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Perera Y, Costales HC, Diaz Y, Reyes O, Farina HG, Mendez L, Gómez RE, Acevedo BE, Gomez DE, Alonso DF, Perea SE. Sensitivity of tumor cells towards CIGB-300 anticancer peptide relies on its nucleolar localization. J Pept Sci 2012; 18:215-23. [PMID: 22407768 DOI: 10.1002/psc.1432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2011] [Revised: 10/16/2011] [Accepted: 10/23/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
CIGB-300 is a novel anticancer peptide that impairs the casein kinase 2-mediated phosphorylation by direct binding to the conserved phosphoacceptor site on their substrates. Previous findings indicated that CIGB-300 inhibits tumor cell proliferation in vitro and induces tumor growth delay in vivo in cancer animal models. Interestingly, we had previously demonstrated that the putative oncogene B23/nucleophosmin (NPM) is the major intracellular target for CIGB-300 in a sensitive human lung cancer cell line. However, the ability of this peptide to target B23/NPM in cancer cells with differential CIGB-300 response phenotype remained to be determined. Interestingly, in this work, we evidenced that CIGB-300's antiproliferative activity on tumor cells strongly correlates with its nucleolar localization, the main subcellular localization of the previously identified B23/NPM target. Likewise, using CIGB-300 equipotent doses (concentration that inhibits 50% of proliferation), we demonstrated that this peptide interacts and inhibits B23/NPM phosphorylation in different cancer cell lines as evidenced by in vivo pull-down and metabolic labeling experiments. Moreover, such inhibition was followed by a fast apoptosis on CIGB-300-treated cells and also an impairment of cell cycle progression mainly after 5 h of treatment. Altogether, our data not only validates B23/NPM as a main target for CIGB-300 in cancer cells but also provides the first experimental clues to explain their differential antiproliferative response. Importantly, our findings suggest that further improvements to this cell penetrating peptide-based drug should entail its more efficient intracellular delivery at such subcellular localization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasser Perera
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Division of Pharmaceuticals, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology-CIGB, Havana CP10600, Cuba.
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152
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TF--a novel cell-permeable and selective inhibitor of human protein kinase CK2 induces apoptosis in the prostate cancer cell line LNCaP. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2012; 1820:970-7. [PMID: 22387500 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2012.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2011] [Revised: 02/14/2012] [Accepted: 02/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Abnormally high activity of protein kinase CK2 is linked to various diseases including cancer. Therefore, the inhibition of CK2 is a promising therapeutic strategy to fight this disease. METHODS We screened a library of synthetic molecules concerning their capacity to inhibit CK2. The activity of CK2 and their IC50 and Ki values were determined by a capillary electrophoresis assay. The effects of the inhibitor in a cell culture model were analyzed by cell counting, a viability assay, cytofluorimetry and Western blot. RESULTS The best CK2 inhibitor found in this screen was 6,7-dichloro-1,4-dihydro-8-hydroxy-4-[(4-methylphenylamino)methylen]dibenzo [b,d]furan-3(2H)-one, which we refer to as "TF". TF showed tight binding to CK2 with low IC50 (29 nM) and Ki (15 nM) values. TF inhibited only seven out of 61 human kinases tested (>70% inhibition). Incubation of LNCaP cells with 50 μM TF for 48 h decreased the intracellular CK2 activity by 50%, confirming that the inhibitor is membrane permeable. The decrease in activity was correlated with a severe reduction in cell viability. The reduction in cell viability is at least partly due to the induction of apoptosis. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE In many cancers the protein kinase CK2 is significantly up-regulated and supports the neoplastic phenotype. New therapeutic strategies should be based on diverse reliable inhibitors to reverse the abnormal high levels to normal settings.
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153
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Taylor KM, Hiscox S, Nicholson RI, Hogstrand C, Kille P. Protein kinase CK2 triggers cytosolic zinc signaling pathways by phosphorylation of zinc channel ZIP7. Sci Signal 2012; 5:ra11. [PMID: 22317921 PMCID: PMC3428905 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.2002585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 189] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The transition element zinc, which has recently been identified as an intracellular second messenger, has been implicated in various signaling pathways, including those leading to cell proliferation. Zinc channels of the ZIP (ZRT1- and IRT1-like protein) family [also known as solute carrier family 39A (SLC39A)] transiently increase the cytosolic free zinc (Zn(2+)) concentration in response to extracellular signals. We show that phosphorylation of evolutionarily conserved residues in endoplasmic reticulum zinc channel ZIP7 is associated with the gated release of Zn(2+) from intracellular stores, leading to activation of tyrosine kinases and the phosphorylation of AKT and extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1 and 2. Through pharmacological manipulation, proximity ligation assay, and mutagenesis, we identified protein kinase CK2 as the kinase responsible for ZIP7 activation. Together, the present results show that transition element channels in eukaryotes can be activated posttranslationally by phosphorylation, as part of a cell signaling cascade. Our study links the regulated release of zinc from intracellular stores to phosphorylation of kinases involved in proliferative responses and cell migration, suggesting a functional role for ZIP7 and zinc signals in these events. The connection with proliferation and migration, as well as the activation of ZIP7 by CK2, a kinase that is antiapoptotic and promotes cell division, suggests that ZIP7 may provide a target for anticancer drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn M Taylor
- Breast Cancer Molecular Pharmacology Group, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cardiff University, Redwood Building, King Edward VIIth Avenue, Cardiff CF10 3NB, UK.
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154
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Martić S, Tackenburg S, Bilokin Y, Golub A, Bdzhola V, Yarmoluk S, Kraatz HB. Electrochemical screening of the indole/quinolone derivatives as potential protein kinase CK2 inhibitors. Anal Biochem 2012; 421:617-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2011.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2011] [Revised: 11/14/2011] [Accepted: 11/16/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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155
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Sarno S, Mazzorana M, Traynor R, Ruzzene M, Cozza G, Pagano MA, Meggio F, Zagotto G, Battistutta R, Pinna LA. Structural features underlying the selectivity of the kinase inhibitors NBC and dNBC: role of a nitro group that discriminates between CK2 and DYRK1A. Cell Mol Life Sci 2012; 69:449-60. [PMID: 21720886 PMCID: PMC11114634 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-011-0758-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2011] [Revised: 06/10/2011] [Accepted: 06/16/2011] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
8-hydroxy-4-methyl-9-nitrobenzo(g)chromen-2-one (NBC) has been found to be a fairly potent ATP site-directed inhibitor of protein kinase CK2 (Ki = 0.22 μM). Here, we show that NBC also inhibits PIM kinases, especially PIM1 and PIM3, the latter as potently as CK2. Upon removal of the nitro group, to give 8-hydroxy-4-methyl-benzo(g)chromen-2-one (here referred to as "denitro NBC", dNBC), the inhibitory power toward CK2 is almost entirely lost (IC(50) > 30 μM) whereas that toward PIM1 and PIM3 is maintained; in addition, dNBC is a potent inhibitor of a number of other kinases that are weakly inhibited or unaffected by NBC, with special reference to DYRK1A whose IC(50) values with NBC and dNBC are 15 and 0.60 μM, respectively. Therefore, the observation that NBC, unlike dNBC, is a potent inducer of apoptosis is consistent with the notion that this effect is mediated by inhibition of endogenous CK2. The structural features underlying NBC selectivity have been revealed by inspecting its 3D structure in complex with the catalytic subunit of Z. mays CK2. The crucial role of the nitro group is exerted both through a direct electrostatic interaction with the side chain of Lys68 and, indirectly, by enhancing the acidic dissociation constant of the adjacent hydroxyl group which interacts with a conserved water molecule in the deepest part of the cavity. By contrast, the very same nitro group is deleterious for the binding to the active site of DYRK1A, as disclosed by molecular docking. This provides the rationale for preferential inhibition of DYRK1A by dNBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Sarno
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Padua, V.le G. Colombo 3, 35131 Padua, Italy
- Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine (VIMM), Via Orus 2, 35129 Padua, Italy
| | - Marco Mazzorana
- Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine (VIMM), Via Orus 2, 35129 Padua, Italy
- Present Address: Diamond Light Source Ltd—Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, Oxfordshire OX11 0DE UK
| | - Ryan Traynor
- Medical Research Council Protein Phosphorylation Unit, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 5EH Scotland, UK
| | - Maria Ruzzene
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Padua, V.le G. Colombo 3, 35131 Padua, Italy
- Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine (VIMM), Via Orus 2, 35129 Padua, Italy
| | - Giorgio Cozza
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Padua, V.le G. Colombo 3, 35131 Padua, Italy
| | - Mario A. Pagano
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Padua, V.le G. Colombo 3, 35131 Padua, Italy
| | - Flavio Meggio
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Padua, V.le G. Colombo 3, 35131 Padua, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Zagotto
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Padua, via Marzolo 5, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Roberto Battistutta
- Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine (VIMM), Via Orus 2, 35129 Padua, Italy
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Via Marzolo 1, 35131 Padua, Italy
| | - Lorenzo A. Pinna
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Padua, V.le G. Colombo 3, 35131 Padua, Italy
- Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine (VIMM), Via Orus 2, 35129 Padua, Italy
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156
