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Woodworth JS, Contreras V, Christensen D, Naninck T, Kahlaoui N, Gallouët AS, Langlois S, Burban E, Joly C, Gros W, Dereuddre-Bosquet N, Morin J, Olsen ML, Rosenkrands I, Stein AK, Wood GK, Follmann F, Lindenstrøm T, LeGrand R, Pedersen GK, Mortensen R. A novel adjuvant formulation induces robust Th1/Th17 memory and mucosal recall responses in Non-Human Primates. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.02.23.529651. [PMID: 36865310 PMCID: PMC9980079 DOI: 10.1101/2023.02.23.529651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
Abstract
After clean drinking water, vaccination is the most impactful global health intervention. However, development of new vaccines against difficult-to-target diseases is hampered by the lack of diverse adjuvants for human use. Of particular interest, none of the currently available adjuvants induce Th17 cells. Here, we develop and test an improved liposomal adjuvant, termed CAF®10b, that incorporates a TLR-9 agonist. In a head-to-head study in non-human primates (NHPs), immunization with antigen adjuvanted with CAF®10b induced significantly increased antibody and cellular immune responses compared to previous CAF® adjuvants, already in clinical trials. This was not seen in the mouse model, demonstrating that adjuvant effects can be highly species specific. Importantly, intramuscular immunization of NHPs with CAF®10b induced robust Th17 responses that were observed in circulation half a year after vaccination. Furthermore, subsequent instillation of unadjuvanted antigen into the skin and lungs of these memory animals led to significant recall responses including transient local lung inflammation observed by Positron Emission Tomography-Computed Tomography (PET-CT), elevated antibody titers, and expanded systemic and local Th1 and Th17 responses, including >20% antigen-specific T cells in the bronchoalveolar lavage. Overall, CAF®10b demonstrated an adjuvant able to drive true memory antibody, Th1 and Th17 vaccine-responses across rodent and primate species, supporting its translational potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua S Woodworth
- Department of Infectious Disease Immunology, Statens Serum Institut; Artillerivej 5, 2300 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Vanessa Contreras
- Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, CEA, Immunologie des maladies virales, auto-immunes, hématologiques et bactériennes (IMVA-HB/IDMIT/UMR1184); 92265, Fontenay-aux-Roses & Kremlin Bicêtre, France
| | - Dennis Christensen
- Department of Infectious Disease Immunology, Statens Serum Institut; Artillerivej 5, 2300 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Thibaut Naninck
- Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, CEA, Immunologie des maladies virales, auto-immunes, hématologiques et bactériennes (IMVA-HB/IDMIT/UMR1184); 92265, Fontenay-aux-Roses & Kremlin Bicêtre, France
| | - Nidhal Kahlaoui
- Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, CEA, Immunologie des maladies virales, auto-immunes, hématologiques et bactériennes (IMVA-HB/IDMIT/UMR1184); 92265, Fontenay-aux-Roses & Kremlin Bicêtre, France
| | - Anne-Sophie Gallouët
- Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, CEA, Immunologie des maladies virales, auto-immunes, hématologiques et bactériennes (IMVA-HB/IDMIT/UMR1184); 92265, Fontenay-aux-Roses & Kremlin Bicêtre, France
| | - Sébastien Langlois
- Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, CEA, Immunologie des maladies virales, auto-immunes, hématologiques et bactériennes (IMVA-HB/IDMIT/UMR1184); 92265, Fontenay-aux-Roses & Kremlin Bicêtre, France
| | - Emma Burban
- Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, CEA, Immunologie des maladies virales, auto-immunes, hématologiques et bactériennes (IMVA-HB/IDMIT/UMR1184); 92265, Fontenay-aux-Roses & Kremlin Bicêtre, France
| | - Candie Joly
- Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, CEA, Immunologie des maladies virales, auto-immunes, hématologiques et bactériennes (IMVA-HB/IDMIT/UMR1184); 92265, Fontenay-aux-Roses & Kremlin Bicêtre, France
| | - Wesley Gros
- Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, CEA, Immunologie des maladies virales, auto-immunes, hématologiques et bactériennes (IMVA-HB/IDMIT/UMR1184); 92265, Fontenay-aux-Roses & Kremlin Bicêtre, France
| | - Nathalie Dereuddre-Bosquet
- Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, CEA, Immunologie des maladies virales, auto-immunes, hématologiques et bactériennes (IMVA-HB/IDMIT/UMR1184); 92265, Fontenay-aux-Roses & Kremlin Bicêtre, France
| | - Julie Morin
- Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, CEA, Immunologie des maladies virales, auto-immunes, hématologiques et bactériennes (IMVA-HB/IDMIT/UMR1184); 92265, Fontenay-aux-Roses & Kremlin Bicêtre, France
| | - Ming Liu Olsen
- Department of Infectious Disease Immunology, Statens Serum Institut; Artillerivej 5, 2300 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ida Rosenkrands
- Department of Infectious Disease Immunology, Statens Serum Institut; Artillerivej 5, 2300 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ann-Kathrin Stein
- Department of Vaccine Development, Statens Serum Institut; Artillerivej 5, 2300 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Grith Krøyer Wood
- Department of Vaccine Development, Statens Serum Institut; Artillerivej 5, 2300 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Frank Follmann
- Department of Infectious Disease Immunology, Statens Serum Institut; Artillerivej 5, 2300 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Thomas Lindenstrøm
- Department of Infectious Disease Immunology, Statens Serum Institut; Artillerivej 5, 2300 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Roger LeGrand
- Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, CEA, Immunologie des maladies virales, auto-immunes, hématologiques et bactériennes (IMVA-HB/IDMIT/UMR1184); 92265, Fontenay-aux-Roses & Kremlin Bicêtre, France
| | - Gabriel Kristian Pedersen
- Department of Infectious Disease Immunology, Statens Serum Institut; Artillerivej 5, 2300 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Rasmus Mortensen
- Department of Infectious Disease Immunology, Statens Serum Institut; Artillerivej 5, 2300 Copenhagen, Denmark
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152
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Lin F, Lin X, Fu B, Xiong Y, Zaky MY, Wu H. Functional studies of HLA and its role in SARS-CoV-2: Stimulating T cell response and vaccine development. Life Sci 2023; 315:121374. [PMID: 36621539 PMCID: PMC9815883 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2023.121374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 01/02/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
In the biological immune process, the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) plays an indispensable role in the expression of HLA molecules in the human body when viral infection activates the T-cell response to remove the virus. Since the first case of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection in 2019, how to address and prevent SARS-CoV-2 has become a common problem facing all mankind. The T-cell immune response activated by MHC peptides is a way to construct a defense line and reduce the transmission and harm of the virus. Presentation of SARS-CoV-2 antigen is associated with different types of HLA phenotypes, and different HLA phenotypes induce different immune responses. The prediction of SARS-CoV-2 mutation information and the design of vaccines based on HLAs can effectively activate autoimmunity and cope with virus mutations, which can provide some references for the prevention and treatment of SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Lin
- School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Shapingba, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaoyuan Lin
- School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Shapingba, Chongqing, China.
| | - Beibei Fu
- School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Shapingba, Chongqing, China
| | - Yan Xiong
- School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Shapingba, Chongqing, China
| | - Mohamed Y Zaky
- Molecular Physiology Division, Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, P.O. Box 62521, Beni-Suef, Egypt; Department of Oncology and Department of Biomedical and Clinical Science, Faculty of Medicine, Linköping University, Sweden
| | - Haibo Wu
- School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Shapingba, Chongqing, China.
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153
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Nanishi E, Borriello F, Seo HS, O’Meara TR, McGrath ME, Saito Y, Chen J, Diray-Arce J, Song K, Xu AZ, Barman S, Menon M, Dong D, Caradonna TM, Feldman J, Hauser BM, Schmidt AG, Baden LR, Ernst RK, Dillen C, Yu J, Chang A, Hilgers L, Platenburg PP, Dhe-Paganon S, Barouch DH, Ozonoff A, Zanoni I, Frieman MB, Dowling DJ, Levy O. Carbohydrate fatty acid monosulphate: oil-in-water adjuvant enhances SARS-CoV-2 RBD nanoparticle-induced immunogenicity and protection in mice. NPJ Vaccines 2023; 8:18. [PMID: 36788219 PMCID: PMC9927065 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-023-00610-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Development of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines that protect vulnerable populations is a public health priority. Here, we took a systematic and iterative approach by testing several adjuvants and SARS-CoV-2 antigens to identify a combination that elicits antibodies and protection in young and aged mice. While demonstrating superior immunogenicity to soluble receptor-binding domain (RBD), RBD displayed as a protein nanoparticle (RBD-NP) generated limited antibody responses. Comparison of multiple adjuvants including AddaVax, AddaS03, and AS01B in young and aged mice demonstrated that an oil-in-water emulsion containing carbohydrate fatty acid monosulphate derivative (CMS:O/W) most effectively enhanced RBD-NP-induced cross-neutralizing antibodies and protection across age groups. CMS:O/W enhanced antigen retention in the draining lymph node, induced injection site, and lymph node cytokines, with CMS inducing MyD88-dependent Th1 cytokine polarization. Furthermore, CMS and O/W synergistically induced chemokine production from human PBMCs. Overall, CMS:O/W adjuvant may enhance immunogenicity and protection of vulnerable populations against SARS-CoV-2 and other infectious pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Etsuro Nanishi
- grid.2515.30000 0004 0378 8438Precision Vaccines Program, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA USA ,grid.38142.3c000000041936754XDepartment of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA USA
| | - Francesco Borriello
- grid.2515.30000 0004 0378 8438Precision Vaccines Program, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA USA ,grid.38142.3c000000041936754XDepartment of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA USA ,grid.2515.30000 0004 0378 8438Division of Immunology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA USA ,Present Address: Generate Biomedicines, Cambridge, MA USA
| | - Hyuk-Soo Seo
- grid.65499.370000 0001 2106 9910Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA USA ,grid.38142.3c000000041936754XDepartment of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA USA
| | - Timothy R. O’Meara
- grid.2515.30000 0004 0378 8438Precision Vaccines Program, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA USA
| | - Marisa E. McGrath
- grid.411024.20000 0001 2175 4264Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Pathogen Research, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD USA
| | - Yoshine Saito
- grid.2515.30000 0004 0378 8438Precision Vaccines Program, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA USA
| | - Jing Chen
- grid.2515.30000 0004 0378 8438Research Computing Group, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA USA
| | - Joann Diray-Arce
- grid.2515.30000 0004 0378 8438Precision Vaccines Program, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA USA ,grid.38142.3c000000041936754XDepartment of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA USA
| | - Kijun Song
- grid.65499.370000 0001 2106 9910Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA USA
| | - Andrew Z. Xu
- grid.65499.370000 0001 2106 9910Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA USA
| | - Soumik Barman
- grid.2515.30000 0004 0378 8438Precision Vaccines Program, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA USA ,grid.38142.3c000000041936754XDepartment of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA USA
| | - Manisha Menon
- grid.2515.30000 0004 0378 8438Precision Vaccines Program, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA USA
| | - Danica Dong
- grid.2515.30000 0004 0378 8438Precision Vaccines Program, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA USA
| | - Timothy M. Caradonna
- grid.461656.60000 0004 0489 3491Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA USA
| | - Jared Feldman
- grid.461656.60000 0004 0489 3491Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA USA
| | - Blake M. Hauser
- grid.461656.60000 0004 0489 3491Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA USA
| | - Aaron G. Schmidt
- grid.461656.60000 0004 0489 3491Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA USA ,grid.38142.3c000000041936754XDepartment of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA USA
| | - Lindsey R. Baden
- grid.62560.370000 0004 0378 8294Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA USA
| | - Robert K. Ernst
- grid.411024.20000 0001 2175 4264Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, University of Maryland School of Dentistry, Baltimore, MD USA
| | - Carly Dillen
- grid.411024.20000 0001 2175 4264Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Pathogen Research, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD USA
| | - Jingyou Yu
- grid.38142.3c000000041936754XCenter for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA USA
| | - Aiquan Chang
- grid.38142.3c000000041936754XCenter for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA USA
| | | | | | - Sirano Dhe-Paganon
- grid.65499.370000 0001 2106 9910Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA USA ,grid.38142.3c000000041936754XDepartment of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA USA
| | - Dan H. Barouch
- grid.38142.3c000000041936754XCenter for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA USA
| | - Al Ozonoff
- grid.2515.30000 0004 0378 8438Precision Vaccines Program, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA USA ,grid.38142.3c000000041936754XDepartment of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA USA ,grid.66859.340000 0004 0546 1623Broad Institute of MIT & Harvard, Cambridge, MA USA
| | - Ivan Zanoni
- grid.38142.3c000000041936754XDepartment of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA USA ,grid.2515.30000 0004 0378 8438Division of Immunology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA USA
| | - Matthew B. Frieman
- grid.411024.20000 0001 2175 4264Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Pathogen Research, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD USA
| | - David J. Dowling
- grid.2515.30000 0004 0378 8438Precision Vaccines Program, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA USA ,grid.38142.3c000000041936754XDepartment of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA USA
| | - Ofer Levy
- Precision Vaccines Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA. .,Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA. .,Broad Institute of MIT & Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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154
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Ivanova I, Filippenko A, Trufanova A, Omelchenko N, Chemisova O, Vodopyanov A, Bereznyak E, Sokolova E, Noskov A, Totolyan AAA. Assessment of the formation and intensity of adaptive immunity in patients with COVID-19. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF INFECTION AND IMMUNITY 2023. [DOI: 10.15789/2220-7619-aof-2107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/09/2023]
Abstract
The study of adaptive immunity in survivors of a new coronavirus infection is an important task, since there is no consensus on whether the severity of the disease affects the formation and intensity of the immune response to COVID-19. In this regard, a comparative assessment of the presence and duration of preservation of cellular and humoral immunity in patients with COVID-19 of varying severity was carried out. The study involved volunteers who had been ill with a new coronavirus infection asymptomatically (n=30), in moderate severity (n=21) and in severe form (n=12). The average age of the subjects was 47.312.5 years. The formation of cellular immunity was judged by an increase in the synthesis of IFN- in response to stimulation of lymphocytes for 16-20 hours by glycoprotein S(RBD) of the causative agent COVID-19. To determine IFN- products, the gamma InterferonIFA-BEST test system, manufactured by Vector-Best JSC, Russia, was used. The humoral immune response was recorded by detecting class G antibodies using the "SARS-CoV-2RBD-ELISA-Gamalei" test system (FSBI "N.F. Gamalei NITSEM" of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation). The results obtained indicate that patients from all groups have both humoral and cellular immunity to the causative agent of a new coronavirus infection. However, the number of people with adaptive immunity to COVID-19 and the duration of its preservation depends on the severity of the infection. A significant decrease in the number of people with cellular immunity was revealed in the group of seriously ill. At the same time, the majority of volunteers in this group registered the presence of class G immunoglobulins before the end of observation. In this group, unlike the other two, no patients were identified in whom only the cellular link of the immune response was activated. Volunteers who did not retain adaptive immunity to the causative agent of a new coronavirus infection appeared only by the end of the observation period. Among those who had the disease in an average form 7-8 months after recovery, there was a decrease in the number of people with cellular and humoral immunity. This process started earlier than in the group of patients who were asymptomatic and continued until the end of the study. The proportion of individuals with cellular immunity increased, and at a later date with a humoral immune response. By the end of the study, a high percentage of volunteers remained asymptomatically infected, having cellular and humoral immunity to SARS-CoV-2. Their number remained statistically higher than in the group of those who had a new coronavirus infection of moderate severity, but lower than in the group of those who were seriously ill. Also in this group, by the end of the experiment, an increase in the number of volunteers with only a cellular immune response was recorded. According to the data obtained, at the end of the observation period, the number of volunteers with humoral immunity to the causative agent of a new coronavirus infection is higher compared to those with a cellular immune response
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155
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Employing T-Cell Memory to Effectively Target SARS-CoV-2. Pathogens 2023; 12:pathogens12020301. [PMID: 36839573 PMCID: PMC9967959 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12020301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Revised: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Well-trained T-cell immunity is needed for early viral containment, especially with the help of an ideal vaccine. Although most severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)-infected convalescent cases have recovered with the generation of virus-specific memory T cells, some cases have encountered T-cell abnormalities. The emergence of several mutant strains has even threatened the effectiveness of the T-cell immunity that was established with the first-generation vaccines. Currently, the development of next-generation vaccines involves trying several approaches to educate T-cell memory to trigger a broad and fast response that targets several viral proteins. As the shaping of T-cell immunity in its fast and efficient form becomes important, this review discusses several interesting vaccine approaches to effectively employ T-cell memory for efficient viral containment. In addition, some essential facts and future possible consequences of using current vaccines are also highlighted.
