. Holding thermal receipt paper and eating food after using hand sanitizer results in high serum bioactive and urine total levels of bisphenol A (BPA). PLoS One 2014; 9:e110509. [PMID: 25337790 PMCID: PMC4206219 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0110509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2014] [Accepted: 09/23/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Bisphenol A (BPA) is an endocrine disrupting environmental contaminant used in a wide variety of products, and BPA metabolites are found in almost everyone's urine, suggesting widespread exposure from multiple sources. Regulatory agencies estimate that virtually all BPA exposure is from food and beverage packaging. However, free BPA is applied to the outer layer of thermal receipt paper present in very high (∼20 mg BPA/g paper) quantities as a print developer. Not taken into account when considering thermal paper as a source of BPA exposure is that some commonly used hand sanitizers, as well as other skin care products, contain mixtures of dermal penetration enhancing chemicals that can increase by up to 100 fold the dermal absorption of lipophilic compounds such as BPA. We found that when men and women held thermal receipt paper immediately after using a hand sanitizer with penetration enhancing chemicals, significant free BPA was transferred to their hands and then to French fries that were eaten, and the combination of dermal and oral BPA absorption led to a rapid and dramatic average maximum increase (Cmax) in unconjugated (bioactive) BPA of ∼7 ng/mL in serum and ∼20 µg total BPA/g creatinine in urine within 90 min. The default method used by regulatory agencies to test for hazards posed by chemicals is intra-gastric gavage. For BPA this approach results in less than 1% of the administered dose being bioavailable in blood. It also ignores dermal absorption as well as sublingual absorption in the mouth that both bypass first-pass liver metabolism. The elevated levels of BPA that we observed due to holding thermal paper after using a product containing dermal penetration enhancing chemicals have been related to an increased risk for a wide range of developmental abnormalities as well as diseases in adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annette M. Hormann
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Frederick S. vom Saal
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Susan C. Nagel
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Women’s Health, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Richard W. Stahlhut
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Carol L. Moyer
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Mark R. Ellersieck
- Department of Statistics, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Wade V. Welshons
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Pierre-Louis Toutain
- Université de Toulouse, INPT, ENVT, UPS, UMR1331, F- 31062 Toulouse, France
- INRA, UMR1331, Toxalim, Research Centre in Food Toxicology, F-31027 Toulouse, France
| | - Julia A. Taylor
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
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186
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Muzzalupo R, Tavano L, Lai F, Picci N. Niosomes containing hydroxyl additives as percutaneous penetration enhancers: effect on the transdermal delivery of sulfadiazine sodium salt. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2014; 123:207-12. [PMID: 25260220 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2014.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2014] [Revised: 09/01/2014] [Accepted: 09/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to improve the transdermal permeation of sulfadiazine sodium, employing synergistic combination of surfactants (in the form of niosomes) and additives with different number of hydroxylic groups, (following referred to as "alcohol"), as component of the bilayer. In particular the effect of different concentration of each alcohol (ethanol, propylene glycol or glycerol, from 5%, to 40% v/v) on niosomes size and distribution, drug entrapment efficiencies and ex vivo drug percutaneous permeation were evaluated, identifying formulations giving the best performances. The findings revealed that the presence of alcohol critically affect the physico-chemical properties of niosomes, with regards to dimensions, drug encapsulation and permeation. Vesicular size increased with the amount of alcohol and at the same alcohol concentration, follow the sequence ethanol>propylene glycol>glycerol. Loaded niosomes were larger than empty ones. Low E% values were found for ethanol, even less in propylene glycol and glycerol based samples, confirming that the chemical structure of the alcohol and its physico-chemical properties, affected the sulfadiazine entrapment efficiency. The comparative evaluation of percutaneous permeation profiles showed that the cumulative amount of permeated drug increases with alcohol concentration up to 20% v/v. Higher concentration (40% v/v) resulted in a strong decrease of the potential skin permeation. Best performances were obtained with glycerol. In all cases ex vivo sulfadiazine percutaneous permeations are controlled and improved respect to the corresponding free drug solutions and traditional niosomes used as controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Muzzalupo
- Dipartimento di Farmacia e Scienze della Salute e della Nutrizione, Università della Calabria, Edificio Polifunzionale, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende, Cosenza, Italy.
