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Loering S, Cameron GJM, Starkey MR, Hansbro PM. Lung development and emerging roles for type 2 immunity. J Pathol 2019; 247:686-696. [PMID: 30506724 DOI: 10.1002/path.5211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Revised: 11/06/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Lung development is a complex process mediated through the interaction of multiple cell types, factors and mediators. In mice, it starts as early as embryonic day 9 and continues into early adulthood. The process can be separated into five different developmental stages: embryonic, pseudoglandular, canalicular, saccular, and alveolar. Whilst lung bud formation and branching morphogenesis have been studied extensively, the mechanisms of alveolarisation are incompletely understood. Aberrant lung development can lead to deleterious consequences for respiratory health such as bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD), a disease primarily affecting preterm neonates, which is characterised by increased pulmonary inflammation and disturbed alveolarisation. While the deleterious effects of type 1-mediated inflammatory responses on lung development have been well established, the role of type 2 responses in postnatal lung development remains poorly understood. Recent studies indicate that type 2-associated immune cells, such as group 2 innate lymphoid cells and alveolar macrophages, are increased in number during postnatal alveolarisation. Here, we present the current state of understanding of the postnatal stages of lung development and the key cell types and mediators known to be involved. We also provide an overview of how stem cells are involved in lung development and regeneration, and the negative influences of respiratory infections. Copyright © 2018 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svenja Loering
- Priority Research Center's GrowUpWell and Healthy Lungs, School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, The University of Newcastle and Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Guy J M Cameron
- Priority Research Center's GrowUpWell and Healthy Lungs, School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, The University of Newcastle and Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Malcolm R Starkey
- Priority Research Center's GrowUpWell and Healthy Lungs, School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, The University of Newcastle and Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Philip M Hansbro
- Priority Research Center's GrowUpWell and Healthy Lungs, School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, The University of Newcastle and Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia.,Center for Inflammation, Centenary Institute and The School of Life Sciences, University of Technology, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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152
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Talukdar S, Bhoopathi P, Emdad L, Das S, Sarkar D, Fisher PB. Dormancy and cancer stem cells: An enigma for cancer therapeutic targeting. Adv Cancer Res 2019; 141:43-84. [PMID: 30691685 DOI: 10.1016/bs.acr.2018.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Dormancy occurs when cells remain viable but stop proliferating. When most of a cancer population undergoes this phenomenon, the result is called tumor dormancy, and when a single cancer cell undergoes this process, it is termed quiescence. Cancer stem cells (CSCs) share several overlapping characteristics and signaling pathways with dormant cancer cells, including therapy resistance, and an ability to metastasize and evade the immune system. Cancer cells can be broadly grouped into dormancy-competent CSCs (DCCs), cancer-repopulating cells (CRCs), dormancy-incompetent CSCs and disseminated tumor cells (DTCs). The settings in which cancer cells exploit the dormancy phase to survive and adapt are: (i) primary cancer dormancy; (ii) metastatic dormancy; (iii) therapy-induced dormancy; and (iv) immunologic dormancy. Dormancy, therapy resistance and plasticity of CSCs are fundamentally interconnected processes mediated through mechanisms involving reversible genetic alterations. Niches including metastatic, bone marrow, and perivascular are known to harbor dormant cancer cells. Mechanisms of dormancy induction are complex and multi-factorial and can involve angiogenic switching, addictive oncogene inhibition, immunoediting, anoikis, therapy, autophagy, senescence, epigenetic, and biophysical regulation. Therapy can have opposing effects on cancer cells with respect to dormancy; some therapies can induce dormancy, while others can reactivate dormant cells. There is a lack of consensus relative to the value of therapy-induced dormancy, i.e., some researchers view dormancy induction as a beneficial strategy as it can lead to metastasis inhibition, while others argue that reactivating dormant cancer cells and then eliminating them through therapy are a better approach. More focused investigations of intrinsic cell kinetics and environmental dynamics that promote and maintain cancer cells in a dormant state, and the long-term consequences of dormancy are critical for improving current therapeutic treatment outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarmistha Talukdar
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Praveen Bhoopathi
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Luni Emdad
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, United States; VCU Institute of Molecular Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, United States; VCU Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Swadesh Das
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, United States; VCU Institute of Molecular Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, United States; VCU Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Devanand Sarkar
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, United States; VCU Institute of Molecular Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, United States; VCU Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Paul B Fisher
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, United States; VCU Institute of Molecular Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, United States; VCU Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, United States.
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153
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Altorki NK, Markowitz GJ, Gao D, Port JL, Saxena A, Stiles B, McGraw T, Mittal V. The lung microenvironment: an important regulator of tumour growth and metastasis. Nat Rev Cancer 2019; 19:9-31. [PMID: 30532012 PMCID: PMC6749995 DOI: 10.1038/s41568-018-0081-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 624] [Impact Index Per Article: 124.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Lung cancer is a major global health problem, as it is the leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. Major advances in the identification of key mutational alterations have led to the development of molecularly targeted therapies, whose efficacy has been limited by emergence of resistance mechanisms. US Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved therapies targeting angiogenesis and more recently immune checkpoints have reinvigorated enthusiasm in elucidating the prognostic and pathophysiological roles of the tumour microenvironment in lung cancer. In this Review, we highlight recent advances and emerging concepts for how the tumour-reprogrammed lung microenvironment promotes both primary lung tumours and lung metastasis from extrapulmonary neoplasms by contributing to inflammation, angiogenesis, immune modulation and response to therapies. We also discuss the potential of understanding tumour microenvironmental processes to identify biomarkers of clinical utility and to develop novel targeted therapies against lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nasser K Altorki
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Neuberger Berman Foundation Lung Cancer Research Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Geoffrey J Markowitz
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Neuberger Berman Foundation Lung Cancer Research Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Dingcheng Gao
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Neuberger Berman Foundation Lung Cancer Research Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jeffrey L Port
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Neuberger Berman Foundation Lung Cancer Research Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ashish Saxena
- Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Brendon Stiles
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Neuberger Berman Foundation Lung Cancer Research Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Timothy McGraw
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Vivek Mittal
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
- Neuberger Berman Foundation Lung Cancer Research Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
- Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
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154
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Dao DT, Anez-Bustillos L, Jabbouri SS, Pan A, Kishikawa H, Mitchell PD, Fell GL, Baker MA, Watnick RS, Chen H, Rogers MS, Bielenberg DR, Puder M. A paradoxical method to enhance compensatory lung growth: Utilizing a VEGF inhibitor. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0208579. [PMID: 30566445 PMCID: PMC6300284 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0208579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2018] [Accepted: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Exogenous vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) accelerates compensatory lung growth (CLG) in mice after unilateral pneumonectomy. In this study, we unexpectedly discovered a method to enhance CLG with a VEGF inhibitor, soluble VEGFR1. Eight-week-old C57BL/6 male mice underwent left pneumonectomy, followed by daily intraperitoneal (ip) injection of either saline (control) or 20 μg/kg of VEGFR1-Fc. On post-operative day (POD) 4, mice underwent pulmonary function tests (PFT) and lungs were harvested for volume measurement and analyses of the VEGF signaling pathway. To investigate the role of hypoxia in mediating the effects of VEGFR1, experiments were repeated with concurrent administration of PT-2385, an inhibitor of hypoxia-induced factor (HIF)2α, via orogastric gavage at 10 mg/kg every 12 hours for 4 days. We found that VEGFR1-treated mice had increased total lung capacity (P = 0.006), pulmonary compliance (P = 0.03), and post-euthanasia lung volume (P = 0.049) compared to control mice. VEGFR1 treatment increased pulmonary levels of VEGF (P = 0.008) and VEGFR2 (P = 0.01). It also stimulated endothelial proliferation (P < 0.0001) and enhanced pulmonary surfactant production (P = 0.03). The addition of PT-2385 abolished the increase in lung volume and endothelial proliferation in response to VEGFR1. By paradoxically stimulating angiogenesis and enhancing lung growth, VEGFR1 could represent a new treatment strategy for neonatal lung diseases characterized by dysfunction of the HIF-VEGF pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duy T. Dao
- Vascular Biology Program, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA, United States of America
- Department of Surgery, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Lorenzo Anez-Bustillos
- Vascular Biology Program, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA, United States of America
- Department of Surgery, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Sahir S. Jabbouri
- Vascular Biology Program, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA, United States of America
- Department of Surgery, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Amy Pan
- Vascular Biology Program, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA, United States of America
- Department of Surgery, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Hiroko Kishikawa
- Vascular Biology Program, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA, United States of America
- Department of Surgery, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Paul D. Mitchell
- Institutional Centers for Clinical and Translational Research, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Gillian L. Fell
- Vascular Biology Program, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA, United States of America
- Department of Surgery, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Meredith A. Baker
- Vascular Biology Program, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA, United States of America
- Department of Surgery, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Randolph S. Watnick
- Vascular Biology Program, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA, United States of America
- Department of Surgery, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Hong Chen
- Vascular Biology Program, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA, United States of America
- Department of Surgery, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Michael S. Rogers
- Vascular Biology Program, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA, United States of America
- Department of Surgery, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Diane R. Bielenberg
- Vascular Biology Program, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA, United States of America
- Department of Surgery, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Mark Puder
- Vascular Biology Program, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA, United States of America
- Department of Surgery, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA, United States of America
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155
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Witjas FMR, van den Berg BM, van den Berg CW, Engelse MA, Rabelink TJ. Concise Review: The Endothelial Cell Extracellular Matrix Regulates Tissue Homeostasis and Repair. Stem Cells Transl Med 2018; 8:375-382. [PMID: 30537441 PMCID: PMC6431685 DOI: 10.1002/sctm.18-0155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2018] [Accepted: 10/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
All tissues are surrounded by a mixture of noncellular matrix components, that not only provide physical and mechanical support to cells, but also mediate biochemical signaling between cells. The extracellular matrix (ECM) of endothelial cells, also known as the perivascular matrix, forms an organ specific vascular niche that orchestrates mechano‐, growth factor, and angiocrine signaling required for tissue homeostasis and organ repair. This concise review describes how this perivascular ECM functions as a signaling platform and how this knowledge can impact the field of regenerative medicine, for example, when designing artificial matrices or using decellularized scaffolds from organs. stem cells translational medicine2019;8:375–382
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Affiliation(s)
- Franca M R Witjas
- The Einthoven Laboratory for Vascular and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Bernard M van den Berg
- The Einthoven Laboratory for Vascular and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Cathelijne W van den Berg
- The Einthoven Laboratory for Vascular and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Marten A Engelse
- The Einthoven Laboratory for Vascular and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Ton J Rabelink
- The Einthoven Laboratory for Vascular and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
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156
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Bioengineering the innate vasculature of complex organs: what have we learned so far. Curr Opin Organ Transplant 2018; 23:657-663. [DOI: 10.1097/mot.0000000000000577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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157
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Gkatzis K, Taghizadeh S, Huh D, Stainier DYR, Bellusci S. Use of three-dimensional organoids and lung-on-a-chip methods to study lung development, regeneration and disease. Eur Respir J 2018; 52:13993003.00876-2018. [PMID: 30262579 DOI: 10.1183/13993003.00876-2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2017] [Accepted: 09/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Differences in lung anatomy between mice and humans, as well as frequently disappointing results when using animal models for drug discovery, emphasise the unmet need for in vitro models that can complement animal studies and improve our understanding of human lung physiology, regeneration and disease. Recent papers have highlighted the use of three-dimensional organoids and organs-on-a-chip to mimic tissue morphogenesis and function in vitro Here, we focus on the respiratory system and provide an overview of these in vitro models, which can be derived from primary lung cells and pluripotent stem cells, as well as healthy or diseased lungs. We emphasise their potential application in studies of respiratory development, regeneration and disease modelling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantinos Gkatzis
- Dept of Developmental Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Sara Taghizadeh
- Dept of Internal Medicine, Justus-Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Dongeun Huh
- Dept of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Didier Y R Stainier
- Dept of Developmental Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Saverio Bellusci
- Dept of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Excellence Cluster Cardio-Pulmonary System, Justus-Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany and German Center for Lung Research (DZL)
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158
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Testicular endothelial cells are a critical population in the germline stem cell niche. Nat Commun 2018; 9:4379. [PMID: 30348976 PMCID: PMC6197186 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-06881-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2016] [Accepted: 09/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Maintenance of adult tissues depends on stem cell self-renewal in local niches. Spermatogonial stem cells (SSC) are germline adult stem cells necessary for spermatogenesis and fertility. We show that testicular endothelial cells (TECs) are part of the SSC niche producing glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) and other factors to support human and mouse SSCs in long-term culture. We demonstrate that FGF-2 binding to FGFR1 on TECs activates the calcineurin pathway to produce GDNF. Comparison of the TEC secretome to lung and liver endothelial cells identified 5 factors sufficient for long-term maintenance of human and mouse SSC colonies in feeder-free cultures. Male cancer survivors after chemotherapy are often infertile since SSCs are highly susceptible to cytotoxic injury. Transplantation of TECs alone restores spermatogenesis in mice after chemotherapy-induced depletion of SSCs. Identifying TECs as a niche population necessary for SSC self-renewal may facilitate fertility preservation for prepubertal boys diagnosed with cancer. Self-renewal of spermatogonial stem cells (SSC) is necessary for spermatogenesis and male fertility. Here the authors identify testicular endothelial cells (TECs) as a source of 5 key growth factors for self-renewal and expansion of human and mouse SSCs.
