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Gross M, Pinhasov A. Chronic mild stress in submissive mice: Marked polydipsia and social avoidance without hedonic deficit in the sucrose preference test. Behav Brain Res 2016; 298:25-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2015.10.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2015] [Revised: 10/20/2015] [Accepted: 10/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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152
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Withdrawal from Acute Amphetamine Induces an Amygdala-Driven Attenuation of Dopamine Neuron Activity: Reversal by Ketamine. Neuropsychopharmacology 2016; 41:619-27. [PMID: 26129677 PMCID: PMC5130137 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2015.191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2015] [Revised: 06/15/2015] [Accepted: 06/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Drug addiction is a chronic disorder characterized by a cycle composed of drug seeking, intoxication with drug taking and withdrawal associated with negative affect. Numerous studies have examined withdrawal/negative affect after chronic use; however, very few have examined the effect of acute administration on the negative affective state after acute drug withdrawal. One dose of amphetamine was injected into Sprague-Dawley rats. Despair behavior using the modified forced swim test (FST) and dopamine (DA) activity in the ventral tegmental area using in vivo electrophysiological recordings were studied 18, 48 and 72 h after injection of amphetamine. The effects of inactivation of the basolateral amygdala (BLA) and ketamine administration on VTA DA neuron activity and passivity in the modified FST were examined. Eighteen hours following amphetamine withdrawal, there was a substantial decrease in the number of active DA neurons, as well as an increase in time spent immobile in the modified FST, which returned to baseline after 72 h. Inactivation of the BLA after acute amphetamine prevented the decrease in DA neuron tonic activity. Injection of ketamine also prevented the decrease in DA population activity but had no effect on immobility measured in the modified FST. The data support a model in which the negative affective state following acute amphetamine withdrawal is associated with a decrease in DA neuron population activity, driven by hyperactivity of the BLA. Although ketamine reversed the hypodopaminergic state following withdrawal, the failure to reduce immobility in the modified FST indicates that different processes underlying negative emotional state may exist between depression and drug withdrawal.
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153
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Radwan B, Liu H, Chaudhury D. Regulation and Modulation of Depression-Related Behaviours: Role of Dopaminergic Neurons. DOPAMINE AND SLEEP 2016:147-190. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-46437-4_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/19/2023]
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154
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Belujon P, Grace AA. Regulation of dopamine system responsivity and its adaptive and pathological response to stress. Proc Biol Sci 2015; 282:rspb.2014.2516. [PMID: 25788601 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2014.2516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Although, historically, the norepinephrine system has attracted the majority of attention in the study of the stress response, the dopamine system has also been consistently implicated. It has long been established that stress plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of psychiatric disorders. However, the neurobiological mechanisms that mediate the stress response and its effect in psychiatric diseases are not well understood. The dopamine system can play distinct roles in stress and psychiatric disorders. It is hypothesized that, even though the dopamine (DA) system forms the basis for a number of psychiatric disorders, the pathology is likely to originate in the afferent structures that are inducing dysregulation of the DA system. This review explores the current knowledge of afferent modulation of the stress/DA circuitry, and presents recent data focusing on the effect of stress on the DA system and its relevance to psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pauline Belujon
- Departments of Neuroscience, Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | - Anthony A Grace
- Departments of Neuroscience, Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
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155
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Chaudhury D, Liu H, Han MH. Neuronal correlates of depression. Cell Mol Life Sci 2015; 72:4825-48. [PMID: 26542802 PMCID: PMC4709015 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-015-2044-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2015] [Revised: 08/27/2015] [Accepted: 09/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a common psychiatric disorder effecting approximately 121 million people worldwide and recent reports from the World Health Organization (WHO) suggest that it will be the leading contributor to the global burden of diseases. At present, the most commonly used treatment strategies are still based on the monoamine hypothesis that has been the predominant theory in the last 60 years. Clinical observations show that only a subset of depressed patients exhibits full remission when treated with classical monoamine-based antidepressants together with the fact that patients exhibit multiple symptoms suggest that the pathophysiology leading to mood disorders may differ between patients. Accumulating evidence indicates that depression is a neural circuit disorder and that onset of depression may be located at different regions of the brain involving different transmitter systems and molecular mechanisms. This review synthesises findings from rodent studies from which emerges a role for different, yet interconnected, molecular systems and associated neural circuits to the aetiology of depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dipesh Chaudhury
- Division of Science, Experimental Research Building, Office 106, New York University Abu Dhabi (NYUAD), Saadiyat Island Campus, P.O. Box 129188, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates.
| | - He Liu
- Division of Science, Experimental Research Building, Office 106, New York University Abu Dhabi (NYUAD), Saadiyat Island Campus, P.O. Box 129188, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Ming-Hu Han
- Department of Pharmacology and Systems Therapeutics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA.