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156
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Garofalo E, Biamonte F, Palmieri C, Battaglia AM, Sacco A, Biamonte E, Neri G, Antico GC, Mancuso S, Foti G, Torti C, Costanzo FS, Longhini F, Bruni A. Severe and mild-moderate SARS-CoV-2 vaccinated patients show different frequencies of IFNγ-releasing cells: An exploratory study. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0281444. [PMID: 36757971 PMCID: PMC9910754 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0281444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite an apparent effective vaccination, some patients are admitted to the hospital after SARS-CoV-2 infection. The role of adaptive immunity in COVID-19 is growing; nonetheless, differences in the spike-specific immune responses between patients requiring or not hospitalization for SARS-CoV-2 infection remains to be evaluated. In this study, we aim to evaluate the spike-specific immune response in patients with mild-moderate or severeSARS-CoV-2 infection, after breakthrough infection following two doses of BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine. METHODS We included three cohorts of 15 cases which received the two BNT162b2 vaccine doses in previous 4 to 7 months: 1) patients with severe COVID-19; 2) patients with mild-moderate COVID-19 and 3) vaccinated individuals with a negative SARS-CoV-2 molecular pharyngeal swab (healthy subjects). Anti-S1 and anti-S2 specific SARS-CoV-2 IgM and IgG titers were measured through a chemiluminescence immunoassay technology. In addition, the frequencies of IFNγ-releasing cells were measured by ELISpot. RESULTS The spike-specific IFNγ-releasing cells were significantly lower in severe patients (8 [0; 26] s.f.c.×106), as compared to mild-moderate patients (135 [64; 159] s.f.c.×106; p<0.001) and healthy subjects (103 [50; 188] s.f.c.×106; p<0.001). The anti-Spike protein IgG levels were similar among the three cohorts of cases (p = 0.098). All cases had an IgM titer below the analytic sensitivity of the test. The Receiver Operating Curve analysis indicated the rate of spike-specific IFNγ-releasing cells can discriminate correctly severe COVID-19 and mild-moderate patients (AUC: 0.9289; 95%CI: 0.8376-1.000; p< 0.0001), with a diagnostic specificity of 100% for s.f.c. > 81.2 x 106. CONCLUSIONS 2-doses vaccinated patients requiring hospitalization for severe COVID-19 show a cellular-mediated immune response lower than mild-moderate or healthy subjects, despite similar antibody titers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugenio Garofalo
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Anesthesia and Intensive Care Unit, University Hospital Mater Domini, Magna Graecia University, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Flavia Biamonte
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, "Magna Graecia" University of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
- Interdepartmental Center of Services (CIS), Molecular Genomics and Pathology, "Magna Græcia" University of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Camillo Palmieri
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, "Magna Graecia" University of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Anna Martina Battaglia
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, "Magna Graecia" University of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Alessandro Sacco
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, "Magna Graecia" University of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Eugenio Biamonte
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Anesthesia and Intensive Care Unit, University Hospital Mater Domini, Magna Graecia University, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Neri
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Anesthesia and Intensive Care Unit, University Hospital Mater Domini, Magna Graecia University, Catanzaro, Italy
| | | | - Serafina Mancuso
- Unit of Biochimica Clinica, University Hospital Mater Domini, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Foti
- Unit of Infectious Disease, Grand Metropolitan Hospital, Reggio Calabria, Italy
| | - Carlo Torti
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Unit of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, "Magna Graecia" University, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Francesco Saverio Costanzo
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, "Magna Graecia" University of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
- Interdepartmental Center of Services (CIS), Molecular Genomics and Pathology, "Magna Græcia" University of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Federico Longhini
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Anesthesia and Intensive Care Unit, University Hospital Mater Domini, Magna Graecia University, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Andrea Bruni
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Anesthesia and Intensive Care Unit, University Hospital Mater Domini, Magna Graecia University, Catanzaro, Italy
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157
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Reeg DB, Hofmann M, Neumann-Haefelin C, Thimme R, Luxenburger H. SARS-CoV-2-Specific T Cell Responses in Immunocompromised Individuals with Cancer, HIV or Solid Organ Transplants. Pathogens 2023; 12:pathogens12020244. [PMID: 36839516 PMCID: PMC9966413 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12020244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Adaptive immune responses play an important role in the clinical course of SARS-CoV-2 infection. While evaluations of the virus-specific defense often focus on the humoral response, cellular immunity is crucial for the successful control of infection, with the early development of cytotoxic T cells being linked to efficient viral clearance. Vaccination against SARS-CoV-2 induces both CD4+ and CD8+ T cell responses and permits protection from severe COVID-19, including infection with the currently circulating variants of concern. Nevertheless, in immunocompromised individuals, first data imply significantly impaired SARS-CoV-2-specific immune responses after both natural infection and vaccination. Hence, these high-risk groups require particular consideration, not only in routine clinical practice, but also in the development of future vaccination strategies. In order to assist physicians in the guidance of immunocompromised patients, concerning the management of infection or the benefit of (booster) vaccinations, this review aims to provide a concise overview of the current knowledge about SARS-CoV-2-specific cellular immune responses in the vulnerable cohorts of cancer patients, people living with HIV (PLWH), and solid organ transplant recipients (SOT). Recent findings regarding the virus-specific cellular immunity in these differently immunocompromised populations might influence clinical decision-making in the future.
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158
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Long-Term Immunological Memory of SARS-CoV-2 Is Present in Patients with Primary Antibody Deficiencies for up to a Year after Vaccination. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:vaccines11020354. [PMID: 36851231 PMCID: PMC9959530 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11020354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2023] [Revised: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Some studies have found increased coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19)-related morbidity and mortality in patients with primary antibody deficiencies. Immunization against COVID-19 may, therefore, be particularly important in these patients. However, the durability of the immune response remains unclear in such patients. In this study, we evaluated the cellular and humoral response to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) antigens in a cross-sectional study of 32 patients with primary antibody deficiency (n = 17 with common variable immunodeficiency (CVID) and n = 15 with selective IgA deficiency) and 15 healthy controls. Serological and cellular responses were determined using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and interferon-gamma release assays. The subsets of B and T lymphocytes were measured using flow cytometry. Of the 32 patients, 28 had completed the vaccination regimen with a median time after vaccination of 173 days (IQR = 142): 27 patients showed a positive spike-peptide-specific antibody response, and 26 patients showed a positive spike-peptide-specific T-cell response. The median level of antibody response in CVID patients (5.47 ratio (IQR = 4.08)) was lower compared to healthy controls (9.43 ratio (IQR = 2.13)). No difference in anti-spike T-cell response was found between the groups. The results of this study indicate that markers of the sustained SARS-CoV-2 spike-specific immune response are detectable several months after vaccination in patients with primary antibody deficiencies comparable to controls.
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159
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Venturas JP. HIV and COVID-19 Disease. Semin Respir Crit Care Med 2023; 44:35-49. [PMID: 36646084 DOI: 10.1055/s-0042-1758852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Despite effective antiretroviral therapy (ART), HIV infected individuals throughout the world remain at significant risk of respiratory infections and non-communicable disease. Severe disease from SARS-CoV-2 is associated with a hyperinflammatory phenotype which manifests in the lungs as pneumonia and in some cases can lead to acute respiratory failure. Progression to severe COVID-19 is associated with comorbid disease such as obesity, diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular disease, however data concerning the associated risks of HIV coinfection are still conflicting, with large population studies demonstrating poorer outcomes, whilst smaller, case-controlled studies showing better outcomes. Furthermore, underlying immunopathological processes within the lungs and elsewhere, including interactions with other opportunistic infections (OI), remain largely undefined. Nonetheless, new and repurposed anti-viral therapies and vaccines which have been developed are safe to use in this population, and anti-inflammatory agents are recommended with the caveat that the coexistence of opportunistic infections is considered and excluded. Finally, HIV infected patients remain reliant on good ART adherence practices to maintain HIV viral suppression, and some of these practices were disrupted during the COVID-19 pandemic, putting these patients at further risk for acute and long-term adverse outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqui P Venturas
- Department of Internal Medicine and Pulmonology, Charlotte Maxeke Johannesburg Academic Hospital and Universtity of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
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160
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Liu H, Aviszus K, Zelarney P, Liao SY, Gerber AN, Make B, Wechsler ME, Marrack P, Reinhardt RL. Vaccine-elicited B and T cell immunity to SARS-CoV-2 is impaired in chronic lung disease patients. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2023:2023.01.25.23284971. [PMID: 36747750 PMCID: PMC9901055 DOI: 10.1101/2023.01.25.23284971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The protection afforded by vaccination against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) to individuals with chronic lung disease is not well established. To understand how chronic lung disease impacts SARS-CoV-2 vaccine-elicited immunity we performed deep immunophenotyping of the humoral and cell mediated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine response in an investigative cohort of vaccinated patients with diverse pulmonary conditions including asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and interstitial lung disease (ILD). Compared to healthy controls, 48% of vaccinated patients with chronic lung diseases had reduced antibody titers to the SARS-CoV-2 vaccine antigen as early as 3-4 months after vaccination, correlating with decreased vaccine-specific memory B cells. Vaccine-specific CD4 and CD8 T cells were also significantly reduced in patients with asthma, COPD, and a subset of ILD patients compared to healthy controls. These findings reveal the complex nature of vaccine-elicited immunity in high-risk patients with chronic lung disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haolin Liu
- Department of Immunology and Genomic Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, 80206, USA
| | - Katja Aviszus
- Department of Immunology and Genomic Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, 80206, USA
| | - Pearlanne Zelarney
- Research Informatics Services, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, 80206, USA
| | - Shu-Yi Liao
- Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, 80206, USA
- Division of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, National Jewish Health, Denver CO, 80206, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Anthony N Gerber
- Department of Immunology and Genomic Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, 80206, USA
- Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, 80206, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver CO, 80206, USA
| | - Barry Make
- Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, 80206, USA
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver CO, 80206, USA
| | - Michael E Wechsler
- Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, 80206, USA
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver CO, 80206, USA
| | - Philippa Marrack
- Department of Immunology and Genomic Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, 80206, USA
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - R Lee Reinhardt
- Department of Immunology and Genomic Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, 80206, USA
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
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161
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Almendro-Vázquez P, Laguna-Goya R, Paz-Artal E. Defending against SARS-CoV-2: The T cell perspective. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1107803. [PMID: 36776863 PMCID: PMC9911802 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1107803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2-specific T cell response has been proven essential for viral clearance, COVID-19 outcome and long-term memory. Impaired early T cell-driven immunity leads to a severe form of the disease associated with lymphopenia, hyperinflammation and imbalanced humoral response. Analyses of acute SARS-CoV-2 infection have revealed that mild COVID-19 course is characterized by an early induction of specific T cells within the first 7 days of symptoms, coordinately followed by antibody production for an effective control of viral infection. In contrast, patients who do not develop an early specific cellular response and initiate a humoral immune response with subsequent production of high levels of antibodies, develop severe symptoms. Yet, delayed and persistent bystander CD8+ T cell activation has been also reported in hospitalized patients and could be a driver of lung pathology. Literature supports that long-term maintenance of T cell response appears more stable than antibody titters. Up to date, virus-specific T cell memory has been detected 22 months post-symptom onset, with a predominant IL-2 memory response compared to IFN-γ. Furthermore, T cell responses are conserved against the emerging variants of concern (VoCs) while these variants are mostly able to evade humoral responses. This could be partly explained by the high HLA polymorphism whereby the viral epitope repertoire recognized could differ among individuals, greatly decreasing the likelihood of immune escape. Current COVID-19-vaccination has been shown to elicit Th1-driven spike-specific T cell response, as does natural infection, which provides substantial protection against severe COVID-19 and death. In addition, mucosal vaccination has been reported to induce strong adaptive responses both locally and systemically and to protect against VoCs in animal models. The optimization of vaccine formulations by including a variety of viral regions, innovative adjuvants or diverse administration routes could result in a desirable enhanced cellular response and memory, and help to prevent breakthrough infections. In summary, the increasing evidence highlights the relevance of monitoring SARS-CoV-2-specific cellular immune response, and not only antibody levels, as a correlate for protection after infection and/or vaccination. Moreover, it may help to better identify target populations that could benefit most from booster doses and to personalize vaccination strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Almendro-Vázquez
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre (imas12), Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rocío Laguna-Goya
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre (imas12), Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Immunology, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain
| | - Estela Paz-Artal
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre (imas12), Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Immunology, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Immunology, Ophthalmology and ENT, Complutense University School of Medicine, Madrid, Spain
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162
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Somogyi E, Kremlitzka M, Csiszovszki Z, Molnár L, Lőrincz O, Tóth J, de Waal L, Pattijn S, Reineking W, Beineke A, Tőke ER. T cell immunity ameliorates COVID-19 disease severity and provides post-exposure prophylaxis after peptide-vaccination, in Syrian hamsters. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1111629. [PMID: 36761759 PMCID: PMC9902696 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1111629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The emergence of novel SARS-CoV-2 variants that resist neutralizing antibodies drew the attention to cellular immunity and calls for the development of alternative vaccination strategies to combat the pandemic. Here, we have assessed the kinetics of T cell responses and protective efficacy against severe COVID-19 in pre- and post-exposure settings, elicited by PolyPEPI-SCoV-2, a peptide based T cell vaccine. Methods 75 Syrian hamsters were immunized subcutaneously with PolyPEPI-SCoV-2 on D0 and D14. On D42, hamsters were intranasally challenged with 102 TCID50 of the virus. To analyze immunogenicity by IFN-γ ELISPOT and antibody secretion, lymphoid tissues were collected both before (D0, D14, D28, D42) and after challenge (D44, D46, D49). To measure vaccine efficacy, lung tissue, throat swabs and nasal turbinate samples were assessed for viral load and histopathological changes. Further, body weight was monitored on D0, D28, D42 and every day after challenge. Results The vaccine induced robust activation of T cells against all SARS-CoV-2 structural proteins that were rapidly boosted after virus challenge compared to control animals (~4-fold, p<0.05). A single dose of PolyPEPI-SCoV-2 administered one day after challenge also resulted in elevated T cell response (p<0.01). The vaccination did not induce virus-specific antibodies and viral load reduction. Still, peptide vaccination significantly reduced body weight loss (p<0.001), relative lung weight (p<0.05) and lung lesions (p<0.05), in both settings. Conclusion Our study provides first proof of concept data on the contribution of T cell immunity on disease course and provide rationale for the use of T cell-based peptide vaccines against both novel SARS-CoV-2 variants and supports post-exposure prophylaxis as alternative vaccination strategy against COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eszter Somogyi
- Treos Bio Ltd, London, United Kingdom,Treos Bio Zrt, Veszprém, Hungary,PepTC Vaccines Ltd, London, United Kingdom
| | - Mariann Kremlitzka
- Treos Bio Ltd, London, United Kingdom,Treos Bio Zrt, Veszprém, Hungary,PepTC Vaccines Ltd, London, United Kingdom
| | - Zsolt Csiszovszki
- Treos Bio Ltd, London, United Kingdom,Treos Bio Zrt, Veszprém, Hungary,PepTC Vaccines Ltd, London, United Kingdom
| | - Levente Molnár
- Treos Bio Ltd, London, United Kingdom,Treos Bio Zrt, Veszprém, Hungary,PepTC Vaccines Ltd, London, United Kingdom
| | - Orsolya Lőrincz
- Treos Bio Ltd, London, United Kingdom,Treos Bio Zrt, Veszprém, Hungary,PepTC Vaccines Ltd, London, United Kingdom
| | - József Tóth
- Treos Bio Ltd, London, United Kingdom,Treos Bio Zrt, Veszprém, Hungary,PepTC Vaccines Ltd, London, United Kingdom
| | - Leon de Waal
- Viroclinics Biosciences B.V., Viroclinics Xplore, Schaijk, Netherlands
| | - Sofie Pattijn
- ImmunXperts Société Anonyme, Q2 Solutions Company, Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Wencke Reineking
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Andreas Beineke
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Enikő R. Tőke
- Treos Bio Ltd, London, United Kingdom,Treos Bio Zrt, Veszprém, Hungary,PepTC Vaccines Ltd, London, United Kingdom,*Correspondence: Enikő R. Tőke,
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163
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Geng J, Yang X, Wang K, Wang K, Chen R, Chen ZN, Qin C, Wu G, Wang Y, Xu K, Du P, Liu J, Chen S, Zhang T, Sun X, Guo T, Shi Y, Zhang Z, Wei D, Lin P, Wang Q, Yuan J, Qu J, Zou J, Liu Y, Lu H, Zhu P, Bian H, Chen L. Immunological and metabolic characteristics of the Omicron variants infection. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2023; 8:42. [PMID: 36681668 PMCID: PMC9860238 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-022-01265-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Revised: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The Omicron variants of SARS-CoV-2, primarily authenticated in November 2021 in South Africa, has initiated the 5th wave of global pandemics. Here, we systemically examined immunological and metabolic characteristics of Omicron variants infection. We found Omicron resisted to neutralizing antibody targeting receptor binding domain (RBD) of wildtype SARS-CoV-2. Omicron could hardly be neutralized by sera of Corona Virus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) convalescents infected with the Delta variant. Through mass spectrometry on MHC-bound peptidomes, we found that the spike protein of the Omicron variants could generate additional CD8 + T cell epitopes, compared with Delta. These epitopes could induce robust CD8 + T cell responses. Moreover, we found booster vaccination increased the cross-memory CD8 + T cell responses against Omicron. Metabolic regulome analysis of Omicron-specific T cell showed a metabolic profile that promoted the response of memory T cells. Consistently, a greater fraction of memory CD8 + T cells existed in Omicron stimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). In addition, CD147 was also a receptor for the Omicron variants, and CD147 antibody inhibited infection of Omicron. CD147-mediated Omicron infection in a human CD147 transgenic mouse model induced exudative alveolar pneumonia. Taken together, our data suggested that vaccination booster and receptor blocking antibody are two effective strategies against Omicron.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiejie Geng
- Department of Cell Biology of National Translational Science Center for Molecular Medicine and Department of Clinical Immunology of Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Xu Yang
- Department of Cell Biology of National Translational Science Center for Molecular Medicine and Department of Clinical Immunology of Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Kun Wang
- Department of Cell Biology of National Translational Science Center for Molecular Medicine and Department of Clinical Immunology of Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Ke Wang
- Department of Cell Biology of National Translational Science Center for Molecular Medicine and Department of Clinical Immunology of Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Ruo Chen
- Department of Cell Biology of National Translational Science Center for Molecular Medicine and Department of Clinical Immunology of Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Zhi-Nan Chen
- Department of Cell Biology of National Translational Science Center for Molecular Medicine and Department of Clinical Immunology of Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Chuan Qin
- Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, Chinese Ministry of Health, Key Laboratory for Animal Models of Emerging and Remerging Infectious Diseases, Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Guizhen Wu
- MHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Preven- tion, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Youchun Wang
- Division of HIV/AIDS and Sex-transmitted Virus Vaccines, Institute for Biological Product Control, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control (NIFDC) and WHO Collaborating Center for Standardization and Evaluation of Biologicals, Beijing, 102629, China
| | - Ke Xu
- MHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Preven- tion, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Peng Du
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Jiangning Liu
- Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, Chinese Ministry of Health, Key Laboratory for Animal Models of Emerging and Remerging Infectious Diseases, Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Shirui Chen
- Department of Cell Biology of National Translational Science Center for Molecular Medicine and Department of Clinical Immunology of Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Tao Zhang
- Department of Cell Biology of National Translational Science Center for Molecular Medicine and Department of Clinical Immunology of Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Xiuxuan Sun
- Department of Cell Biology of National Translational Science Center for Molecular Medicine and Department of Clinical Immunology of Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Ting Guo
- Department of Cell Biology of National Translational Science Center for Molecular Medicine and Department of Clinical Immunology of Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Ying Shi
- Department of Cell Biology of National Translational Science Center for Molecular Medicine and Department of Clinical Immunology of Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Zheng Zhang
- Department of Cell Biology of National Translational Science Center for Molecular Medicine and Department of Clinical Immunology of Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Ding Wei
- Department of Cell Biology of National Translational Science Center for Molecular Medicine and Department of Clinical Immunology of Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Peng Lin
- Department of Cell Biology of National Translational Science Center for Molecular Medicine and Department of Clinical Immunology of Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Qingyi Wang
- School of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Jing Yuan
- The Third People's Hospital of Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518112, China
| | - Jiuxin Qu
- The Third People's Hospital of Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518112, China
| | - Jin Zou
- The Third People's Hospital of Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518112, China
| | - Yingxia Liu
- The Third People's Hospital of Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518112, China.