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159
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Castro PR, Barbosa AS, Pereira JM, Ranfley H, Felipetto M, Gonçalves CAX, Paiva IR, Berg BB, Barcelos LS. Cellular and Molecular Heterogeneity Associated with Vessel Formation Processes. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 2018:6740408. [PMID: 30406137 PMCID: PMC6199857 DOI: 10.1155/2018/6740408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2018] [Accepted: 09/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The microvasculature heterogeneity is a complex subject in vascular biology. The difficulty of building a dynamic and interactive view among the microenvironments, the cellular and molecular heterogeneities, and the basic aspects of the vessel formation processes make the available knowledge largely fragmented. The neovascularisation processes, termed vasculogenesis, angiogenesis, arteriogenesis, and lymphangiogenesis, are important to the formation and proper functioning of organs and tissues both in the embryo and the postnatal period. These processes are intrinsically related to microvascular cells, such as endothelial and mural cells. These cells are able to adjust their activities in response to the metabolic and physiological requirements of the tissues, by displaying a broad plasticity that results in a significant cellular and molecular heterogeneity. In this review, we intend to approach the microvasculature heterogeneity in an integrated view considering the diversity of neovascularisation processes and the cellular and molecular heterogeneity that contribute to microcirculatory homeostasis. For that, we will cover their interactions in the different blood-organ barriers and discuss how they cooperate in an integrated regulatory network that is controlled by specific molecular signatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pollyana Ribeiro Castro
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas (ICB), Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Brazil
| | - Alan Sales Barbosa
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas (ICB), Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Brazil
| | - Jousie Michel Pereira
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas (ICB), Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Brazil
| | - Hedden Ranfley
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas (ICB), Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Brazil
| | - Mariane Felipetto
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas (ICB), Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Brazil
| | - Carlos Alberto Xavier Gonçalves
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas (ICB), Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Brazil
| | - Isabela Ribeiro Paiva
- Department of Pharmacology, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas (ICB), Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Brazil
| | - Bárbara Betônico Berg
- Department of Pharmacology, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas (ICB), Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Brazil
| | - Luciola Silva Barcelos
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas (ICB), Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Brazil
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160
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Isolation and Characterization of Mouse Organ-Specific Endothelial Transcriptomes. Methods Mol Biol 2018. [PMID: 30242768 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-8712-2_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
Abstract
Endothelial cells play an essential role in homeostasis and regeneration and their transcriptional profile has been found to be tissue specific. Here we describe the isolation of organ specific mouse endothelial cells using either magnetic beads or fluorescence-activated cell sorting. This efficient protocol should allow for the transcriptional characterization of organotypic endothelial cells.
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161
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Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Enhances Compensatory Lung Growth in Piglets. Surgery 2018; 164:1279-1286. [PMID: 30193736 DOI: 10.1016/j.surg.2018.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2018] [Revised: 06/25/2018] [Accepted: 07/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vascular endothelial growth factor has been found to accelerate compensatory lung growth after left pneumonectomy in mice. The aim of this study was to determine the natural history and the effects of vascular endothelial growth factor on compensatory lung growth in a large animal model. METHODS To determine the natural history of compensatory lung growth, female Yorkshire piglets underwent a left pneumonectomy on days of life 10-11. Tissue harvest and volume measurement of the right lung were performed at baseline (n = 5) and on postoperative days 7 (n = 5), 14 (n = 4), and 21 (n = 5). For pharmacokinetic studies, vascular endothelial growth factor was infused via a central venous catheter, with plasma vascular endothelial growth factor levels measured at various time points. To test the effect of vascular endothelial growth factor on compensatory lung growth, 26 female Yorkshire piglets underwent a left pneumonectomy followed by daily infusion of vascular endothelial growth factor at 200 µg/kg or isovolumetric 0.9% NaCl (saline control). Lungs were harvested on postoperative day 7 for volume measurement and morphometric analyses. RESULTS Compared with baseline, right lung volume after left pneumonectomy increased by factors of 2.1 ± 0.6, 3.3 ± 0.6, and 3.6 ± 0.4 on postoperative days 7, 14, and 21, respectively. The half-life of VEGF ranged from 89 to 144 minutes. Lesser doses of vascular endothelial growth factor resulted in better tolerance, volume of distribution, and clearance. Compared with the control group, piglets treated with vascular endothelial growth factor had greater lung volume (P < 0.0001), alveolar volume (P = 0.001), septal surface area (P = 0.007) and total alveolar count (P = 0.01). CONCLUSION Vascular endothelial growth factor enhanced alveolar growth in neonatal piglets after unilateral pneumonectomy.
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162
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Goss K. Long-term pulmonary vascular consequences of perinatal insults. J Physiol 2018; 597:1175-1184. [PMID: 30067297 DOI: 10.1113/jp275859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Development of the pulmonary circulation is a critical component of fetal lung development, and continues throughout infancy and childhood, marking an extended window of susceptibility to vascular maldevelopment and maladaptation. Perinatal vascular insults may result in abnormal vascular structure or function, including decreased angiogenic signaling and vascular endowment, impaired vasoreactivity through increased pulmonary artery endothelial dysfunction and remodeling, or enhanced genetic susceptibility to pulmonary vascular disease through epigenetic modifications or germline mutations. Although some infants develop early onset pulmonary hypertension, due to the unique adaptive capabilities of the immature host many do not have clinically evident early pulmonary vascular dysfunction. These individuals remain at increased risk for development of late-onset pulmonary hypertension, and may be particularly susceptible to secondary insults. This review will address the role of perinatal vascular insults in the development of late pulmonary vascular dysfunction with an effort to highlight areas of critical research need.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kara Goss
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
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163
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Heparin-Binding Epidermal Growth Factor-Like Growth Factor as a Critical Mediator of Tissue Repair and Regeneration. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2018; 188:2446-2456. [PMID: 30142332 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2018.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2018] [Revised: 06/21/2018] [Accepted: 07/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Heparin-binding epidermal growth factor-like growth factor (HB-EGF) is a member of the EGF family. It contains an EGF-like domain as well as a heparin-binding domain that allows for interactions with heparin and cell-surface heparan sulfate. Soluble mature HB-EGF, a ligand of human epidermal growth factor receptors 1 and 4, is cleaved from the membrane-associated pro-HB-EGF by matrix metalloproteinase or a disintegrin and metalloproteinase in a process called ectodomain shedding. Signaling through human epidermal growth factor receptors 1 and 4 results in a variety of effects, including cellular proliferation, migration, adhesion, and differentiation. HB-EGF levels increase in response to different forms of injuries as well as stimuli, such as lysophosphatidic acid, retinoic acid, and 17β-estradiol. Because it is widely expressed in many organs, HB-EGF plays a critical role in tissue repair and regeneration throughout the body. It promotes cutaneous wound healing, hepatocyte proliferation after partial hepatectomy, intestinal anastomosis strength, alveolar regeneration after pneumonectomy, neurogenesis after ischemic injury, bladder wall thickening in response to urinary tract obstruction, and protection against ischemia/reperfusion injury to many cell types. Additionally, innovative strategies to deliver HB-EGF to sites of organ injury or to increase the endogenous levels of shed HB-EGF have been attempted with promising results. Harnessing the reparatory properties of HB-EGF in the clinical setting, therefore, may produce therapies that augment the treatment of various organ injuries.
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164
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Rodríguez-Castillo JA, Pérez DB, Ntokou A, Seeger W, Morty RE, Ahlbrecht K. Understanding alveolarization to induce lung regeneration. Respir Res 2018; 19:148. [PMID: 30081910 PMCID: PMC6090695 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-018-0837-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2018] [Accepted: 07/02/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Gas exchange represents the key physiological function of the lung, and is dependent upon proper formation of the delicate alveolar structure. Malformation or destruction of the alveolar gas-exchange regions are key histopathological hallmarks of diseases such as bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and pulmonary fibrosis; all of which are characterized by perturbations to the alveolo-capillary barrier structure. Impaired gas-exchange is the primary initial consequence of these perturbations, resulting in severe clinical symptoms, reduced quality of life, and death. The pronounced morbidity and mortality associated with malformation or destruction of alveoli underscores a pressing need for new therapeutic concepts. The re-induction of alveolarization in diseased lungs is a new and exciting concept in a regenerative medicine approach to manage pulmonary diseases that are characterized by an absence of alveoli. Main text Mechanisms of alveolarization first need to be understood, to identify pathways and mediators that may be exploited to drive the induction of alveolarization in the diseased lung. With this in mind, a variety of candidate cell-types, pathways, and molecular mediators have recently been identified. Using lineage tracing approaches and lung injury models, new progenitor cells for epithelial and mesenchymal cell types – as well as cell lineages which are able to acquire stem cell properties – have been discovered. However, the underlying mechanisms that orchestrate the complex process of lung alveolar septation remain largely unknown. Conclusion While important progress has been made, further characterization of the contributing cell-types, the cell type-specific molecular signatures, and the time-dependent chemical and mechanical processes in the developing, adult and diseased lung is needed in order to implement a regenerative therapeutic approach for pulmonary diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Alberto Rodríguez-Castillo
- Member of the German Lung Research Center (DZL), Department of Lung Development and Remodelling, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Parkstrasse 1, 61231, Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - David Bravo Pérez
- Member of the German Lung Research Center (DZL), Department of Lung Development and Remodelling, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Parkstrasse 1, 61231, Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Aglaia Ntokou
- Member of the German Lung Research Center (DZL), Department of Lung Development and Remodelling, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Parkstrasse 1, 61231, Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Werner Seeger
- Member of the German Lung Research Center (DZL), Department of Lung Development and Remodelling, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Parkstrasse 1, 61231, Bad Nauheim, Germany.,Member of the German Lung Research Center (DZL), Department of Internal Medicine (Pulmonology), University of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Klinistrasse 33, 35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Rory E Morty
- Member of the German Lung Research Center (DZL), Department of Lung Development and Remodelling, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Parkstrasse 1, 61231, Bad Nauheim, Germany.,Member of the German Lung Research Center (DZL), Department of Internal Medicine (Pulmonology), University of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Klinistrasse 33, 35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Katrin Ahlbrecht
- Member of the German Lung Research Center (DZL), Department of Lung Development and Remodelling, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Parkstrasse 1, 61231, Bad Nauheim, Germany. .,Member of the German Lung Research Center (DZL), Department of Internal Medicine (Pulmonology), University of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Klinistrasse 33, 35392, Giessen, Germany.