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WACHTER J, NEUREITER D, ALINGER B, PICHLER M, FUEREDER J, OBERDANNER C, Di FAZIO P, OCKER M, BERR F, KIESSLICH T. Influence of five potential anticancer drugs on wnt pathway and cell survival in human biliary tract cancer cells. Int J Biol Sci 2012; 8:15-29. [PMID: 22211101 PMCID: PMC3226029 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.8.15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2011] [Accepted: 10/21/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The role of Wnt signalling in carcinogenesis suggests compounds targeting this pathway as potential anti-cancer drugs. Several studies report activation of Wnt signalling in biliary tract cancer (BTC) thus rendering Wnt inhibitory drugs as potential candidates for targeted therapy of this highly chemoresistant disease. METHODS In this study we analysed five compounds with suggested inhibitory effects on Wnt signalling (DMAT, FH535, myricetin, quercetin, and TBB) for their cytotoxic efficiency, mode of cell death, time- and cell line-dependent characteristics as well as their effects on Wnt pathway activity in nine different BTC cell lines. RESULTS Exposure of cancer cells to different concentrations of the compounds results in a clear dose-dependent reduction of viability for all drugs in the order FH535 > DMAT > TBB > myricetin > quercetin. The first three substances show high cytotoxicity in all tested cell lines, cause a direct cytotoxic effect by induction of apoptosis and inhibit pathway-specific signal transduction in a Wnt transcription factor reporter activity assay. Selected target genes such as growth-promoting cyclin D1 and the cell cycle progression inhibitor p27 are down- and up-regulated after treatment, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, these data demonstrate that the small molecular weight inhibitors DMAT, F535 and TBB have a considerable cytotoxic and possibly Wnt-specific effect on BTC cell lines in vitro. Further in vivo investigation of these drugs as well as of new Wnt inhibitors may provide a promising approach for targeted therapy of this difficult-to-treat tumour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia WACHTER
- 1. Department of Internal Medicine I, Paracelsus Medical University / Salzburger Landeskliniken (SALK), Muellner Hauptstrasse 48, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Daniel NEUREITER
- 2. Institute of Pathology, Paracelsus Medical University / Salzburger Landeskliniken (SALK), Muellner Hauptstrasse 48, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Beate ALINGER
- 2. Institute of Pathology, Paracelsus Medical University / Salzburger Landeskliniken (SALK), Muellner Hauptstrasse 48, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Martin PICHLER
- 3. Division of Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 15, 8036 Graz, Austria
| | - Julia FUEREDER
- 1. Department of Internal Medicine I, Paracelsus Medical University / Salzburger Landeskliniken (SALK), Muellner Hauptstrasse 48, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | | | - Pietro Di FAZIO
- 5. Institute for Surgical Research, Philipps-University Marburg, Baldingerstrasse, 35033 Marburg, Germany
| | - Matthias OCKER
- 5. Institute for Surgical Research, Philipps-University Marburg, Baldingerstrasse, 35033 Marburg, Germany
| | - Frieder BERR
- 1. Department of Internal Medicine I, Paracelsus Medical University / Salzburger Landeskliniken (SALK), Muellner Hauptstrasse 48, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Tobias KIESSLICH
- 1. Department of Internal Medicine I, Paracelsus Medical University / Salzburger Landeskliniken (SALK), Muellner Hauptstrasse 48, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
- 2. Institute of Pathology, Paracelsus Medical University / Salzburger Landeskliniken (SALK), Muellner Hauptstrasse 48, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
- ✉ Corresponding author: Tobias KIESSLICH, Department of Internal Medicine I, Paracelsus Medical University / SALK, Muellner Hauptstrasse 48, 5020 Salzburg, Austria. Tel: ++43 662 448258346, Fax: ++43 662 44824837,
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157
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Abstract
Protein kinase inhibitors have emerged as indispensable tools for the elucidation of the biological functions of specific signal transduction pathways and as promising candidates for molecular-targeted therapy. However, because many protein kinase inhibitors are ATP-competitive inhibitors targeting the catalytic site of specific protein kinases, the large number of protein kinases that are encoded within eukaryotic genomes and the existence of many other cellular proteins that bind ATP result in the prospect of off-target effects for many of these compounds. Many of the potential off-target effects remain unrecognized because protein kinase inhibitors are often developed and tested primarily on the basis of in vitro assays using purified components. To overcome this limitation, we describe a systematic approach to characterize ATP-competitive protein kinase inhibitors employing ATP-sepharose to capture the purine-binding proteome from cell extracts. Protein kinase inhibitors can be used in competition experiments to prevent binding of specific cellular proteins to ATP-sepharose or to elute bound proteins from ATP-sepharose. Collectively, these strategies can enable validation of interactions between a specific protein kinase and an inhibitor in complex mixtures and can yield the identification of inhibitor targets.
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158
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Suzuki Y, Oishi S, Takei Y, Yasue M, Misu R, Naoe S, Hou Z, Kure T, Nakanishi I, Ohno H, Hirasawa A, Tsujimoto G, Fujii N. Design and synthesis of a novel class of CK2 inhibitors: application of copper- and gold-catalysed cascade reactions for fused nitrogen heterocycles. Org Biomol Chem 2012; 10:4907-15. [DOI: 10.1039/c2ob25298h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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159
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Mulekar JJ, Bu Q, Chen F, Huq E. Casein kinase II α subunits affect multiple developmental and stress-responsive pathways in Arabidopsis. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2012; 69:343-54. [PMID: 21950772 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-313x.2011.04794.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Casein kinase II (formerly known as CK2), a ubiquitous Ser/Thr kinase, plays critical roles in all higher organisms including plants. The CK2 holoenzyme consists of two catalytic α subunits and two regulatory β subunits. The Arabidopsis genome has four α subunit and four β subunit genes, and members of both the α and β subunit families have been shown to be localized in the cytoplasm, nucleus and also in chloroplasts. However, the biological roles of CK2 subunits have not been fully characterized yet. Here we identified T-DNA insertion mutants in three α subunit genes (α1, α2 and α3) and made double and triple mutants. The CK2 α1α2α3 triple mutants displayed reduced CK2 activity compared with wild-type seedlings. Phenotypic characterization showed that CK2 α1α2α3 triple mutants are late flowering under both long- and short-day conditions. Genes encoding floral integrators are differentially regulated in the triple mutant compared with the wild-type plants. CK2 α1α2α3 triple mutants also displayed reduced hypocotyl growth, smaller cotyledon size and a reduced number of lateral roots compared with wild-type seedlings under light. Abscisic acid-induced blockage of seed germination and cotyledon greening is reduced in CK2 α subunit mutants in an additive manner. Moreover, CK2 α subunit mutants are also hyposensitive to a NaCl-induced blockage of seed germination. Taken together, these data suggest that CK2 α subunits affect diverse developmental and stress responsive pathways in Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jidnyasa Jayant Mulekar
- Section of Molecular Cell and Developmental Biology and The Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
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160
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Phosphorylation of the transcription factor YY1 by CK2α prevents cleavage by caspase 7 during apoptosis. Mol Cell Biol 2011; 32:797-807. [PMID: 22184066 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.06466-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In this report, we describe the phosphorylation of Yin Yang 1 (YY1) in vitro and in vivo by CK2α (casein kinase II), a multifunctional serine/threonine protein kinase. YY1 is a ubiquitously expressed multifunctional zinc finger transcription factor implicated in regulation of many cellular and viral genes. The products of these genes are associated with cell growth, the cell cycle, development, and differentiation. Numerous studies have linked YY1 to tumorigenesis and apoptosis. YY1 is a target for cleavage by caspases in vitro and in vivo as well, but very little is known about the mechanisms that regulate its cleavage during apoptosis. Here, we identify serine 118 in the transactivation domain of YY1 as the site of CK2α phosphorylation, proximal to a caspase 7 cleavage site. CK2α inhibitors, as well as knockdown of CK2α by small interfering RNA, reduce S118 phosphorylation in vivo and enhance YY1 cleavage under apoptotic conditions, whereas increased CK2α activity by overexpression in vivo elevates S118 phosphorylation. A serine-to-alanine substitution at serine 118 also increases the cleavage of YY1 during apoptosis compared to wild-type YY1. Taken together, we have discovered a regulatory link between YY1 phosphorylation at serine 118 and regulation of its cleavage during programmed cell death.
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161
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Structural determinants of CX-4945 derivatives as protein kinase CK2 inhibitors: a computational study. Int J Mol Sci 2011; 12:7004-21. [PMID: 22072932 PMCID: PMC3211023 DOI: 10.3390/ijms12107004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2011] [Revised: 09/16/2011] [Accepted: 10/11/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein kinase CK2, also known as casein kinase-2, is involved in a broad range of physiological events including cell growth, proliferation and suppression of apoptosis which are related to human cancers. A series of compounds were identified as CK2 inhibitors and their inhibitory activities varied depending on their structures. In order to explore the structure-activity correlation of CX-4945 derivatives as inhibitors of CK2, in the present study, a set of ligand- and receptor-based 3D-QSAR models were developed employing Comparative Molecular Field Analysis (CoMFA) and Comparative Molecular Similarity Index Analysis (CoMSIA). The optimum CoMFA (Rcv2 = 0.618, Rpred2 = 0.892) and CoMSIA (Rcv2 = 0.681, Rpred2 = 0.843) models exhibited reasonable statistical characteristics for CX-4945 derivatives. The results indicated that electrostatic effects contributed the most to both CoMFA and CoMSIA models. The combination of docking analysis and molecular dynamics (MD) simulation showed that Leu45, Lys68, Glu81, Val116, Asp175 and Trp176 of CK2 which formed several direct or water-bridged H-bonds with CX-4945 are crucial for CX-4945 derivatives recognition to CK2. These results can offer useful theoretical references for designing more potent CK2 inhibitors.