| | - Lorena Tavano
- Dipartimento di Farmacia e Scienze della Salute e della Nutrizione, Università della Calabria, Edificio Polifunzionale, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende, Cosenza, Italy; Dipartimento di Ingegneria Informatica, Modellistica, Elettronica e Sistemistica, Università della Calabria, Via P. Bucci Cubo 39/C, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende, Cosenza, Italy
| | - Francesco Lai
- Dipartimento Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente, Università degli Studi di Cagliari, Via Ospedale 72, 09124 Cagliari, Italy
| | - Nevio Picci
- Dipartimento di Farmacia e Scienze della Salute e della Nutrizione, Università della Calabria, Edificio Polifunzionale, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende, Cosenza, Italy
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187
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Mura P, Bragagni M, Mennini N, Cirri M, Maestrelli F. Development of liposomal and microemulsion formulations for transdermal delivery of clonazepam: effect of randomly methylated β-cyclodextrin. Int J Pharm 2014; 475:306-14. [PMID: 25194352 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2014.08.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2014] [Revised: 08/26/2014] [Accepted: 08/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Transdermal administration of clonazepam, a poorly water-soluble benzodiazepine, is an interesting strategy for overcoming the drawbacks of its oral administration. With this aim, two nano-carrier formulations, based on ultra-deformable liposomes and microemulsions, have been developed to favour clonazepam transdermal delivery. Considering the solubilizing power of methyl-βcyclodextrin (Me-βCD) toward clonazepam and its potential positive influence on transdermal drug delivery, the effect of its addition to these formulations was investigated. Artificial lipophilic membranes simulating the skin allowed a rapid evaluation of the drug permeation properties from the systems, compared with those from an aqueous drug suspension, with or without Me-βCD. The best formulations were further characterized by permeation through excised rabbit ear skin. All the formulations increased drug permeability, ranging from 2-fold (liposomes without Me-βCD), up to over 4-fold (microemulsions containing Me-βCD). The different formulations allowed for pointing out different possible permeation enhancing mechanisms of Me-βCD: increase in drug solubility and thermodynamic activity in the vehicle, when added to the drug aqueous suspension; interactions with the vesicle bilayer, in case of liposomal formulations; interactions with the skin membrane lipids, as evidenced in experiments with excised rabbit ear for microemulsions containing Me-βCD, that were then selected for further in vivo studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Mura
- Department of Chemistry, School of Human Health Sciences, University of Florence, Via Schiff 6, Sesto Fiorentino I-50019, Florence, Italy
| | - Marco Bragagni
- Department of Chemistry, School of Human Health Sciences, University of Florence, Via Schiff 6, Sesto Fiorentino I-50019, Florence, Italy
| | - Natascia Mennini
- Department of Chemistry, School of Human Health Sciences, University of Florence, Via Schiff 6, Sesto Fiorentino I-50019, Florence, Italy
| | - Marzia Cirri
- Department of Chemistry, School of Human Health Sciences, University of Florence, Via Schiff 6, Sesto Fiorentino I-50019, Florence, Italy
| | - Francesca Maestrelli
- Department of Chemistry, School of Human Health Sciences, University of Florence, Via Schiff 6, Sesto Fiorentino I-50019, Florence, Italy.