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165
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Talman V, Kivelä R. Cardiomyocyte-Endothelial Cell Interactions in Cardiac Remodeling and Regeneration. Front Cardiovasc Med 2018; 5:101. [PMID: 30175102 PMCID: PMC6108380 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2018.00101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Accepted: 07/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The heart is a complex organ consisting of various cell types, each of which plays an important role in both physiological and pathophysiological conditions. The cells communicate with each other through direct cell-cell interactions and paracrine signaling, and both homotypic and heterotypic cell interactions contribute to the organized structure and proper function of the heart. Cardiomyocytes (CMs) and endothelial cells (ECs) are two of the most abundant cardiac cell types and they also play central roles in both cardiac remodeling and regeneration. The postnatal cell cycle withdrawal of CMs, which takes place within days or weeks after birth, represents the major barrier for regeneration in adult mammalian hearts, as adult CMs exhibit a very low proliferative capacity. Recent evidence highlights the importance of ECs not only as the most abundant cell type in the heart but also as key players in post-infarction remodeling and regeneration. In this MiniReview, we focus on blood vascular ECs and CMs and their roles and interactions in cardiac physiology and pathologies, with a special emphasis on cardiac regeneration. We summarize the known mediators of the bidirectional CM-EC interactions and discuss the related recent advances in the development of therapies aiming to promote heart repair and regeneration targeting these two cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virpi Talman
- Drug Research Program and Division of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Riikka Kivelä
- Wihuri Research Institute and Translational Cancer Biology Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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166
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Watson EC, Adams RH. Biology of Bone: The Vasculature of the Skeletal System. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2018; 8:cshperspect.a031559. [PMID: 28893838 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a031559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Blood vessels are essential for the distribution of oxygen, nutrients, and immune cells, as well as the removal of waste products. In addition to this conventional role as a versatile conduit system, the endothelial cells forming the innermost layer of the vessel wall also possess important signaling capabilities and can control growth, patterning, homeostasis, and regeneration of the surrounding organ. In the skeletal system, blood vessels regulate developmental and regenerative bone formation as well as hematopoiesis by providing vascular niches for hematopoietic stem cells. Here we provide an overview of blood vessel architecture, growth and properties in the healthy, aging, and diseased skeletal system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma C Watson
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Department of Tissue Morphogenesis, and University of Münster, Faculty of Medicine, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Ralf H Adams
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Department of Tissue Morphogenesis, and University of Münster, Faculty of Medicine, D-48149 Münster, Germany
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167
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Dao DT, Anez-Bustillos L, Ourieff J, Pan A, Mitchell PD, Kishikawa H, Fell GL, Baker MA, Watnick RS, Chen H, Hamilton TE, Rogers MS, Bielenberg DR, Puder M. Heparin impairs angiogenic signaling and compensatory lung growth after left pneumonectomy. Angiogenesis 2018; 21:837-848. [PMID: 29956017 DOI: 10.1007/s10456-018-9628-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Accepted: 06/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Children with hypoplastic lung diseases, such as congenital diaphragmatic hernia, can require life support via extracorporeal membrane oxygenation and systemic anticoagulation, usually in the form of heparin. The role of heparin in angiogenesis and organ growth is inconclusive, with conflicting data reported in the literature. This study aimed to investigate the effects of heparin on lung growth in a model of compensatory lung growth (CLG). Compared to the absence of heparin, treatment with heparin decreased the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-mediated activation of VEGFR2 and mitogenic effect on human lung microvascular endothelial cells in vitro. Compared to non-heparinized controls, heparinized mice demonstrated impaired pulmonary mechanics, decreased respiratory volumes and flows, and reduced activity levels after left pneumonectomy. They also had lower lung volume, pulmonary septal surface area and alveolar density on morphometric analyses. Lungs of heparinized mice displayed decreased phosphorylation of VEGFR2 compared to the control group, with consequential downstream reduction in markers of cellular proliferation and survival. The use of bivalirudin, an alternative anticoagulant that does not interact with VEGF, preserved lung growth and pulmonary mechanics. These results demonstrated that heparin impairs CLG by reducing VEGFR2 activation. These findings raise concern for the clinical use of heparin in the setting of organ growth or regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duy T Dao
- Vascular Biology Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.,Department of Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Ave, Fegan 3, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Lorenzo Anez-Bustillos
- Vascular Biology Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.,Department of Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Ave, Fegan 3, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Jared Ourieff
- Vascular Biology Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.,Department of Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Ave, Fegan 3, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Amy Pan
- Vascular Biology Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.,Department of Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Ave, Fegan 3, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Paul D Mitchell
- Institutional Centers for Clinical and Translational Research, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Hiroko Kishikawa
- Vascular Biology Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.,Department of Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Ave, Fegan 3, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Gillian L Fell
- Vascular Biology Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.,Department of Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Ave, Fegan 3, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Meredith A Baker
- Vascular Biology Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.,Department of Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Ave, Fegan 3, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Randolph S Watnick
- Vascular Biology Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.,Department of Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Ave, Fegan 3, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Hong Chen
- Vascular Biology Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.,Department of Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Ave, Fegan 3, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Thomas E Hamilton
- Department of Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Ave, Fegan 3, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Michael S Rogers
- Vascular Biology Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.,Department of Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Ave, Fegan 3, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Diane R Bielenberg
- Vascular Biology Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.,Department of Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Ave, Fegan 3, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Mark Puder
- Vascular Biology Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA. .,Department of Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Ave, Fegan 3, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
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168
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Abstract
Blood vessels are essential for blood circulation but also control organ growth, homeostasis, and regeneration, which has been attributed to the release of paracrine signals by endothelial cells. Endothelial tubules are associated with specialised mesenchymal cells, termed pericytes, which help to maintain vessel wall integrity. Here we identify pericytes as regulators of epithelial and endothelial morphogenesis in postnatal lung. Mice lacking expression of the Hippo pathway components YAP and TAZ in pericytes show defective alveologenesis. Mutant pericytes are present in normal numbers but display strongly reduced expression of hepatocyte growth factor leading to impaired activation of the c-Met receptor, which is expressed by alveolar epithelial cells. YAP and TAZ are also required for expression of angiopoietin-1 by pulmonary pericytes, which also controls hepatocyte growth factor expression and thereby alveologenesis in an autocrine fashion. These findings establish that pericytes have important, organ-specific signalling properties and coordinate the behavior of epithelial and vascular cells during lung morphogenesis. Pericytes surround endothelial tubules and help maintain the integrity of blood vessels. Here the authors show that pericytes regulate lung morphogenesis via paracrine signalling controlled by components of the Hippo pathway.
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169
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Dao DT, Vuong JT, Anez-Bustillos L, Pan A, Mitchell PD, Fell GL, Baker MA, Bielenberg DR, Puder M. Intranasal delivery of VEGF enhances compensatory lung growth in mice. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0198700. [PMID: 29879188 PMCID: PMC5991715 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0198700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2018] [Accepted: 05/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) has previously been demonstrated to accelerate compensatory lung growth (CLG) in mice and may be a useful therapy for pulmonary hypoplasia. Systemic administration of VEGF can result in side effects such as hypotension and edema. The aim of this study was to explore nasal delivery as a route for intrapulmonary VEGF administration. Eight-week-old C57BL/6 male mice underwent left pneumonectomy, followed by daily nasal instillation of VEGF at 0.5 mg/kg or isovolumetric saline. Lung volume measurement, morphometric analysis, and protein expression studies were performed on lung tissues harvested on postoperative day (POD) 4. To understand the mechanism by which VEGF accelerates lung growth, proliferation of human bronchial epithelial cells (HBEC) was assessed in a co-culture model with lung microvascular endothelial cells (HMVEC-L) treated with and without VEGF (10 ng/mL). The assay was then repeated with a heparin-binding EGF-like growth factor (HB-EGF) neutralizing antibody ranging from 0.5-50 μg/mL. Compared to control mice, the VEGF-treated group displayed significantly higher lung volume (P = 0.001) and alveolar count (P = 0.005) on POD 4. VEGF treatment resulted in increased pulmonary expression of HB-EGF (P = 0.02). VEGF-treated HMVEC-L increased HBEC proliferation (P = 0.002) while the addition of an HB-EGF neutralizing antibody at 5 and 50 μg/mL abolished this effect (P = 0.01 and 0.002, respectively). These findings demonstrate that nasal delivery of VEGF enhanced CLG. These effects could be mediated by a paracrine mechanism through upregulation of HB-EGF, an epithelial cell mitogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duy T. Dao
- Vascular Biology Program, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Surgery, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Jacqueline T. Vuong
- Vascular Biology Program, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Surgery, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Lorenzo Anez-Bustillos
- Vascular Biology Program, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Surgery, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Amy Pan
- Vascular Biology Program, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Surgery, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Paul D. Mitchell
- Institutional Centers for Clinical and Translational Research, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Gillian L. Fell
- Vascular Biology Program, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Surgery, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Meredith A. Baker
- Vascular Biology Program, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Surgery, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Diane R. Bielenberg
- Vascular Biology Program, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Surgery, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Mark Puder
- Vascular Biology Program, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Surgery, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
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170
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Abstract
Crosstalk signaling between the closely juxtaposed epithelial and endothelial membranes of pulmonary alveoli establishes the lung's immune defense against inhaled and blood-borne pathogens. The crosstalk can occur in a forward direction, as from alveolus to capillary, or in a reverse direction, as from capillary to alveolus. The crosstalk direction likely depends on the site at which pathogens first initiate signaling. Thus, forward crosstalk may occur when inhaled pathogens encounter the alveolar epithelium, while reverse crosstalk may result from interactions of blood-borne pathogens with the endothelium. Here, we review the factors that regulate these two directions of signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca F Hough
- 1 Lung Biology Lab, Columbia University College of Physicians & Surgeons, New York, NY, USA.,2 Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University College of Physicians & Surgeons, New York, NY, USA
| | - Sunita Bhattacharya
- 1 Lung Biology Lab, Columbia University College of Physicians & Surgeons, New York, NY, USA.,2 Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University College of Physicians & Surgeons, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jahar Bhattacharya
- 1 Lung Biology Lab, Columbia University College of Physicians & Surgeons, New York, NY, USA.,3 Department of Medicine, Columbia University College of Physicians & Surgeons, New York, NY, USA
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171
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Dao DT, Nandivada P, Vuong JT, Anez-Bustillos L, Pan A, Kishikawa H, Mitchell PD, Baker MA, Fell GL, Martin T, Puder M. Vascular endothelial growth factor accelerates compensatory lung growth by increasing the alveolar units. Pediatr Res 2018; 83:1182-1189. [PMID: 29638228 PMCID: PMC6019135 DOI: 10.1038/pr.2018.41] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2017] [Accepted: 02/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
BackgroundDeficiency of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is associated with hypoplastic lung diseases, such as congenital diaphragmatic hernia. Provision of VEGF has been demonstrated to be beneficial in hyperoxia-induced bronchopulmonary dysplasia, and hence could induce lung growth and improve the outcome in hypoplastic lung diseases. We aimed to determine the effects of exogenous VEGF in a rodent model of compensatory lung growth after left pneumonectomy.MethodsEight-to-ten-week-old C57Bl6 male mice underwent left pneumonectomy, followed by daily intra-peritoneal injections of saline or VEGF (0.5 mg/kg). Lung volume measurement, pulmonary function tests, and morphometric analyses were performed on post-operative day (POD) 4 and 10. The pulmonary expression of angiogenic factors was analyzed by quantitative polymerase chain reaction and western blot.ResultsLung volume on POD 4 was higher in the VEGF-treated mice (P=0.03). On morphometric analyses, VEGF increased the parenchymal volume (P=0.001), alveolar volume (P=0.0003), and alveolar number (P<0.0001) on POD 4. The VEGF group displayed higher levels of phosphorylated-VEGFR2/VEGFR2 (P=0.03) and epidermal growth factor (EGF) messenger RNA (P=0.01).ConclusionVEGF accelerated the compensatory lung growth in mice, by increasing the alveolar units. These changes may be mediated by VEGFR2 and EGF-dependent mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duy T. Dao
- Vascular Biology Program and Department of Surgery, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Prathima Nandivada
- Vascular Biology Program and Department of Surgery, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Jacqueline T. Vuong
- Vascular Biology Program and Department of Surgery, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Lorenzo Anez-Bustillos
- Vascular Biology Program and Department of Surgery, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Amy Pan
- Vascular Biology Program and Department of Surgery, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Hiroko Kishikawa
- Vascular Biology Program and Department of Surgery, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Paul D. Mitchell
- Institutional Centers for Clinical and Translational Research, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Meredith A. Baker
- Vascular Biology Program and Department of Surgery, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Gillian L. Fell
- Vascular Biology Program and Department of Surgery, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Thomas Martin
- Pulmonary Function Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Mark Puder
- Vascular Biology Program and Department of Surgery, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA
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172
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Pu W, He L, Han X, Tian X, Li Y, Zhang H, Liu Q, Huang X, Zhang L, Wang QD, Yu Z, Yang X, Smart N, Zhou B. Genetic Targeting of Organ-Specific Blood Vessels. Circ Res 2018; 123:86-99. [PMID: 29764841 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.118.312981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2018] [Revised: 05/10/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Organs of the body require vascular networks to supply oxygen and nutrients and maintain physiological function. The blood vessels of different organs are structurally and functionally heterogeneous in nature. To more precisely dissect their distinct in vivo function in individual organs, without potential interference from off-site targets, it is necessary to genetically target them in an organ-specific manner. OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to generate a genetic system that targets vascular endothelial cells in an organ- or tissue-specific manner and to exemplify the potential application of intersectional genetics for precise, target-specific gene manipulation in vivo. METHODS AND RESULTS We took advantage of 2 orthogonal recombination systems, Dre-rox and Cre-loxP, to create a genetic targeting system based on intersectional genetics. Using this approach, Cre activity was only detectable in cells that had expressed both Dre and Cre. Applying this new system, we generated a coronary endothelial cell-specific Cre (CoEC-Cre) and a brain endothelial cell-specific Cre (BEC-Cre). Through lineage tracing, gene knockout and overexpression experiments, we demonstrated that CoEC-Cre and BEC-Cre efficiently and specifically target blood vessels in the heart and brain, respectively. By deletion of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 using BEC-Cre, we showed that vascular endothelial growth factor signaling regulates angiogenesis in the central nervous system and also controls the integrity of the blood-brain barrier. CONCLUSIONS We provide 2 examples to illustrate the use of intersectional genetics for more precise gene targeting in vivo, namely manipulation of genes in blood vessels of the heart and brain. More broadly, this system provides a valuable strategy for tissue-specific gene manipulation that can be widely applied to other fields of biomedical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjuan Pu
- From the State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (W.P., L.H., X.T., Y.L., H.Z., Q.L., X. Huang, L.Z., B.Z.).,Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute for Nutritional Sciences (W.P., L.H., X.T., Y.L., Q.L., X. Huang, L.Z., B.Z.)