- Department of Neuroscience, Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA.
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156
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Greenberg GD, Steinman MQ, Doig IE, Hao R, Trainor BC. Effects of social defeat on dopamine neurons in the ventral tegmental area in male and female California mice. Eur J Neurosci 2015; 42:3081-94. [PMID: 26469289 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.13099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2015] [Revised: 10/06/2015] [Accepted: 10/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Dopamine neurons in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) have important functions related to rewards but are also activated in aversive contexts. Electrophysiology studies suggest that the degree to which VTA dopamine neurons respond to noxious stimuli is topographically organized across the dorsal-ventral extent. We used c-fos immunohistochemistry to examine the responses of VTA dopamine neurons in contexts of social defeat and social approach. Studying monogamous California mice (Peromyscus californicus) allowed us to observe the effects of social defeat on both males and females. Females exposed to three episodes of defeat, but not a single episode, had more tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)/c-fos-positive cells in the ventral (but not dorsal) VTA compared with controls. This observation suggests that repeated exposure to aversive contexts is necessary to trigger activation of VTA dopamine neurons. Defeat did not affect TH/c-fos colocalizations in males. We also examined the long-term effects of defeat on c-fos expression in a social interaction test. As previously reported, defeat reduced social interaction in females but not males. Surprisingly, there were no effects of defeat stress on TH/c-fos colocalizations in any subregion of the VTA. However, females had more TH/c-fos-positive cells than males across the entire VTA, and also had greater c-fos-positive cell counts in posterior subregions of the nucleus accumbens shell. Our results show that dopamine neurons in the VTA are more responsive to social contexts in females and that the ventral VTA in particular is sensitive to aversive contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gian D Greenberg
- Neuroscience Graduate Group, University of California, Davis, CA, USA.,Department of Psychology, University of California, 1 Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.,Center for Neuroscience, University of California, 1 Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Michael Q Steinman
- Department of Psychology, University of California, 1 Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.,Molecular, Cellular and Integrative Physiology Graduate Group, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Ian E Doig
- Department of Psychology, University of California, 1 Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Rebecca Hao
- Department of Psychology, University of California, 1 Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Brian C Trainor
- Neuroscience Graduate Group, University of California, Davis, CA, USA.,Department of Psychology, University of California, 1 Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.,Center for Neuroscience, University of California, 1 Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
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157
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Yildirim BO, Derksen JJL. Mesocorticolimbic dopamine functioning in primary psychopathy: A source of within-group heterogeneity. Psychiatry Res 2015; 229:633-77. [PMID: 26277034 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2015.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2014] [Revised: 04/08/2015] [Accepted: 07/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Despite similar emotional deficiencies, primary psychopathic individuals can be situated on a continuum that spans from controlled to disinhibited. The constructs on which primary psychopaths are found to diverge, such as self-control, cognitive flexibility, and executive functioning, are crucially regulated by dopamine (DA). As such, the goal of this review is to examine which specific alterations in the meso-cortico-limbic DA system and corresponding genes (e.g., TH, DAT, COMT, DRD2, DRD4) might bias development towards a more controlled or disinhibited expression of primary psychopathy. Based on empirical data, it is argued that primary psychopathy is generally related to a higher tonic and population activity of striatal DA neurons and lower levels of D2-type DA receptors in meso-cortico-limbic projections, which may boost motivational drive towards incentive-laden goals, dampen punishment sensitivity, and increase future reward-expectancy. However, increasingly higher levels of DA activity in the striatum (moderate versus pathological elevations), lower levels of DA functionality in the prefrontal cortex, and higher D1-to-D2-type receptor ratios in meso-cortico-limbic projections may lead to increasingly disinhibited and impetuous phenotypes of primary psychopathy. Finally, in order to provide a more coherent view on etiological mechanisms, we discuss interactions between DA and serotonin that are relevant for primary psychopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bariş O Yildirim