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188
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Ascenso A, Salgado A, Euletério C, Praça FG, Bentley MVLB, Marques HC, Oliveira H, Santos C, Simões S. In vitro and in vivo topical delivery studies of tretinoin-loaded ultradeformable vesicles. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2014; 88:48-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2014.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2013] [Revised: 04/23/2014] [Accepted: 05/02/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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189
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Maurya A, Narasimha Murthy S. Pretreatment with Skin Permeability Enhancers: Importance of Duration and Composition on the Delivery of Diclofenac Sodium. J Pharm Sci 2014; 103:1497-503. [DOI: 10.1002/jps.23938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2014] [Revised: 02/23/2014] [Accepted: 02/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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190
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191
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Gee CM, Watkinson AC, Nicolazzo JA, Finnin BC. The Effect of Formulation Excipients on the Penetration and Lateral Diffusion of Ibuprofen on and within the Stratum Corneum Following Topical Application to Humans. J Pharm Sci 2014; 103:909-19. [DOI: 10.1002/jps.23850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2013] [Revised: 12/16/2013] [Accepted: 12/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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192
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Saturated Long-Chain Esters of Isopulegol as Novel Permeation Enhancers for Transdermal Drug Delivery. Pharm Res 2014; 31:1907-18. [DOI: 10.1007/s11095-013-1292-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2013] [Accepted: 12/31/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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193
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Kirejev V, Gonçalves AR, Aggelidou C, Manet I, Mårtensson J, Yannakopoulou K, Ericson MB. Photophysics and ex vivo biodistribution of β-cyclodextrin-meso-tetra(m-hydroxyphenyl)porphyrin conjugate for biomedical applications. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2014; 13:1185-91. [DOI: 10.1039/c4pp00088a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Photophysics andex vivobiodistribution of porphyrin (meso-tetra(m-hydroxyphenyl)porphyrin;mTHPP) and porphyrin-cyclodextrin conjugate (β-cyclodextrin-meso-tetra(m-hydroxyphenyl)porphyrin; CD-mTHPP) were investigated and compared.
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Affiliation(s)
- V. Kirejev
- Biomedical Photonics Group
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology
- University of Gothenburg
- Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - A. R. Gonçalves
- Institute of Advanced Materials
- Physicochemical Processes
- Nanotechnology and Microsystems
- National Centre for Scientific Research “Demokritos”
- Agia Paraskevi Attikis, Greece
| | - C. Aggelidou
- Institute of Advanced Materials
- Physicochemical Processes
- Nanotechnology and Microsystems
- National Centre for Scientific Research “Demokritos”
- Agia Paraskevi Attikis, Greece
| | - I. Manet
- Istituto per la Sintesi Organica e la Fotoreattività (ISOF)
- National Research Council (CNR)
- 40129 Bologna, Italy
| | - J. Mårtensson
- Chemical and Biological Engineering
- Chalmers University of Technology
- Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - K. Yannakopoulou
- Institute of Advanced Materials
- Physicochemical Processes
- Nanotechnology and Microsystems
- National Centre for Scientific Research “Demokritos”
- Agia Paraskevi Attikis, Greece
| | - M. B. Ericson
- Biomedical Photonics Group
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology
- University of Gothenburg
- Gothenburg, Sweden
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194
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Bediz B, Korkmaz E, Khilwani R, Donahue C, Erdos G, Falo LD, Ozdoganlar OB. Dissolvable microneedle arrays for intradermal delivery of biologics: fabrication and application. Pharm Res 2014; 31:117-35. [PMID: 23904139 PMCID: PMC3898465 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-013-1137-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2013] [Accepted: 06/24/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Design and evaluate a new micro-machining based approach for fabricating dissolvable microneedle arrays (MNAs) with diverse geometries and from different materials for dry delivery to skin microenvironments. The aims are to describe the new fabrication method, to evaluate geometric and material capability as well as reproducibility of the method, and to demonstrate the effectiveness of fabricated MNAs in delivering bioactive molecules. METHODS Precise master molds were created using micromilling. Micromolding was used to create elastomer production molds from master molds. The dissolvable MNAs were then fabricated using the spin-casting method. Fabricated MNAs with different geometries were evaluated for reproducibility. MNAs from different materials were fabricated to show material capability. MNAs with embedded bioactive components were tested for functionality on human and mice skin. RESULTS MNAs with different geometries and from carboxymethyl cellulose, polyvinyl pyrrolidone and maltodextrin were created reproducibly using our method. MNAs successfully pierce the skin, precisely deliver their bioactive cargo to skin and induce specific immunity in mice. