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Hung ND, Kim MR, Sok DE. Mechanisms for anti-inflammatory effects of 1-[15(S)-hydroxyeicosapentaenoyl] lysophosphatidylcholine, administered intraperitoneally, in zymosan A-induced peritonitis. Br J Pharmacol 2011; 162:1119-35. [PMID: 21091644 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2010.01117.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Lysophosphatidylcholines (lysoPCs) with polyunsaturated acyl chains are known to exert anti-inflammatory actions. 15-Lipoxygeanation is crucial for anti-inflammatory action of polyunsaturated acylated lysoPCs. Here, the anti-inflammatory actions of 1-(15-hydroxyeicosapentaenoyl)-lysoPC (15-HEPE-lysoPC) and its derivatives were examined in a mechanistic analysis. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Anti-inflammatory actions of 15-HEPE-lysoPC in zymosan A-induced peritonitis of mice were examined by measuring plasma leakage and leucocyte infiltration, and determining levels of lipid mediators or cytokines. KEY RESULTS When each lysoPC, administered i.v., was assessed for its ability to suppress zymosan A-induced plasma leakage, 15-HEPE-lysoPC was found to be more potent than 1-(15-hydroperoxyeicosapentaenoyl)-lysoPC or 1-eicosapentaenoyl-lysoPC. Separately, i.p. administration of 15-HEPE-lysoPC markedly inhibited plasma leakage, in contrast to 15-HEPE, which had only a small effect. 15-HEPE-lysoPC also decreased leucocyte infiltration. Moreover, it reduced the formation of LTC₄ and LTB₄, 5-lipoxygenation products, as well as the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines. The time-course study indicated that 15-HEPE-lysoPC might participate in both the early inflammatory phase and resolution phase. Additionally, 15-HEPE-lysoPC administration caused a partial suppression of LTC₄-induced plasma leakage and LTB₄-induced leucocyte infiltration. In the metabolism study, peritoneal exudate was shown to contain lysoPC-hydrolysing activity, crucial for anti-inflammatory activity, and a system capable of generating lipoxin A from 15-hydroxy eicosanoid precursor. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS 15-HEPE-lysoPC, a precursor for 15-HEPE in target cells, induced anti-inflammatory actions by inhibiting the formation of pro-inflammatory leukotrienes and cytokines, and by enhancing the formation of lipoxin A. 15-HEPE-lysoPC might be one of many potent anti-inflammatory lipids in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nguyen Dang Hung
- College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Yuseong-Ku, Teajon, Korea
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152
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Oh SF, Pillai PS, Recchiuti A, Yang R, Serhan CN. Pro-resolving actions and stereoselective biosynthesis of 18S E-series resolvins in human leukocytes and murine inflammation. J Clin Invest 2011; 121:569-81. [PMID: 21206090 DOI: 10.1172/jci42545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 220] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2010] [Accepted: 11/03/2010] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
E-series resolvins are antiinflammatory and pro-resolving lipid mediators derived from the ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) that actively clear inflammation to promote tissue homeostasis. Aspirin, in addition to exerting antithrombotic actions, also triggers the biosynthesis of these specialized pro-resolving mediators. Here, we used metabolomic profiling to investigate the biosynthesis of E-series resolvins with specific chiral chemistry in serum from human subjects and present evidence for new 18S series resolvins. Aspirin increased endogenous formation of 18S-hydroxyeicosapentaenoate (18S-HEPE) compared with 18R-HEPE, a known resolvin precursor. Human recombinant 5-lipoxygenase used both enantiomers as substrates, and recombinant LTA4 hydrolase (LTA4H) converted chiral 5S(6)-epoxide-containing intermediates to resolvin E1 and 18S-resolvin E1 (RvE1 and 18S-RvE1, respectively). 18S-RvE1 bound to the leukocyte GPCRs ChemR23 and BLT1 with increased affinity and potency compared with the R-epimer, but was more rapidly inactivated than RvE1 by dehydrogenase. Like RvE1, 18S-RvE1 enhanced macrophage phagocytosis of zymosan, E. coli, and apoptotic neutrophils and reduced both neutrophil infiltration and proinflammatory cytokines in murine peritonitis. These results demonstrate two parallel stereospecific pathways in the biosynthesis of E-series resolvins, 18R- and 18S-, which are antiinflammatory, pro-resolving, and non-phlogistic and may contribute to the beneficial actions of aspirin and ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sungwhan F Oh
- Center for Experimental Therapeutics and Reperfusion Injury, Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115-5727, USA
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153