| | - Hongzhou Lu
- The Third People's Hospital of Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518112, China.
| | - Ping Zhu
- Department of Cell Biology of National Translational Science Center for Molecular Medicine and Department of Clinical Immunology of Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China.
| | - Huijie Bian
- Department of Cell Biology of National Translational Science Center for Molecular Medicine and Department of Clinical Immunology of Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China.
| | - Liang Chen
- School of Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China.
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164
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Yunis J, Short KR, Yu D. Severe respiratory viral infections: T-cell functions diverging from immunity to inflammation. Trends Microbiol 2023; 31:644-656. [PMID: 36635162 PMCID: PMC9829516 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2022.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Respiratory viral infections such as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and influenza A virus (IAV) trigger distinct clinical outcomes defined by immunity-based viral clearance or disease associated with exaggerated and prolonged inflammation. The important role of T cells in shaping both antiviral immunity and inflammation has revived interest in understanding the host-pathogen interactions that lead to the diverse functions of T cells in respiratory viral infections. Inborn deficiencies and acquired insufficiency in immunity can prolong infection and shift the immune response towards exacerbated inflammation, which results from persistent innate immune activation and bystander T-cell activation that is nonspecific to the pathogen but is often driven by cytokines. This review discusses how virus variants, exposure doses, routes of infection, host genetics, and immune history can modulate the activation and function of T cells, thus influencing clinical outcomes. Knowledge of virus-host interaction can inform strategies to prevent immune dysfunction in respiratory viral infection and help in the treatment of associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Yunis
- Frazer Institute, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia,Correspondence:
| | - Kirsty R. Short
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Di Yu
- Frazer Institute, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia,Ian Frazer Centre for Children’s Immunotherapy Research, Child Health Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia,Correspondence:
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165
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Tarke A, Zhang Y, Methot N, Narowski TM, Phillips E, Mallal S, Frazier A, Filaci G, Weiskopf D, Dan JM, Premkumar L, Scheuermann RH, Sette A, Grifoni A. Targets and cross-reactivity of human T cell recognition of Common Cold Coronaviruses. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.01.04.522794. [PMID: 36656777 PMCID: PMC9844015 DOI: 10.1101/2023.01.04.522794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The Coronavirus (CoV) family includes a variety of viruses able to infect humans. Endemic CoVs that can cause common cold belong to the alphaCoV and betaCoV genera, with the betaCoV genus also containing subgenera with zoonotic and pandemic concern, including sarbecoCoV (SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2) and merbecoCoV (MERS-CoV). It is therefore warranted to explore pan-CoV vaccine concepts, to provide adaptive immune protection against new potential CoV outbreaks, particularly in the context of betaCoV sub lineages. To explore the feasibility of eliciting CD4 + T cell responses widely cross-recognizing different CoVs, we utilized samples collected pre-pandemic to systematically analyze T cell reactivity against representative alpha (NL63) and beta (OC43) common cold CoVs (CCC). Similar to previous findings on SARS-CoV-2, the S, N, M, and nsp3 antigens were immunodominant for both viruses while nsp2 and nsp12 were immunodominant for NL63 and OC43, respectively. We next performed a comprehensive T cell epitope screen, identifying 78 OC43 and 87 NL63-specific epitopes. For a selected subset of 18 epitopes, we experimentally assessed the T cell capability to cross-recognize sequences from representative viruses belonging to alphaCoV, sarbecoCoV, and beta-non-sarbecoCoV groups. We found general conservation within the alpha and beta groups, with cross-reactivity experimentally detected in 89% of the instances associated with sequence conservation of >67%. However, despite sequence conservation, limited cross-reactivity was observed in the case of sarbecoCoV (50% of instances), indicating that previous CoV exposure to viruses phylogenetically closer to this subgenera is a contributing factor in determining cross-reactivity. Overall, these results provided critical insights in the development of future pan-CoV vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison Tarke
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI), La Jolla, CA 92037, USA,Department of Experimental Medicine and Center of Excellence for Biomedical Research (CEBR), University of Genoa, Genoa, 16132, Italy
| | - Yun Zhang
- J. Craig Venter Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Nils Methot
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI), La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Tara M. Narowski
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7290, USA
| | - Elizabeth Phillips
- Institute for Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Murdoch University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Simon Mallal
- Institute for Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Murdoch University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - April Frazier
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI), La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Gilberto Filaci
- Center of Excellence for Biomedical Research, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genoa, Genoa 16132, Italy;,Biotherapy Unit, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa 16132, Italy
| | - Daniela Weiskopf
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI), La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Jennifer M. Dan
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI), La Jolla, CA 92037, USA,Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, University of California, San Diego (UCSD), La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Lakshmanane Premkumar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7290, USA
| | - Richard H. Scheuermann
- J. Craig Venter Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA,Department of Pathology, University of California, San Diego (UCSD), La Jolla, CA 92037, USA,These authors contributed equally
| | - Alessandro Sette
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI), La Jolla, CA 92037, USA,Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, University of California, San Diego (UCSD), La Jolla, CA 92037, USA,These authors contributed equally
| | - Alba Grifoni
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI), La Jolla, CA 92037, USA,These authors contributed equally,Lead Contact
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166
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Nogimori T, Suzuki K, Masuta Y, Washizaki A, Yagoto M, Ikeda M, Katayama Y, Kanda H, Takada M, Minami S, Kobayashi T, Takahama S, Yoshioka Y, Yamamoto T. Functional changes in cytotoxic CD8+ T-cell cross-reactivity against the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant after mRNA vaccination. Front Immunol 2023; 13:1081047. [PMID: 36685601 PMCID: PMC9845949 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1081047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding the T-cell responses involved in inhibiting COVID-19 severity is crucial for developing new therapeutic and vaccine strategies. Here, we characterized SARS-CoV-2 spike-specific CD8+ T cells in vaccinees longitudinally. The BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine can induce spike-specific CD8+ T cells cross-reacting to BA.1, whereas the T-cell receptor (TCR) repertoire usages decreased with time. Furthermore the mRNA vaccine induced spike-specific CD8+ T cells subpopulation expressing Granzyme A (GZMA), Granzyme B (GZMB) and Perforin simultaneously in healthy donors at 4 weeks after the second vaccination. The induced subpopulation was not maintained at 12 weeks after the second vaccination. Incorporating factors that efficiently induce CD8+ T cells with highly cytotoxic activity could improve future vaccine efficacy against such variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuto Nogimori
- Laboratory of Immunosenescence, Center for Vaccine and Adjuvant Research, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Osaka, Japan,Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Koichiro Suzuki
- The Research Foundation for Microbial Diseases of Osaka University (BIKEN), Osaka, Japan
| | - Yuji Masuta
- Laboratory of Immunosenescence, Center for Vaccine and Adjuvant Research, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Osaka, Japan,Laboratory of Aging and Immune Regulation, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Ayaka Washizaki
- Laboratory of Immunosenescence, Center for Vaccine and Adjuvant Research, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Osaka, Japan,Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Mika Yagoto
- Laboratory of Immunosenescence, Center for Vaccine and Adjuvant Research, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Osaka, Japan
| | - Mami Ikeda
- Laboratory of Immunosenescence, Center for Vaccine and Adjuvant Research, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yuki Katayama
- Laboratory of Immunosenescence, Center for Vaccine and Adjuvant Research, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Osaka, Japan
| | | | - Minoru Takada
- KINSHUKAI, Hanwa The Second Senboku Hospital, Osaka, Japan
| | - Shohei Minami
- Department of Virology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Takeshi Kobayashi
- Department of Virology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Shokichi Takahama
- Laboratory of Immunosenescence, Center for Vaccine and Adjuvant Research, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Osaka, Japan,Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yasuo Yoshioka
- The Research Foundation for Microbial Diseases of Osaka University (BIKEN), Osaka, Japan,Vaccine Creation Group, BIKEN Innovative Vaccine Research Alliance Laboratories, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan,Laboratory of Nano-design for innovative drug development, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan,Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Takuya Yamamoto
- Laboratory of Immunosenescence, Center for Vaccine and Adjuvant Research, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Osaka, Japan,Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan,Laboratory of Aging and Immune Regulation, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan,Department of Virology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan,Department of Virology and Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan,*Correspondence: Takuya Yamamoto,
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167
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Shakiba MH, Gemünd I, Beyer M, Bonaguro L. Lung T cell response in COVID-19. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1108716. [PMID: 36875071 PMCID: PMC9977798 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1108716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has shown the potentially devastating impact of novel respiratory infections worldwide. Insightful data obtained in the last years have shed light on the pathophysiology of SARS-CoV-2 infection and the role of the inflammatory response in driving both the resolution of the disease and uncontrolled deleterious inflammatory status in severe cases. In this mini-review, we cover some important aspects of the role of T cells in COVID-19 with a special focus on the local response in the lung. We focus on the reported T cell phenotypes in mild, moderate, and severe COVID-19, focusing on lung inflammation and on both the protective and damaging roles of the T cell response, also highlighting the open questions in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehrnoush Hadaddzadeh Shakiba
- Systems Medicine, Deutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen (DZNE), Bonn, Germany.,Immunogenomics and Neurodegeneration, Deutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen (DZNE), Bonn, Germany
| | - Ioanna Gemünd
- Systems Medicine, Deutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen (DZNE), Bonn, Germany.,Genomics and Immunoregulation, Life and Medical Sciences (LIMES) Institute, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Marc Beyer
- Systems Medicine, Deutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen (DZNE), Bonn, Germany.,Immunogenomics and Neurodegeneration, Deutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen (DZNE), Bonn, Germany.,PRECISE Platform for Single Cell Genomics and Epigenomics, Deutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen (DZNE) and University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Lorenzo Bonaguro
- Systems Medicine, Deutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen (DZNE), Bonn, Germany.,Genomics and Immunoregulation, Life and Medical Sciences (LIMES) Institute, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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168
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Belik M, Liedes O, Vara S, Haveri A, Pöysti S, Kolehmainen P, Maljanen S, Huttunen M, Reinholm A, Lundberg R, Skön M, Österlund P, Melin M, Hänninen A, Hurme A, Ivaska L, Tähtinen PA, Lempainen J, Kakkola L, Jalkanen P, Julkunen I. Persistent T cell-mediated immune responses against Omicron variants after the third COVID-19 mRNA vaccine dose. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1099246. [PMID: 36756112 PMCID: PMC9899862 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1099246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 01/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction The prime-boost COVID-19 mRNA vaccination strategy has proven to be effective against severe COVID-19 disease and death. However, concerns have been raised due to decreasing neutralizing antibody levels after COVID-19 vaccination and due to the emergence of new immuno-evasive SARS-CoV-2 variants that may require additional booster vaccinations. Methods In this study, we analyzed the humoral and cell-mediated immune responses against the Omicron BA.1 and BA.2 subvariants in Finnish healthcare workers (HCWs) vaccinated with three doses of COVID-19 mRNA vaccines. We used enzyme immunoassay and microneutralization test to analyze the levels of SARS-CoV-2 specific IgG antibodies in the sera of the vaccinees and the in vitro neutralization capacity of the sera. Activation induced marker assay together with flow cytometry and extracellular cytokine analysis was used to determine responses in SARS-CoV-2 spike protein stimulated PBMCs. Results Here we show that within the HCWs, the third mRNA vaccine dose recalls both humoral and T cell-mediated immune responses and induces high levels of neutralizing antibodies against Omicron BA.1 and BA.2 variants. Three weeks after the third vaccine dose, SARS-CoV-2 wild type spike protein-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cells are observed in 82% and 71% of HCWs, respectively, and the T cells cross-recognize both Omicron BA.1 and BA.2 spike peptides. Although the levels of neutralizing antibodies against Omicron BA.1 and BA.2 decline 2.5 to 3.8-fold three months after the third dose, memory CD4+ T cell responses are maintained for at least eight months post the second dose and three months post the third vaccine dose. Discussion We show that after the administration of the third mRNA vaccine dose the levels of both humoral and cell-mediated immune responses are effectively activated, and the levels of the spike-specific antibodies are further elevated compared to the levels after the second vaccine dose. Even though at three months after the third vaccine dose antibody levels in sera decrease at a similar rate as after the second vaccine dose, the levels of spike-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cells remain relatively stable. Additionally, the T cells retain efficiency in cross-recognizing spike protein peptide pools derived from Omicron BA.1 and BA.2 subvariants. Altogether our results suggest durable cellmediated immunity and protection against SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milja Belik
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Oona Liedes
- Department of Health Security, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Saimi Vara
- Department of Health Security, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Anu Haveri
- Department of Health Security, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Sakari Pöysti
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,Clinical Microbiology, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | | | - Sari Maljanen
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Moona Huttunen
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Arttu Reinholm
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | | | - Marika Skön
- Department of Health Security, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Pamela Österlund
- Department of Health Security, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Merit Melin
- Department of Health Security, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Arno Hänninen
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,Clinical Microbiology, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Antti Hurme
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,Department of Infectious Diseases, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland.,Department of Internal Medicine, Lapland Central Hospital, Rovaniemi, Finland
| | - Lauri Ivaska
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Paula A Tähtinen
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Johanna Lempainen
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,Clinical Microbiology, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland.,Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Laura Kakkola
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Pinja Jalkanen
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Ilkka Julkunen
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,Clinical Microbiology, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
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169