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Radboud University Nijmegen, De Kluyskamp 1002, 6545 JD Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - Jan J L Derksen
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Room: A.07.04B, Radboud University Nijmegen, Montessorilaan 3, 6525 HR Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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158
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Stress effects on the neural substrates of motivated behavior. Nat Neurosci 2015; 18:1405-12. [PMID: 26404715 DOI: 10.1038/nn.4114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2015] [Accepted: 08/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Exposure to stress has profound, but complex, actions on motivated behavior and decision-making. These effects are central to core symptoms of a number of psychiatric disorders that are precipitated or augmented by stress, such as depressive disorders and substance use disorders. Studying the neural substrates of stress's effects on motivation has revealed that stress affects multiple targets on circuits throughout the brain using diverse molecular signaling processes. Moreover, stress does not have unitary effects on motivated behavior, but differences in the intensity, duration, intermittency, controllability and nature of the stressor produce qualitatively and quantitatively different behavioral endpoints. Unsurprisingly, the results of neuroscientific investigations into stress and motivation often open more questions than they resolve. Here we discuss contemporary results pertaining to the neural mechanisms by which stress alters motivation, identify points of contention and highlight integrative areas for continuing research into these multifaceted complexities.
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159
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Ollmann T, Péczely L, László K, Kovács A, Gálosi R, Kertes E, Kállai V, Zagorácz O, Karádi Z, Lénárd L. Anxiolytic effect of neurotensin microinjection into the ventral pallidum. Behav Brain Res 2015; 294:208-14. [PMID: 26296669 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2015.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2015] [Revised: 08/10/2015] [Accepted: 08/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Neurotensin (NT) acts as a neurotransmitter and neuromodulator in the central nervous system. NT is involved in reward and memory processes, drug addiction and also in the regulation of anxiety. The ventral pallidum (VP) receives neurotensinergic innervation from the ventral striatopallidal pathway originating from the nucleus accumbens. Positive reinforcing effects of NT in the VP had been shown recently, however the possible effects of NT on anxiety have not been examined yet. In our present experiments, the effects of NT on anxiety were investigated in the VP. In male Wistar rats bilateral microinjections of 100 ng or 250 ng NT were delivered in the volume of 0.4 μl into the VP, and elevated plus maze (EPM) test was performed. In another groups of animals, 35 ng NT-receptor 1 (NTR1) antagonist SR 48,692 was applied by itself, or microinjected 15 min before 100 ng NT treatment. Open field test (OPF) was also conducted. The 100 ng dose of NT had anxiolytic effect, but the 250 ng NT did not influence anxiety. The antagonist pretreatment inhibited the effect of NT, while the antagonist itself had no effect. In the OPF test there was no difference among the groups. Our present results show that microinjection of NT into the VP induces anxiolytic effect, which is specific to the NTR1 receptors because it can be eliminated by a specific NTR1 antagonist. It is also substantiated that neither the NT, nor the NTR1 antagonist in the VP influences locomotor activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamás Ollmann
- Institute of Physiology, Pécs University, Medical School, Pécs, Hungary
| | - László Péczely
- Institute of Physiology, Pécs University, Medical School, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Kristóf László
- Institute of Physiology, Pécs University, Medical School, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Anita Kovács
- Institute of Physiology, Pécs University, Medical School, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Rita Gálosi
- Institute of Physiology, Pécs University, Medical School, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Erika Kertes
- Institute of Physiology, Pécs University, Medical School, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Veronika Kállai
- Institute of Physiology, Pécs University, Medical School, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Olga Zagorácz
- Institute of Physiology, Pécs University, Medical School, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Zoltán Karádi
- Institute of Physiology, Pécs University, Medical School, Pécs, Hungary; Molecular Neuroendocrinology and Neurophysiology Research Group, Pécs University, Szentágothai Center, Pécs, Hungary
| | - László Lénárd
- Institute of Physiology, Pécs University, Medical School, Pécs, Hungary; Molecular Neuroendocrinology and Neurophysiology Research Group, Pécs University, Szentágothai Center, Pécs, Hungary.