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162
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Gyenis L, Duncan JS, Turowec JP, Bretner M, Litchfield DW. Unbiased functional proteomics strategy for protein kinase inhibitor validation and identification of bona fide protein kinase substrates: application to identification of EEF1D as a substrate for CK2. J Proteome Res 2011; 10:4887-901. [PMID: 21936567 PMCID: PMC3208357 DOI: 10.1021/pr2008994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Protein kinases have emerged as attractive targets for treatment of several diseases prompting large-scale phosphoproteomics studies to elucidate their cellular actions and the design of novel inhibitory compounds. Current limitations include extensive reliance on consensus predictions to derive kinase-substrate relationships from phosphoproteomics data and incomplete experimental validation of inhibitors. To overcome these limitations in the case of protein kinase CK2, we employed functional proteomics and chemical genetics to enable identification of physiological CK2 substrates and validation of CK2 inhibitors including TBB and derivatives. By 2D electrophoresis and mass spectrometry, we identified the translational elongation factor EEF1D as a protein exhibiting CK2 inhibitor-dependent decreases in phosphorylation in (32)P-labeled HeLa cells. Direct phosphorylation of EEF1D by CK2 was shown by performing CK2 assays with EEF1D -FLAG from HeLa cells. Dramatic increases in EEF1D phosphorylation following λ-phosphatase treatment and phospho- EEF1D antibody recognizing EEF1D pS162 indicated phosphorylation at the CK2 site in cells. Furthermore, phosphorylation of EEF1D in the presence of TBB or TBBz is restored using CK2 inhibitor-resistant mutants. Collectively, our results demonstrate that EEF1D is a bona fide physiological CK2 substrate for CK2 phosphorylation. Furthermore, this validation strategy could be adaptable to other protein kinases and readily combined with other phosphoproteomic methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laszlo Gyenis
- Department of Biochemistry, The University of Western Ontario , London, Ontario, N6A 5C1, Canada
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163
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Cozza G, Gianoncelli A, Bonvini P, Zorzi E, Pasquale R, Rosolen A, Pinna LA, Meggio F, Zagotto G, Moro S. Urolithin as a converging scaffold linking ellagic acid and coumarin analogues: design of potent protein kinase CK2 inhibitors. ChemMedChem 2011; 6:2273-86. [PMID: 21972104 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201100338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2011] [Revised: 08/12/2011] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Casein kinase 2 (CK2) is a ubiquitous, essential, and highly pleiotropic protein kinase; its abnormally high constitutive activity is suspected to underlie its pathogenic potential in neoplasia and other relevant diseases. Previously, using different in silico screening approaches, two potent and selective CK2 inhibitors were identified by our group: ellagic acid, a naturally occurring tannic acid derivative (K(i)=20 nM) and 3,8-dibromo-7-hydroxy-4-methylchromen-2-one (DBC, K(i)=60 nM). Comparing the crystallographic binding modes of both ellagic acid and DBC, an X-ray structure-driven merging approach was taken to design novel CK2 inhibitors with improved target affinity. A urolithin moiety is proposed as a possible bridging scaffold between the two known CK2 inhibitors, ellagic acid and DBC. Optimization of urolithin A as the bridging moiety led to the identification of 4-bromo-3,8-dihydroxy-benzo[c]chromen-6-one as a novel, potent and selective CK2 inhibitor, which shows a K(i) value of 7 nM against the protein kinase, representing a significant improvement in affinity for the target compared with the two parent fragments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgio Cozza
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Padova, Viale Giuseppe Colombo 3, 35131 Padova, Italy
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164
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p53 deacetylation by SIRT1 decreases during protein kinase CKII downregulation-mediated cellular senescence. FEBS Lett 2011; 585:3360-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2011.09.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2011] [Revised: 09/08/2011] [Accepted: 09/13/2011] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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165
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Ström CE, Mortusewicz O, Finch D, Parsons JL, Lagerqvist A, Johansson F, Schultz N, Erixon K, Dianov GL, Helleday T. CK2 phosphorylation of XRCC1 facilitates dissociation from DNA and single-strand break formation during base excision repair. DNA Repair (Amst) 2011; 10:961-9. [PMID: 21840775 DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2011.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2011] [Revised: 07/05/2011] [Accepted: 07/14/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
CK2 phosphorylates the scaffold protein XRCC1, which is required for efficient DNA single-strand break (SSB) repair. Here, we express an XRCC1 protein (XRCC1(ckm)) that cannot be phosphorylated by CK2 in XRCC1 mutated EM9 cells and show that the role of this post-translational modification gives distinct phenotypes in SSB repair and base excision repair (BER). Interestingly, we find that fewer SSBs are formed during BER after treatment with the alkylating agent dimethyl sulfate (DMS) in EM9 cells expressing XRCC1(ckm) (CKM cells) or following inhibition with the CK2 inhibitor 2-dimethylamino-4,5,6,7-tetrabromo-1H-benzimidazole (DMAT). We also show that XRCC1(ckm) protein has a higher affinity for DNA than wild type XRCC1 protein and resides in an immobile fraction on DNA, in particular after damage. We propose a model whereby the increased affinity for DNA sequesters XRCC1(ckm) and the repair enzymes associated with it, at the repair site, which retards kinetics of BER. In conclusion, our results indicate that phosphorylation of XRCC1 by CK2 facilitates the BER incision step, likely by promoting dissociation from DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia E Ström
- Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Toxicology, Stockholm University, S-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
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166
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Abstract
Spindle poisons, such as paclitaxel and vinblastine, exert their potent anti-neoplastic effects through activation of the spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC), thereby arresting cells in mitosis. Unfortunately, only certain cancers are susceptible to these drugs, and many patients fail to respond to treatment. We review the pathways that are triggered by spindle poisons and highlight recent studies that describe the great variability of tumor cells in responding to these drugs. We also describe the recent identification of an apoptotic pathway that is activated by mitotic arrest in response to spindle poisons. Emerging from these studies is not only a greater understanding of how these classic antimitotic agents bring about cell death, but also a wealth of potential new targets of anticancer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel R Matson
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Virginia Medical Center, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
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167
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RNA polymerase III under control: repression and de-repression. Trends Biochem Sci 2011; 36:451-6. [PMID: 21816617 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibs.2011.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2011] [Revised: 06/17/2011] [Accepted: 06/24/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of tRNA by yeast RNA polymerase III (Pol III) is regulated in response to changing environmental conditions. This control is mediated by Maf1, the global negative regulator of Pol III transcription conserved from yeast to humans. Details regarding the molecular basis of Pol III repression by Maf1 are now emerging from recently reported structural and biochemical data on Pol III and Maf1. Efficient Pol III transcription, following the shift of cells from a non-fermentable carbon source to glucose, requires phosphorylation of Maf1. One of the newly identified Maf1 kinases is the chromatin-bound casein kinase II (CK2). Current studies have allowed us to propose an innovative mechanism of Pol III regulation. We suggest that CK2-mediated phosphorylation of Maf1, occurring directly on tDNA chromatin, controls Pol III recycling.
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169
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Landesman-Bollag E, Belkina A, Hovey B, Connors E, Cox C, Seldin DC. Developmental and growth defects in mice with combined deficiency of CK2 catalytic genes. Mol Cell Biochem 2011; 356:227-31. [PMID: 21769451 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-011-0967-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2011] [Accepted: 06/24/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The CK2 α and α' catalytic gene products have overlapping biochemical activity, but in vivo, their functions are very different. Deletion of both alleles of CK2α leads to mid-gestational embryonic lethality, while deletion of both alleles of CK2α' does not interfere with viability or development of embryos; however, adult CK2α'-/-males are infertile. To further elucidate developmental roles of CK2, and analyze functional overlap between the two catalytic genes, mice with combined knockouts were bred. Mice bearing any two CK2 catalytic alleles were phenotypically normal. However, inheritance of a single CK2α allele, without either CK2α' allele, resulted in partial embryonic lethality. Such mice that survived through embryogenesis were smaller at birth than littermate controls, and weighed less throughout life. However, their cardiac function and lifespan were normal. Fibroblasts derived from CK2α+/-CK2α'-/- embryos grew poorly in culture. These experiments demonstrate that combined loss of one CK2α allele and both CK2α' alleles leads to unique abnormalities of growth and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther Landesman-Bollag
- Section of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine and Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA 02118, USA
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170
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Kinoshita T, Sekiguchi Y, Fukada H, Nakaniwa T, Tada T, Nakamura S, Kitaura K, Ohno H, Suzuki Y, Hirasawa A, Nakanishi I, Tsujimoto G. A detailed thermodynamic profile of cyclopentyl and isopropyl derivatives binding to CK2 kinase. Mol Cell Biochem 2011; 356:97-105. [PMID: 21735094 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-011-0960-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2011] [Accepted: 06/24/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The detailed understanding of the molecular features of a ligand binding to a target protein, facilitates the successful design of potent and selective inhibitors. We present a case study of ATP-competitive kinase inhibitors that include a pyradine moiety. These compounds have similar chemical structure, except for distinct terminal hydrophobic cyclopentyl or isopropyl groups, and block kinase activity of casein kinase 2 subunit α (CK2α), which is a target for several diseases, such as cancer and glomerulonephritis. Although these compounds display similar inhibitory potency against CK2α, the crystal structures reveal that the cyclopentyl derivative gains more favorable interactions compared with the isopropyl derivative, because of the additional ethylene moiety. The structural observations and biological data are consistent with the thermodynamic profiles of these inhibitors in binding to CK2α, revealing that the enthalpic advantage of the cyclopentyl derivative is accompanied with a lower entropic loss. Computational analyses indicated that the relative enthalpic gain of the cyclopentyl derivative arises from an enhancement of a wide range of van der Waals interactions from the whole complex. Conversely, the relative entropy loss of the cyclopentyl derivative arises from a decrease in the molecular fluctuation and higher conformational restriction in the active site of CK2α. These structural insights, in combination with thermodynamic and computational observations, should be helpful in developing potent and selective CK2α inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takayoshi Kinoshita
- Graduate School of Science, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-1 Gakuen-cho, Naka-ku, Sakai, Osaka 599-8531, Japan.