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Egri N, Calderón H, Martinez R, Vazquez M, Gómez-Caverzaschi V, Pascal M, Araújo O, Juan M, González-Navarro EA, Hernández-Rodríguez J. Cellular and humoral responses after second and third SARS-CoV-2 vaccinations in patients with autoimmune diseases treated with rituximab: specific T cell immunity remains longer and plays a protective role against SARS-CoV-2 reinfections. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1146841. [PMID: 37180097 PMCID: PMC10174323 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1146841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Humoral and cellular immune responses are known to be crucial for patients to recover from COVID-19 and to protect them against SARS-CoV-2 reinfection once infected or vaccinated. Objectives This study aimed to investigate humoral and T cell responses to SARS-CoV-2 vaccination in patients with autoimmune diseases after the second and third vaccine doses while on rituximab and their potential protective role against reinfection. Methods Ten COVID-19-naïve patients were included. Three time points were used for monitoring cellular and humoral responses: pre-vaccine to exclude virus exposure (time point 1) and post-second and post-third vaccine (time points 2 and 3). Specific IgG antibodies were monitored by Luminex and T cells against SARS-CoV-2 spike-protein by ELISpot and CoVITEST. All episodes of symptomatic COVID-19 were recorded. Results Nine patients with antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA)-associated vasculitis and one with an undifferentiated autoimmune disease were included. Nine patients received mRNA vaccines. The last rituximab infusion was administered for a mean (SD) of 15 (10) weeks before the first vaccine and six patients were CD19-B cell-depleted. After a mean (SD) of 19 (10) and 16 (2) days from the second and third vaccine dose, IgG anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies were detected in six (60%) and eight (80%) patients, respectively. All patients developed specific T cell responses by ELISpot and CoVITEST in time points 2 and 3. Previous B cell depletion correlated with anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG levels. Nine (90%) patients developed mild COVID-19 after a median of 7 months of the third dose. Conclusion Rituximab in patients with autoimmune diseases reduces humoral responses but does not avoid the development of T cell responses to SARS-CoV-2 vaccination, which remain present after a booster dose. A steady cellular immunity appears to be protective against subsequent reinfections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Egri
- Department of Immunology, Centre de Diagnòstic Biomèdic, Hospital Clínic of Barcelona, Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), University of Barcelona, Center of the European Reference Network (ERN) for Rare Immunodeficiency, Autoinflammatory and Autoimmune Diseases (RITA) and ERN on Connective Tissue and Musculoskeletal Diseases (ReCONNET); Spanish Center of the Centros, Servicios y Unidades de Referencia (CSUR) and Catalan Center of the Xarxa d’Unitats d’Expertesa Clínica (XUEC) for Autoinflammatory Diseases, Autoimmune Diseases and Primary Immunodeficiencies, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Hugo Calderón
- Department of Immunology, Centre de Diagnòstic Biomèdic, Hospital Clínic of Barcelona, Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), University of Barcelona, Center of the European Reference Network (ERN) for Rare Immunodeficiency, Autoinflammatory and Autoimmune Diseases (RITA) and ERN on Connective Tissue and Musculoskeletal Diseases (ReCONNET); Spanish Center of the Centros, Servicios y Unidades de Referencia (CSUR) and Catalan Center of the Xarxa d’Unitats d’Expertesa Clínica (XUEC) for Autoinflammatory Diseases, Autoimmune Diseases and Primary Immunodeficiencies, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Robert Martinez
- Department of Immunology, Centre de Diagnòstic Biomèdic, Hospital Clínic of Barcelona, Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), University of Barcelona, Center of the European Reference Network (ERN) for Rare Immunodeficiency, Autoinflammatory and Autoimmune Diseases (RITA) and ERN on Connective Tissue and Musculoskeletal Diseases (ReCONNET); Spanish Center of the Centros, Servicios y Unidades de Referencia (CSUR) and Catalan Center of the Xarxa d’Unitats d’Expertesa Clínica (XUEC) for Autoinflammatory Diseases, Autoimmune Diseases and Primary Immunodeficiencies, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mario Vazquez
- Department of Immunology, Centre de Diagnòstic Biomèdic, Hospital Clínic of Barcelona, Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), University of Barcelona, Center of the European Reference Network (ERN) for Rare Immunodeficiency, Autoinflammatory and Autoimmune Diseases (RITA) and ERN on Connective Tissue and Musculoskeletal Diseases (ReCONNET); Spanish Center of the Centros, Servicios y Unidades de Referencia (CSUR) and Catalan Center of the Xarxa d’Unitats d’Expertesa Clínica (XUEC) for Autoinflammatory Diseases, Autoimmune Diseases and Primary Immunodeficiencies, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Verónica Gómez-Caverzaschi
- Clinical Unit of Autoinflammatory Diseases and Vasculitis Research Unit, Department of Autoimmune Diseases, Hospital Clínic of Barcelona, Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), University of Barcelona, Center of the European Reference Network (ERN) for Rare Immunodeficiency, Autoinflammatory and Autoimmune Diseases (RITA) and ERN on Connective Tissue and Musculoskeletal Diseases (ReCONNET), Spanish Center of the Centros, Servicios y Unidades de Referencia (CSUR) and Catalan Center of the Xarxa d’Unitats d’Expertesa Clínica (XUEC) for Autoinflammatory Diseases, Autoimmune Diseases and Primary Immunodeficiencies, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mariona Pascal
- Department of Immunology, Centre de Diagnòstic Biomèdic, Hospital Clínic of Barcelona, Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), University of Barcelona, Center of the European Reference Network (ERN) for Rare Immunodeficiency, Autoinflammatory and Autoimmune Diseases (RITA) and ERN on Connective Tissue and Musculoskeletal Diseases (ReCONNET); Spanish Center of the Centros, Servicios y Unidades de Referencia (CSUR) and Catalan Center of the Xarxa d’Unitats d’Expertesa Clínica (XUEC) for Autoinflammatory Diseases, Autoimmune Diseases and Primary Immunodeficiencies, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Olga Araújo
- Clinical Unit of Autoinflammatory Diseases and Vasculitis Research Unit, Department of Autoimmune Diseases, Hospital Clínic of Barcelona, Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), University of Barcelona, Center of the European Reference Network (ERN) for Rare Immunodeficiency, Autoinflammatory and Autoimmune Diseases (RITA) and ERN on Connective Tissue and Musculoskeletal Diseases (ReCONNET), Spanish Center of the Centros, Servicios y Unidades de Referencia (CSUR) and Catalan Center of the Xarxa d’Unitats d’Expertesa Clínica (XUEC) for Autoinflammatory Diseases, Autoimmune Diseases and Primary Immunodeficiencies, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Manel Juan
- Department of Immunology, Centre de Diagnòstic Biomèdic, Hospital Clínic of Barcelona, Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), University of Barcelona, Center of the European Reference Network (ERN) for Rare Immunodeficiency, Autoinflammatory and Autoimmune Diseases (RITA) and ERN on Connective Tissue and Musculoskeletal Diseases (ReCONNET); Spanish Center of the Centros, Servicios y Unidades de Referencia (CSUR) and Catalan Center of the Xarxa d’Unitats d’Expertesa Clínica (XUEC) for Autoinflammatory Diseases, Autoimmune Diseases and Primary Immunodeficiencies, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Europa Azucena González-Navarro
- Department of Immunology, Centre de Diagnòstic Biomèdic, Hospital Clínic of Barcelona, Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), University of Barcelona, Center of the European Reference Network (ERN) for Rare Immunodeficiency, Autoinflammatory and Autoimmune Diseases (RITA) and ERN on Connective Tissue and Musculoskeletal Diseases (ReCONNET); Spanish Center of the Centros, Servicios y Unidades de Referencia (CSUR) and Catalan Center of the Xarxa d’Unitats d’Expertesa Clínica (XUEC) for Autoinflammatory Diseases, Autoimmune Diseases and Primary Immunodeficiencies, Barcelona, Spain
| | - José Hernández-Rodríguez
- Clinical Unit of Autoinflammatory Diseases and Vasculitis Research Unit, Department of Autoimmune Diseases, Hospital Clínic of Barcelona, Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), University of Barcelona, Center of the European Reference Network (ERN) for Rare Immunodeficiency, Autoinflammatory and Autoimmune Diseases (RITA) and ERN on Connective Tissue and Musculoskeletal Diseases (ReCONNET), Spanish Center of the Centros, Servicios y Unidades de Referencia (CSUR) and Catalan Center of the Xarxa d’Unitats d’Expertesa Clínica (XUEC) for Autoinflammatory Diseases, Autoimmune Diseases and Primary Immunodeficiencies, Barcelona, Spain
- *Correspondence: José Hernández-Rodríguez,
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Rümke LW, Smit WL, Bossink A, Limonard GJM, Muilwijk D, Haas LEM, Reusken C, van der Wal S, Thio BJ, van Os YMG, Gremmels H, Beekman JM, Nijhuis M, Wensing AMJ, Heron M, Thijsen SFT. Impaired SARS-CoV-2 specific T-cell response in patients with severe COVID-19. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1046639. [PMID: 37168853 PMCID: PMC10165493 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1046639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Cellular immune responses are of pivotal importance to understand SARS-CoV-2 pathogenicity. Using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent spot (ELISpot) interferon-γ release assay with wild-type spike, membrane and nucleocapsid peptide pools, we longitudinally characterized functional SARS-CoV-2 specific T-cell responses in a cohort of patients with mild, moderate and severe COVID-19. All patients were included before emergence of the Omicron (B.1.1.529) variant. Our most important finding was an impaired development of early IFN-γ-secreting virus-specific T-cells in severe patients compared to patients with moderate disease, indicating that absence of virus-specific cellular responses in the acute phase may act as a prognostic factor for severe disease. Remarkably, in addition to reactivity against the spike protein, a substantial proportion of the SARS-CoV-2 specific T-cell response was directed against the conserved membrane protein. This may be relevant for diagnostics and vaccine design, especially considering new variants with heavily mutated spike proteins. Our data further strengthen the hypothesis that dysregulated adaptive immunity plays a central role in COVID-19 immunopathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lidewij W. Rümke
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Diakonessenhuis Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
- Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Wouter L. Smit
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Diakonessenhuis Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
- Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Ailko Bossink
- Department of Pulmonary Diseases, Diakonessenhuis Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Gijs J. M. Limonard
- Department of Pulmonary Diseases, Diakonessenhuis Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Danya Muilwijk
- Department of Pediatric Pulmonology, Wilhelmina Children’s Hospital, University Medical Center, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
- Regenerative Medicine Center Utrecht, University Medical Center, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Lenneke E. M. Haas
- Department of Intensive Care, Diakonessenhuis Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Chantal Reusken
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, WHO Reference Laboratory for COVID-19, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, Netherlands
| | - Sanne van der Wal
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Diakonessenhuis Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Bing J. Thio
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Diakonessenhuis Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Yvonne M. G. van Os
- Occupational Health Office, Department of Human Resources, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Hendrik Gremmels
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Diakonessenhuis Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
- Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Jeffrey M. Beekman
- Department of Pediatric Pulmonology, Wilhelmina Children’s Hospital, University Medical Center, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
- Regenerative Medicine Center Utrecht, University Medical Center, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Monique Nijhuis
- Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Annemarie M. J. Wensing
- Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Michiel Heron
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Diakonessenhuis Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
- *Correspondence: Michiel Heron,
| | - Steven F. T. Thijsen
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Diakonessenhuis Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
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Zhou Y, Zhi H, Teng Y. The outbreak of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron lineages, immune escape, and vaccine effectivity. J Med Virol 2023; 95:e28138. [PMID: 36097349 PMCID: PMC9538491 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.28138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 53.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2022] [Revised: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
As of November 2021, several SARS-CoV-2 variants appeared and became dominant epidemic strains in many countries, including five variants of concern (VOCs) Alpha, Beta, Gamma, Delta, and Omicron defined by the World Health Organization during the COVID-19 pandemic. As of August 2022, Omicron is classified into five main lineages, BA.1, BA.2, BA.3, BA.4, BA.5 and some sublineages (BA.1.1, BA.2.12.1, BA.2.11, BA.2.75, BA.4.6) (https://www.gisaid.org/). Compared to the previous VOCs (Alpha, Beta, Gamma, and Delta), all the Omicron lineages have the most highly mutations in the spike protein, and with 50 mutations accumulated throughout the genome. Early data indicated that Omicron BA.2 sublineage had higher infectivity and more immune escape than the early wild-type (WT) strain, the previous VOCs, and BA.1. Recently, global surveillance data suggest a higher transmissibility of BA.4/BA.5 than BA.1, BA.1.1 and BA.2, and BA.4/BA.5 is becoming dominant strain in many countries globally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongbing Zhou
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Hangzhou Third People's Hospital, Affiliated Hangzhou Dermatology Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Huilin Zhi
- Department of Dermatology, Hangzhou Third People's Hospital, Affiliated Hangzhou Dermatology Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yong Teng
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Hangzhou Third People's Hospital, Affiliated Hangzhou Dermatology Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
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Jay C, Ratcliff J, Turtle L, Goulder P, Klenerman P. Exposed seronegative: Cellular immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 in the absence of seroconversion. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1092910. [PMID: 36776841 PMCID: PMC9909393 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1092910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The factors determining whether infection will occur following exposure to SARS-CoV-2 remain elusive. Certain SARS-CoV-2-exposed individuals mount a specific T-cell response but fail to seroconvert, representing a population that may provide further clarity on the nature of infection susceptibility and correlates of protection against SARS-CoV-2. Exposed seronegative individuals have been reported in patients exposed to the blood-borne pathogens Human Immunodeficiency virus and Hepatitis C virus and the sexually transmitted viruses Hepatitis B virus and Herpes Simplex virus. By comparing the quality of seronegative T-cell responses to SARS-CoV-2 with seronegative cellular immunity to these highly divergent viruses, common patterns emerge that offer insights on the role of cellular immunity against infection. For both SARS-CoV-2 and Hepatitis C, T-cell responses in exposed seronegatives are consistently higher than in unexposed individuals, but lower than in infected, seropositive patients. Durability of T-cell responses to Hepatitis C is dependent upon repeated exposure to antigen - single exposures do not generate long-lived memory T-cells. Finally, exposure to SARS-CoV-2 induces varying degrees of immune activation, suggesting that exposed seronegative individuals represent points on a spectrum rather than a discrete group. Together, these findings paint a complex landscape of the nature of infection but provide clues as to what may be protective early on in SARS-CoV-2 disease course. Further research on this phenomenon, particularly through cohort studies, is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Jay
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Jeremy Ratcliff
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Lance Turtle
- National Institute for Health and Care Research Health Protection Research Unit in Emerging and Zoonotic Infections, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Philip Goulder
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Klenerman
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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173
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Almeida Neto JBD, Arce IL, Figueiredo VLDP, Vicari P. Immunogenicity profile after COVID-19 vaccination in patients with onco-hematological diseases. EINSTEIN-SAO PAULO 2023; 21:eAO0089. [PMID: 36946824 PMCID: PMC10010256 DOI: 10.31744/einstein_journal/2023ao0089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 03/11/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the influence of onco-hematological pathologies on seroconversion to COVID-19 vaccines, in addition to the effects of chemotherapy treatment on this response. METHODS The present study evaluated the immunogenic response of 76 patients with onco-hematological diseases to multiple vaccine platforms compared to 25 control individuals. RESULTS Our results showed positive response rates of 74.02% in patients with onco-hematological diseases and 100% in controls. When analyzed according to etiological group, patients with lymphoproliferative disorders achieved a positive vaccine response rate of 58.7%, whereas those with myeloproliferative diseases achieved a 100% response rate. We also observed that patients previously exposed to COVID-19 presented a 75% increase in their antibody values after vaccination, and these values were 37% higher than those of patients who did not have such exposure. We found that patients who underwent B-lymphocyte-depleting therapy in the last 2 years before vaccination had a worse response rate of 18.75%. CONCLUSION Despite the immunosuppression of patients with onco-hematological diseases, caused by the biology of their diseases and treatment, benefit and safety in vaccinating these patients are observed, in view of the important recall immune response and incidence of adverse effects similar to those of the healthy population.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Inara Lúcia Arce
- Hospital do Servidor Público Estadual de São Paulo , São Paulo , SP , Brazil
| | | | - Perla Vicari
- Hospital do Servidor Público Estadual de São Paulo , São Paulo , SP , Brazil
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174