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160
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de Kloet SF, Mansvelder HD, De Vries TJ. Cholinergic modulation of dopamine pathways through nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. Biochem Pharmacol 2015. [PMID: 26208783 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2015.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Nicotine addiction is highly prevalent in current society and is often comorbid with other diseases. In the central nervous system, nicotine acts as an agonist for nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) and its effects depend on location and receptor composition. Although nicotinic receptors are found in most brain regions, many studies on addiction have focused on the mesolimbic system and its reported behavioral correlates such as reward processing and reinforcement learning. Profound modulatory cholinergic input from the pedunculopontine and laterodorsal tegmentum to dopaminergic midbrain nuclei as well as local cholinergic interneuron projections to dopamine neuron axons in the striatum may play a major role in the effects of nicotine. Moreover, an indirect mesocorticolimbic feedback loop involving the medial prefrontal cortex may be involved in behavioral characteristics of nicotine addiction. Therefore, this review will highlight current understanding of the effects of nicotine on the function of mesolimbic and mesocortical dopamine projections in the mesocorticolimbic circuit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sybren F de Kloet
- Department of Integrative Neurophysiology, Center for Neurogenomics and Cogntive Research (CNCR), Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Huibert D Mansvelder
- Department of Integrative Neurophysiology, Center for Neurogenomics and Cogntive Research (CNCR), Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Taco J De Vries
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, Center for Neurogenomics and Cogntive Research (CNCR), Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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161
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Root DH, Melendez RI, Zaborszky L, Napier TC. The ventral pallidum: Subregion-specific functional anatomy and roles in motivated behaviors. Prog Neurobiol 2015; 130:29-70. [PMID: 25857550 PMCID: PMC4687907 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2015.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 229] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2014] [Revised: 03/19/2015] [Accepted: 03/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The ventral pallidum (VP) plays a critical role in the processing and execution of motivated behaviors. Yet this brain region is often overlooked in published discussions of the neurobiology of mental health (e.g., addiction, depression). This contributes to a gap in understanding the neurobiological mechanisms of psychiatric disorders. This review is presented to help bridge the gap by providing a resource for current knowledge of VP anatomy, projection patterns and subregional circuits, and how this organization relates to the function of VP neurons and ultimately behavior. For example, ventromedial (VPvm) and dorsolateral (VPdl) VP subregions receive projections from nucleus accumbens shell and core, respectively. Inhibitory GABAergic neurons of the VPvm project to mediodorsal thalamus, lateral hypothalamus, and ventral tegmental area, and this VP subregion helps discriminate the appropriate conditions to acquire natural rewards or drugs of abuse, consume preferred foods, and perform working memory tasks. GABAergic neurons of the VPdl project to subthalamic nucleus and substantia nigra pars reticulata, and this VP subregion is modulated by, and is necessary for, drug-seeking behavior. Additional circuits arise from nonGABAergic neuronal phenotypes that are likely to excite rather than inhibit their targets. These subregional and neuronal phenotypic circuits place the VP in a unique position to process motivationally relevant stimuli and coherent adaptive behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- David H Root
- Department of Psychology, Rutgers University, 152 Frelinghuysen Road, New Brunswick, NJ 08854, United States.
| | - Roberto I Melendez
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Puerto Rico School of Medicine, San Juan, PR 00936, United States.
| | - Laszlo Zaborszky
- Center for Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 197 University Avenue, Newark, NJ 07102, United States.
| | - T Celeste Napier
- Departments of Pharmacology and Psychiatry, Center for Compulsive Behavior and Addiction, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, United States.
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162
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Ventral hippocampal afferents to the nucleus accumbens regulate susceptibility to depression. Nat Commun 2015; 6:7062. [PMID: 25952660 PMCID: PMC4430111 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms8062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 318] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2014] [Accepted: 03/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Enhanced glutamatergic transmission in the nucleus accumbens (NAc), a region critical for reward and motivation, has been implicated in the pathophysiology of depression; however, the afferent source of this increased glutamate tone is not known. The NAc receives glutamatergic inputs from the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), ventral hippocampus (vHIP) and basolateral amygdala (AMY). Here, we demonstrate that glutamatergic vHIP afferents to NAc regulate susceptibility to chronic social defeat stress (CSDS). We observe reduced activity in vHIP in mice resilient to CSDS. Furthermore, attenuation of vHIP-NAc transmission by optogenetic induction of long-term depression is pro-resilient, whereas acute enhancement of this input is pro-susceptible. This effect is specific to vHIP afferents to the NAc, as optogenetic stimulation of either mPFC or AMY afferents to the NAc is pro-resilient. These data indicate that vHIP afferents to NAc uniquely regulate susceptibility to CSDS, highlighting an important, novel circuit-specific mechanism in depression.