| | - Lingjuan He
- From the State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (W.P., L.H., X.T., Y.L., H.Z., Q.L., X. Huang, L.Z., B.Z.).,Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute for Nutritional Sciences (W.P., L.H., X.T., Y.L., Q.L., X. Huang, L.Z., B.Z.)
| | - Ximeng Han
- Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences; School of Life Science and Technology, Shanghai Tech University, China (X. Han, H.Z., B.Z.)
| | - Xueying Tian
- From the State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (W.P., L.H., X.T., Y.L., H.Z., Q.L., X. Huang, L.Z., B.Z.).,Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute for Nutritional Sciences (W.P., L.H., X.T., Y.L., Q.L., X. Huang, L.Z., B.Z.)
| | - Yan Li
- From the State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (W.P., L.H., X.T., Y.L., H.Z., Q.L., X. Huang, L.Z., B.Z.).,Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute for Nutritional Sciences (W.P., L.H., X.T., Y.L., Q.L., X. Huang, L.Z., B.Z.)
| | - Hui Zhang
- From the State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (W.P., L.H., X.T., Y.L., H.Z., Q.L., X. Huang, L.Z., B.Z.).,Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences; School of Life Science and Technology, Shanghai Tech University, China (X. Han, H.Z., B.Z.)
| | - Qiaozhen Liu
- From the State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (W.P., L.H., X.T., Y.L., H.Z., Q.L., X. Huang, L.Z., B.Z.).,Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute for Nutritional Sciences (W.P., L.H., X.T., Y.L., Q.L., X. Huang, L.Z., B.Z.)
| | - Xiuzhen Huang
- From the State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (W.P., L.H., X.T., Y.L., H.Z., Q.L., X. Huang, L.Z., B.Z.).,Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute for Nutritional Sciences (W.P., L.H., X.T., Y.L., Q.L., X. Huang, L.Z., B.Z.)
| | - Libo Zhang
- From the State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (W.P., L.H., X.T., Y.L., H.Z., Q.L., X. Huang, L.Z., B.Z.).,Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute for Nutritional Sciences (W.P., L.H., X.T., Y.L., Q.L., X. Huang, L.Z., B.Z.)
| | - Qing-Dong Wang
- Bioscience Heart Failure, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden (Q.-D.W.)
| | - Zhenyang Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, National Center for Protein Sciences (Beijing), Beijing Institute of Lifeomics, Laboratory of Proteomics, Institute of Biotechnology, China (Z.Y., X.Y.)
| | - Xiao Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, National Center for Protein Sciences (Beijing), Beijing Institute of Lifeomics, Laboratory of Proteomics, Institute of Biotechnology, China (Z.Y., X.Y.)
| | - Nicola Smart
- British Heart Foundation Centre of Regenerative Medicine, Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, United Kingdom (N.S.)
| | - Bin Zhou
- From the State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (W.P., L.H., X.T., Y.L., H.Z., Q.L., X. Huang, L.Z., B.Z.) .,Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute for Nutritional Sciences (W.P., L.H., X.T., Y.L., Q.L., X. Huang, L.Z., B.Z.).,Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences; School of Life Science and Technology, Shanghai Tech University, China (X. Han, H.Z., B.Z.).,Key Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine of Ministry of Education, Institute of Aging and Regenerative Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China (B.Z.)
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173
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Pellegata AF, Tedeschi AM, De Coppi P. Whole Organ Tissue Vascularization: Engineering the Tree to Develop the Fruits. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2018; 6:56. [PMID: 29868573 PMCID: PMC5960678 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2018.00056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue engineering aims to regenerate and recapitulate a tissue or organ that has lost its function. So far successful clinical translation has been limited to hollow organs in which rudimental vascularization can be achieved by inserting the graft into flaps of the omentum or muscle fascia. This technique used to stimulate vascularization of the graft takes advantage of angiogenesis from existing vascular networks. Vascularization of the engineered graft is a fundamental requirement in the process of engineering more complex organs, as it is crucial for the efficient delivery of nutrients and oxygen following in-vivo implantation. To achieve vascularization of the organ many different techniques have been investigated and exploited. The most promising results have been obtained by seeding endothelial cells directly into decellularized scaffolds, taking advantage of the channels remaining from the pre-existing vascular network. Currently, the main hurdle we need to overcome is achieving a fully functional vascular endothelium, stable over a long time period of time, which is engineered using a cell source that is clinically suitable and can generate, in vitro, a yield of cells suitable for the engineering of human sized organs. This review will give an overview of the approaches that have recently been investigated to address the issue of vascularization in the field of tissue engineering of whole organs, and will highlight the current caveats and hurdles that should be addressed in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro F Pellegata
- Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Alfonso M Tedeschi
- Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Paolo De Coppi
- Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom.,SNAPS, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, University College London, London, United Kingdom
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174
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Chung MI, Bujnis M, Barkauskas CE, Kobayashi Y, Hogan BLM. Niche-mediated BMP/SMAD signaling regulates lung alveolar stem cell proliferation and differentiation. Development 2018; 145:dev163014. [PMID: 29752282 PMCID: PMC5992594 DOI: 10.1242/dev.163014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2018] [Accepted: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling pathway, including antagonists, functions in lung development and regeneration of tracheal epithelium from basal stem cells. Here, we explore its role in the alveolar region, where type 2 epithelial cells (AT2s) and Pdgfrα+ type 2-associated stromal cells (TASCs) are components of the stem cell niche. We use organoids and in vivo alveolar regrowth after pneumonectomy (PNX) - a process that requires proliferation of AT2s and differentiation into type 1 cells (AT1s). BMP signaling is active in AT2s and TASCs, transiently declines post-PNX in association with upregulation of antagonists, and is restored during differentiation of AT2s to AT1s. In organoids, BMP4 inhibits AT2 proliferation, whereas antagonists (follistatin, noggin) promote AT2 self-renewal at the expense of differentiation. Gain- and loss-of-function genetic manipulation reveals that reduced BMP signaling in AT2s after PNX allows self-renewal but reduces differentiation; conversely, increased BMP signaling promotes AT1 formation. Constitutive BMP signaling in Pdgfrα+ cells reduces their AT2 support function, both after PNX and in organoid culture. Our data reveal multiple cell-type-specific roles for BMP signaling during alveolar regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei-I Chung
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical School, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Melissa Bujnis
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical School, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Christina E Barkauskas
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical School, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Yoshihiko Kobayashi
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical School, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Brigid L M Hogan
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical School, Durham, NC 27710, USA
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175
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Cao Z, Ye T, Sun Y, Ji G, Shido K, Chen Y, Luo L, Na F, Li X, Huang Z, Ko JL, Mittal V, Qiao L, Chen C, Martinez FJ, Rafii S, Ding BS. Targeting the vascular and perivascular niches as a regenerative therapy for lung and liver fibrosis. Sci Transl Med 2018; 9:9/405/eaai8710. [PMID: 28855398 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aai8710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2016] [Revised: 01/30/2017] [Accepted: 07/18/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The regenerative capacity of lung and liver is sometimes impaired by chronic or overwhelming injury. Orthotopic transplantation of parenchymal stem cells to damaged organs might reinstate their self-repair ability. However, parenchymal cell engraftment is frequently hampered by the microenvironment in diseased recipient organs. We show that targeting both the vascular niche and perivascular fibroblasts establishes "hospitable soil" to foster the incorporation of "seed," in this case, the engraftment of parenchymal cells in injured organs. Specifically, ectopic induction of endothelial cell (EC)-expressed paracrine/angiocrine hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) and inhibition of perivascular NOX4 [NADPH (reduced form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate) oxidase 4] synergistically enabled reconstitution of mouse and human parenchymal cells in damaged organs. Reciprocally, genetic knockout of Hgf in mouse ECs (HgfiΔEC/iΔEC) aberrantly up-regulated perivascular NOX4 during liver and lung regeneration. Dysregulated HGF and NOX4 pathways subverted the function of vascular and perivascular cells from an epithelially inductive niche to a microenvironment that inhibited parenchymal reconstitution. Perivascular NOX4 induction in HgfiΔEC/iΔEC mice recapitulated the phenotype of human and mouse liver and lung fibrosis. Consequently, EC-directed HGF and NOX4 inhibitor GKT137831 stimulated regenerative integration of mouse and human parenchymal cells in chronically injured lung and liver. Our data suggest that targeting dysfunctional perivascular and vascular cells in diseased organs can bypass fibrosis and enable reparative cell engraftment to reinstate lung and liver regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongwei Cao
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children of MOE, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, China. .,Ansary Stem Cell Institute, Division of Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Tinghong Ye
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children of MOE, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, China
| | - Yue Sun
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children of MOE, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, China
| | - Gaili Ji
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children of MOE, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, China
| | - Koji Shido
- Ansary Stem Cell Institute, Division of Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Yutian Chen
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children of MOE, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, China
| | - Lin Luo
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children of MOE, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, China.,West China Hospital, Sichuan University, China
| | - Feifei Na
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children of MOE, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, China.,West China Hospital, Sichuan University, China
| | - Xiaoyan Li
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children of MOE, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhen Huang
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children of MOE, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, China
| | - Jane L Ko
- Department of Biological Sciences, Seton Hall University, South Orange, NJ 07079, USA
| | - Vivek Mittal
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Lina Qiao
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children of MOE, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, China
| | - Chong Chen
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children of MOE, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, China.,West China Hospital, Sichuan University, China
| | - Fernando J Martinez