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Taus E, Hofmann C, Ibarrondo FJ, Gong LS, Hausner MA, Fulcher JA, Krogstad P, Kitchen SG, Ferbas KG, Tobin NH, Rimoin AW, Aldrovandi GM, Yang OO. Persistent memory despite rapid contraction of circulating T Cell responses to SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1100594. [PMID: 36860850 PMCID: PMC9968837 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1100594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction While antibodies raised by SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccines have had compromised efficacy to prevent breakthrough infections due to both limited durability and spike sequence variation, the vaccines have remained highly protective against severe illness. This protection is mediated through cellular immunity, particularly CD8+ T cells, and lasts at least a few months. Although several studies have documented rapidly waning levels of vaccine-elicited antibodies, the kinetics of T cell responses have not been well defined. Methods Interferon (IFN)-γ enzyme-linked immunosorbent spot (ELISpot) assay and intracellular cytokine staining (ICS) were utilized to assess cellular immune responses (in isolated CD8+ T cells or whole peripheral blood mononuclear cells, PBMCs) to pooled peptides spanning spike. ELISA was performed to quantitate serum antibodies against the spike receptor binding domain (RBD). Results In two persons receiving primary vaccination, tightly serially evaluated frequencies of anti-spike CD8+ T cells using ELISpot assays revealed strikingly short-lived responses, peaking after about 10 days and becoming undetectable by about 20 days after each dose. This pattern was also observed in cross-sectional analyses of persons after the first and second doses during primary vaccination with mRNA vaccines. In contrast, cross-sectional analysis of COVID-19-recovered persons using the same assay showed persisting responses in most persons through 45 days after symptom onset. Cross-sectional analysis using IFN-γ ICS of PBMCs from persons 13 to 235 days after mRNA vaccination also demonstrated undetectable CD8+ T cells against spike soon after vaccination, and extended the observation to include CD4+ T cells. However, ICS analyses of the same PBMCs after culturing with the mRNA-1273 vaccine in vitro showed CD4+ and CD8+ T cell responses that were readily detectable in most persons out to 235 days after vaccination. Discussion Overall, we find that detection of spike-targeted responses from mRNA vaccines using typical IFN-γ assays is remarkably transient, which may be a function of the mRNA vaccine platform and an intrinsic property of the spike protein as an immune target. However, robust memory, as demonstrated by capacity for rapid expansion of T cells responding to spike, is maintained at least several months after vaccination. This is consistent with the clinical observation of vaccine protection from severe illness lasting months. The level of such memory responsiveness required for clinical protection remains to be defined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellie Taus
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Christian Hofmann
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - F Javier Ibarrondo
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Laura S Gong
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Mary Ann Hausner
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Jennifer A Fulcher
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Paul Krogstad
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States.,Department of Pediatrics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Scott G Kitchen
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Kathie G Ferbas
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Nicole H Tobin
- Department of Pediatrics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Anne W Rimoin
- Fielding School of Public Health, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Grace M Aldrovandi
- Department of Pediatrics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Otto O Yang
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States.,Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
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175
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Updated Insights into the T Cell-Mediated Immune Response against SARS-CoV-2: A Step towards Efficient and Reliable Vaccines. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:vaccines11010101. [PMID: 36679947 PMCID: PMC9861463 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11010101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Revised: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The emergence of novel variants of SARS-CoV-2 and their abilities to evade the immune response elicited through presently available vaccination makes it essential to recognize the mechanisms through which SARS-CoV-2 interacts with the human immune response. It is essential not only to comprehend the infection mechanism of SARS-CoV-2 but also for the generation of effective and reliable vaccines against COVID-19. The effectiveness of the vaccine is supported by the adaptive immune response, which mainly consists of B and T cells, which play a critical role in deciding the prognosis of the COVID-19 disease. T cells are essential for reducing the viral load and containing the infection. A plethora of viral proteins can be recognized by T cells and provide a broad range of protection, especially amid the emergence of novel variants of SARS-CoV-2. However, the hyperactivation of the effector T cells and reduced number of lymphocytes have been found to be the key characteristics of the severe disease. Notably, excessive T cell activation may cause acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) by producing unwarranted and excessive amounts of cytokines and chemokines. Nevertheless, it is still unknown how T-cell-mediated immune responses function in determining the prognosis of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Additionally, it is unknown how the functional perturbations in the T cells lead to the severe form of the disease and to reduced protection not only against SARS-CoV-2 but many other viral infections. Hence, an updated review has been developed to understand the involvement of T cells in the infection mechanism, which in turn determines the prognosis of the disease. Importantly, we have also focused on the T cells' exhaustion under certain conditions and how these functional perturbations can be modulated for an effective immune response against SARS-CoV-2. Additionally, a range of therapeutic strategies has been discussed that can elevate the T cell-mediated immune response either directly or indirectly.
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176
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Arish M, Qian W, Narasimhan H, Sun J. COVID-19 immunopathology: From acute diseases to chronic sequelae. J Med Virol 2023; 95:e28122. [PMID: 36056655 PMCID: PMC9537925 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.28122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2022] [Revised: 08/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The clinical manifestation of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) mainly targets the lung as a primary affected organ, which is also a critical site of immune cell activation by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). However, recent reports also suggest the involvement of extrapulmonary tissues in COVID-19 pathology. The interplay of both innate and adaptive immune responses is key to COVID-19 management. As a result, a robust innate immune response provides the first line of defense, concomitantly, adaptive immunity neutralizes the infection and builds memory for long-term protection. However, dysregulated immunity, both innate and adaptive, can skew towards immunopathology both in acute and chronic cases. Here we have summarized some of the recent findings that provide critical insight into the immunopathology caused by SARS-CoV-2, in acute and post-acute cases. Finally, we further discuss some of the immunomodulatory drugs in preclinical and clinical trials for dampening the immunopathology caused by COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohd Arish
- Carter Immunology Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Wei Qian
- Carter Immunology Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Harish Narasimhan
- Carter Immunology Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA.,Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Jie Sun
- Carter Immunology Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA.,Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA.,Division of Infectious Disease and International Health, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA.,corresponding author.
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177
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Emmelot ME, Vos M, Boer MC, Rots NY, van Els CACM, Kaaijk P. SARS-CoV-2 Omicron BA.4/BA.5 Mutations in Spike Leading to T Cell Escape in Recently Vaccinated Individuals. Viruses 2022; 15:101. [PMID: 36680141 PMCID: PMC9863717 DOI: 10.3390/v15010101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Revised: 12/27/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 Omicron (B.1.1.529) lineages rapidly became dominant in various countries reflecting its enhanced transmissibility and ability to escape neutralizing antibodies. Although T cells induced by ancestral SARS-CoV-2-based vaccines also recognize Omicron variants, we showed in our previous study that there was a marked loss of T cell cross-reactivity to spike epitopes harboring Omicron BA.1 mutations. The emerging BA.4/BA.5 subvariants carry other spike mutations than the BA.1 variant. The present study aims to investigate the impact of BA.4/BA.5 spike mutations on T cell cross-reactivity at the epitope level. Here, we focused on universal T-helper epitopes predicted to be presented by multiple common HLA class II molecules for broad population coverage. Fifteen universal T-helper epitopes of ancestral spike, which contain mutations in the Omicron BA.4/BA.5 variants, were identified utilizing a bioinformatic tool. T cells isolated from 10 subjects, who were recently vaccinated with mRNA-based BNT162b2, were tested for functional cross-reactivity between epitopes of ancestral SARS-CoV-2 spike and the Omicron BA.4/BA.5 spike counterparts. Reduced T cell cross-reactivity in one or more vaccinees was observed against 87% of the tested 15 non-conserved CD4+ T cell epitopes. These results should be considered for vaccine boosting strategies to protect against Omicron BA.4/BA.5 and future SARS-CoV-2 variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maarten E. Emmelot
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), 3721 MA Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Martijn Vos
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), 3721 MA Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Mardi C. Boer
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), 3721 MA Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Nynke Y. Rots
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), 3721 MA Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Cécile A. C. M. van Els
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), 3721 MA Bilthoven, The Netherlands
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3584 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Patricia Kaaijk
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), 3721 MA Bilthoven, The Netherlands
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178
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Pappas AG, Chaliasou AL, Panagopoulos A, Dede K, Daskalopoulou S, Moniem E, Polydora E, Grigoriou E, Psarra K, Tsirogianni A, Kalomenidis I. Kinetics of Immune Subsets in COVID-19 Patients Treated with Corticosteroids. Viruses 2022; 15:51. [PMID: 36680091 PMCID: PMC9865280 DOI: 10.3390/v15010051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Revised: 12/03/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Changes in anti-SARS-CoV-2 defense immune subsets in patients treated with dexamethasone (DXM) for severe COVID-19 and their relation to disease outcomes are poorly understood. METHODS Blood-lymphocyte subsets of 110 hospitalized COVID-19 patients were prospectively examined. A first sample was taken at enrollment and a second one 7-10 days later. Total B-, T-lymphocytes, CD4+, CD8+, T-regulatory (Treg), Natural-Killer (NK) and NK T-cells were counted using flow cytometry. RESULTS At enrollment, patients with respiratory failure, characterized by DXM failure (intubation/death) or DXM success (hospital discharge) exhibited significantly fewer CD3+, CD4+ and CD8+ cells and B-lymphocytes compared to the control group (no respiratory failure/no DXM). At the time of treatment completion, the DXM-failure group exhibited significantly fewer CD3+, CD4+ and CD8+ cells, memory CD4+ and CD8+ T-lymphocytes, compared to the control and the DXM-success groups and fewer activated CD4+ T-lymphocytes, Tregs and NK cells compared to the control group. At the time of treatment completion, the number of all investigated lymphocyte subsets increased in the DXM-success group and was similar to those of the control group. NK cells significantly decreased over time in the DXM-failure group. CONCLUSION The lymphocyte kinetics differ between DXM-treated and control COVID-19 patients and are associated with clinical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Apostolos Georgios Pappas
- 1st Department of Critical Care and Pulmonary Medicine, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, “Evangelismos” General Hospital, 10676 Athens, Greece
- Intensive Care Unit, “G. Gennimatas” General Hospital, 11527 Athens, Greece
- COVID-19 Unit, “Evangelismos” General Hospital, 10676 Athens, Greece
| | - Anna-Louiza Chaliasou
- COVID-19 Unit, “Evangelismos” General Hospital, 10676 Athens, Greece
- 4th Department of Internal Medicine, “Evangelismos” General Hospital, 10676 Athens, Greece
| | - Andreas Panagopoulos
- COVID-19 Unit, “Evangelismos” General Hospital, 10676 Athens, Greece
- 3rd Department of Internal Medicine, “Evangelismos” General Hospital, 10676 Athens, Greece
| | - Konstantina Dede
- 1st Department of Critical Care and Pulmonary Medicine, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, “Evangelismos” General Hospital, 10676 Athens, Greece
| | - Stavroula Daskalopoulou
- COVID-19 Unit, “Evangelismos” General Hospital, 10676 Athens, Greece
- 5th Department of Internal Medicine, “Evangelismos” General Hospital, 10676 Athens, Greece
| | - Evie Moniem
- COVID-19 Unit, “Evangelismos” General Hospital, 10676 Athens, Greece
- 5th Department of Internal Medicine, “Evangelismos” General Hospital, 10676 Athens, Greece
| | - Eftychia Polydora
- 1st Department of Critical Care and Pulmonary Medicine, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, “Evangelismos” General Hospital, 10676 Athens, Greece
- COVID-19 Unit, “Evangelismos” General Hospital, 10676 Athens, Greece
| | - Eirini Grigoriou
- Department of Immunology—Histocompatibility, “Evangelismos” General Hospital, 10676 Athens, Greece
| | - Katherina Psarra
- Department of Immunology—Histocompatibility, “Evangelismos” General Hospital, 10676 Athens, Greece
| | - Alexandra Tsirogianni
- Department of Immunology—Histocompatibility, “Evangelismos” General Hospital, 10676 Athens, Greece
| | - Ioannis Kalomenidis
- 1st Department of Critical Care and Pulmonary Medicine, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, “Evangelismos” General Hospital, 10676 Athens, Greece
- COVID-19 Unit, “Evangelismos” General Hospital, 10676 Athens, Greece
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179
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Maringer Y, Nelde A, Schroeder SM, Schuhmacher J, Hörber S, Peter A, Karbach J, Jäger E, Walz JS. Durable spike-specific T cell responses after different COVID-19 vaccination regimens are not further enhanced by booster vaccination. Sci Immunol 2022; 7:eadd3899. [PMID: 36318037 PMCID: PMC9798886 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.add3899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Several COVID-19 vaccines are approved to prevent severe disease outcome after SARS-CoV-2 infection. Whereas induction and functionality of antiviral antibody response are largely studied, the induction of T cells upon vaccination with the different approved COVID-19 vaccines is less studied. Here, we report on T cell immunity 4 weeks and 6 months after different vaccination regimens and 4 weeks after an additional booster vaccination in comparison with SARS-CoV-2 T cell responses in convalescents and prepandemic donors using interferon-gamma ELISpot assays and flow cytometry. Increased T cell responses and cross-recognition of B.1.1.529 Omicron variant-specific mutations were observed ex vivo in mRNA- and heterologous-vaccinated donors compared with vector-vaccinated donors. Nevertheless, potent expandability of T cells targeting the spike protein was observed for all vaccination regimens, with frequency, diversity, and the ability to produce several cytokines of vaccine-induced T cell responses comparable with those in convalescent donors. T cell responses for all vaccinated donors significantly exceeded preexisting cross-reactive T cell responses in prepandemic donors. Booster vaccination led to a significant increase in anti-spike IgG responses, which showed a marked decline 6 months after complete vaccination. In contrast, T cell responses remained stable over time after complete vaccination with no significant effect of booster vaccination on T cell responses and cross-recognition of Omicron BA.1 and BA.2 mutations. This suggested that booster vaccination is of particular relevance for the amelioration of antibody response. Together, our work shows that different vaccination regimens induce broad and long-lasting spike-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cell immunity to SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yacine Maringer
- Department of Peptide-based Immunotherapy, University and University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,Institute for Cell Biology, Department of Immunology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,Cluster of Excellence iFIT (EXC2180) “Image-Guided and Functionally Instructed Tumor Therapies”, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Annika Nelde
- Department of Peptide-based Immunotherapy, University and University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,Institute for Cell Biology, Department of Immunology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,Cluster of Excellence iFIT (EXC2180) “Image-Guided and Functionally Instructed Tumor Therapies”, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Sarah M. Schroeder
- Department of Peptide-based Immunotherapy, University and University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,Institute for Cell Biology, Department of Immunology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Juliane Schuhmacher
- Department of Peptide-based Immunotherapy, University and University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,Cluster of Excellence iFIT (EXC2180) “Image-Guided and Functionally Instructed Tumor Therapies”, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Sebastian Hörber
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Department for Diagnostic Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Andreas Peter
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Department for Diagnostic Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Julia Karbach
- Department of Oncology and Hematology, Krankenhaus Nordwest, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Elke Jäger
- Department of Oncology and Hematology, Krankenhaus Nordwest, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Juliane S. Walz
- Department of Peptide-based Immunotherapy, University and University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,Institute for Cell Biology, Department of Immunology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,Cluster of Excellence iFIT (EXC2180) “Image-Guided and Functionally Instructed Tumor Therapies”, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,Clinical Collaboration Unit Translational Immunology, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,Corresponding author.