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Uddin M, Levy BD. Resolvins: natural agonists for resolution of pulmonary inflammation. Prog Lipid Res 2011; 50:75-88. [PMID: 20887750 PMCID: PMC3012139 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2010.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2010] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Inappropriate or excessive pulmonary inflammation can contribute to chronic lung diseases. In health, the resolution of inflammation is an active process that terminates inflammatory responses. The recent identification of endogenous lipid-derived mediators of resolution has provided a window to explore the pathobiology of inflammatory disease and structural templates for the design of novel pro-resolving therapeutics. Resolvins (resolution-phase interaction products) are a family of pro-resolving mediators that are enzymatically generated from essential omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids. Two molecular series of resolvins have been characterised, namely E- and D-series resolvins which possess distinct structural, biochemical and pharmacological properties. Acting as agonists at specific receptors (CMKLR1, BLT1, ALX/FPR2 and GPR32), resolvins can signal for potent counter-regulatory effects on leukocyte functions, including preventing uncontrolled neutrophil swarming, decreasing the generation of cytokines, chemokines and reactive oxygen species and promoting clearance of apoptotic neutrophils from inflamed tissues. Hence, resolvins provide mechanisms for cytoprotection of host tissues to the potentially detrimental effects of unresolved inflammation. This review highlights recent experimental findings in resolvin research, and the impact of these stereospecific molecules on the resolution of pulmonary inflammation and tissue catabasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohib Uddin
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Institutes of Medicine, Room 855, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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154
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Spite M, Serhan CN. Novel lipid mediators promote resolution of acute inflammation: impact of aspirin and statins. Circ Res 2010; 107:1170-84. [PMID: 21071715 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.110.223883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 289] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The resolution of acute inflammation is a process that allows for inflamed tissues to return to homeostasis. Resolution was held to be a passive process, a concept now overturned with new evidence demonstrating that resolution is actively orchestrated by distinct cellular events and endogenous chemical mediators. Among these, lipid mediators, such as the lipoxins, resolvins, protectins, and newly identified maresins, have emerged as a novel genus of potent and stereoselective players that counter-regulate excessive acute inflammation and stimulate molecular and cellular events that define resolution. Given that uncontrolled, chronic inflammation is associated with many cardiovascular pathologies, an appreciation of the endogenous pathways and mediators that control timely resolution can open new terrain for therapeutic approaches targeted at stimulating resolution of local inflammation, as well as correcting the impact of chronic inflammation in cardiovascular disorders. Here, we overview and update the biosynthesis and actions of proresolving lipid mediators, highlighting their diverse protective roles relevant to vascular systems and their relation to aspirin and statin therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Spite
- Center for Experimental Therapeutics and Reperfusion Injury, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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155
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Bannenberg G, Serhan CN. Specialized pro-resolving lipid mediators in the inflammatory response: An update. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2010; 1801:1260-73. [PMID: 20708099 PMCID: PMC2994245 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2010.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 302] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2010] [Revised: 07/23/2010] [Accepted: 08/02/2010] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
A new genus of specialized pro-resolving mediators (SPM) which include several families of distinct local mediators (lipoxins, resolvins, protectins, and maresins) are actively involved in the clearance and regulation of inflammatory exudates to permit restoration of tissue homeostasis. Classic lipid mediators that are temporally regulated are formed from arachidonic acid, and novel local mediators were uncovered that are biosynthesized from ω-3 poly-unsaturated fatty acids, such as eicosapentaenoic acid, docosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid. The biosynthetic pathways for resolvins are constituted by fatty acid lipoxygenases and cyclooxygenase-2 via transcellular interactions established by innate immune effector cells which migrate from the vasculature to inflamed tissue sites. SPM provide local control over the execution of an inflammatory response towards resolution, and include recently recognized actions of SPM such as tissue protection and host defense. The structural families of the SPM do not resemble classic eicosanoids (PG or LT) and are novel structures that function uniquely via pro-resolving cellular and molecular targets. The extravasation of inflammatory cells expressing SPM biosynthetic routes are matched by the temporal provision of essential fatty acids from circulation needed as substrate for the formation of SPM. The present review provides an update and overview of the biosynthetic pathways and actions of SPM, and examines resolution as an integrated component of the inflammatory response and its return to homeostasis via biochemically active resolution mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerard Bannenberg
- Department of Plant Molecular Genetics, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología/CSIC, Madrid, Spain.