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrated that the new fabrication approach enables creating dissolvable MNAs with diverse geometries and from different materials reproducibly. We also demonstrated the application of MNAs for precise and specific delivery of biomolecules to skin microenvironments in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bekir Bediz
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA
| | - Emrullah Korkmaz
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA
| | - Rakesh Khilwani
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA
| | - Cara Donahue
- Department of Dermatology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA
| | - Geza Erdos
- Department of Dermatology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA
| | - Louis D. Falo
- Department of Dermatology; Department of Bioengineering, Pittsburgh Clinical and Translational Science Institute, The McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, and the University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA
| | - O. Burak Ozdoganlar
- Departments of Mechanical Engineering, Biomedical Engineering, and Materials Science and Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh Pennsylvania 15213, USA
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195
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Jung E, Kang YP, Yoon IS, Kim JS, Kwon SW, Chung SJ, Shim CK, Kim DD. Effect of permeation enhancers on transdermal delivery of fluoxetine: in vitro and in vivo evaluation. Int J Pharm 2013; 456:362-9. [PMID: 24012861 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2013.08.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2013] [Revised: 08/24/2013] [Accepted: 08/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the feasibility of transdermal fluoxetine (FX) delivery. The effects of chemical forms (base or salt) and permeation enhancers on in vitro skin permeation of FX were assessed using hairless mouse, rat and human cadaver skin. The optimized formulations from the in vitro studies were then evaluated in an in vivo pharmacokinetic study in rats. The in vitro skin permeation studies suggested that the FX base (FXB) and isopropyl myristate (IPM)-limonene mixture could be suitable for transdermal delivery of FX. The permeation parameters of FX through human cadaver skin were well correlated with that through hairless mouse and rat skin, suggesting that these animal models can be used for predicting the permeability of FX through human skin. After transdermal administration of FX with IPM or the IPM-limonene mixture to rats, the mean steady-state plasma concentration (Css) was 66.20 or 77.55 ng/mL, respectively, which was maintained over 36 h and had a good correlation with the predicted Css from the in vitro data. These in vitro and in vivo data demonstrated that permeation enhancers could be a potential strategy for transdermal delivery of FX.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunjae Jung
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
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196
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Pawar KR, Smith F, Kolli CS, Babu RJ. Effect of lipophilicity on microneedle-mediated iontophoretic transdermal delivery across human skin in vitro. J Pharm Sci 2013; 102:3784-91. [PMID: 23955316 DOI: 10.1002/jps.23694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2013] [Revised: 06/19/2013] [Accepted: 07/17/2013] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The effect of lipophilicity of drug on the microneedle (MN)-mediated iontophoretic delivery across dermatomed human skin was studied. Beta blockers with similar pKa but varied log P values were selected as model drugs in this study. Iontophoresis (ITP) or MNs, when used independently, increased the transdermal flux of beta blockers as compared with passive delivery (PD). ITP across the MN-treated skin (MN + ITP) increased the permeation rate of all beta blockers as compared with PD (p < 0.001). The enhancement ratios (ER) for hydrophilic molecules (atenolol and sotalol) were 71- and 78-fold higher for ITP + MN as compared with PD. However, for lipophilic molecule such as propranolol, there was 10-fold increase in the ER as compared with PD. These observations were further substantiated by the skin retention data; an inverse relationship between the skin retention and the hydrophilicity of the drug was observed. The results in the present study point out that the lipophilicity of the molecule plays a significant role on the electrically assisted transdermal delivery of drugs across the microporated skin. Using the combination of ITP + MN, hydrophilic drugs (atenolol and sotalol) were delivered at a much higher rate as compared with lipophilic molecules (propranolol and acebutolol).