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171
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Nuclear extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1 and 2 translocation is mediated by casein kinase 2 and accelerated by autophosphorylation. Mol Cell Biol 2011; 31:3515-30. [PMID: 21730285 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.05424-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERK) 1 and 2 (ERK1/2) are members of the mitogen-activated protein kinase [MAPK] family. Upon stimulation, these kinases translocate from the cytoplasm to the nucleus, where they induce physiological processes such as proliferation and differentiation. The mechanism of translocation of this kinase involves phosphorylation of two Ser residues within a nuclear translocation signal (NTS), which allows binding to importin7 and a subsequent penetration via nuclear pores. Here we show that the phosphorylation of both Ser residues is mediated mainly by casein kinase 2 (CK2) and that active ERK may assist in the phosphorylation of the N-terminal Ser. We also demonstrate that the phosphorylation is dependent on the release of ERK from cytoplasmic anchoring proteins. Crystal structure of the phosphomimetic ERK revealed that the NTS phosphorylation creates an acidic patch in ERK. Our model is that in resting cells ERK is bound to cytoplasmic anchors, which prevent its NTS phosphorylation. Upon stimulation, phosphorylation of the ERK TEY domain releases ERK and allows phosphorylation of its NTS by CK2 and active ERK to generate a negatively charged patch in ERK, binding to importin 7 and nuclear translocation. These results provide an important role of CK2 in regulating nuclear ERK activities.
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172
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CIGB-300, a proapoptotic peptide, inhibits angiogenesis in vitro and in vivo. Exp Cell Res 2011; 317:1677-88. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2011.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2010] [Revised: 04/14/2011] [Accepted: 04/17/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Lin YC, Hung MS, Lin CK, Li JM, Lee KD, Li YC, Chen MF, Chen JK, Yang CT. CK2 inhibitors enhance the radiosensitivity of human non-small cell lung cancer cells through inhibition of stat3 activation. Cancer Biother Radiopharm 2011; 26:381-8. [PMID: 21711111 DOI: 10.1089/cbr.2010.0917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
CK2 interacts and phosphorylates >300 proteins, including Stat3, and is linked to a number of human cancers. Constitutively activated Stat3 has been reported in 50% of human lung cancers. Inhibition of CK2 activity can induce apoptosis and suppression of Stat3 activation in cancer cells. This study examined the effects of CK2 inhibitors on growth inhibition of lung cancer cells and the therapeutic potential on lung cancer. The CK2 inhibitor and radiation both suppressed cancer cell growth in a dose-dependent manner. Besides, the cytotoxic effect of irradiation could be augmented by CK2 inhibitors (p<0.05, two-way analysis of variance and Tukey's Honestly Significant Difference). Moreover, the growth inhibition of CK2 inhibitor and irradiation was both associated with suppression of Stat3 activation. Taken together, inhibition of CK2 activity appears to be a promising treatment strategy for non-small cell lung cancer and CK2 inhibition results in reduced Stat3 activation. Our data warrant further effort to develop CK2-targeted radiosensitizer for lung cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Ching Lin
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chiayi Branch, Chiayi, Taiwan
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Dobeš P, Řezáč J, Fanfrlík J, Otyepka M, Hobza P. Semiempirical Quantum Mechanical Method PM6-DH2X Describes the Geometry and Energetics of CK2-Inhibitor Complexes Involving Halogen Bonds Well, While the Empirical Potential Fails. J Phys Chem B 2011; 115:8581-9. [DOI: 10.1021/jp202149z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Petr Dobeš
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic and Center for Biomolecules and Complex Molecular Systems, 166 10 Prague, Czech Republic
- Center of Molecular Biology and Gene Therapy, Department of Internal Medicine − Hematooncology, University Hospital Brno, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Řezáč
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic and Center for Biomolecules and Complex Molecular Systems, 166 10 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jindřich Fanfrlík
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic and Center for Biomolecules and Complex Molecular Systems, 166 10 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Michal Otyepka
- Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacky University, 771 46 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Hobza
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic and Center for Biomolecules and Complex Molecular Systems, 166 10 Prague, Czech Republic
- Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacky University, 771 46 Olomouc, Czech Republic
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175
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Affiliation(s)
- Odile Filhol
- INSERM, Unité 1036, Biology of Cancer and Infection, Grenoble, F-38054, France
- Université Joseph Fourier–Grenoble 1, Biology of Cancer and Infection, Grenoble, F-38041, France
- Commissariat à l’énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives, Direction des Sciences du Vivant/institut de Recherches en Technologies et Sciences pour le Vivant, Biology of Cancer and Infection, Grenoble, F-38054, France
| | - Claude Cochet
- INSERM, Unité 1036, Biology of Cancer and Infection, Grenoble, F-38054, France
- Université Joseph Fourier–Grenoble 1, Biology of Cancer and Infection, Grenoble, F-38041, France
- Commissariat à l’énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives, Direction des Sciences du Vivant/institut de Recherches en Technologies et Sciences pour le Vivant, Biology of Cancer and Infection, Grenoble, F-38054, France
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Duncan JS, Turowec JP, Duncan KE, Vilk G, Wu C, Lüscher B, Li SSC, Gloor GB, Litchfield DW. A peptide-based target screen implicates the protein kinase CK2 in the global regulation of caspase signaling. Sci Signal 2011; 4:ra30. [PMID: 21558555 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.2001682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
The convergence of caspase and protein kinase signaling pathways has become increasingly evident, as illustrated by the protection of caspase substrates from cleavage upon undergoing phosphorylation at or near to their caspase recognition motifs. To investigate the global role of phosphorylation in the regulation of caspase signaling, we designed a peptide match program to identify sequences from the human proteome that contained overlapping recognition motifs for caspases and kinases. We identified the protein kinase CK2 as the most prominent kinase with a consensus site for phosphorylation that overlapped with caspase recognition motifs. We then evaluated potential targets of CK2 and caspases by combining peptide array target screens with identification of caspase substrates. We identified numerous shared candidate targets of CK2 and caspases, including procaspase-3, which functions at a level at which both intrinsic and extrinsic apoptotic signals converge. Together, these data support a role for CK2-dependent phosphorylation as a global mechanism for inhibiting caspase signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- James S Duncan
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada N6A 5C1
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177
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Abstract
JAK-STAT signaling is involved in the regulation of cell survival, proliferation, and differentiation. JAK tyrosine kinases can be transiently activated by cytokines or growth factors in normal cells, whereas they become constitutively activated as a result of mutations that affect their function in tumors. Specifically, the JAK2V617F mutation is present in the majority of patients with myeloproliferative disorders (MPDs) and is implicated in the pathogenesis of these diseases. In the present study, we report that the kinase CK2 is a novel interaction partner of JAKs and is essential for JAK-STAT activation. We demonstrate that cytokine-induced activation of JAKs and STATs and the expression of suppressor of cytokine signaling 3 (SOCS-3), a downstream target, are inhibited by CK2 small interfering RNAs or pharmacologic inhibitors. Endogenous CK2 is associated with JAK2 and JAK1 and phosphorylates JAK2 in vitro. To extend these findings, we demonstrate that CK2 interacts with JAK2V617F and that CK2 inhibitors suppress JAK2V617F autophosphorylation and downstream signaling in HEL92.1.7 cells (HEL) and primary cells from polycythemia vera (PV) patients. Furthermore, CK2 inhibitors potently induce apoptosis of HEL cells and PV cells. Our data provide evidence for novel cross-talk between CK2 and JAK-STAT signaling, with implications for therapeutic intervention in JAK2V617F-positive MPDs.