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156
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Serhan CN. Novel lipid mediators and resolution mechanisms in acute inflammation: to resolve or not? THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2010; 177:1576-91. [PMID: 20813960 PMCID: PMC2947253 DOI: 10.2353/ajpath.2010.100322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 307] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/25/2010] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Because inflammation is appreciated as a unifying basis of many widely occurring diseases, the mechanisms involved in its natural resolution are of considerable interest. Using contained, self-limited inflammatory exudates and a systems approach, novel lipid-derived mediators and pathways were uncovered in the resolution of inflammatory exudates. These new families of local mediators control both the duration and magnitude of acute inflammation as well as the return of the site to homeostasis in the process of catabasis. This new genus of specialized proresolving mediators (SPM) includes essential fatty acid-derived lipoxins, resolvins, protectins, and, most recently, maresins. These families were named based on their unique structures and potent stereoselective actions. The temporally initiated biosynthesis of SPM and their direct impact on leukocyte trafficking and macrophage-directed clearance mechanisms provide clear evidence that resolution is an active, programmed response at the tissue level. Moreover, SPM that possess anti-inflammatory (ie, limiting PMN infiltration) and proresolving (enhance macrophage uptake and clearance of apoptotic PMN and microbial particles) actions as well as stimulating mucosal antimicrobial responses demonstrate that anti-inflammation and proresolution are different responses of the host and novel defining properties of these molecules. The mapping of new resolution circuits has opened the possibility for understanding mechanisms that lead from acute to chronic inflammation, or to the resolution thereof, as well as to potential, resolution-based immunopharmacological therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles N Serhan
- Director, Center for Experimental Therapeutics and Reperfusion Injury, Department of Anesthesia, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, HIM 8, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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157
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Fredman G, Van Dyke TE, Serhan CN. Resolvin E1 regulates adenosine diphosphate activation of human platelets. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2010; 30:2005-13. [PMID: 20702811 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.110.209908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the ability of resolvin E1 (RvE1) to regulate adenosine diphosphate (ADP) activation of platelets via specific receptors because RvE1 reduces platelet aggregation with certain agonists, including ADP. METHODS AND RESULTS RvE1 is an eicosapentaenoic acid-derived specialized proresolving mediator generated during the resolution of acute inflammation. RvE1 exhibits potent organ-protective actions in vivo and acts on specific cell types, including platelets. RvE1, 0.1 to 100 nmol/L, incubated with platelets gave reduced ADP-stimulated P-selectin mobilization (IC(50), approximately 1.6×10(-12) mol/L) and polymerized actin content compared with control platelets. RvE1, 1 to 100 nmol/L, did not stimulate or block intracellular Ca(2+) mobilization. By using a new P2Y(12)-β-arrestin-coupled cell system, ADP-activated P2Y(12) with an EC(50) of 5×10(-6) mol/L and RvE1 did not directly stimulate P2Y(12) or block the ADP-P2Y(12) signals. In this system, another eicosanoid, leukotriene E(4) (LTE(4)) (EC(50), 1.3×10(-11) mol/L), dose dependently activated P2Y(12). When recombinant P2Y(12)-expressing cells were transiently transfected with an RvE1 receptor, human ChemR23 (present on human platelets), with the addition of RvE1 (0.1-10.0 nmol/L), blocked ADP signals (IC(50), approximately 1.6×10(-11) mol/L) in P2Y(12)-ChemR23-expressing cells compared with mock transfections. CONCLUSIONS RvE1's regulatory actions (ie, reducing ADP-stimulated P-selectin mobilization and actin polymerization) are human (h)ChemR23-dependent. Moreover, specific platelet actions of RvE1 selectively engaged with ADP-activated platelets that illuminate a new cellular mechanism and affect ω-3 eicosapentaenoic acid, which may contribute to both resolution of vascular inflammation and ADP-dependent platelet activation relevant in pathological cardiovascular events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabrielle Fredman
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative, and Pain Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Center for Experimental Therapeutics and Reperfusion Injury, Boston, Mass 02115, USA
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158
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Morisseau C, Inceoglu B, Schmelzer K, Tsai HJ, Jinks SL, Hegedus CM, Hammock BD. Naturally occurring monoepoxides of eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid are bioactive antihyperalgesic lipids. J Lipid Res 2010; 51:3481-90. [PMID: 20664072 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m006007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 196] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Beneficial physiological effects of long-chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids are widely accepted but the mechanism(s) by which these fatty acids act remains unclear. Herein, we report the presence, distribution, and regulation of the levels of n-3 epoxy-fatty acids by soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH) and a direct antinociceptive role of n-3 epoxy-fatty acids, specifically those originating from docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). The monoepoxides of the C18:1 to C22:6 fatty acids in both the n-6 and n-3 series were prepared and the individual regioisomers purified. The kinetic constants of the hydrolysis of the pure regioisomers by sEH were measured. Surprisingly, the best substrates are the mid-chain DHA epoxides. We also demonstrate that the DHA epoxides are present in considerable amounts in the rat central nervous system. Furthermore, using an animal model of pain associated with inflammation, we show that DHA epoxides, but neither the parent fatty acid nor the corresponding diols, selectively modulate nociceptive pathophysiology. Our findings support an important function of epoxy-fatty acids in the n-3 series in modulating nociceptive signaling. Consequently, the DHA and eicosapentaenoic acid epoxides may be responsible for some of the beneficial effects associated with dietary n-3 fatty acid intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christophe Morisseau