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Affiliation(s)
- Kasturi R Pawar
- Department of Pharmacal Sciences, Harrison School of Pharmacy, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, 36849
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197
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Chen Y, Wang M, Fang L. Biomaterials as novel penetration enhancers for transdermal and dermal drug delivery systems. Drug Deliv 2013; 20:199-209. [DOI: 10.3109/10717544.2013.801533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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198
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Hussain Shah SN, Hussain T, Ullah Khan I, Asghar S, Shahzad Y. Formulation study of topically applied lotion: in vitro and in vivo evaluation. BIOIMPACTS : BI 2013; 3:11-9. [PMID: 23678465 DOI: 10.5681/bi.2013.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2012] [Revised: 12/24/2012] [Accepted: 12/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION This article presents the development and evaluation of a new topical formulation of diclofenac diethylamine (DDA) as a locally applied analgesic lotion. METHODS To this end, the lotion formulations were formulated with equal volume of varying concentrations (1%, 2%, 3%, 4%; v/v) of permeation enhancers, namely propylene glycol (PG) and turpentine oil (TO). These lotions were subjected to physical studies (pH, viscosity, spreadability, homogeneity, and accelerated stability), in vitro permeation, in vivo animal studies and sensatory perception testing. In vitro permeation of DDA from lotion formulations was evaluated across polydimethylsiloxane membrane and rabbit skin using Franz cells. RESULTS It was found that PG and TO content influenced the permeation of DDA across model membranes with the lotion containing 4% v/v PG and TO content showed maximum permeation enhancement of DDA. The flux values for L4 were 1.20±0.02 μg.cm(-2).min(-1) and 0.67 ± 0.02 μg.cm(-2).min(-1) for polydimethylsiloxane and rabbit skin, respectively. Flux values were significantly different (p < 0.05) from that of the control. The flux enhancement ratio of DDA from L4 was 31.6-fold and 4.8-fold for polydimethylsiloxane and rabbit skin, respectively. In the in vivo animal testing, lotion with 4% v/v enhancer content showed maximum anti-inflammatory and analgesic effect without inducing any irritation. Sensatory perception tests involving healthy volunteers rated the formulations between 3 and 4 (values ranging between -4 to +4, indicating a range of very bad to excellent, respectively). CONCLUSION It was concluded that the DDA lotion containing 4% v/v PG and TO exhibit the best performance overall and that this specific formulation should be the basis for further clinical investigations.
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199
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Hathout RM, Nasr M. Transdermal delivery of betahistine hydrochloride using microemulsions: physical characterization, biophysical assessment, confocal imaging and permeation studies. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2013; 110:254-60. [PMID: 23732802 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2013.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2013] [Revised: 05/03/2013] [Accepted: 05/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Transdermal delivery of betahistine hydrochloride encapsulated in various ethyl oleate, Capryol 90(®), Transcutol(®) and water microemulsion formulations was studied. Two different kinds of phase diagrams were constructed for the investigated microemulsion system. Pseudoplastic flow that is preferable for skin delivery was recorded for the investigated microemulsions. A balanced and bicontinuous microemulsion formulation was suggested and showed the highest permeation flux (0.50±0.030mgcm(-2)h(-1)). The effect of the investigated microemulsions on the skin electrical resistance was used to explain the high permeation fluxes obtained. Confocal laser scanning microscopy was used to confirm the permeation enhancement and to reveal the penetration pathways. The results obtained suggest that the proposed microemulsion system highlighted in the current work can serve as a promising alternative delivery means for betahistine hydrochloride.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rania M Hathout
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt.
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200
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Carboni M, Falchi AM, Lampis S, Sinico C, Manca ML, Schmidt J, Talmon Y, Murgia S, Monduzzi M. Physicochemical, cytotoxic, and dermal release features of a novel cationic liposome nanocarrier. Adv Healthc Mater 2013. [PMID: 23184424 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201200302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
A novel cationic liposome nanocarrier, having interesting performance in topical drug delivery, is here presented and evaluated for its features. Two penetration enhancers, namely monoolein and lauroylcholine chloride, are combined to rapidly formulate (15 min) a cationic liposome nanostructure endowed of excellent stability (>6 months) and skin penetration ability, along with low short-term cytotoxicity, as evaluated via the MTT test. Cytotoxicity tests and lipid droplet analysis give a strong indication that monoolein and lauroylcholine synergistically endanger long-term cells viability. The physicochemical features, investigated through SAXS, DLS, and cryo-TEM techniques, reveal that the nanostructure is retained after loading with diclofenac in its acid (hydrophobic) form. The drug release performances are studied using intact newborn pig skin. Analysis of the different skin strata proves that the drug mainly accumulates into the viable epidermis with almost no deposition into the derma. Indeed, the flux of the drug across the skin is exceptionally low, with only 1% release after 24 h. These results validate the use of this novel formulation for topical drug release when the delivery to the systemic circulation should be avoided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maura Carboni
- Department of Chemical and Geological Sciences, University of Cagliari, CNBS and CSGI, s.s. 554, bivio Sestu, 09042 Monserrato (CA), Italy
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