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Shahin Rafii
- Ansary Stem Cell Institute, Division of Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Bi-Sen Ding
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children of MOE, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, China. .,Ansary Stem Cell Institute, Division of Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
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176
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Pool CM, Jin Y, Chen B, Liu Y, Nelin LD. Hypoxic-induction of arginase II requires EGF-mediated EGFR activation in human pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells. Physiol Rep 2018; 6:e13693. [PMID: 29845760 PMCID: PMC5974731 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.13693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2017] [Revised: 03/31/2018] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We have previously shown that hypoxia-induced proliferation of human pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells (hPMVEC) depends on arginase II, and that epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is necessary for hypoxic-induction of arginase II. However, it remains unclear how hypoxia activates EGFR-mediated signaling in hPMVEC. We hypothesized that hypoxia results in epidermal growth factor (EGF) production and that EGF binds to EGFR to activate the signaling cascade leading to arginase II induction and proliferation in hPMVEC. We found that hypoxia significantly increased the mRNA levels of EGF, EGFR, and arginase in hPMVEC. Hypoxia significantly increased pEGFR(Tyr845) protein levels and an EGF neutralizing antibody prevented the hypoxic induction of pEGFR. Inhibiting EGFR activation prevented hypoxia-induced arginase II mRNA and protein induction. Treatment of hPMVEC with exogenous EGF resulted in greater levels of arginase II protein both in normoxia and hypoxia. An EGF neutralizing antibody diminished hypoxic induction of arginase II and resulted in fewer viable cells in hPMVEC. Similarly, siRNA against EGF prevented hypoxic induction of arginase II and resulted in fewer viable cells. Finally, conditioned media from hypoxic hPMVEC induced proliferation in human pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells (hPASMC), however, conditioned media from a group of hypoxic hPMVEC in which EGF were knocked down did not promote hPASMC proliferation. These findings demonstrate that hypoxia-induced arginase II expression and cellular proliferation depend on autocrine EGF production leading to EGFR activation in hPMVEC. We speculate that EGF-EGFR signaling may be a novel therapeutic target for pulmonary hypertensive disorders associated with hypoxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlyn M. Pool
- Pulmonary Hypertension GroupCenter for Perinatal ResearchResearch Institute at Nationwide Children's HospitalColumbusOhio
- Department of PediatricsThe Ohio State UniversityColumbusOhio
| | - Yi Jin
- Pulmonary Hypertension GroupCenter for Perinatal ResearchResearch Institute at Nationwide Children's HospitalColumbusOhio
- Department of PediatricsThe Ohio State UniversityColumbusOhio
| | - Bernadette Chen
- Pulmonary Hypertension GroupCenter for Perinatal ResearchResearch Institute at Nationwide Children's HospitalColumbusOhio
- Department of PediatricsThe Ohio State UniversityColumbusOhio
| | - Yusen Liu
- Pulmonary Hypertension GroupCenter for Perinatal ResearchResearch Institute at Nationwide Children's HospitalColumbusOhio
- Department of PediatricsThe Ohio State UniversityColumbusOhio
| | - Leif D. Nelin
- Pulmonary Hypertension GroupCenter for Perinatal ResearchResearch Institute at Nationwide Children's HospitalColumbusOhio
- Department of PediatricsThe Ohio State UniversityColumbusOhio
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177
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Fakoya AOJ, Otohinoyi DA, Yusuf J. Current Trends in Biomaterial Utilization for Cardiopulmonary System Regeneration. Stem Cells Int 2018; 2018:3123961. [PMID: 29853910 PMCID: PMC5949153 DOI: 10.1155/2018/3123961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Revised: 11/15/2017] [Accepted: 03/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The cardiopulmonary system is made up of the heart and the lungs, with the core function of one complementing the other. The unimpeded and optimal cycling of blood between these two systems is pivotal to the overall function of the entire human body. Although the function of the cardiopulmonary system appears uncomplicated, the tissues that make up this system are undoubtedly complex. Hence, damage to this system is undesirable as its capacity to self-regenerate is quite limited. The surge in the incidence and prevalence of cardiopulmonary diseases has reached a critical state for a top-notch response as it currently tops the mortality table. Several therapies currently being utilized can only sustain chronically ailing patients for a short period while they are awaiting a possible transplant, which is also not devoid of complications. Regenerative therapeutic techniques now appear to be a potential approach to solve this conundrum posed by these poorly self-regenerating tissues. Stem cell therapy alone appears not to be sufficient to provide the desired tissue regeneration and hence the drive for biomaterials that can support its transplantation and translation, providing not only physical support to seeded cells but also chemical and physiological cues to the cells to facilitate tissue regeneration. The cardiac and pulmonary systems, although literarily seen as just being functionally and spatially cooperative, as shown by their diverse and dissimilar adult cellular and tissue composition has been proven to share some common embryological codevelopment. However, necessitating their consideration for separate review is the immense adult architectural difference in these systems. This review also looks at details on new biological and synthetic biomaterials, tissue engineering, nanotechnology, and organ decellularization for cardiopulmonary regenerative therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Joshua Yusuf
- All Saints University School of Medicine, Roseau, Dominica
- All Saints University School of Medicine, Kingstown, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
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178
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Li J, Tan J, Martino MM, Lui KO. Regulatory T-Cells: Potential Regulator of Tissue Repair and Regeneration. Front Immunol 2018; 9:585. [PMID: 29662491 PMCID: PMC5890151 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2017] [Accepted: 03/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The identification of stem cells and growth factors as well as the development of biomaterials hold great promise for regenerative medicine applications. However, the therapeutic efficacy of regenerative therapies can be greatly influenced by the host immune system, which plays a pivotal role during tissue repair and regeneration. Therefore, understanding how the immune system modulates tissue healing is critical to design efficient regenerative strategies. While the innate immune system is well known to be involved in the tissue healing process, the adaptive immune system has recently emerged as a key player. T-cells, in particular, regulatory T-cells (Treg), have been shown to promote repair and regeneration of various organ systems. In this review, we discuss the mechanisms by which Treg participate in the repair and regeneration of skeletal and heart muscle, skin, lung, bone, and the central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiatao Li
- Department of Chemical Pathology, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong.,Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Jean Tan
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory Australia, Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Mikaël M Martino
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory Australia, Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Kathy O Lui
- Department of Chemical Pathology, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong.,Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
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179
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Endothelial Cdc42 deficiency impairs endothelial regeneration and vascular repair after inflammatory vascular injury. Respir Res 2018; 19:27. [PMID: 29422044 PMCID: PMC5806471 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-018-0729-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2017] [Accepted: 01/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Endothelial cell (EC) regeneration is essential for inflammation resolution and vascular integrity recovery after inflammatory vascular injury. Cdc42 is a central regulator of cell survival and vessel formation in EC development. However, it is unknown that whether Cdc42 could be a regulating role of EC repair following the inflammatory injury in the lung. The study sought to test the hypothesis that Cdc42 is required for endothelial regeneration and vascular integrity recovery after LPS-induced inflammatory injury. Methods and results The role of Cdc42 for the regulation of pulmonary vascular endothelial repair was tested in vitro and in vivo. In LPS-induced acute lung injury (ALI) mouse models, knockout of the Cdc42 gene in ECs increased inflammatory cell infiltration and pulmonary vascular leakage and inhibited vascular EC proliferation, which eventually resulted in more severe inflammatory lung injury. In addition, siRNA-mediated knockdown of Cdc42 protein on ECs disrupted cell proliferation and migration and tube formation, which are necessary processes for recovery after inflammatory vascular injury, resulting in inflammatory vascular injury recovery defects. Conclusion We found that Cdc42 deficiency impairs EC function and regeneration, which are crucial in the post-inflammatory vascular injury repair process. These findings indicate that Cdc42 is a potential target for novel treatments designed to facilitate endothelial regeneration and vascular repair in inflammatory pulmonary vascular diseases, such as ALI/ARDS. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12931-018-0729-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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180
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Nabhan AN, Brownfield DG, Harbury PB, Krasnow MA, Desai TJ. Single-cell Wnt signaling niches maintain stemness of alveolar type 2 cells. Science 2018; 359:1118-1123. [PMID: 29420258 DOI: 10.1126/science.aam6603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 467] [Impact Index Per Article: 77.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2016] [Revised: 01/20/2017] [Accepted: 01/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Alveoli, the lung's respiratory units, are tiny sacs where oxygen enters the bloodstream. They are lined by flat alveolar type 1 (AT1) cells, which mediate gas exchange, and AT2 cells, which secrete surfactant. Rare AT2s also function as alveolar stem cells. We show that AT2 lung stem cells display active Wnt signaling, and many of them are near single, Wnt-expressing fibroblasts. Blocking Wnt secretion depletes these stem cells. Daughter cells leaving the Wnt niche transdifferentiate into AT1s: Maintaining Wnt signaling prevents transdifferentiation, whereas abrogating Wnt signaling promotes it. Injury induces AT2 autocrine Wnts, recruiting "bulk" AT2s as progenitors. Thus, individual AT2 stem cells reside in single-cell fibroblast niches providing juxtacrine Wnts that maintain them, whereas injury induces autocrine Wnts that transiently expand the progenitor pool. This simple niche maintains the gas exchange surface and is coopted in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad N Nabhan
- Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305-5307, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305-5307, USA
| | - Douglas G Brownfield
- Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305-5307, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305-5307, USA
| | - Pehr B Harbury
- Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305-5307, USA
| | - Mark A Krasnow
- Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305-5307, USA. .,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305-5307, USA
| | - Tushar J Desai
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, and Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305-5307, USA.