- Department of Entomology and Cancer Center, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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159
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Stables MJ, Gilroy DW. Old and new generation lipid mediators in acute inflammation and resolution. Prog Lipid Res 2010; 50:35-51. [PMID: 20655950 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2010.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 232] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2010] [Revised: 07/08/2010] [Accepted: 07/08/2010] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Originally regarded as just membrane constituents and energy storing molecules, lipids are now recognised as potent signalling molecules that regulate a multitude of cellular responses via receptor-mediated pathways, including cell growth and death, and inflammation/infection. Derived from polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), such as arachidonic acid (AA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), each lipid displays unique properties, thus making their role in inflammation distinct from that of other lipids derived from the same PUFA. The diversity of their actions arises because such metabolites are synthesised via discrete enzymatic pathways and because they elicit their response via different receptors. This review will collate the bioactive lipid research to date and summarise the findings in terms of the major pathways involved in their biosynthesis and their role in inflammation and its resolution. It will include lipids derived from AA (prostanoids, leukotrienes, 5-oxo-6,8,11,14-eicosatetraenoic acid, lipoxins and epoxyeicosatrienoic acids), EPA (E-series resolvins), and DHA (D-series resolvins, protectins and maresins).
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie J Stables
- Centre for Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Division of Medicine, 5 University Street, University College London, London WC1E 6JJ, United Kingdom
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160
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Abstract
Dietary ingestion of fish is associated with a reduced risk for many common human illnesses. Fish oils are enriched with n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid. Resolvins and protectins are newly discovered mediators that are enzymatically generated from these n-3 fatty acid precursors to orchestrate inflammation resolution. These natural compounds and their mimetics are providing intriguing evidence in model systems and translational research for cellular and molecular mechanisms that are active during catabasis. This review provides information on the biosynthesis and actions of these recently identified chemical mediators with particular reference to resolution of mucosal inflammatory responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruce D Levy
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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161
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Linke B, Pierre S, Coste O, Angioni C, Becker W, Maier TJ, Steinhilber D, Wittpoth C, Geisslinger G, Scholich K. Toponomics Analysis of Drug-Induced Changes in Arachidonic Acid-Dependent Signaling Pathways during Spinal Nociceptive Processing. J Proteome Res 2009; 8:4851-9. [DOI: 10.1021/pr900106v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bona Linke
- Pharmazentrum Frankfurt, ZAFES, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Klinikum der Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Germany, Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Germany, and MelTec GmbH&Co KG, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Sandra Pierre
- Pharmazentrum Frankfurt, ZAFES, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Klinikum der Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Germany, Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Germany, and MelTec GmbH&Co KG, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Ovidiu Coste
- Pharmazentrum Frankfurt, ZAFES, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Klinikum der Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Germany, Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Germany, and MelTec GmbH&Co KG, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Carlo Angioni
- Pharmazentrum Frankfurt, ZAFES, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Klinikum der Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Germany, Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Germany, and MelTec GmbH&Co KG, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Wiebke Becker
- Pharmazentrum Frankfurt, ZAFES, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Klinikum der Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Germany, Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Germany, and MelTec GmbH&Co KG, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Thorsten Jürgen Maier
- Pharmazentrum Frankfurt, ZAFES, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Klinikum der Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Germany, Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Germany, and MelTec GmbH&Co KG, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Dieter Steinhilber
- Pharmazentrum Frankfurt, ZAFES, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Klinikum der Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Germany, Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Germany, and MelTec GmbH&Co KG, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Claus Wittpoth