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178
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Pierre F, O’Brien SE, Haddach M, Bourbon P, Schwaebe MK, Stefan E, Darjania L, Stansfield R, Ho C, Siddiqui-Jain A, Streiner N, Rice WG, Anderes K, Ryckman DM. Novel potent pyrimido[4,5-c]quinoline inhibitors of protein kinase CK2: SAR and preliminary assessment of their analgesic and anti-viral properties. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2011; 21:1687-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2011.01.091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2010] [Revised: 01/19/2011] [Accepted: 01/20/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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179
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Zwicker F, Ebert M, Huber PE, Debus J, Weber KJ. A specific inhibitor of protein kinase CK2 delays gamma-H2Ax foci removal and reduces clonogenic survival of irradiated mammalian cells. Radiat Oncol 2011; 6:15. [PMID: 21310046 PMCID: PMC3045342 DOI: 10.1186/1748-717x-6-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2010] [Accepted: 02/10/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The protein kinase CK2 sustains multiple pro-survival functions in cellular DNA damage response and its level is tightly regulated in normal cells but elevated in cancers. Because CK2 is thus considered as potential therapeutic target, DNA double-strand break (DSB) formation and rejoining, apoptosis induction and clonogenic survival was assessed in irradiated mammalian cells upon chemical inhibition of CK2. Methods MRC5 human fibroblasts and WIDR human colon carcinoma cells were incubated with highly specific CK2 inhibitor 4,5,6,7-tetrabromobenzotriazole (TBB), or mock-treated, 2 hours prior to irradiation. DSB was measured by pulsed-field electrophoresis (PFGE) as well as gamma-H2AX foci formation and removal. Apoptosis induction was tested by DAPI staining and sub-G1 flow cytometry, survival was quantified by clonogenic assay. Results TBB treatment did not affect initial DNA fragmention (PFGE; up to 80 Gy) or foci formation (1 Gy). While DNA fragment rejoining (PFGE) was not inhibited by the drug, TBB clearly delayed gamma-H2AX foci disappearence during postirradiation incubation. No apoptosis induction could be detected for up to 38 hours for both cell lines and exposure conditions (monotherapies or combination), but TBB treatment at this moderately toxic concentration of 20 μM (about 40% survival) enhanced radiation-induced cell killing in the clonogenic assay. Conclusions The data imply a role of CK2 in gamma-H2AX dephosporylation, most likely through its known ability to stimulate PP2A phosphatase, rather than DSB rejoining. The slight but definite clonogenic radiosensitization by TBB does apparently not result from interference with an apoptosis suppression function of CK2 in these cells but could reflect inhibitor-induced uncoupling of DNA damage response decay from break ligation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Zwicker
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.
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180
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Lee CF, Griffiths S, Rodríguez-Suárez E, Pierce A, Unwin RD, Jaworska E, Evans CA, J Gaskell S, Whetton AD. Assessment of downstream effectors of BCR/ABL protein tyrosine kinase using combined proteomic approaches. Proteomics 2011; 10:3321-42. [PMID: 20706980 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201000176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Leukaemic transformation is frequently associated with the aberrant activity of a protein tyrosine kinase (PTK). As such it is of clinical relevance to be able to map the effects of these leukaemogenic PTKs on haemopoietic cells at the level of phosphorylation modulation. In this paradigm study we have employed a range of proteomic approaches to analyse the effects of one such PTK, BCR/ABL. We have employed phosphoproteome enrichment techniques allied to peptide and protein quantification to identify proteins and pathways involved in cellular transformation. Amongst the proteins shown to be regulated at the post-translational level were cofilin, an actin-severing protein thus linked to altered motility and Cbl an E3 ubiquitin ligase integrally linked to the control of tyrosine kinase signalling (regulated by 5 and 6 PTKs respectively). The major class of proteins identified however were molecular chaperones. We also showed that HSP90 phosphorylation is altered by BCR/ABL action and that HSP90 plays a crucial role in oncogene stability. Further investigation with another six leukaemogenic PTKs demonstrates that this HSP90 role in oncogene stability appears to be a common phenomenon in a range of leukaemias. This opens up the potential opportunity to treat different leukaemias with HSP90 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia Fang Lee
- Stem Cell and Leukaemia Proteomics Laboratory, School of Cancer, Enabling Sciences, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, The University of Manchester, Wolfson Molecular Imaging Centre, Withington, Manchester, UK
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181
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Barrett RMA, Colnaghi R, Wheatley SP. Threonine 48 in the BIR domain of survivin is critical to its mitotic and anti-apoptotic activities and can be phosphorylated by CK2 in vitro. Cell Cycle 2011; 10:538-48. [PMID: 21252625 DOI: 10.4161/cc.10.3.14758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study we report that the protein kinase CK2 phosphorylates survivin specifically on threonine 48 (T48) within its BIR domain, and that T48 is critical to both the mitotic and anti-apoptotic roles of survivin. Interestingly, during mitosis T48 mutants localise normally, but are unable to support cell growth when endogenous survivin is removed by siRNA. In addition, while overexpression of survivin normally confers inhibition of TRAIL-mediated apoptosis, this protection is abolished by mutation of T48. Furthermore in interphase cells depletion of endogenous survivin causes redistribution of T48 mutants from the cytoplasm to the nucleus and treatment of cells expressing survivin-GFP with the CK2 inhibitor TBB phenocopies this nuclear redistribution. Finally, we show T48 mutants have increased affinity for borealin, and that this association and cell proliferation can be restored by introduction of a second mutation at T97. To our knowledge these data are the first to identify T48 as a key regulatory site on survivin, and CK2 as a mediator of its mitotic and anti-apoptotic functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel M A Barrett
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Nottingham, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham, UK
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182
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Protein kinase CK2α subunit over-expression correlates with metastatic risk in breast carcinomas: quantitative immunohistochemistry in tissue microarrays. Eur J Cancer 2010; 47:792-801. [PMID: 21194925 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2010.11.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2010] [Revised: 11/19/2010] [Accepted: 11/26/2010] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND CK2α is a signalling molecule that participates in major events in solid tumour progression. The aim of this study was to evaluate the prognostic significance of the immunohistochemical expression of CK2α in breast carcinomas. METHODS Quantitative measurements of immunohistochemical expression of 33 biomarkers using high-throughput densitometry, assessed on digitised microscopic tissue micro-array images were correlated with clinical outcome in 1000 breast carcinomas using univariate and multivariate analyses. RESULTS In univariate analysis, CK2α was a significant prognostic indicator (p<0.001). Moreover, a multivariable model allowed the selection of the best combination of the 33 biomarkers to predict patients' outcome through logistic regression. A nine-marker signature highly predictive of metastatic risk, associating SHARP-2, STAT1, eIF4E, pmapKAPk-2, pAKT, caveolin, VEGF, FGF-1 and CK2α permitted to classify well 82.32% of patients (specificity 81.59%, sensitivity 92.55%, area under ROC curve 0.939). Importantly, in a node negative subset of patients an even more (86%) clinically relevant association of eleven markers was found predictive of poor outcome. CONCLUSION A strong quantitative CK2α immunohistochemical expression in breast carcinomas is individually a significant indicator of poor prognosis. Moreover, an immunohistochemical signature of 11 markers including CK2α accurately (86%) well classifies node negative patients in good and poor outcome subsets. Our results suggest that CK2α evaluation together with key downstream CK2 targets might be a useful tool to identify patients at high risk of distant metastases and that CK2 can be considered as a relevant target for potential specific therapy.
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183
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Pierre F, Chua PC, O'Brien SE, Siddiqui-Jain A, Bourbon P, Haddach M, Michaux J, Nagasawa J, Schwaebe MK, Stefan E, Vialettes A, Whitten JP, Chen TK, Darjania L, Stansfield R, Anderes K, Bliesath J, Drygin D, Ho C, Omori M, Proffitt C, Streiner N, Trent K, Rice WG, Ryckman DM. Discovery and SAR of 5-(3-chlorophenylamino)benzo[c][2,6]naphthyridine-8-carboxylic acid (CX-4945), the first clinical stage inhibitor of protein kinase CK2 for the treatment of cancer. J Med Chem 2010; 54:635-54. [PMID: 21174434 DOI: 10.1021/jm101251q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 226] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Herein we chronicle the discovery of CX-4945 (25n), a first-in-class, orally bioavailable ATP-competitive inhibitor of protein kinase CK2 in clinical trials for cancer. CK2 has long been considered a prime cancer drug target because of the roles of deregulated and overexpressed CK2 in cancer-promoting prosurvival and antiapoptotic pathways. These biological properties as well as the suitability of CK2's small ATP binding site for the design of selective inhibitors, led us to fashion novel therapeutic agents for cancer. The optimization leading to 25n (K(i) = 0.38 nM) was guided by molecular modeling, suggesting a strong binding of 25n resulting from a combination of hydrophobic interactions, an ionic bridge with Lys68, and hydrogen bonding with the hinge region. 25n was found to be highly selective, orally bioavailable across species (20-51%) and efficacious in xenograft models. The discovery of 25n will allow the therapeutic targeting of CK2 in humans for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrice Pierre
- Cylene Pharmaceuticals, 5820 Nancy Ridge Drive, Suite 200, San Diego, California 92121, United States.