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181
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Wertheimer T, Velardi E, Tsai J, Cooper K, Xiao S, Kloss CC, Ottmüller KJ, Mokhtari Z, Brede C, deRoos P, Kinsella S, Palikuqi B, Ginsberg M, Young LF, Kreines F, Lieberman SR, Lazrak A, Guo P, Malard F, Smith OM, Shono Y, Jenq RR, Hanash AM, Nolan DJ, Butler JM, Beilhack A, Manley NR, Rafii S, Dudakov JA, van den Brink MRM. Production of BMP4 by endothelial cells is crucial for endogenous thymic regeneration. Sci Immunol 2018; 3:eaal2736. [PMID: 29330161 PMCID: PMC5795617 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.aal2736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2016] [Revised: 09/06/2017] [Accepted: 11/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The thymus is not only extremely sensitive to damage but also has a remarkable ability to repair itself. However, the mechanisms underlying this endogenous regeneration remain poorly understood, and this capacity diminishes considerably with age. We show that thymic endothelial cells (ECs) comprise a critical pathway of regeneration via their production of bone morphogenetic protein 4 (BMP4) ECs increased their production of BMP4 after thymic damage, and abrogating BMP4 signaling or production by either pharmacologic or genetic inhibition impaired thymic repair. EC-derived BMP4 acted on thymic epithelial cells (TECs) to increase their expression of Foxn1, a key transcription factor involved in TEC development, maintenance, and regeneration, and its downstream targets such as Dll4, a key mediator of thymocyte development and regeneration. These studies demonstrate the importance of the BMP4 pathway in endogenous tissue regeneration and offer a potential clinical approach to enhance T cell immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Wertheimer
- Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, Freiburg University Medical Center, Albert-Ludwigs-University, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Enrico Velardi
- Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Jennifer Tsai
- Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
- Program in Immunology, Clinical Research Division, and Immunotherapy Integrated Research Center, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Kirsten Cooper
- Program in Immunology, Clinical Research Division, and Immunotherapy Integrated Research Center, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Shiyun Xiao
- Department of Genetics, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Christopher C Kloss
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Ansary Stem Cell Institute, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10021, USA
- Center for Cell Engineering, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Katja J Ottmüller
- Department of Medicine II, Würzburg University Hospital, Interdisciplinary Center for Clinical Research (IZKF), and Graduate School of Life Sciences, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Zeinab Mokhtari
- Department of Medicine II, Würzburg University Hospital, Interdisciplinary Center for Clinical Research (IZKF), and Graduate School of Life Sciences, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Christian Brede
- Department of Medicine II, Würzburg University Hospital, Interdisciplinary Center for Clinical Research (IZKF), and Graduate School of Life Sciences, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Paul deRoos
- Program in Immunology, Clinical Research Division, and Immunotherapy Integrated Research Center, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Sinéad Kinsella
- Program in Immunology, Clinical Research Division, and Immunotherapy Integrated Research Center, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Brisa Palikuqi
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Ansary Stem Cell Institute, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | | | - Lauren F Young
- Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Fabiana Kreines
- Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Sophia R Lieberman
- Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Amina Lazrak
- Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Peipei Guo
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Ansary Stem Cell Institute, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Florent Malard
- Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Odette M Smith
- Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Yusuke Shono
- Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Robert R Jenq
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Alan M Hanash
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | | | - Jason M Butler
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Ansary Stem Cell Institute, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Andreas Beilhack
- Department of Medicine II, Würzburg University Hospital, Interdisciplinary Center for Clinical Research (IZKF), and Graduate School of Life Sciences, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Nancy R Manley
- Department of Genetics, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Shahin Rafii
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Ansary Stem Cell Institute, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Jarrod A Dudakov
- Program in Immunology, Clinical Research Division, and Immunotherapy Integrated Research Center, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA.
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Marcel R M van den Brink
- Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA.
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
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182
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Lebaschi A, Nakagawa Y, Wada S, Cong GT, Rodeo SA. Tissue-specific endothelial cells: a promising approach for augmentation of soft tissue repair in orthopedics. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2018; 1410:44-56. [PMID: 29265420 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.13575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2017] [Revised: 11/12/2017] [Accepted: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Biologics are playing an increasingly significant role in the practice of modern medicine and surgery in general and orthopedics in particular. Cell-based approaches are among the most important and widely used modalities in orthopedic biologics, with mesenchymal stem cells and other multi/pluripotent cells undergoing evaluation in numerous preclinical and clinical studies. On the other hand, fully differentiated endothelial cells (ECs) have been found to perform critical roles in homeostasis of visceral tissues through production of an adaptive panel of so-called "angiocrine factors." This newly discovered function of ECs renders them excellent candidates for novel approaches in cell-based biologics. Here, we present a review of the role of ECs and angiocrine factors in some visceral tissues, followed by an overview of current cell-based approaches and a discussion of the potential applications of ECs in soft tissue repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Lebaschi
- Orthopedic Soft Tissue Research Program, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, New York
| | - Yusuke Nakagawa
- Orthopedic Soft Tissue Research Program, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, New York
| | - Susumu Wada
- Orthopedic Soft Tissue Research Program, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, New York
| | - Guang-Ting Cong
- Orthopedic Soft Tissue Research Program, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, New York
| | - Scott A Rodeo
- Orthopedic Soft Tissue Research Program, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, New York.,Sports Medicine and Shoulder Service, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, New York
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183
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Pisarsky L, Ghajar CM. Anti-angiogenic Therapy-Mediated Endothelial Damage: A Driver of Breast Cancer Recurrence? ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2018; 1100:19-45. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-97746-1_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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184
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Yoder MC. Endothelial stem and progenitor cells (stem cells): (2017 Grover Conference Series). Pulm Circ 2018; 8:2045893217743950. [PMID: 29099663 PMCID: PMC5731724 DOI: 10.1177/2045893217743950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2017] [Accepted: 10/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The capacity of existing blood vessels to give rise to new blood vessels via endothelial cell sprouting is called angiogenesis and is a well-studied biologic process. In contrast, little is known about the mechanisms for endothelial cell replacement or regeneration within established blood vessels. Since clear definitions exist for identifying cells with stem and progenitor cell properties in many tissues and organs of the body, several groups have begun to accumulate evidence that endothelial stem and progenitor cells exist within the endothelial intima of existing blood vessels. This paper will review stem and progenitor cell definitions and highlight several recent papers purporting to have identified resident vascular endothelial stem and progenitor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mervin C. Yoder
- Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
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185
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Kumar S. Cellular and molecular pathways of renal repair after acute kidney injury. Kidney Int 2018; 93:27-40. [PMID: 29291820 DOI: 10.1016/j.kint.2017.07.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2017] [Revised: 07/23/2017] [Accepted: 07/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The acutely injured mammalian kidney mounts a cellular and molecular response to repair itself. However, in patchy regions such intrinsic processes are impaired and dysregulated leading to chronic kidney disease. Currently, no therapy exists to treat established acute kidney injury per se. Strategies to augment human endogenous repair processes and retard associated profibrotic responses are urgently required. Recent studies have identified injury-induced activation of the intrinsic molecular driver of epithelial regeneration and induction of partial epithelial to the mesenchymal state, respectively. Activation of key developmental transcription factors drive such processes; however, whether these recruit comparable gene regulatory networks with target genes similar to those in nephrogenesis is unclear. Extensive complex molecular cross-talk between the nephron epithelia and immune, interstitial, and endothelial cells regulate renal recovery. In vitro-based M1/M2 macrophage subtypes have been increasingly linked to renal repair; however, the precise contribution of in vivo macrophage plasticity to repair responses is poorly understood. Endothelial cell-pericyte intimacy, balance of the angiocrine/antiangiocrine system, and endothelial cell-regulated inflammatory processes have an impact on renal recovery and fibrosis. Close scrutiny of cellular and molecular pathways in repairing human kidneys is imperative for the identification of promising therapeutic targets and biomarker of human renal repair processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjeev Kumar
- Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA.
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186
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Developmental mechanisms and adult stem cells for therapeutic lung regeneration. Dev Biol 2018; 433:166-176. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2017.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2017] [Revised: 09/09/2017] [Accepted: 09/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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187
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Retinal Angiogenesis Regulates Astrocytic Differentiation in Neonatal Mouse Retinas by Oxygen Dependent Mechanisms. Sci Rep 2017; 7:17608. [PMID: 29242645 PMCID: PMC5730567 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-17962-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 12/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In mice, retinal vascular and astrocyte networks begin to develop at birth, expanding radially from the optic nerve head (ONH) towards the retinal periphery. The retinal vasculature grows towards the periphery ahead of differentiated astrocytes, but behind astrocytic progenitor cells (APCs) and immature astrocytes. Endothelial cell specific Vegfr-2 disruption in newborn mice not only blocked retinal vascular development but also suppressed astrocytic differentiation, reducing the abundance of differentiated astrocytes while causing the accumulation of precursors. By contrast, retinal astrocytic differentiation was accelerated by the exposure of wild-type newborn mice to hyperoxia for 24 hours, or by APC specific deficiency in hypoxia inducible factor (HIF)−2α, an oxygen labile transcription factor. These findings reveal a novel function of the retinal vasculature, and imply that in normal neonatal mice, oxygen from the retinal circulation may promote astrocytic differentiation, in part by triggering oxygen dependent HIF-2α degradation in astrocytic precursors.
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188
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Mei J, Yu Y, Li M, Xi S, Zhang S, Liu X, Jiang J, Wang Z, Zhang J, Ding Y, Lou X, Tang M. The angiogenesis in decellularized scaffold-mediated the renal regeneration. Oncotarget 2017; 7:27085-93. [PMID: 27058889 PMCID: PMC5053634 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.7785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2015] [Accepted: 01/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
There are increasing numbers of patients underwent partial nephrectomy, and recovery of disturbed renal function is imperative post partial nephrectomy. We previously have demonstrated the decellularized (DC) scaffolds could mediate the residual kidney regeneration and thus improve disturbed renal function after partial nephrectomy. However, the cellular changes including the angiogenesis in the implanted DC scaffold has not yet been elaborated. In this study, we observed that the scaffold promoted the proliferation of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) that adhered to the DC scaffold in vitro. We next examined the pathological changes of the implanted DC graft in vivo, and found a decreased volume of the scaffold and a dramatic angiogenesis within the scaffold. The average microvessel density (aMVD) increased at the early stage, while decreased at the later stage post transplantation. Expression level of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) showed similar dynamic changes. In addition, many endothelial cells (ECs) and endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) were distributed in the region which contained active angiogenesis in the scaffold. However, the implanted graft became fibrosis and the angiogenesis degraded at final stage roughly 8 weeks post transplantation. Our data indicate that DC scaffold can be vascularized in vivo and possible mechanisms are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Mei
- Anatomy Department, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, China.,Institute of Bioscaffold Transplantation and Immunology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, China.,Institute of Neuroscience, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, China
| | - Yaling Yu
- Anatomy Department, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, China.,Institute of Bioscaffold Transplantation and Immunology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, China
| | - Miaozhong Li
- Medical School of Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China
| | - Shanshan Xi
- Anatomy Department, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, China.,Institute of Bioscaffold Transplantation and Immunology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, China
| | - Sixiao Zhang
- Medical School of Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China
| | - Xiaolin Liu
- Anatomy Department, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, China.,Institute of Bioscaffold Transplantation and Immunology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, China
| | - Junqun Jiang
- Anatomy Department, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, China.,Institute of Bioscaffold Transplantation and Immunology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, China
| | - Zhibin Wang
- Institute of Bioscaffold Transplantation and Immunology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, China
| | - Jianse Zhang
- Anatomy Department, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, China.,Institute of Bioscaffold Transplantation and Immunology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, China
| | - Yuqiang Ding
- Institute of Neuroscience, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, China
| | - Xinfa Lou