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180
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Moriyama M, Lucas C, Monteiro VS, Iwasaki A. SARS-CoV-2 Omicron subvariants evolved to promote further escape from MHC-I recognition. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2022:2022.05.04.490614. [PMID: 35547852 PMCID: PMC9094094 DOI: 10.1101/2022.05.04.490614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern (VOCs) possess mutations that confer resistance to neutralizing antibodies within the Spike protein and are associated with breakthrough infection and reinfection. By contrast, less is known about the escape from CD8+ T cell-mediated immunity by VOC. Here, we demonstrated that all SARS-CoV-2 VOCs possess the ability to suppress MHC I expression. We identified several viral genes that contribute to the suppression of MHC I expression. Notably, MHC-I upregulation was strongly inhibited after SARS-CoV-2 infection in vivo. While earlier VOCs possess similar capacity as the ancestral strain to suppress MHC I, Omicron subvariants exhibit a greater ability to suppress surface MHC-I expressions. Collectively, our data suggest that, in addition to escape from neutralizing antibodies, the success of Omicron subvariants to cause breakthrough infection and reinfection may in part be due to its optimized evasion from T cell recognition.
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181
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Benitez Fuentes JD, Mohamed Mohamed K, de Luna Aguilar A, Jiménez García C, Guevara-Hoyer K, Fernandez-Arquero M, Rodríguez de la Peña MA, Garciía Bravo L, Jiménez Ortega AF, Flores Navarro P, Bartolome Arcilla J, Alonso Arenilla B, Baos Muñoz E, Delgado-Iribarren García-Campero A, Montealegre Sanz M, Sanchez-Ramon S, Perez Segura P. Evidence of exhausted lymphocytes after the third anti-SARS-CoV-2 vaccine dose in cancer patients. Front Oncol 2022; 12:975980. [PMID: 36605446 PMCID: PMC9808030 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.975980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Evidence is scant regarding the long-term humoral and cellular responses Q7 triggered by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) mRNA vaccines in cancer patients after repeated booster doses. The possibility of T-cell exhaustion following these booster doses in this population has not yet been fully studied and remains uncertain. Methods In this single-center prospective observational study, we explored the specific humoral and cellular response to S1 antigen in 36 patients with solid malignancies at baseline, and after the second and third doses of the mRNA-1273 vaccine. Results A dual behavior was observed: 24 (66.7%) patients showed partial specific IFN-γ response after the second dose that was further enhanced after the third dose; and 11 (30.5%) already showed an optimal response after the second dose and experienced a marked fall-off of specific IFN-γ production after the third (4 patients negativization), which might suggest T cell exhaustion due to repetitive priming to the same antigen. One (2.8%) patient had persistently negative responses after all three doses. Seroconversion occurred in all patients after the second dose. We then studied circulating exhausted CD8+ T-cells in 4 patients from each of the two response patterns, those with increase and those with decrease in cellular response after the third booster. The patients with decreased cellular response after the booster had a higher expression of PD1+CD8+ and CD57+PD1+CD8+ exhausted T cells compared with those with an increased cellular response both in vivo and in vitro. The proportion of PD1+CD8+ and CD57+PD1+CD8+ exhausted T cells inversely correlated with IFN-γ production. Discussion Our preliminary data show that the two-dose SARS-CoV-2 vaccine regimen was beneficial in all cancer patients of our study. An additional booster seems to be beneficial in suboptimal vaccine seroconverters, in contrast to maximal responders that might develop exhaustion. Our data should be interpreted with caution given the small sample size and highlight the urgent need to validate our results in other independent and larger cohorts. Altogether, our data support the relevance of immunological functional studies to personalize preventive and treatment decisions in cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier David Benitez Fuentes
- Department of Medical Oncology, Hospital Clinico San Carlos, IdISSC, Calle Profesor Martín Lagos, Madrid, Spain,*Correspondence: Javier David Benitez Fuentes,
| | - Kauzar Mohamed Mohamed
- Department of Immunology, IML and IdISSC, Hospital Cliínico San Carlos, Calle Profesor Martín Lagos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alicia de Luna Aguilar
- Department of Medical Oncology, Hospital Clinico San Carlos, IdISSC, Calle Profesor Martín Lagos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carlos Jiménez García
- Department of Immunology, IML and IdISSC, Hospital Cliínico San Carlos, Calle Profesor Martín Lagos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Kissy Guevara-Hoyer
- Department of Immunology, IML and IdISSC, Hospital Cliínico San Carlos, Calle Profesor Martín Lagos, Madrid, Spain,Department of Immunology, Ophthalmology and ENT, School of Medicine, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain
| | - Miguel Fernandez-Arquero
- Department of Immunology, IML and IdISSC, Hospital Cliínico San Carlos, Calle Profesor Martín Lagos, Madrid, Spain,Department of Immunology, Ophthalmology and ENT, School of Medicine, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Laura Garciía Bravo
- Department of Immunology, IML and IdISSC, Hospital Cliínico San Carlos, Calle Profesor Martín Lagos, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Paloma Flores Navarro
- Department of Medical Oncology, Hospital Clinico San Carlos, IdISSC, Calle Profesor Martín Lagos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jorge Bartolome Arcilla
- Department of Medical Oncology, Hospital Clinico San Carlos, IdISSC, Calle Profesor Martín Lagos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Bárbara Alonso Arenilla
- Department of Immunology, IML and IdISSC, Hospital Cliínico San Carlos, Calle Profesor Martín Lagos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Elvira Baos Muñoz
- Department of Microbiology, IML and IdISSC, Hospital Cliínico San Carlos, Calle Profesor Martín Lagos, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - María Montealegre Sanz
- Department of Medical Oncology, Hospital Clinico San Carlos, IdISSC, Calle Profesor Martín Lagos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Silvia Sanchez-Ramon
- Department of Immunology, IML and IdISSC, Hospital Cliínico San Carlos, Calle Profesor Martín Lagos, Madrid, Spain,Department of Immunology, Ophthalmology and ENT, School of Medicine, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain
| | - Pedro Perez Segura
- Department of Medical Oncology, Hospital Clinico San Carlos, IdISSC, Calle Profesor Martín Lagos, Madrid, Spain
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182
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Neutralizing Antibody and T-Cell Responses against SARS-CoV-2 Wild-Type and Variants of Concern in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Subjects after ChAdOx-1/ChAdOx-1 Homologous Vaccination: A Preliminary Study. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10122176. [PMID: 36560586 PMCID: PMC9781239 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10122176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Revised: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Data on immunogenicity of adenovirus-vectored vaccine in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients is limited. Therefore, we aimed to determine the humoral and cellular immune responses after homologous ChAdOx-1 vaccination in subjects with COPD. COPD subjects and age- and sex-matched healthy elderly receiving ChAdOx-1 homologous vaccination were included. The levels of neutralizing antibodies (NAb) and specific CD4 and CD8 T-cell responses against SARS-CoV-2 wild-type (WT) and variants of concern (VOCs: Alpha, Beta, Delta, and Omicron) were measured. Eight COPD patients were matched with eight control participants. After vaccination for 4 and 12 weeks, % inhibition of NAb against Alpha, Beta, and Delta in both groups were comparable and significantly higher than baseline. The percentage inhibition of NAb at the 12th week was significantly dropped from the 4th week in each group. The NAb against the Omicron variant, however, were much lower than Alpha, Beta, Delta variants. The increasing trend in the number of CD4 T-cells producing TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-10, and FasL upon stimulation with spike peptides of WT and VOCs was observed in COPD patients compared to the healthy group. These responses were not observed in CD8 T-cells. Homologous ChAdOx-1 vaccination could induce comparable NAb against the SARS-CoV-2 WT, Alpha, Beta, Delta, and Omicron variants between COPD and healthy elderly. The CD4 T-cell responses did not differ between COPD patients and healthy control.
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183
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Predictors for insufficient SARS-CoV-2 vaccination response upon treatment in multiple sclerosis. EBioMedicine 2022; 87:104411. [PMID: 36535106 PMCID: PMC9758504 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2022.104411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Disease-modifying therapies (DMT) for multiple sclerosis (MS) influence SARS-CoV-2 vaccination response, which might have implications for vaccination regimens in individual patients. Expanding the knowledge of predictors for an insufficient vaccination response as a surrogate for protection against severe disease courses of infection in people with MS (pwMS) under DMT is of great importance in identifying high-risk populations. METHODS Cross-sectional analysis of vaccination titre and its modifiers, in a prospective real-world cohort of 386 individuals (285 pwMS and 101 healthy controls) by two independent immunoassays between October 2021 and June 2022. FINDINGS In our cohort, no difference in vaccination antibody level was evident between healthy controls (HC) and untreated pwMS. In pwMS lymphocyte levels, times vaccinated and DMT influence SARS-CoV-2 titre following vaccination. Those treated with selective sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor modulators (S1P) showed comparable vaccination titres to untreated; higher CD8 T cell levels prior to vaccination in B cell-depleted patients resulted in increased anti-spike SARS-CoV2 antibody levels. INTERPRETATION PwMS under DMT with anti-CD20 treatment, in particular those with decreased CD8 levels before vaccination, as well as non-selective S1P but not selective S1P are at increased risk for insufficient SARS-CoV-2 vaccination response. This argues for a close monitoring of anti-spike antibodies in order to customize individual vaccination regimens within these patients. FUNDING This work was supported by the German Research Foundation (DFG, CRC-TR-128 to TU, SB, and FZ).
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184
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Ogura H, Gohda J, Lu X, Yamamoto M, Takesue Y, Son A, Doi S, Matsushita K, Isobe F, Fukuda Y, Huang TP, Ueno T, Mambo N, Murakami H, Kawaguchi Y, Inoue JI, Shirai K, Yamasaki S, Hirata JI, Ishido S. Dysfunctional Sars-CoV-2-M protein-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes in patients recovering from severe COVID-19. Nat Commun 2022; 13:7063. [PMID: 36526616 PMCID: PMC9758236 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-34655-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the importance of virus-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) in virus clearance is evident in COVID-19, the characteristics of virus-specific CTLs related to disease severity have not been fully explored. Here we show that the phenotype of virus-specific CTLs against immunoprevalent epitopes in COVID-19 convalescents might differ according to the course of the disease. We establish a cellular screening method that uses artificial antigen presenting cells, expressing HLA-A*24:02, the costimulatory molecule 4-1BBL, SARS-CoV-2 structural proteins S, M, and N and non-structural proteins ORF3a and nsp6/ORF1a. The screen implicates SARS-CoV-2 M protein as a frequent target of IFNγ secreting CD8+ T cells, and identifies M198-206 as an immunoprevalent epitope in our cohort of HLA-A*24:02 positive convalescent COVID-19 patients recovering from mild, moderate and severe disease. Further exploration of M198-206-specific CD8+ T cells with single cell RNA sequencing reveals public TCRs in virus-specific CD8+ T cells, and shows an exhausted phenotype with less differentiated status in cells from the severe group compared to cells from the moderate group. In summary, this study describes a method to identify T cell epitopes, indicate that dysfunction of virus-specific CTLs might be an important determinant of clinical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideki Ogura
- grid.272264.70000 0000 9142 153XDepartment of Microbiology, Hyogo Medical University, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Jin Gohda
- grid.26999.3d0000 0001 2151 536XResearch Center for Asian Infectious Diseases, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Xiuyuan Lu
- grid.136593.b0000 0004 0373 3971Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Mizuki Yamamoto
- grid.26999.3d0000 0001 2151 536XResearch Center for Asian Infectious Diseases, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshio Takesue
- grid.272264.70000 0000 9142 153XDepartment of Infection Control and Prevention, Hyogo Medical University, Hyogo, Japan ,Tokoname City Hospital, Aichi, Japan
| | - Aoi Son
- grid.272264.70000 0000 9142 153XDepartment of Microbiology, Hyogo Medical University, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Sadayuki Doi
- grid.513274.60000 0004 0569 8532Kawanishi City Hospital, Hyogo, Japan
| | | | - Fumitaka Isobe
- Kyowa Marina Hospital/Wellhouse Nishinomiya, Hyogo, Japan
| | | | | | - Takamasa Ueno
- grid.274841.c0000 0001 0660 6749Joint Research Center for Human Retrovirus Infection, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Naomi Mambo
- grid.272264.70000 0000 9142 153XDepartment of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Hyogo Medical University, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Hiromoto Murakami
- grid.272264.70000 0000 9142 153XDepartment of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Hyogo Medical University, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Yasushi Kawaguchi
- grid.26999.3d0000 0001 2151 536XResearch Center for Asian Infectious Diseases, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan ,grid.26999.3d0000 0001 2151 536XDivision of Molecular Virology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Jun-ichiro Inoue
- grid.26999.3d0000 0001 2151 536XResearch Platform Office, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kunihiro Shirai
- grid.272264.70000 0000 9142 153XDepartment of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Hyogo Medical University, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Sho Yamasaki
- grid.136593.b0000 0004 0373 3971Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita, Japan ,grid.136593.b0000 0004 0373 3971Department of Molecular Immunology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Japan ,grid.177174.30000 0001 2242 4849Division of Molecular Design, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan ,grid.136304.30000 0004 0370 1101Division of Molecular Immunology, Medical Mycology Research Center, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Jun-Ichi Hirata
- grid.272264.70000 0000 9142 153XDepartment of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Hyogo Medical University, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Satoshi Ishido
- grid.272264.70000 0000 9142 153XDepartment of Microbiology, Hyogo Medical University, Hyogo, Japan
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Association between γ-Glutamyl Transpeptidase and SARS-CoV-2 Spike Antibody Titers among BNT162b2 Vaccine Recipients. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10122142. [PMID: 36560552 PMCID: PMC9785427 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10122142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Revised: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Increased γ-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT) levels can deplete plasma glutathione, which in turn impairs immune regulation; however, evidence on GGT levels and post-vaccine immunogenicity is lacking. OBJECTIVE To examine the association between GGT and SARS-CoV-2 spike IgG antibodies. METHODS Participants were 1479 medical staff (aged 21 to 75 years) who received a SARS-CoV-2 antibody test after their second vaccine and whose GGT levels were measured before the vaccine rollout. Elevated and highly elevated GGT levels were defined as 51-80 and ≥81 U/L, respectively. Multivariable linear regression was used to calculate the means of SARS-CoV-2 spike IgG. RESULTS In a basic model, both elevated and highly elevated GGT levels were associated with significantly lower antibody titers. The ratio of mean (95% CI) was 0.83 (0.72-0.97) and 0.69 (0.57-0.84) for elevated and highly elevated GGT levels, respectively. However, these associations were largely attenuated after additional adjustment for potential confounders. An inverse association between GGT levels and antibody titers was found in women [0.70 (0.51-0.97)], normal-weight adults [0.71 (0.51-0.98)], and non-drinkers [0.73 (0.46-1.14)] but not in men, overweight adults, and alcohol drinkers. CONCLUSIONS Circulating GGT concentrations were associated with the humoral immune response after COVID-19 vaccination, but this relationship could be ascribed to confounders such as sex, BMI, and alcohol drinking rather than GGT per se.
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186
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A phase I/II randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial of a self-amplifying Covid-19 mRNA vaccine. NPJ Vaccines 2022; 7:161. [PMID: 36513697 PMCID: PMC9745278 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-022-00590-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease-19 (Covid-19) pandemic have demonstrated the importantance of vaccines in disease prevention. Self-amplifying mRNA vaccines could be another option for disease prevention if demonstrated to be safe and immunogenic. Phase 1 of this randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial (N = 42) assessed the safety, tolerability, and immunogenicity in healthy young and older adults of ascending levels of one-dose ARCT-021, a self-amplifying mRNA vaccine against Covid-19. Phase 2 (N = 64) tested two-doses of ARCT-021 given 28 days apart. During phase 1, ARCT-021 was well tolerated up to one 7.5 μg dose and two 5.0 μg doses. Local solicited AEs, namely injection-site pain and tenderness were more common in ARCT-021vaccinated, while systemic solicited AEs, mainly fatigue, headache and myalgia were reported in 62.8% and 46.4% of ARCT-021 and placebo recipients, respectively. Seroconversion rate for anti-S IgG was 100% in all cohorts, except for the 1 μg one-dose in younger adults and the 7.5 μg one-dose in older adults. Anti-S IgG and neutralizing antibody titers showed a general increase with increasing dose, and overlapped with titers in Covid-19 convalescent patients. T-cell responses were also observed in response to stimulation with S-protein peptides. Taken collectively, ARCT-021 is immunogenic and has favorable safety profile for further development.