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Siddiqui-Jain A, Drygin D, Streiner N, Chua P, Pierre F, O'Brien SE, Bliesath J, Omori M, Huser N, Ho C, Proffitt C, Schwaebe MK, Ryckman DM, Rice WG, Anderes K. CX-4945, an Orally Bioavailable Selective Inhibitor of Protein Kinase CK2, Inhibits Prosurvival and Angiogenic Signaling and Exhibits Antitumor Efficacy. Cancer Res 2010; 70:10288-98. [DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-10-1893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 395] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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185
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The SUMO pathway: emerging mechanisms that shape specificity, conjugation and recognition. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2010; 11:861-71. [PMID: 21102611 DOI: 10.1038/nrm3011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 880] [Impact Index Per Article: 62.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Proteins of the small ubiquitin-related modifier (SUMO) family are conjugated to proteins to regulate such cellular processes as nuclear transport, transcription, chromosome segregation and DNA repair. Recently, numerous insights into regulatory mechanisms of the SUMO modification pathway have emerged. Although SUMO-conjugating enzymes can discriminate between SUMO targets, many substrates possess characteristics that facilitate their modification. Other post-translational modifications also regulate SUMO conjugation, suggesting that SUMO signalling is integrated with other signal transduction pathways. A better understanding of SUMO regulatory mechanisms will lead to improved approaches for analysing the function of SUMO and substrate conjugation in distinct cellular pathways.
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186
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Sun J, Weis WI. Biochemical and structural characterization of β-catenin interactions with nonphosphorylated and CK2-phosphorylated Lef-1. J Mol Biol 2010; 405:519-30. [PMID: 21075118 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2010.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2010] [Revised: 11/01/2010] [Accepted: 11/02/2010] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
In the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway, β-catenin activates target genes through its interactions with the T-cell factor/lymphoid enhancer-binding factor (TCF/Lef) family of transcription factors. The crystal structures of complexes between the β-catenin armadillo domain and the Lef-1 N-terminal domain show that the overall conformation and many of the interactions are similar to other published structures of TCFs bound to β-catenin. However, a second salt bridge in other TCF-β-catenin structures is absent in the structure of β-catenin-Lef-1 complex, indicating that this feature is not obligatory for β-catenin binding. Casein kinase II (CK2) has been shown to act as a positive regulator of Wnt signaling, and Lef-1 is a substrate of CK2. In vitro phosphorylation of purified Lef-1 was used to examine the effect of CK2 on the interaction of Lef-1 with β-catenin. Mass spectrometry data show that CK2 phosphorylation of Lef-1 N-terminal domain results in a single phosphorylation site at Ser40. Isothermal titration calorimetry revealed that β-catenin binds to nonphosphorylated or CK2-phosphorylated Lef-1 with the same affinity, which is consistent with the absence of phospho-Ser40 interactions in the crystal structure of phosphorylated Lef-1 N-terminal domain bound to β-catenin. These data indicate that the effect of CK2 on the Wnt/β-catenin pathway does not appear to be at the level of the Lef-1-β-catenin interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinglucy Sun
- Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine,Stanford, CA 94305-5126, USA
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187
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Bragdon B, Thinakaran S, Moseychuk O, King D, Young K, Litchfield DW, Petersen NO, Nohe A. Casein kinase 2 beta-subunit is a regulator of bone morphogenetic protein 2 signaling. Biophys J 2010; 99:897-904. [PMID: 20682268 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2010.04.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2009] [Revised: 04/20/2010] [Accepted: 04/30/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) play a crucial role during embryonic development and regulate processes as diverse as neurogenesis, skeletal formation, and hematopoesis. They signal through a hetero-oligomer complex of BMP receptors. Binding of the ligand to the receptors activates several pathways, including Smad and p38. BMP signaling is controlled in the extracellular space, the plasma membrane, and the intracellular space; however, the mechanism of receptor signaling at the plasma membrane and proteins that regulate this process still need to be identified. The experiments presented here identify the protein kinase casein kinase II (CK2) as a BMP receptor type Ia (BRIa) interacting protein. Fluorescence resonance energy transfer revealed that this interaction occurs at the plasma membrane. BMP2 stimulation of C2C12 cells leads to the release of CK2 from BRIa. Blocking this interaction with specific peptides that inhibit the binding sites for CK2 on BRIa demonstrated a redistribution of BRIa on the plasma membrane. Signaling was initiated once CK2 was released from BRIa, leading to the mineralization of C2C12 cells. These data suggest that CK2 is a negative regulator of BMP signaling and osteoblast differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beth Bragdon
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, USA
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188
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Willems SM, Schrage YM, Bruijn IHBD, Szuhai K, Hogendoorn PCW, Bovée JVMG. Kinome profiling of myxoid liposarcoma reveals NF-kappaB-pathway kinase activity and casein kinase II inhibition as a potential treatment option. Mol Cancer 2010; 9:257. [PMID: 20863376 PMCID: PMC2955617 DOI: 10.1186/1476-4598-9-257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2010] [Accepted: 09/23/2010] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Myxoid liposarcoma is a relatively common malignant soft tissue tumor, characterized by a (12;16) translocation resulting in a FUS-DDIT3 fusion gene playing a pivotal role in its tumorigenesis. Treatment options in patients with inoperable or metastatic myxoid liposarcoma are relatively poor though being developed and new hope is growing. RESULTS Using kinome profiling and subsequent pathway analysis in two cell lines and four primary cultures of myxoid liposarcomas, all of which demonstrated a FUS-DDIT3 fusion gene including one new fusion type, we aimed at identifying new molecular targets for systemic treatment. Protein phosphorylation by activated kinases was verified by Western Blot and cell viability was measured before and after treatment of the myxoid liposarcoma cells with kinase inhibitors. We found kinases associated with the atypical nuclear factor-kappaB and Src pathways to be the most active in myxoid liposarcoma. Inhibition of Src by the small molecule tyrosine kinase inhibitor dasatinib showed only a mild effect on cell viability of myxoid liposarcoma cells. In contrast, inhibition of the nuclear factor-kappaB pathway, which is regulated by the FUS-DDIT3 fusion product, in myxoid liposarcoma cells using casein kinase 2 inhibitor 4,5,6,7-tetrabromobenzotriazole (TBB) showed a significant decrease in cell viability, decreased phosphorylation of nuclear factor-kappaB pathway proteins, and caspase 3 mediated apoptosis. Combination of dasatinib and TBB showed an enhanced effect. CONCLUSION Kinases associated with activation of the atypical nuclear factor-kappaB and the Src pathways are the most active in myxoid liposarcoma in vitro and inhibition of nuclear factor-kappaB pathway activation by inhibiting casein kinase 2 using TBB, of which the effect is enhanced by Src inhibition using dasatinib, offers new potential therapeutic strategies for myxoid liposarcoma patients with advanced disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan M Willems
- Department of Pathology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
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189
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Kreutzer JN, Ruzzene M, Guerra B. Enhancing chemosensitivity to gemcitabine via RNA interference targeting the catalytic subunits of protein kinase CK2 in human pancreatic cancer cells. BMC Cancer 2010; 10:440. [PMID: 20718998 PMCID: PMC2931491 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-10-440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2010] [Accepted: 08/19/2010] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Pancreatic cancer is a complex genetic disorder that is characterized by rapid progression, invasiveness, resistance to treatment and high molecular heterogeneity. Various agents have been used in clinical trials showing only modest improvements with respect to gemcitabine-based chemotherapy, which continues to be the standard first-line treatment for this disease. However, owing to the overwhelming molecular alterations that have been reported in pancreatic cancer, there is increasing focus on targeting molecular pathways and networks, rather than individual genes or gene-products with a combination of novel chemotherapeutic agents. Methods Cells were transfected with small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) targeting the individual CK2 subunits. The CK2 protein expression levels were determined and the effect of its down-regulation on chemosensitization of pancreatic cancer cells was investigated. Results The present study examined the impact on cell death following depletion of the individual protein kinase CK2 catalytic subunits alone or in combination with gemcitabine and the molecular mechanisms by which this effect is achieved. Depletion of the CK2α or -α' subunits in combination with gemcitabine resulted in marked apoptotic and necrotic cell death in PANC-1 cells. We show that the mechanism of cell death is associated with deregulation of distinct survival signaling pathways. Cellular depletion of CK2α leads to phosphorylation and activation of MKK4/JNK while down-regulation of CK2α' exerts major effects on the PI3K/AKT pathway. Conclusions Results reported here show that the two catalytic subunits of CK2 contribute differently to enhance gemcitabine-induced cell death, the reduced level of CK2α' being the most effective and that simultaneous reduction in the expression of CK2 and other survival factors might be an effective therapeutic strategy for enhancing the sensitivity of human pancreatic cancer towards chemotherapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan N Kreutzer
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
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190
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Epstein-Barr virus nuclear antigen 1 Hijacks the host kinase CK2 to disrupt PML nuclear bodies. J Virol 2010; 84:11113-23. [PMID: 20719947 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01183-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Latent Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection is an important causative factor in the development of several cancers, including nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). The one EBV protein expressed in the nucleus of NPC cells, EBNA1, has been shown to disrupt promyelocitic leukemia (PML) nuclear bodies (NBs) by inducing the degradation of PML proteins, leading to impaired DNA repair and increased cell survival. Although EBNA1-mediated PML disruption is likely to be an important factor in the development of NPC, little is known about its mechanism. We now show that an interaction between EBNA1 and the host CK2 kinase is crucial for EBNA1 to disrupt PML bodies and degrade PML proteins. EBNA1 increases the association of CK2 with PML proteins, thereby increasing the phosphorylation of PML proteins by CK2, a modification that is known to trigger the polyubiquitylation and degradation of PML. The interaction between EBNA1 and CK2 is direct and occurs through the β regulatory subunit of CK2 and EBNA1 amino acids 387 to 394. The binding of EBNA1 to the host ubiquitin specific protease USP7 has also been shown to be important for EBNA1-mediated PML disruption. We show that EBNA1 also increases the occupancy of USP7 at PML NBs and that CK2 and USP7 bind independently and simultaneously to EBNA1 to form a ternary complex. The combined results indicate that EBNA1 usurps two independent cellular pathways to trigger the loss of PML NBs.