- Institute of Bioscaffold Transplantation and Immunology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, China
| | - Maolin Tang
- Anatomy Department, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, China.,Institute of Bioscaffold Transplantation and Immunology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, China
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189
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Takada N, Omae M, Sagawa F, Chi NC, Endo S, Kozawa S, Sato TN. Re-evaluating the functional landscape of the cardiovascular system during development. Biol Open 2017; 6:1756-1770. [PMID: 28982700 PMCID: PMC5703621 DOI: 10.1242/bio.030254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The cardiovascular system facilitates body-wide distribution of oxygen, a vital process for the development and survival of virtually all vertebrates. However, the zebrafish, a vertebrate model organism, appears to form organs and survive mid-larval periods without a functional cardiovascular system. Despite such dispensability, it is the first organ to develop. Such enigma prompted us to hypothesize other cardiovascular functions that are important for developmental and/or physiological processes. Hence, systematic cellular ablations and functional perturbations were performed on the zebrafish cardiovascular system to gain comprehensive and body-wide understanding of such functions and to elucidate the underlying mechanisms. This approach identifies a set of organ-specific genes, each implicated for important functions. The study also unveils distinct cardiovascular mechanisms, each differentially regulating their expressions in organ-specific and oxygen-independent manners. Such mechanisms are mediated by organ-vessel interactions, circulation-dependent signals, and circulation-independent beating-heart-derived signals. A comprehensive and body-wide functional landscape of the cardiovascular system reported herein may provide clues as to why it is the first organ to develop. Furthermore, these data could serve as a resource for the study of organ development and function. Summary: The body-wide landscape of the cardiovascular functions during development is reported. Such landscape may provide clues as to why the cardiovascular system is the first organ to develop.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norio Takada
- The Thomas N. Sato BioMEC-X Laboratories, Advanced Telecommunications Research Institute International (ATR), Kyoto 619-0288, Japan.,ERATO Sato Live Bio-Forecasting Project, Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Kyoto 619-0288, Japan
| | - Madoka Omae
- The Thomas N. Sato BioMEC-X Laboratories, Advanced Telecommunications Research Institute International (ATR), Kyoto 619-0288, Japan.,Kyoto University, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto 606-8303, Japan
| | - Fumihiko Sagawa
- The Thomas N. Sato BioMEC-X Laboratories, Advanced Telecommunications Research Institute International (ATR), Kyoto 619-0288, Japan.,ERATO Sato Live Bio-Forecasting Project, Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Kyoto 619-0288, Japan
| | - Neil C Chi
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0613J, USA
| | - Satsuki Endo
- The Thomas N. Sato BioMEC-X Laboratories, Advanced Telecommunications Research Institute International (ATR), Kyoto 619-0288, Japan.,ERATO Sato Live Bio-Forecasting Project, Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Kyoto 619-0288, Japan
| | - Satoshi Kozawa
- The Thomas N. Sato BioMEC-X Laboratories, Advanced Telecommunications Research Institute International (ATR), Kyoto 619-0288, Japan.,ERATO Sato Live Bio-Forecasting Project, Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Kyoto 619-0288, Japan
| | - Thomas N Sato
- The Thomas N. Sato BioMEC-X Laboratories, Advanced Telecommunications Research Institute International (ATR), Kyoto 619-0288, Japan .,ERATO Sato Live Bio-Forecasting Project, Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Kyoto 619-0288, Japan.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.,Centenary Institute, Sydney 2042, Australia
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190
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Gomi K, Tang Y, Arbelaez V, Crystal RG, Walters MS. Endothelial Cell Mediated Promotion of Ciliated Cell Differentiation of Human Airway Basal Cells via Insulin and Insulin-Like Growth Factor 1 Receptor Mediated Signaling. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2017; 13:309-317. [PMID: 28050756 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-016-9707-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Human airway basal cells (BC) function as stem/progenitor cells of the human airway epithelium, capable of differentiating into ciliated and secretory cells during turnover and repair. The positioning of BC along the basement membrane allows for potential paracrine signaling from non-epithelial cells in the mesenchyme to regulate BC function. Based on the knowledge that interaction between the airway epithelium and mesenchyme is critical for proper maintenance of both tissues, and that endothelial cells (EC) can regulate multiple functions of BC, the present study was designed to help understand the role of BC and EC cross-talk in regulating BC stem/progenitor function. Using an in vitro co-culture system that mimics the in vivo physical separation of these cell types, we assessed the impact of primary lung microvascular EC on differentiation of primary BC into a mucociliated epithelium. The data demonstrate that co-culture of BC and lung microvasculature EC results in increased ciliated cell differentiation of BC via activation of insulin (INS) and insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1) receptor (INSR and IGF1R) mediated signaling in BC. Consistent with this data, siRNA mediated knockdown of INSR and IGF1R in BC suppressed ciliated cell differentiation. Together these findings identify an important signaling pathway required for differentiation of BC into a ciliated cells and demonstrate the importance of BC-EC cross-talk in regulating normal airway epithelial structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazunori Gomi
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, 1300 York Avenue, Box 164, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Yongjiang Tang
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, 1300 York Avenue, Box 164, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Vanessa Arbelaez
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, 1300 York Avenue, Box 164, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Ronald G Crystal
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, 1300 York Avenue, Box 164, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Matthew S Walters
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, 1300 York Avenue, Box 164, New York, NY, 10065, USA. .,Pulmonary, Critical Care & Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, 800 N. Research Parkway, Building 800, 4th Floor, Rm 410, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA.
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191
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Traver G, Mont S, Gius D, Lawson WE, Ding GX, Sekhar KR, Freeman ML. Loss of Nrf2 promotes alveolar type 2 cell loss in irradiated, fibrotic lung. Free Radic Biol Med 2017; 112:578-586. [PMID: 28870520 PMCID: PMC5623074 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2017.08.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2017] [Revised: 08/28/2017] [Accepted: 08/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The development of radiation-induced pulmonary fibrosis represents a critical clinical issue limiting delivery of therapeutic doses of radiation to non-small cell lung cancer. Identification of the cell types whose injury initiates a fibrotic response and the underlying biological factors that govern that response are needed for developing strategies that prevent or mitigate fibrosis. C57BL/6 mice (wild type, Nrf2 null, Nrf2flox/flox, and Nrf2Δ/Δ; SPC-Cre) were administered a thoracic dose of 12Gy and allowed to recover for 250 days. Whole slide digital and confocal microscopy imaging of H&E, Masson's trichrome and immunostaining were used to assess tissue remodeling, collagen deposition and cell renewal/mobilization during the regenerative process. Histological assessment of irradiated, fibrotic wild type lung revealed significant loss of alveolar type 2 cells 250 days after irradiation. Type 2 cell loss and the corresponding development of fibrosis were enhanced in the Nrf2 null mouse. Yet, conditional deletion of Nrf2 in alveolar type 2 cells in irradiated lung did not impair type 2 cell survival nor yield an increased fibrotic phenotype. Instead, radiation-induced ΔNp63 stem/progenitor cell mobilization was inhibited in the Nrf2 null mouse while the propensity for radiation-induced myofibroblasts derived from alveolar type 2 cells was magnified. In summary, these results indicate that Nrf2 is an important regulator of irradiated lung's capacity to maintain alveolar type 2 cells, whose injury can initiate a fibrotic phenotype. Loss of Nrf2 inhibits ΔNp63 stem/progenitor mobilization, a key event for reconstitution of injured lung, while promoting a myofibroblast phenotype that is central for fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geri Traver
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Stacey Mont
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - David Gius
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Driskill Graduate Program in Life Sciences, Department of Pharmacology, Robert Lurie Cancer Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - William E Lawson
- Division of Pulmonary & Critical Care, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37240, USA
| | - George X Ding
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Konjeti R Sekhar
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Michael L Freeman
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.
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192
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Morales-Hernández A, Nacarino-Palma A, Moreno-Marín N, Barrasa E, Paniagua-Quiñones B, Catalina-Fernández I, Alvarez-Barrientos A, Bustelo XR, Merino JM, Fernández-Salguero PM. Lung regeneration after toxic injury is improved in absence of dioxin receptor. Stem Cell Res 2017; 25:61-71. [PMID: 29107893 DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2017.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2017] [Revised: 08/07/2017] [Accepted: 10/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent experimental evidences from cellular systems and from mammalian and non-mammalian animal models highlight novel functions for the aryl hydrocarbon/dioxin receptor (AhR) in maintaining cell differentiation and tissue homeostasis. Notably, AhR depletion stimulates an undifferentiated and pluripotent phenotype likely associated to a mesenchymal transition in epithelial cells and to increased primary tumorigenesis and metastasis in melanoma. In this work, we have used a lung model of epithelial regeneration to investigate whether AhR regulates proper tissue repair by adjusting the expansion of undifferentiated stem-like cells. AhR-null mice developed a faster and more efficient repair of the lung bronchiolar epithelium upon naphthalene injury that required increased cell proliferation and the earlier activation of stem-like Clara, Basal and neuroepithelial cells precursors. Increased basal content in multipotent Sca1+/CD31-/CD4- cells and in cells expressing pluripotency factors NANOG and OCT4 could also improve re-epithelialization in AhR-null lungs. The reduced response of AhR-deficient lungs to Sonic Hedgehog (Shh) repression shortly after injury may also help their improved bronchiolar epithelium repair. These results support a role for AhR in the regenerative response against toxins, and open the possibility of modulating its activation level to favor recovery from lesions caused by environmental contaminants.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ana Nacarino-Palma
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Extremadura, 06071 Badajoz, Spain
| | - Nuria Moreno-Marín
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Extremadura, 06071 Badajoz, Spain
| | - Eva Barrasa
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Extremadura, 06071 Badajoz, Spain
| | - Beroé Paniagua-Quiñones
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Extremadura, 06071 Badajoz, Spain
| | | | | | - Xosé R Bustelo
- Centro de Investigación del Cáncer and CIBERONC, CSIC-Universidad de Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Jaime M Merino
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Extremadura, 06071 Badajoz, Spain.
| | - Pedro M Fernández-Salguero
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Extremadura, 06071 Badajoz, Spain.
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193
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Tata PR, Rajagopal J. Plasticity in the lung: making and breaking cell identity. Development 2017; 144:755-766. [PMID: 28246210 DOI: 10.1242/dev.143784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
In contrast to a prior emphasis on the finality of cell fate decisions in developmental systems, cellular plasticity is now emerging as a general theme in the biology of multiple adult organ systems. In the lung, lineage tracing has been used to identify distinct epithelial stem and progenitor cell populations. These cells, together with their differentiated progeny, maintain a stable identity during steady state conditions, but can display remarkable lineage plasticity following injury. This Review summarizes our current understanding of the different cell lineages of the adult mammalian lung and their responses to injury. In the lung, which is constantly exposed to infection and aerosolized toxins, epithelial plasticity might be more of a rule than an exception, and it is likely that different injuries elicit different facultative responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Purushothama Rao Tata
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, 185 Cambridge Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA.,Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.,Departments of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Jayaraj Rajagopal
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, 185 Cambridge Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA .,Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.,Departments of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA.,Massachusetts General Hospital for Children, Pediatric Pulmonary Medicine, Boston, MA 02114, USA.,Division of Otology and Laryngology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Boston, MA 02114, USA
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194
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Transcriptome Analysis Uncovers a Growth-Promoting Activity of Orosomucoid-1 on Hepatocytes. EBioMedicine 2017; 24:257-266. [PMID: 28927749 PMCID: PMC5652006 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2017.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2017] [Revised: 09/06/2017] [Accepted: 09/08/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The acute phase protein orosomucoid-1 (Orm1) is mainly expressed by hepatocytes (HPCs) under stress conditions. However, its specific function is not fully understood. Here, we report a role of Orm1 as an executer of HPC proliferation. Increases in serum levels of Orm1 were observed in patients after surgical resection for liver cancer and in mice undergone partial hepatectomy (PH). Transcriptome study showed that Orm1 became the most abundant in HPCs isolated from regenerating mouse liver tissues after PH. Both in vitro and in vivo siRNA-induced knockdown of Orm1 suppressed proliferation of mouse regenerating HPCs and human hepatic cells. Microarray analysis in regenerating mouse livers revealed that the signaling pathways controlling chromatin replication, especially the minichromosome maintenance protein complex genes were uniformly down-regulated following Orm1 knockdown. These data suggest that Orm1 is induced in response to hepatic injury and executes liver regeneration by activating cell cycle progression in HPCs. Serum Orm1 levels increased approximately 1.3- to 2.5-folds in both humans and mice after partial hepatectomy. Transcriptome analysis revealed that Orm1 mostly induced in hepatocytes as a regulator of mouse liver regeneration. Orm1 knockdown in mice impaired liver regeneration with poor hepatocyte growth and suppressed cell cycle signaling.
Orosomucoid-1 (Orm1) is an acute phase protein mainly expressed by hepatocytes under stress conditions. Beginning from the finding that Orm1 was induced after partial hepatectomy in humans and mice, we showed enrichment of Orm1 in regenerating hepatocytes of hepatectomized mice by transcriptome analysis and following culture and animal experiments. Knockdown of Orm1 in mice resulted in decreases in hepatocyte growth accompanying suppressed signaling in controlling chromatin replication. Therefore, Orm1 would be a potential therapeutic and prognostic biomarker for liver diseases, especially after surgical resection of cancer-bearing liver, through its newly found ability to stimulate the cell cycle in regenerating hepatocytes.