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187
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Clonal diversity predicts persistence of SARS-CoV-2 epitope-specific T-cell response. Commun Biol 2022; 5:1351. [PMID: 36494499 PMCID: PMC9734123 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-022-04250-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
T cells play a pivotal role in reducing disease severity during SARS-CoV-2 infection and formation of long-term immune memory. We studied 50 COVID-19 convalescent patients and found that T cell response was induced more frequently and persisted longer than circulating antibodies. We identified 756 clonotypes specific to nine CD8+ T cell epitopes. Some epitopes were recognized by highly similar public clonotypes. Receptors for other epitopes were extremely diverse, suggesting alternative modes of recognition. We tracked persistence of epitope-specific response and individual clonotypes for a median of eight months after infection. The number of recognized epitopes per patient and quantity of epitope-specific clonotypes decreased over time, but the studied epitopes were characterized by uneven decline in the number of specific T cells. Epitopes with more clonally diverse TCR repertoires induced more pronounced and durable responses. In contrast, the abundance of specific clonotypes in peripheral circulation had no influence on their persistence.
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188
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Sorcini D, De Falco F, Gargaro M, Bozza S, Guarente V, Cardinali V, Stella A, Adamo FM, Silva Barcelos EC, Rompietti C, Dorillo E, Geraci C, Esposito A, Arcaleni R, Capoccia S, Mameli MG, Graziani A, Moretti L, Cipiciani A, Riccardi C, Mencacci A, Fallarino F, Rosati E, Sportoletti P. Immune correlates of protection by vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukaemia. Br J Haematol 2022; 201:45-57. [PMID: 36484163 PMCID: PMC9878216 DOI: 10.1111/bjh.18602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Revised: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL) the efficacy of SARS-CoV-2 vaccination remains unclear as most studies have focused on humoral responses. Here we comprehensively examined humoral and cellular responses to vaccine in CLL patients. Seroconversion was observed in 55.2% of CLL with lower rate and antibody titres in treated patients. T-cell responses were detected in a significant fraction of patients. CD4+ and CD8+ frequencies were significantly increased independent of serology with higher levels of CD4+ cells in patients under a Bruton tyrosine kinase (BTK) or a B-cell lymphoma 2 (BCL-2) inhibitor. Vaccination skewed CD8+ cells towards a highly cytotoxic phenotype, more pronounced in seroconverted patients. A high proportion of patients showed spike-specific CD4+ and CD8+ cells producing interferon gamma (IFNγ) and tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNFα). Patients under a BTK inhibitor showed increased production of IFNγ and TNFα by CD4+ cells. Vaccination induced a Th1 polarization reverting the Th2 CLL T-cell profile in the majority of patients with lower IL-4 production in untreated and BTK-inhibitor-treated patients. Such robust T-cell responses may have contributed to remarkable protection against hospitalization and death in a cohort of 540 patients. Combining T-cell metrics with seroprevalence may yield a more accurate measure of population immunity in CLL, providing consequential insights for public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Sorcini
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Institute of Hematology, Centro di Ricerca Emato‐Oncologica (CREO)University of PerugiaPerugiaItaly
| | - Filomena De Falco
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Institute of Hematology, Centro di Ricerca Emato‐Oncologica (CREO)University of PerugiaPerugiaItaly
| | - Marco Gargaro
- Pharmacology Section, Department of Medicine and SurgeryUniversity of PerugiaPerugiaItaly
| | - Silvia Bozza
- Microbiology and Clinical Microbiology Section, Department of Medicine and SurgeryUniversity of PerugiaPerugiaItaly
| | - Valerio Guarente
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Institute of Hematology, Centro di Ricerca Emato‐Oncologica (CREO)University of PerugiaPerugiaItaly
| | - Valeria Cardinali
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Institute of Hematology, Centro di Ricerca Emato‐Oncologica (CREO)University of PerugiaPerugiaItaly
| | - Arianna Stella
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Institute of Hematology, Centro di Ricerca Emato‐Oncologica (CREO)University of PerugiaPerugiaItaly
| | - Francesco Maria Adamo
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Institute of Hematology, Centro di Ricerca Emato‐Oncologica (CREO)University of PerugiaPerugiaItaly
| | - Estevao Carlos Silva Barcelos
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Institute of Hematology, Centro di Ricerca Emato‐Oncologica (CREO)University of PerugiaPerugiaItaly
| | - Chiara Rompietti
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Institute of Hematology, Centro di Ricerca Emato‐Oncologica (CREO)University of PerugiaPerugiaItaly
| | - Erica Dorillo
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Institute of Hematology, Centro di Ricerca Emato‐Oncologica (CREO)University of PerugiaPerugiaItaly
| | - Clelia Geraci
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Institute of Hematology, Centro di Ricerca Emato‐Oncologica (CREO)University of PerugiaPerugiaItaly
| | - Angela Esposito
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Institute of Hematology, Centro di Ricerca Emato‐Oncologica (CREO)University of PerugiaPerugiaItaly
| | - Roberta Arcaleni
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Institute of Hematology, Centro di Ricerca Emato‐Oncologica (CREO)University of PerugiaPerugiaItaly
| | - Silvia Capoccia
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Institute of Hematology, Centro di Ricerca Emato‐Oncologica (CREO)University of PerugiaPerugiaItaly
| | - Maria Grazia Mameli
- Institute of Hematology, Santa Maria della Misericordia HospitalPerugiaItaly
| | - Alessandro Graziani
- Microbiology and Clinical Microbiology Section, Department of Medicine and SurgeryUniversity of PerugiaPerugiaItaly
| | - Lorenzo Moretti
- Institute of Hematology, Santa Maria della Misericordia HospitalPerugiaItaly
| | - Alessandra Cipiciani
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Institute of Hematology, Centro di Ricerca Emato‐Oncologica (CREO)University of PerugiaPerugiaItaly
| | - Carlo Riccardi
- Department of Medicine and SurgeryUniversity of PerugiaPerugiaItaly
| | - Antonella Mencacci
- Microbiology and Clinical Microbiology Section, Department of Medicine and SurgeryUniversity of PerugiaPerugiaItaly
| | - Francesca Fallarino
- Pharmacology Section, Department of Medicine and SurgeryUniversity of PerugiaPerugiaItaly
| | - Emanuela Rosati
- Biosciences and Medical Embryology Section, Department of Medicine and SurgeryUniversity of PerugiaPerugiaItaly
| | - Paolo Sportoletti
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Institute of Hematology, Centro di Ricerca Emato‐Oncologica (CREO)University of PerugiaPerugiaItaly
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189
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Le Nouën C, Nelson CE, Liu X, Park HS, Matsuoka Y, Luongo C, Santos C, Yang L, Herbert R, Castens A, Moore IN, Wilder-Kofie T, Moore R, Walker A, Zhang P, Lusso P, Johnson RF, Garza NL, Via LE, Munir S, Barber DL, Buchholz UJ. Intranasal pediatric parainfluenza virus-vectored SARS-CoV-2 vaccine is protective in monkeys. Cell 2022; 185:4811-4825.e17. [PMID: 36423629 PMCID: PMC9684001 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2022.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Revised: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Pediatric SARS-CoV-2 vaccines are needed that elicit immunity directly in the airways as well as systemically. Building on pediatric parainfluenza virus vaccines in clinical development, we generated a live-attenuated parainfluenza-virus-vectored vaccine candidate expressing SARS-CoV-2 prefusion-stabilized spike (S) protein (B/HPIV3/S-6P) and evaluated its immunogenicity and protective efficacy in rhesus macaques. A single intranasal/intratracheal dose of B/HPIV3/S-6P induced strong S-specific airway mucosal immunoglobulin A (IgA) and IgG responses. High levels of S-specific antibodies were also induced in serum, which efficiently neutralized SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern of alpha, beta, and delta lineages, while their ability to neutralize Omicron sub-lineages was lower. Furthermore, B/HPIV3/S-6P induced robust systemic and pulmonary S-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cell responses, including tissue-resident memory cells in the lungs. Following challenge, SARS-CoV-2 replication was undetectable in airways and lung tissues of immunized macaques. B/HPIV3/S-6P will be evaluated clinically as pediatric intranasal SARS-CoV-2/parainfluenza virus type 3 vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cyril Le Nouën
- RNA Viruses Section, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | - Christine E Nelson
- T Lymphocyte Biology Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Xueqiao Liu
- RNA Viruses Section, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Hong-Su Park
- RNA Viruses Section, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Yumiko Matsuoka
- RNA Viruses Section, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Cindy Luongo
- RNA Viruses Section, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Celia Santos
- RNA Viruses Section, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Lijuan Yang
- RNA Viruses Section, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Richard Herbert
- Experimental Primate Virology Section, Comparative Medicine Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Poolesville, MD 20837, USA
| | - Ashley Castens
- Experimental Primate Virology Section, Comparative Medicine Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Poolesville, MD 20837, USA
| | - Ian N Moore
- Comparative Medicine Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Temeri Wilder-Kofie
- Comparative Medicine Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Rashida Moore
- Comparative Medicine Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - April Walker
- Tuberculosis Imaging Program, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Peng Zhang
- Viral Pathogenesis Section, Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Paolo Lusso
- Viral Pathogenesis Section, Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Reed F Johnson
- SARS-CoV-2 Virology Core, Laboratory of Viral Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Nicole L Garza
- SARS-CoV-2 Virology Core, Laboratory of Viral Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Laura E Via
- Tuberculosis Imaging Program, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Shirin Munir
- RNA Viruses Section, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Daniel L Barber
- T Lymphocyte Biology Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Ursula J Buchholz
- RNA Viruses Section, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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190
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Maliah A, Parikh R, Tayer-Shifman OE, Kimhi O, Gepstein R, Halperin T, Levy Y, Levy C, Basson YPP, Kivity S. Steroid treatment suppresses the CD4 + T-cell response to the third dose of mRNA COVID-19 vaccine in systemic autoimmune rheumatic disease patients. Sci Rep 2022; 12:21056. [PMID: 36474011 PMCID: PMC9727118 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-25642-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Prolonged steroid treatment has a suppressive effect on the immune system, however, its effect on the cellular response to mRNA vaccine is unknown. Here we assessed the impact of prolonged steroid treatment on the T-cell and humoral response to the SARS-CoV-2 spike (S) peptide following the third dose of the BNT162b2 vaccine in systemic autoimmune rheumatic disease patients. We found that CD4 T-cell response to the S peptide in patients on high-dose long-term steroid treatment showed significantly less S-peptide specific response, compare to low-dose or untreated patients. Remarkably, these results were not reflected in their humoral response, since almost all patients in the cohort had sufficient antibody levels. Moreover, S-peptide activation failed to induce significant mRNA levels of IFNγ and TNFα in patients receiving high-dose steroids. RNA-sequencing datasets analysis implies that steroid treatments' inhibitory effect of nuclear factor kappa-B signaling may interfere with the activation of S-specific CD4 T-cells. This reveals that high-dose steroid treatment inhibits T-cell response to the mRNA vaccine, despite having sufficient antibody levels. Since T-cell immunity is a crucial factor in the immune response to viruses, our findings highlight the need for enhancing the efficiency of vaccines in immune-suppressive patients, by modulation of the T-cell response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avishai Maliah
- grid.12136.370000 0004 1937 0546Department of Human Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, 69978 Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Roma Parikh
- grid.12136.370000 0004 1937 0546Department of Human Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, 69978 Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Oshrat E. Tayer-Shifman
- grid.415250.70000 0001 0325 0791Rheumatology Unit, Meir Medical Center, Tchernichovsky St 59, Kfar Saba, Israel ,grid.12136.370000 0004 1937 0546Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Oded Kimhi
- grid.415250.70000 0001 0325 0791Department of Internal Medicine A, Meir Medical Center, Kfar Saba, Israel
| | - Raz Gepstein
- grid.415250.70000 0001 0325 0791Department of Ophthalmology, Meir Medical Center, Kfar Saba, Israel
| | - Tami Halperin
- grid.12136.370000 0004 1937 0546Department of Infectious Diseases, Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Yair Levy
- grid.12136.370000 0004 1937 0546Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel ,grid.415250.70000 0001 0325 0791Department of Internal Medicine E, Meir Medical Center, Kfar Saba, Israel
| | - Carmit Levy
- grid.12136.370000 0004 1937 0546Department of Human Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, 69978 Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Yael Pri-Paz Basson
- grid.415250.70000 0001 0325 0791Rheumatology Unit, Meir Medical Center, Tchernichovsky St 59, Kfar Saba, Israel
| | - Shaye Kivity
- grid.415250.70000 0001 0325 0791Rheumatology Unit, Meir Medical Center, Tchernichovsky St 59, Kfar Saba, Israel ,grid.12136.370000 0004 1937 0546Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
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191
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Padula L, Fisher E, Rivas K, Podack K, Frasca D, Kupritz J, Seavey MM, Jayaraman P, Dixon E, Jasuja R, Strbo N. Secreted heat shock protein gp96-Ig and OX40L-Fc combination vaccine enhances SARS-CoV-2 Spike (S) protein-specific B and T cell immune responses. Vaccine X 2022; 12:100202. [PMID: 35936992 PMCID: PMC9347141 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvacx.2022.100202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Revised: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
gp96-Ig-S-OX40L-Fc vaccine enhances S-specific IgG responses. gp96-Ig-S-OX40L-Fc vaccine enhances TFH cell responses. gp96-Ig-S-OX40L-Fc vaccine enhances lungs S-specific CD8 + T cell responses.
Encouraging protection results from current mRNA-based SARS-CoV-2 vaccine platforms are primarily due to the induction of SARS- CoV-2- specific B cell antibody and CD4 + T cell. Even though, current mRNA vaccine platforms are adept in inducing SARS-CoV2-specific CD8 + T cell, much less is known about CD8 T cells contribution to the overall vaccine protection. Our allogeneic cellular vaccine, based on a secreted form of the heat-shock protein gp96-Ig, achieves high frequencies of polyclonal CD8 + T cell responses to tumor and infectious antigens through antigen cross-priming in vivo. We and others have shown that gp96-Ig, in addition to antigen-specific CD8 + T cell anti-tumor and anti-pathogen immunity, primes antibody responses as well. Here, we generated a cell-based vaccine that expresses SARS-Cov-2 Spike (S) protein and simultaneously secretes gp96-Ig and OX40L-Fc fusion proteins. We show that co-secretion of gp96-Ig-S peptide complexes and the OX40L-Fc costimulatory fusion protein in allogeneic cell lines results in enhanced activation of S protein-specific IgG antibody responses. These findings were further strengthened by the observation that this vaccine platform induces T follicular helper cells (TFH) and protein-S -specific CD8 + T cells. Thus, a cell-based gp96-Ig vaccine/OX40-L fusion protein regimen provides encouraging translational data that this vaccine platform induces pathogen-specific CD8+, CD4 + T and B cell responses, and may cohesively work as a booster for FDA-approved vaccines. Our vaccine platform can be rapidly engineered and customized based on other current and future pathogen sequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Padula
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Eva Fisher
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Katelyn Rivas
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Kristin Podack
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Daniela Frasca
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Jonah Kupritz
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | | | | | - Eric Dixon
- Heat Biologics, Inc. Morrisville, NC, USA
| | | | - Natasa Strbo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
- Corresponding author at: Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, 1600 NW 10 Avenue, Miami, FL, 33136, USA.
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192
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Luo WR, Wu XM. Novel coronavirus mutations: Vaccine development and challenges. Microb Pathog 2022; 173:105828. [PMID: 36243381 PMCID: PMC9561474 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2022.105828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Revised: 10/09/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The ongoing global pandemic of novel coronavirus pneumonia (COVID-19) caused by the SARS-CoV-2 has a significant impact on global health and economy system. In this context, there have been some landmark advances in vaccine development. Over 100 new coronavirus vaccine candidates have been approved for clinical trials, with ten WHO-approved vaccines including four inactivated virus vaccines, two mRNA vaccines, three recombinant viral vectored vaccines and one protein subunit vaccine on the "Emergency Use Listing". Although the SARS-CoV-2 has an internal proofreading mechanism, there have been a number of mutations emerged in the pandemic affecting its transmissibility, pathogenicity and immunogenicity. Of these, mutations in the spike (S) protein and the resultant mutant variants have posed new challenges for vaccine development and application. In this review article, we present an overview of vaccine development, the prevalence of new coronavirus variants and their impact on protective efficacy of existing vaccines and possible immunization strategies coping with the viral mutation and diversity.