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191
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Dietrich C, Kaina B. The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) in the regulation of cell-cell contact and tumor growth. Carcinogenesis 2010; 31:1319-28. [PMID: 20106901 PMCID: PMC6276890 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgq028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2009] [Revised: 01/21/2010] [Accepted: 01/24/2010] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) is a ligand-dependent transcription factor, which is activated by a large group of environmental pollutants including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, dioxins and planar polychlorinated biphenyls. Ligand binding leads to dimerization of the AhR with aryl hydrocarbon receptor nuclear translocator and transcriptional activation of several xenobiotic phase I and phase II metabolizing enzymes, such as cytochrome P4501A1 and glutathione-S-transferase, respectively. Since phase I enzymes convert inert carcinogens to active genotoxins, the AhR plays a key role in tumor initiation. Besides this classical route, the AhR mediates tumor promotion and recent evidence suggests that the AhR also plays a role in tumor progression. To date, no mechanistic link could be established between the canonical pathway involving xenobiotic metabolism and AhR-dependent tumor promotion and progression. A hallmark of tumor promotion is unbalanced proliferation, whereas tumor progression is characterized by dedifferentiation, increased motility and metastasis of tumor cells. Tumor progression and presumably also tumor promotion are triggered by loss of cell-cell contact. Cell-cell contact is known to be a critical regulator of proliferation, differentiation and cell motility in vitro and in vivo. Increasing evidence suggests that activation of the AhR may lead to deregulation of cell-cell contact, thereby inducing unbalanced proliferation, dedifferentiation and enhanced motility. In line with this is the finding of increased AhR expression and malignancy in some animal and human cancers. Here, we summarize our current knowledge on non-canonical AhR-driven pathways being involved in deregulation of cell-cell contact and discuss the data with respect to tumor initiation, promotion and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cornelia Dietrich
- Institute of Toxicology, Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany.
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192
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Ladha J, Donakonda S, Agrawal S, Thota B, Srividya MR, Sridevi S, Arivazhagan A, Thennarasu K, Balasubramaniam A, Chandramouli BA, Hegde AS, Kondaiah P, Somasundaram K, Santosh V, Rao SMR. Glioblastoma-specific protein interaction network identifies PP1A and CSK21 as connecting molecules between cell cycle-associated genes. Cancer Res 2010; 70:6437-47. [PMID: 20663907 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-10-0819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM; grade IV astrocytoma) is a very aggressive form of brain cancer with a poor survival and few qualified predictive markers. This study integrates experimentally validated genes that showed specific upregulation in GBM along with their protein-protein interaction information. A system level analysis was used to construct GBM-specific network. Computation of topological parameters of networks showed scale-free pattern and hierarchical organization. From the large network involving 1,447 proteins, we synthesized subnetworks and annotated them with highly enriched biological processes. A careful dissection of the functional modules, important nodes, and their connections identified two novel intermediary molecules CSK21 and protein phosphatase 1 alpha (PP1A) connecting the two subnetworks CDC2-PTEN-TOP2A-CAV1-P53 and CDC2-CAV1-RB-P53-PTEN, respectively. Real-time quantitative reverse transcription-PCR analysis revealed CSK21 to be moderately upregulated and PP1A to be overexpressed by 20-fold in GBM tumor samples. Immunohistochemical staining revealed nuclear expression of PP1A only in GBM samples. Thus, CSK21 and PP1A, whose functions are intimately associated with cell cycle regulation, might play key role in gliomagenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayashree Ladha
- Chromatin Biology Laboratory, Molecular Biology and Genetics Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Institute of Bioinformatics and Applied Biotechnology, Bangalore, India
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193
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Fabrizio P, Hoon S, Shamalnasab M, Galbani A, Wei M, Giaever G, Nislow C, Longo VD. Genome-wide screen in Saccharomyces cerevisiae identifies vacuolar protein sorting, autophagy, biosynthetic, and tRNA methylation genes involved in life span regulation. PLoS Genet 2010; 6:e1001024. [PMID: 20657825 PMCID: PMC2904796 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1001024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2009] [Accepted: 06/14/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The study of the chronological life span of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, which measures the survival of populations of non-dividing yeast, has resulted in the identification of homologous genes and pathways that promote aging in organisms ranging from yeast to mammals. Using a competitive genome-wide approach, we performed a screen of a complete set of approximately 4,800 viable deletion mutants to identify genes that either increase or decrease chronological life span. Half of the putative short-/long-lived mutants retested from the primary screen were confirmed, demonstrating the utility of our approach. Deletion of genes involved in vacuolar protein sorting, autophagy, and mitochondrial function shortened life span, confirming that respiration and degradation processes are essential for long-term survival. Among the genes whose deletion significantly extended life span are ACB1, CKA2, and TRM9, implicated in fatty acid transport and biosynthesis, cell signaling, and tRNA methylation, respectively. Deletion of these genes conferred heat-shock resistance, supporting the link between life span extension and cellular protection observed in several model organisms. The high degree of conservation of these novel yeast longevity determinants in other species raises the possibility that their role in senescence might be conserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Fabrizio
- Andrus Gerontology Center and Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire de la Cellule, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Shawn Hoon
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California, United States of America
| | - Mehrnaz Shamalnasab
- Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire de la Cellule, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Abdulaye Galbani
- Andrus Gerontology Center and Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Min Wei
- Andrus Gerontology Center and Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Guri Giaever
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California, United States of America
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Corey Nislow
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California, United States of America
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- * E-mail: (VDL); (CN)
| | - Valter D. Longo
- Andrus Gerontology Center and Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- * E-mail: (VDL); (CN)
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194
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Hung MS, Lin YC, Mao JH, Kim IJ, Xu Z, Yang CT, Jablons DM, You L. Functional polymorphism of the CK2alpha intronless gene plays oncogenic roles in lung cancer. PLoS One 2010; 5:e11418. [PMID: 20625391 PMCID: PMC2896393 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0011418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2009] [Accepted: 06/05/2010] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein kinase CK2 is frequently up-regulated in human cancers, although the mechanism of CK2 activation in cancer remains unknown. In this study, we investigated the role of the CK2α intronless gene (CSNK2A1P, a presumed CK2α pseudogene) in the pathogenesis of human cancers. We found evidence of amplification and over-expression of the CSNK2A1P gene in non- small cell lung cancer and leukemia cell lines and 25% of the lung cancer tissues studied. The mRNA expression levels correlated with the copy numbers of the CSNK2A1P gene. We also identified a novel polymorphic variant (398T/C, I133T) of the CSNK2A1P gene and showed that the 398T allele is selectively amplified over the 398C allele in 101 non-small cell lung cancer tissue samples compared to those in 48 normal controls (p = 0.013<0.05). We show for the first time CSNK2A1P protein expression in transfected human embryonic kidney 293T and mouse embryonic fibroblast NIH-3T3 cell lines. Both alleles are transforming in these cell lines, and the 398T allele appears to be more transforming than the 398C allele. Moreover, the 398T allele degrades PML tumor suppressor protein more efficiently than the 398C allele and shows a relatively stronger binding to PML. Knockdown of the CSNK2A1P gene expression with specific siRNA increased the PML protein level in lung cancer cells. We report, for the first time, that the CSNK2A1P gene is a functional proto-oncogene in human cancers and its functional polymorphism appears to degrade PML differentially in cancer cells. These results are consistent with an important role for the 398T allele of the CSNK2A1P in human lung cancer susceptibility.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Blotting, Western
- Casein Kinase II/genetics
- Casein Kinase II/metabolism
- Cell Line
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic/genetics
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic/physiology
- Humans
- Immunoprecipitation
- In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence
- In Vitro Techniques
- Lung Neoplasms/genetics
- Mice
- NIH 3T3 Cells
- Nuclear Proteins/genetics
- Nuclear Proteins/metabolism
- Polymorphism, Genetic/genetics
- Polymorphism, Genetic/physiology
- Promyelocytic Leukemia Protein
- Protein Binding
- Proto-Oncogene Mas
- RNA, Small Interfering/genetics
- RNA, Small Interfering/physiology
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Sequence Analysis, DNA
- Transcription Factors/genetics
- Transcription Factors/metabolism
- Tumor Suppressor Proteins/genetics
- Tumor Suppressor Proteins/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Szu Hung
- Thoracic Oncology Laboratory, Department of Surgery, Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chiayi, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Ching Lin
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chiayi, Taiwan
| | - Jian-Hua Mao
- Life Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Il-Jin Kim
- Thoracic Oncology Laboratory, Department of Surgery, Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Zhidong Xu
- Thoracic Oncology Laboratory, Department of Surgery, Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Cheng-Ta Yang
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chiayi, Taiwan
- Department of Respiratory Care, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - David M. Jablons
- Thoracic Oncology Laboratory, Department of Surgery, Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- * E-mail: (DMJ); (LY)
| | - Liang You
- Thoracic Oncology Laboratory, Department of Surgery, Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- * E-mail: (DMJ); (LY)
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195
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Perez DI, Gil C, Martinez A. Protein kinases CK1 and CK2 as new targets for neurodegenerative diseases. Med Res Rev 2010; 31:924-54. [DOI: 10.1002/med.20207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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196
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A perspective on neuronal cell death signaling and neurodegeneration. Mol Neurobiol 2010; 42:25-31. [PMID: 20480262 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-010-8128-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2010] [Accepted: 04/05/2010] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Although neuronal cell death through apoptotic pathways represents a common feature of dysferopathies, the canonical apoptotic changes familiar from nonneuronal cells are late events. Loss of neuronal function occurs at a much early time, when synaptic-based neuronal connectivity fails. In this context, apoptotic pathways may normally serve a cleanup role, rather than a pathogenic one. Reframing the consideration of cell death in the nervous system to include the early stages of axonal degeneration provides a better understanding of the roles played by various apoptotic signaling pathways in neurodegenerative diseases. Focusing on disease-specific mechanisms that initiate the sequence that eventually leads to neuronal loss should facilitate development of therapies that preserve neuronal function and neuronal numbers.