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163
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Chang CH, Grace AA. Dopaminergic Modulation of Lateral Amygdala Neuronal Activity: Differential D1 and D2 Receptor Effects on Thalamic and Cortical Afferent Inputs. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2015; 18:pyv015. [PMID: 25716776 PMCID: PMC4571626 DOI: 10.1093/ijnp/pyv015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In auditory fear conditioning, the lateral nucleus of the amygdala (LA) integrates a conditioned stimulus (CS) from the auditory thalamus (MGN) and the auditory association cortex (Te3) with an aversive unconditioned stimulus. The thalamic input provides a basic version of the CS, while the cortical input provides a processed representation of the stimulus. Dopamine (DA) is released in the LA under heightened arousal during the presentation of the CS. METHODS In this study we examined how D1 or D2 receptor activation affects LA afferent-driven neuronal firing using in vivo extracellular single-unit recordings with local micro-iontophoretic drug application in anesthetized rats. LA neurons that were responsive (~50%) to electrical stimulation in either the MGN or the Te3 were tested by iontophoresis of either the D1 agonist, SKF38393, or the D2 agonist, quinpirole. RESULTS We found that most of the LA projection neurons exhibited either facilitatory or attenuating effects (changes in evoked probability >15% relative to baseline) on afferent input by activation of D1 or D2 receptors. In general, it required significantly higher stimulation current to evoke ~50% baseline responses to the cortical input. Activation of the D1 receptor showed no difference in modulation between the thalamic or cortical pathways. On the other hand, activation of the D2 receptor had a stronger inhibitory modulation of the cortical pathway, but a stronger excitatory modulation of the thalamic pathway. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that there is a shift in balance favoring the thalamic pathway in response to DA acting via the D2 receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Hui Chang
- Departments of Neuroscience, Psychiatry, and Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260 (Drs Chang and Grace).
| | - Anthony A Grace
- Departments of Neuroscience, Psychiatry, and Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260 (Drs Chang and Grace)
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164
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Deserno L, Beck A, Huys QJM, Lorenz RC, Buchert R, Buchholz HG, Plotkin M, Kumakara Y, Cumming P, Heinze HJ, Grace AA, Rapp MA, Schlagenhauf F, Heinz A. Chronic alcohol intake abolishes the relationship between dopamine synthesis capacity and learning signals in the ventral striatum. Eur J Neurosci 2014; 41:477-86. [PMID: 25546072 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.12802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2014] [Accepted: 11/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Drugs of abuse elicit dopamine release in the ventral striatum, possibly biasing dopamine-driven reinforcement learning towards drug-related reward at the expense of non-drug-related reward. Indeed, in alcohol-dependent patients, reactivity in dopaminergic target areas is shifted from non-drug-related stimuli towards drug-related stimuli. Such 'hijacked' dopamine signals may impair flexible learning from non-drug-related rewards, and thus promote craving for the drug of abuse. Here, we used functional magnetic resonance imaging to measure ventral striatal activation by reward prediction errors (RPEs) during a probabilistic reversal learning task in recently detoxified alcohol-dependent patients and healthy controls (N = 27). All participants also underwent 6-[(18) F]fluoro-DOPA positron emission tomography to assess ventral striatal dopamine synthesis capacity. Neither ventral striatal activation by RPEs nor striatal dopamine synthesis capacity differed between groups. However, ventral striatal coding of RPEs correlated inversely with craving in patients. Furthermore, we found a negative correlation between ventral striatal coding of RPEs and dopamine synthesis capacity in healthy controls, but not in alcohol-dependent patients. Moderator analyses showed that the magnitude of the association between dopamine synthesis capacity and RPE coding depended on the amount of chronic, habitual alcohol intake. Despite the relatively small sample size, a power analysis supports the reported results. Using a multimodal imaging approach, this study suggests that dopaminergic modulation of neural learning signals is disrupted in alcohol dependence in proportion to long-term alcohol intake of patients. Alcohol intake may perpetuate itself by interfering with dopaminergic modulation of neural learning signals in the ventral striatum, thus increasing craving for habitual drug intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenz Deserno
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Mitte, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany; Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany; Department of Neurology, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