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193
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Antigen-Specific T Cells and SARS-CoV-2 Infection: Current Approaches and Future Possibilities. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232315122. [PMID: 36499448 PMCID: PMC9737069 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232315122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Revised: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
COVID-19, a significant global health threat, appears to be an immune-related disease. Failure of effective immune responses in initial stages of infection may contribute to development of cytokine storm and systemic inflammation with organ damage, leading to poor clinical outcomes. Disease severity and the emergence of new SARS-CoV-2 variants highlight the need for new preventative and therapeutic strategies to protect the immunocompromised population. Available data indicate that these people may benefit from adoptive transfer of allogeneic SARS-CoV-2-specific T cells isolated from convalescent individuals. This review first provides an insight into the mechanism of cytokine storm development, as it is directly related to the exhaustion of T cell population, essential for viral clearance and long-term antiviral immunity. Next, we describe virus-specific T lymphocytes as a promising and efficient approach for the treatment and prevention of severe COVID-19. Furthermore, other potential cell-based therapies, including natural killer cells, regulatory T cells and mesenchymal stem cells are mentioned. Additionally, we discuss fast and effective ways of producing clinical-grade antigen-specific T cells which can be cryopreserved and serve as an effective "off-the-shelf" approach for rapid treatment of SARS-CoV-2 infection in case of sudden patient deterioration.
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194
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Yin J, Chen Y, Li Y, Zhang X, Wang C. Seroconversion rate after COVID-19 vaccination in patients with solid cancer: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2022; 18:2119763. [PMID: 36161976 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2022.2119763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients with solid cancer have an increased risk of severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and associated mortality than the general population. This meta-analysis aimed to investigate the currently available evidence about the efficacy of COVID-19 vaccines in patients with solid cancer. We included prospective studies comparing the immunogenicity and efficacy of COVID-19 vaccines between patients with solid cancer and healthy individuals. Relative risks of seroconversion after the first and second dose of a COVID-19 vaccine were separately pooled with the use of random effects meta-analysis. Thirty studies with 11,245 subjects met the inclusion criteria. After first vaccine dose, the pooled RR of seroconversion in patients with solid cancer vs healthy individuals was 0.54 (95% CI 0.38-0.78, I2 = 94%). After a second dose, the pooled RR of seroconversion in patients with solid cancer vs healthy controls was 0.87 (0.86-0.88, I2 = 87%). Our review suggests that, compared with healthy individuals, COVID-19 vaccines show favorable immunogenicity and efficacy in patients with solid cancer. A second dose is associated with significantly improved seroconversion, although it is slightly lower in patients with solid cancer compared with healthy individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juntao Yin
- Department of Pharmacy, Huaihe Hospital, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan, China
| | - Yangyang Chen
- Cardiology, Huaihe Hospital, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan, China
| | - Yang Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Huaihe Hospital, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan, China
| | - Xingwang Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Chaoyang Wang
- Evidence-Based Medicine Center, Department of Medicine, Henan University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
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195
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Lu X, Yamasaki S. Current understanding of T cell immunity against SARS-CoV-2. Inflamm Regen 2022; 42:51. [PMID: 36447270 PMCID: PMC9706904 DOI: 10.1186/s41232-022-00242-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
As an important part of adaptive immunity, T cells are indispensable in the defense against pathogens including viruses. SARS-CoV-2 is a new human coronavirus that occurred at the end of 2019 and has caused the COVID-19 pandemic. Nevertheless, most of the infected patients recovered without any antiviral therapies, suggesting an effective immunity developed in the bodies. T cell immunity responds upon SARS-CoV-2 infection or vaccination and plays crucial roles in eliminating the viruses and generating T cell memory. Specifically, a subpopulation of CD4+ T cells could support the production of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies, and cytotoxic CD8+ T cells are also protective against the infection. SARS-CoV-2-recognizing T cells could be detected in SARS-CoV-2-unexposed donors, but the role of these cross-reactive T cells is still in debate. T cell responses could be diverse across individuals, mainly due to the polymorphism of HLAs. Thus, compared to antibodies, T cell responses are generally less affected by the mutations of SARS-CoV-2 variants. Up to now, a huge number of studies on SARS-CoV-2-responsive T cells have been published. In this review, we introduced some major findings addressing the questions in the main aspects about T cell responses elicited by SARS-CoV-2, to summarize the current understanding of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuyuan Lu
- grid.136593.b0000 0004 0373 3971Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita, 565-0871 Japan ,grid.136593.b0000 0004 0373 3971Epitope Analysis Team, Center for Advanced Modalities and DDS, Osaka University, Suita, 565-0871 Japan
| | - Sho Yamasaki
- grid.136593.b0000 0004 0373 3971Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita, 565-0871 Japan ,grid.136593.b0000 0004 0373 3971Epitope Analysis Team, Center for Advanced Modalities and DDS, Osaka University, Suita, 565-0871 Japan ,grid.136593.b0000 0004 0373 3971Department of Molecular Immunology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, 565-0871 Japan ,grid.136593.b0000 0004 0373 3971Center for Infectious Disease Education and Research (CiDER), Osaka University, Suita, 565-0871 Japan ,grid.177174.30000 0001 2242 4849Division of Molecular Design, Research Center for Systems Immunology, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 812-8582 Japan
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196
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Zhu Q, Xu Y, Wang T, Xie F. Innate and adaptive immune response in SARS-CoV-2 infection-Current perspectives. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1053437. [PMID: 36505489 PMCID: PMC9727711 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1053437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has been a global pandemic, caused by a novel coronavirus strain with strong infectivity, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). With the in-depth research, the close relationship between COVID-19 and immune system has been dug out. During the infection, macrophages, dendritic cells, natural killer cells, CD8+ T cells, Th1, Th17, Tfh cells and effector B cells are all involved in the anti-SARS-CoV-2 responses, however, the dysfunctional immune responses will ultimately lead to the excessive inflammation, acute lung injury, even other organ failure. Thus, a detailed understanding of pertinent immune response during COVID-19 will provide insights in predicting disease outcomes and developing appropriate therapeutic approaches. In this review, we mainly clarify the role of immune cells in COVID-19 and the target-vaccine development and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiugang Zhu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shangyu People’s Hospital of Shaoxing, Shaoxing, China
| | - Yan Xu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Shangyu People’s Hospital of Shaoxing, Shaoxing, China
| | - Ting Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Feiting Xie
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Therapy for Major Gynecological Diseases, Women’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China,*Correspondence: Feiting Xie,
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197
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Characterization of Three Variants of SARS-CoV-2 In Vivo Shows Host-Dependent Pathogenicity in Hamsters, While Not in K18-hACE2 Mice. Viruses 2022; 14:v14112584. [PMID: 36423193 PMCID: PMC9693146 DOI: 10.3390/v14112584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Animal models are used in preclinical trials to test vaccines, antivirals, monoclonal antibodies, and immunomodulatory drug therapies against SARS-CoV-2. However, these drugs often do not produce equivalent results in human clinical trials. Here, we show how different animal models infected with some of the most clinically relevant SARS-CoV-2 variants, WA1/2020, B.1.617.2/Delta, B.1.1.529/Omicron, and BA5.2/Omicron, have independent outcomes. We show that in K18-hACE2 mice, B.1.617.2 is more pathogenic, followed by WA1, while B.1.1.529 showed an absence of clinical signs. Only B.1.1.529 was able to infect C57BL/6J mice, which lack the human ACE2 receptor. B.1.1.529-infected C57BL/6J mice had different T cell profiles compared to infected K18-hACE2 mice, while viral shedding profiles and viral titers in lungs were similar between the K18-hACE2 and the C57BL/6J mice. These data suggest B.1.1.529 virus adaptation to a new host and shows that asymptomatic carriers can accumulate and shed virus. Next, we show how B.1.617.2, WA1 and BA5.2/Omicron have similar viral replication kinetics, pathogenicity, and viral shedding profiles in hamsters, demonstrating that the increased pathogenicity of B.1.617.2 observed in mice is host-dependent. Overall, these findings suggest that small animal models are useful to parallel human clinical data, but the experimental design places an important role in interpreting the data. Importance: There is a need to investigate SARS-CoV-2 variant phenotypes in different animal models due to the lack of reproducible outcomes when translating experiments to the human population. Our findings highlight the correlation of clinically relevant SARS-CoV-2 variants in animal models with human infections. Experimental design and understanding of correct animal models are essential to interpreting data to develop antivirals, vaccines, and other therapeutic compounds against COVID-19.
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198
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Fiorino S, Carusi A, Hong W, Cernuschi P, Gallo CG, Ferrara E, Maloberti T, Visani M, Lari F, de Biase D, Zippi M. SARS-CoV-2 vaccines: What we know, what we can do to improve them and what we could learn from other well-known viruses. AIMS Microbiol 2022; 8:422-453. [PMID: 36694588 PMCID: PMC9834075 DOI: 10.3934/microbiol.2022029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Revised: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent weeks, the rate of SARS-CoV-2 infections has been progressively increasing all over the globe, even in countries where vaccination programs have been strongly implemented. In these regions in 2021, a reduction in the number of hospitalizations and deaths compared to 2020 was observed. This decrease is certainly associated with the introduction of vaccination measures. The process of the development of effective vaccines represents an important challenge. Overall, the breakthrough infections occurring in vaccinated subjects are in most cases less severe than those observed in unvaccinated individuals. This review examines the factors affecting the immunogenicity of vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 and the possible role of nutrients in modulating the response of distinct immune cells to the vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sirio Fiorino
- Internal Medicine Unit, Budrio Hospital, Budrio (Bologna), Azienda USL, Bologna, Italy,* Correspondence:
| | - Andrea Carusi
- Internal Medicine Unit, Budrio Hospital, Budrio (Bologna), Azienda USL, Bologna, Italy
| | - Wandong Hong
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou City, Zhejiang, The People's Republic of China
| | - Paolo Cernuschi
- Internal Medicine Unit, Quisana Private Hospital, Ferrara, Italy
| | | | | | - Thais Maloberti
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, University of Bologna-Molecular Diagnostic Unit, Azienda USL di Bologna, Bologna, Italy,Solid Tumor Molecular Pathology Laboratory, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Michela Visani
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, University of Bologna-Molecular Diagnostic Unit, Azienda USL di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Federico Lari
- Internal Medicine Unit, Budrio Hospital, Budrio (Bologna), Azienda USL, Bologna, Italy
| | - Dario de Biase
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy,Solid Tumor Molecular Pathology Laboratory, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Maddalena Zippi
- Unit of Gastroenterology and Digestive Endoscopy, Sandro Pertini Hospital, Rome, Italy
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199
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Chen L, Zhang H, Li M, Wu B, Zhang Z, Gong R. An intranasal vaccine targeting the receptor binding domain of SARS-CoV-2 elicits a protective immune response. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1005321. [DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1005321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the pathogen responsible for COVID-19, has caused an ongoing worldwide pandemic. Due to the rapid emergence of variants of concern (VOCs), novel vaccines and vaccination strategies are urgently needed. We developed an intranasal vaccine consisting of the SARS-CoV-2 receptor binding domain (RBD) fused to the antibody Fc fragment (RBD-Fc). RBD-Fc could induce strong humoral immune responses via intranasal vaccination. Notably, this immunogen could efficiently induce IgG and IgA and establish mucosal immunity in the respiratory tract. The induced antibodies could efficiently neutralize wild-type SARS-CoV-2 and currently identified SARS-CoV-2 VOCs, including the Omicron variant. In a mouse model, intranasal immunization could provide complete protection against a lethal SARS-CoV-2 challenge. Unfortunately, the limitation of our study is the small number of animals used in the immune response analysis. Our results suggest that recombinant RBD-Fc delivered via intranasal vaccination has considerable potential as a mucosal vaccine that may reduce the risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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200
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Goh YS, Rouers A, Fong SW, Zhuo NZ, Hor PX, Loh CY, Huang Y, Neo VK, Kam IKJ, Wang B, Ngoh EZX, Salleh SNM, Lee RTC, Pada S, Sun LJ, Ong DLS, Somani J, Lee ES, Maurer-Stroh S, Wang CI, Leo Y, Ren EC, Lye DC, Young BE, Ng LFP, Renia L. Waning of specific antibodies against Delta and Omicron variants five months after a third dose of BNT162b2 SARS-CoV-2 vaccine in elderly individuals. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1031852. [PMID: 36451833 PMCID: PMC9704817 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1031852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The emergence of new SARS-CoV-2 variants, such as the more transmissible Delta and Omicron variants, has raised concerns on efficacy of the COVID-19 vaccines. Here, we examined the waning of antibody responses against different variants following primary and booster vaccination. We found that antibody responses against variants were low following primary vaccination. The antibody response against Omicron was almost non-existent. Efficient boosting of antibody response against all variants, including Omicron, was observed following a third dose. The antibody response against the variants tested was significantly higher at one month following booster vaccination, compared with two months following primary vaccination, for all individuals, including the low antibody responders identified at two months following primary vaccination. The antibody response, for all variants tested, was significantly higher at four months post booster than at five months post primary vaccination, and the proportion of low responders remained low (6-11%). However, there was significant waning of antibody response in more than 95% of individuals at four months, compared to one month following booster. We also observed a robust memory B cell response following booster, which remained higher at four months post booster than prior to booster. However, the memory B cell responses were on the decline for 50% of individuals at four months following booster. Similarly, while the T cell response is sustained, at cohort level, at four months post booster, a substantial proportion of individuals (18.8 - 53.8%) exhibited T cell response at four months post booster that has waned to levels below their corresponding levels before booster. The findings show an efficient induction of immune response against SARS-CoV-2 variants following booster vaccination. However, the induced immunity by the third BNT162b2 vaccine dose was transient. The findings suggest that elderly individuals may require a fourth dose to provide protection against SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Shan Goh
- ASTAR Infectious Diseases Labs (ASTAR ID Labs), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (ASTAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Angeline Rouers
- ASTAR Infectious Diseases Labs (ASTAR ID Labs), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (ASTAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Siew-Wai Fong
- ASTAR Infectious Diseases Labs (ASTAR ID Labs), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (ASTAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Nicole Ziyi Zhuo
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Pei Xiang Hor
- ASTAR Infectious Diseases Labs (ASTAR ID Labs), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (ASTAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Chiew Yee Loh
- ASTAR Infectious Diseases Labs (ASTAR ID Labs), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (ASTAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yuling Huang
- ASTAR Infectious Diseases Labs (ASTAR ID Labs), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (ASTAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Vanessa Kexin Neo
- ASTAR Infectious Diseases Labs (ASTAR ID Labs), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (ASTAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Isaac Kai Jie Kam
- ASTAR Infectious Diseases Labs (ASTAR ID Labs), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (ASTAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Bei Wang
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Eve Zi Xian Ngoh
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Siti Nazihah Mohd Salleh
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Raphael Tze Chuen Lee
- Bioinformatics Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
- Global Data Science Initiative (GISAID), Munich, Germany
| | - Surinder Pada
- Infectious Diseases, Ng Teng Fong General Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Louisa Jin Sun
- Infectious Diseases, Alexandra Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | | | - Jyoti Somani
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, National University Hospital, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Eng Sing Lee
- Clinical Research Unit, National Healthcare Group Polyclincs, Singapore, Singapore
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | | | | | - Sebastian Maurer-Stroh
- ASTAR Infectious Diseases Labs (ASTAR ID Labs), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (ASTAR), Singapore, Singapore
- Bioinformatics Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
- Global Data Science Initiative (GISAID), Munich, Germany
- National Public Health Laboratory, National Centre for Infectious Diseases (NCID), Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Cheng-I Wang
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yee‐Sin Leo
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
- National Centre for Infectious Diseases (NCID), Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ee Chee Ren
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - David C. Lye
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
- National Centre for Infectious Diseases (NCID), Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Barnaby Edward Young
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
- National Centre for Infectious Diseases (NCID), Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Lisa F. P. Ng
- ASTAR Infectious Diseases Labs (ASTAR ID Labs), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (ASTAR), Singapore, Singapore
- National Institute of Health Research, Health Protection Research Unit in Emerging and Zoonotic Infections, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Laurent Renia
- ASTAR Infectious Diseases Labs (ASTAR ID Labs), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (ASTAR), Singapore, Singapore
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
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