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197
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López‐Ramos M, Prudent R, Moucadel V, Sautel CF, Barette C, Lafanechère L, Mouawad L, Grierson D, Schmidt F, Florent J, Filippakopoulos P, Bullock AN, Knapp S, Reise J, Cochet C. New potent dual inhibitors of CK2 and Pim kinases: discovery and structural insights. FASEB J 2010; 24:3171-85. [DOI: 10.1096/fj.09-143743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Miriam López‐Ramos
- Centre de RechercheInstitut Curie Paris France
- Centre National pour la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 176 Paris France
- Centre de Recherche, Institut CurieUniversité Paris‐Sud Orsay France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U759Université Paris‐Sud Orsay France
| | - Renaud Prudent
- INSERMU873 Grenoble France
- Commissariat à l'Energie atomique (CEA)Institut de Recherche en Technologies et Sciences pour le Vivant (iRTSV)/Laboratoire Transduction du Signal Grenoble France
- Université Joseph Fourier (UJF) Grenoble France
| | - Virginie Moucadel
- INSERMU873 Grenoble France
- Commissariat à l'Energie atomique (CEA)Institut de Recherche en Technologies et Sciences pour le Vivant (iRTSV)/Laboratoire Transduction du Signal Grenoble France
- Université Joseph Fourier (UJF) Grenoble France
| | - Céline F. Sautel
- INSERMU873 Grenoble France
- Commissariat à l'Energie atomique (CEA)Institut de Recherche en Technologies et Sciences pour le Vivant (iRTSV)/Laboratoire Transduction du Signal Grenoble France
- Université Joseph Fourier (UJF) Grenoble France
| | - Caroline Barette
- CEADirection des Sciences du Vivant (DSV)iRTSV/Centre de Criblage pour Molécules Bio‐Actives (CBMA) Grenoble France
- CNRSUMR 5168CEADSViRTSV/CMBA Grenoble France
| | - Laurence Lafanechère
- CEADirection des Sciences du Vivant (DSV)iRTSV/Centre de Criblage pour Molécules Bio‐Actives (CBMA) Grenoble France
- CNRSUMR 5168CEADSViRTSV/CMBA Grenoble France
| | - Liliane Mouawad
- Centre de Recherche, Institut CurieUniversité Paris‐Sud Orsay France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U759Université Paris‐Sud Orsay France
| | - David Grierson
- Centre de RechercheInstitut Curie Paris France
- Centre National pour la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 176 Paris France
| | - Frédéric Schmidt
- Centre de RechercheInstitut Curie Paris France
- Centre National pour la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 176 Paris France
| | - Jean‐Claude Florent
- Centre de RechercheInstitut Curie Paris France
- Centre National pour la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 176 Paris France
| | | | | | - Stefan Knapp
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine Oxford UK
- Department of Clinical PharmacologyOxford University Oxford UK
| | - Jean‐Baptiste Reise
- Institut de Biologie Structurale Jean‐Pierre EbelCEA‐CNRS‐UJF Grenoble France
- Partnership for Structural Biology Grenoble France
| | - Claude Cochet
- INSERMU873 Grenoble France
- Commissariat à l'Energie atomique (CEA)Institut de Recherche en Technologies et Sciences pour le Vivant (iRTSV)/Laboratoire Transduction du Signal Grenoble France
- Université Joseph Fourier (UJF) Grenoble France
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198
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Dodson GE, Limbo O, Nieto D, Russell P. Phosphorylation-regulated binding of Ctp1 to Nbs1 is critical for repair of DNA double-strand breaks. Cell Cycle 2010; 9:1516-22. [PMID: 20421724 DOI: 10.4161/cc.9.8.11260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Repair of DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) is critical for cell survival and for maintaining genome stability in eukaryotes. In Schizosaccharomyces pombe, the Mre11-Rad50-Nbs1 (MRN) complex and Ctp1 cooperate to perform the initial steps that process and repair these DNA lesions via homologous recombination (HR). While Ctp1 is recruited to DSBs in an MRN-dependent manner, the specific mechanism of this process remained unclear. We recently found that Ctp1 is phosphorylated on a domain rich in putative Casein kinase 2 (CK2) phosphoacceptor sites that resembles the SDTD repeats of Mdc1. Furthermore, phosphorylation of this motif is required for interaction with the FHA domain of Nbs1 that localizes Ctp1 to DSB sites. Here, we review and discuss these findings, and we present new data that further characterize the cellular consequences of mutating CK2 phosphorylation motifs of Ctp1, including data showing that these sites are critical for meiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerald E Dodson
- Department of Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
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199
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Anti-neoplastic effect of protein kinase CK2 inhibitor, 2-dimethylamino-4,5,6,7-tetrabromobenzimidazole (DMAT), on growth and hormonal activity of human adrenocortical carcinoma cell line (H295R) in vitro. Cell Tissue Res 2010; 340:371-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s00441-010-0960-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2010] [Accepted: 02/26/2010] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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200
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Brown MS, Diallo OT, Hu M, Ehsanian R, Yang X, Arun P, Lu H, Korman V, Unger G, Ahmed K, Van Waes C, Chen Z. CK2 modulation of NF-kappaB, TP53, and the malignant phenotype in head and neck cancer by anti-CK2 oligonucleotides in vitro or in vivo via sub-50-nm nanocapsules. Clin Cancer Res 2010; 16:2295-307. [PMID: 20371694 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-09-3200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this study is to investigate the expression of CK2 subunits and CK2 effects on NF-kappaB-mediated and TP53-mediated signal activation and gene expression, the malignant phenotype, and chemosensitivity in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) in vitro and in vivo. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Protein expression of CK2 subunits was investigated by Western blot and immunohistochemistry. CK2 subunits were knocked down by small interfering RNA, and NF-kappaB activation was examined using DNA binding, Western blot, and luciferase reporter assays. Gene expression was measured by quantitative reverse transcription-PCR. Cell growth, survival, motility, and sensitivity to cisplatin were measured by MTT, flow cytometry, and migration assays. In vivo targeting of CK2alpha/alpha' in HNSCC xenograft models was achieved using anti-CK2alpha/alpha' oligodeoxynucleotide encapsulated in sub-50-nm tenfibgen nanocapsules. RESULTS CK2 subunit proteins were overexpressed in HNSCC lines and tissues. Knockdown of CK2 subunits differentially inhibited IkappaBalpha degradation, NF-kappaB nuclear localization, phosphorylation, DNA binding, and reporter activity. CK2 subunits modulated gene expression and the malignant phenotype involved in cell cycle and migration, whereas CK2alpha is critical to promote proliferation, antiapoptosis, and cisplatin resistance in vitro. Furthermore, in vivo delivery of anti-CK2alpha/alpha' oligodeoxynucleotide nanocapsules significantly suppressed tumor growth in HNSCC xenograft models, in association with modulation of CK2 and NF-kappaB regulated molecules, TP53 family proteins, and induction of apoptosis. CONCLUSIONS Our study reveals a novel role of CK2 in coregulating NF-kappaB activation, TP53/p63 expression, and downstream gene expression. Downregulation of CK2 in HNSCC models in vitro and in vivo shows antitumor effects as well as sensitization to cisplatin.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Apoptosis
- Blotting, Western
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/genetics
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/pathology
- Casein Kinase II/antagonists & inhibitors
- Casein Kinase II/genetics
- Casein Kinase II/metabolism
- Cell Cycle
- Cell Movement
- Cell Proliferation
- Head and Neck Neoplasms/genetics
- Head and Neck Neoplasms/metabolism
- Head and Neck Neoplasms/pathology
- Humans
- Luciferases/metabolism
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Nude
- NF-kappa B/genetics
- NF-kappa B/metabolism
- Nanocapsules
- Oligonucleotides, Antisense/pharmacology
- Phenotype
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- RNA, Small Interfering/pharmacology
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
- Tumor Suppressor Protein p53/genetics
- Tumor Suppressor Protein p53/metabolism
- Wound Healing
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew S Brown
- Tumor Biology Section, Head and Neck Surgery Branch, National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-1419, USA
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