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165
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Belujon P, Grace AA. Restoring mood balance in depression: ketamine reverses deficit in dopamine-dependent synaptic plasticity. Biol Psychiatry 2014; 76:927-36. [PMID: 24931705 PMCID: PMC4223010 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2014.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2013] [Revised: 04/01/2014] [Accepted: 04/18/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND One of the most novel and exciting findings in major depressive disorder research over the last decade is the discovery of the fast-acting and long-lasting antidepressant effects of ketamine. Indeed, the therapeutic effects of classic antidepressants, such as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, require a month or longer to be expressed, with about a third of major depressive disorder patients resistant to treatment. Clinical studies have shown that a low dose of ketamine exhibits fast-acting relatively sustained antidepressant action, even in treatment-resistant patients. However, the mechanisms of ketamine action at a systems level remain unclear. METHODS Wistar-Kyoto rats were exposed to inescapable, uncontrollable footshocks. To evaluate learned helplessness behavior, we used an active avoidance task in a shuttle box equipped with an electrical grid floor. After helplessness assessment, we performed in vivo electrophysiological recordings first from ventral tegmental area dopaminergic (DA) neurons and second from accumbens neurons responsive to fimbria stimulation. Ketamine was injected and tested on helpless behavior and electrophysiological recordings. RESULTS We show that ketamine is able to restore the integrity of a network by acting on the DA system and restoring synaptic dysfunction observed in stress-induced depression. We show that part of the antidepressant effect of ketamine is via the DA system. Indeed, injection of ketamine restores a decreased dopamine neuron population activity, as well as synaptic plasticity (long-term potentiation) in the hippocampus-accumbens pathway, via, in part, activation of D1 receptors. CONCLUSIONS This work provides a unique systems perspective on the mechanisms of ketamine on a disrupted limbic system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pauline Belujon
- Departments of Neuroscience, Psychiatry, and Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania..
| | - Anthony A Grace
- Departments of Neuroscience, Psychiatry, and Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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166
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Marinelli M, McCutcheon JE. Heterogeneity of dopamine neuron activity across traits and states. Neuroscience 2014; 282:176-97. [PMID: 25084048 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2014.07.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2014] [Revised: 07/21/2014] [Accepted: 07/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Midbrain dopamine neurons fire irregularly, with interspersed clusters of high-frequency spikes, commonly called 'bursts'. In this review we examine such heterogeneity in activity, and provide insight into how it can participate in psychiatric conditions such as drug addiction. We first describe several techniques used to evaluate dopamine neuron activity, and comment on the different measures that each provides. We next describe the activity of dopamine neurons in 'basal' conditions. Specifically, we discuss how the use of anesthesia and reduced preparations may alter aspects of dopamine cell activity, and how there is heterogeneity across species and regions. We also describe how dopamine cell firing changes throughout the peri-adolescent period and how dopamine neuron activity differs across the population. In the final section, we discuss how dopamine neuron activity changes in response to life events. First, we focus attention on drugs of abuse. Drugs themselves change firing activity through a variety of mechanisms, with effects on firing while drug is present differing from those seen after drug discontinuation. We then review how stimuli that are rewarding, aversive, or salient can evoke changes in firing rate and discharge pattern of dopamine neurons, and provide behavioral relevance of dopamine signaling. Finally, we discuss how stress can modulate dopamine neuron firing and how this may contribute to the role that stressful experiences play in psychiatric disorders such as addiction and depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Marinelli
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, 107 W. Dean Keeton, C0875, BME 6.114A, Austin, TX 78756, USA.
| | - J E McCutcheon
- Department of Cell Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Biological Sciences and Psychology, University of Leicester, Maurice Shock Medical Sciences Building, University Road, P.O. Box 138, Leicester LE1 9HN, UK.
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