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195
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FOXF1 transcription factor promotes lung regeneration after partial pneumonectomy. Sci Rep 2017; 7:10690. [PMID: 28878348 PMCID: PMC5587533 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-11175-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2017] [Accepted: 08/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
FOXF1, a member of the forkhead box family of transcription factors, has been previously shown to be critical for lung development, homeostasis, and injury responses. However, the role of FOXF1 in lung regeneration is unknown. Herein, we performed partial pneumonectomy, a model of lung regeneration, in mice lacking one Foxf1 allele in endothelial cells (PDGFb-iCre/Foxf1 fl/+ mice). Endothelial cell proliferation was significantly reduced in regenerating lungs from mice deficient for endothelial Foxf1. Decreased endothelial proliferation was associated with delayed lung regeneration as shown by reduced respiratory volume in Foxf1-deficient lungs. FACS-sorted endothelial cells isolated from regenerating PDGFb-iCre/Foxf1 fl/+ and control lungs were used for RNAseq analysis to identify FOXF1 target genes. Foxf1 deficiency altered expression of numerous genes including those regulating extracellular matrix remodeling (Timp3, Adamts9) and cell cycle progression (Cdkn1a, Cdkn2b, Cenpj, Tubb4a), which are critical for lung regeneration. Deletion of Foxf1 increased Timp3 mRNA and protein, decreasing MMP14 activity in regenerating lungs. ChIPseq analysis for FOXF1 and histone methylation marks identified DNA regulatory regions within the Cd44, Cdkn1a, and Cdkn2b genes, indicating they are direct FOXF1 targets. Thus FOXF1 stimulates lung regeneration following partial pneumonectomy via direct transcriptional regulation of genes critical for extracellular matrix remodeling and cell cycle progression.
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196
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Lipphardt M, Song JW, Matsumoto K, Dadafarin S, Dihazi H, Müller G, Goligorsky MS. The third path of tubulointerstitial fibrosis: aberrant endothelial secretome. Kidney Int 2017; 92:558-568. [PMID: 28476555 PMCID: PMC5557669 DOI: 10.1016/j.kint.2017.02.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2016] [Revised: 02/10/2017] [Accepted: 02/14/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The secretome, defined as a portion of proteins secreted by specific cells to the extracellular space, secures a proper microenvironmental niche not only for the donor cells, but also for the neighboring cells, thus maintaining tissue homeostasis. Communication via secretory products exists between endothelial cells and fibroblasts, and this local mechanism maintains the viability and density of each compartment. Endothelial dysfunction, apart from obvious cell-autonomous defects, leads to the aberrant secretome, which predisposes fibroblasts to acquire a myofibroblastic fibrogenic phenotype. In our recent profiling of the secretome of such dysfunctional profibrogenic renal microvascular endothelial cells, we identified unique profibrogenic signatures, among which we detected ligands of Notch and Wnt-β-catenin pathways. Here, we stress the role of reprogramming cues in the immediate microenvironment of (myo)fibroblasts and the contribution of the endothelial secretome to the panoply of instructive signals in the vicinity of fibroblasts. We hope that this brief overview of endothelial-fibroblast communication in health and disease will lead to eventual unbiased proteomic mapping of individual secretomes of glomerular and tubular epithelial cells, pericytes, and podocytes through reductionist approaches to allow for the synthetic creation of a complex network of secretomic signals acting as reprogramming factors on individual cell types in the kidney. Knowledge of profibrogenic and antifibrogenic signatures in the secretome may garner future therapeutic efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Lipphardt
- Renal Research Institute, Departments of Medicine, Pharmacology and Physiology, New York Medical College at Touro University, Valhalla, New York, USA; Department of Nephrology and Rheumatology, Göttingen University Medical Center, Georg August University, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Jong W Song
- Renal Research Institute, Departments of Medicine, Pharmacology and Physiology, New York Medical College at Touro University, Valhalla, New York, USA; Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Kei Matsumoto
- Renal Research Institute, Departments of Medicine, Pharmacology and Physiology, New York Medical College at Touro University, Valhalla, New York, USA; Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Showa University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Sina Dadafarin
- Renal Research Institute, Departments of Medicine, Pharmacology and Physiology, New York Medical College at Touro University, Valhalla, New York, USA
| | - Hassan Dihazi
- Department of Nephrology and Rheumatology, Göttingen University Medical Center, Georg August University, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Gerhard Müller
- Department of Nephrology and Rheumatology, Göttingen University Medical Center, Georg August University, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Michael S Goligorsky
- Renal Research Institute, Departments of Medicine, Pharmacology and Physiology, New York Medical College at Touro University, Valhalla, New York, USA.
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197
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Carballo CB, Lebaschi A, Rodeo SA. Cell-based approaches for augmentation of tendon repair. TECHNIQUES IN SHOULDER & ELBOW SURGERY 2017; 18:e6-e14. [PMID: 29276433 PMCID: PMC5737795 DOI: 10.1097/bte.0000000000000132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cell-based approaches are among the principal interventions in orthobiologics to improve tendon and ligament healing and to combat degenerative processes. The number of options available for investigation are expanding rapidly and investigators have an increasing number of cell types to choose from for research purposes. However, in part due to the current regulatory environment, the list of available cells at clinicians' disposal for therapeutic purposes is still rather limited. In this review, we present an overview of the main cellular categories in current use. Notable recent developments in cell-based approaches include the introduction of diverse sources of mesenchymal stem cells, pluripotent cells of extra-embryonic origin, and the emerging popularity of fully differentiated cells such as tenocytes and endothelial cells. Delivery strategies are discussed and a succinct discussion of the current regulatory environment in the United States is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila B Carballo
- Laboratory for Joint Tissue Repair and Regeneration, Orthopedic Soft Tissue Research Program, Hospital for Special Surgery
| | - Amir Lebaschi
- Laboratory for Joint Tissue Repair and Regeneration, Orthopedic Soft Tissue Research Program, Hospital for Special Surgery
| | - Scott A Rodeo
- Laboratory for Joint Tissue Repair and Regeneration, Orthopedic Soft Tissue Research Program, Hospital for Special Surgery
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198
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Yao J, Guihard PJ, Wu X, Blazquez-Medela AM, Spencer MJ, Jumabay M, Tontonoz P, Fogelman AM, Boström KI, Yao Y. Vascular endothelium plays a key role in directing pulmonary epithelial cell differentiation. J Cell Biol 2017; 216:3369-3385. [PMID: 28838957 PMCID: PMC5626536 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201612122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2016] [Revised: 04/26/2017] [Accepted: 07/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
J. Yao et al. demonstrate that loss of MGP, a BMP inhibitor, causes abnormal hepatic differentiation in lungs. They find that interactions between endothelium and epithelium separate pulmonary from hepatic differentiation during development. Lack of MGP triggers hepatic differentiation in the pulmonary epithelium, as regulated by the endothelium. The vascular endothelium is critical for induction of appropriate lineage differentiation in organogenesis. In this study, we report that dysfunctional pulmonary endothelium, resulting from the loss of matrix Gla protein (MGP), causes ectopic hepatic differentiation in the pulmonary epithelium. We demonstrate uncontrolled induction of the hepatic growth factor (HGF) caused by dysregulated cross talk between pulmonary endothelium and epithelium in Mgp-null lungs. Elevated HGF induced hepatocyte nuclear factor 4 α (Hnf4a), which competed with NK2 homeobox 1 (Nkx2.1) for binding to forkhead box A2 (Foxa2) to drive hepatic differentiation in Mgp-null airway progenitor cells. Limiting endothelial HGF reduced Hnf4a, abolished interference of Hnf4a with Foxa2, and reduced hepatic differentiation in Mgp-null lungs. Together, our results suggest that endothelial–epithelial interactions, maintained by MGP, are essential in pulmonary cell differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayi Yao
- Division of Cardiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Pierre J Guihard
- Division of Cardiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Xiuju Wu
- Division of Cardiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Ana M Blazquez-Medela
- Division of Cardiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Melissa J Spencer
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Medet Jumabay
- Division of Cardiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Peter Tontonoz
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA.,Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Alan M Fogelman
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Kristina I Boström
- Division of Cardiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA .,Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Yucheng Yao
- Division of Cardiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA .,Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
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199
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Ascher K, Elliot SJ, Rubio GA, Glassberg MK. Lung Diseases of the Elderly: Cellular Mechanisms. Clin Geriatr Med 2017; 33:473-490. [PMID: 28991645 DOI: 10.1016/j.cger.2017.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Natural lung aging is characterized by molecular and cellular changes in multiple lung cell populations. These changes include shorter telomeres, increased expression of cellular senescence markers, increased DNA damage, oxidative stress, apoptosis, and stem cell exhaustion. Aging, combined with the loss of protective repair processes, correlates with the development and incidence of chronic respiratory diseases, including idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Ultimately, it is the interplay of age-related changes in biology and the subsequent responses to environmental exposures that largely define the physiology and clinical course of the aging lung.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kori Ascher
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Miami Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, 1600 Northwest 10th Avenue RMSB 7056 (D-60), Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Sharon J Elliot
- DeWitt Daughtry Family Department of Surgery, University of Miami Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, 1600 NW 10th Avenue, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Gustavo A Rubio
- DeWitt Daughtry Family Department of Surgery, University of Miami Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, 1600 NW 10th Avenue, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Marilyn K Glassberg
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Miami Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, 1600 Northwest 10th Avenue RMSB 7056 (D-60), Miami, FL 33136, USA; DeWitt Daughtry Family Department of Surgery, University of Miami Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, 1600 NW 10th Avenue, Miami, FL 33136, USA; Division of Pediatric Pulmonology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Miami Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, 1600 NW 10th Avenue, Miami, FL 33136, USA.
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200
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Dial CF, Tune MK, Doerschuk CM, Mock JR. Foxp3 + Regulatory T Cell Expression of Keratinocyte Growth Factor Enhances Lung Epithelial Proliferation. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2017; 57:162-173. [PMID: 28296468 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2017-0019oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Repair of the lung epithelium after injury is a critical component for resolution; however, the processes necessary to drive epithelial resolution are not clearly defined. Published data demonstrate that Foxp3+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) enhance alveolar epithelial proliferation after injury, and Tregs in vitro directly promote type II alveolar epithelial cell (AT2) proliferation, in part by a contact-independent mechanism. Therefore, we sought to determine the contribution of Treg-specific expression of a growth factor that is known to be important in lung repair, keratinocyte growth factor (kgf). The data demonstrate that Tregs express kgf and that Treg-specific expression of kgf regulates alveolar epithelial proliferation during the resolution phase of acute lung injury and in a model of regenerative alveologenesis in vivo. In vitro experiments demonstrate that AT2 cells cocultured with Tregs lacking kgf have decreased rates of proliferation compared with AT2 cells cocultured with wild-type Tregs. Moreover, Tregs isolated from lung tissue and grown in culture express higher levels of two growth factors that are important for lung repair (kgf and amphiregulin) compared with Tregs isolated from splenic tissue. Lastly, Tregs isolated from human lung tissue can be stimulated ex vivo to induce kgf expression. This study reveals mechanisms by which Tregs direct tissue-reparative effects during resolution after acute lung injury, further supporting the emerging role of Tregs in tissue repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine F Dial
- 1 Division of Pulmonary Diseases and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine.,2 Marsico Lung Institute, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Miriya K Tune
- 1 Division of Pulmonary Diseases and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine.,2 Marsico Lung Institute, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Claire M Doerschuk
- 1 Division of Pulmonary Diseases and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine.,3 Center for Airways Disease, and.,2 Marsico Lung Institute, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Jason R Mock
- 1 Division of Pulmonary Diseases and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine.,2 Marsico Lung Institute, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
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