- Pharmazentrum Frankfurt, ZAFES, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Klinikum der Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Germany, Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Germany, and MelTec GmbH&Co KG, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Gerd Geisslinger
- Pharmazentrum Frankfurt, ZAFES, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Klinikum der Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Germany, Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Germany, and MelTec GmbH&Co KG, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Klaus Scholich
- Pharmazentrum Frankfurt, ZAFES, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Klinikum der Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Germany, Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Germany, and MelTec GmbH&Co KG, Magdeburg, Germany
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162
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Abstract
Resolution of inflammation has historically been viewed as a passive process, occurring as a result of the withdrawal of pro-inflammatory signals, including lipid mediators such as leukotrienes and prostaglandins. Thus, most anti-inflammatory drugs have traditionally targeted primarily mediator pathways that are engaged at the onset of inflammation. Only recently has it been established that inflammation resolution is an active process with a distinct set of chemical mediators. Several clinical and epidemiological studies have identified beneficial effects of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) for a variety of inflammatory diseases, yet without mechanistic explanations for these beneficial effects. Resolvins and protectins are recently identified molecules that are generated from omega-3 PUFA precursors and can orchestrate the timely resolution of inflammation in model systems. Dysregulation of pro-resolving mediators is associated with diseases of prolonged inflammation, so designing pharmacological mimetics of naturally occurring pro-resolving mediators offers exciting new targets for drug design. This review describes the discovery and synthesis of these novel lipid mediators, their receptors and mechanisms of action, and summarizes the studies to date that have uncovered roles for resolvins and protectins in disease states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Payal Kohli
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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163
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de Roos B, Mavrommatis Y, Brouwer IA. Long-chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids: new insights into mechanisms relating to inflammation and coronary heart disease. Br J Pharmacol 2009; 158:413-28. [PMID: 19422375 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2009.00189.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Evidence from observational studies, prospective cohort studies and randomized clinical intervention studies indicate that moderate doses of long-chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC n-3 PUFA) significantly decrease risk of fatal coronary heart disease (CHD). Higher doses and longer duration of intervention may also protect from non-fatal CHD events. The exact mechanisms through which LC n-3 PUFA has an effect on CHD are not well established but may include a decrease in fasting and postprandial triacylglycerol levels, a decrease in arrhythmias, modulation of platelet aggregation and decreased synthesis of pro-inflammatory agents. The mechanistic relation between LC n-3 PUFA and inflammation has attracted great interest, and in vitro studies have revealed that these fatty acids decrease endothelial activation, affect eicosanoid metabolism (including epoxygenation pathways) and induce inflammatory resolution. However, the effects of LC n-3 PUFA on established biomarkers of inflammation and endothelial activation in vivo are not strong. Consequently we need new and more sensitive and systemic biomarkers to reveal the effects of LC n-3 PUFA on localized inflammatory processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baukje de Roos
- University of Aberdeen, Rowett Institute of Nutrition & Health, Aberdeen, UK.
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164
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Omega-3 PUFA derived anti-inflammatory lipid mediator resolvin E1. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat 2009; 89:126-30. [PMID: 19737659 DOI: 10.1016/j.prostaglandins.2009.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2009] [Revised: 02/28/2009] [Accepted: 03/14/2009] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Inflammation is a defensive response to injury and infection, but excessive or inappropriate inflammation contributes to a range of acute and chronic human diseases. Clinical assessment of dietary supplementation of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) including eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) indicate their beneficial impact on human diseases in which inflammation is suspected as a key component of the pathogenesis. Although the mechanism of EPA and DHA action is still not fully defined in molecular terms, recent studies have revealed that, during the course of acute inflammation, omega-3 PUFA-derived mediators including resolvins and protectins with potent anti-inflammatory and pro-resolving properties are produced. In this review, we provide an overview of the formation and actions of EPA-derived anti-inflammatory lipid mediator resolvin E1.
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165
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Carlo T, Levy BD. Chemical mediators and the resolution of airway inflammation. Allergol Int 2008; 57:299-305. [PMID: 18946231 PMCID: PMC2784990 DOI: 10.2332/allergolint.08-rai-0018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2008] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Asthma pathobiology is remarkable for chronic airway inflammation that fails to spontaneously resolve. No curative therapy is currently available. A growing body of evidence indicates that, in health, inflammation resolution is an active process orchestrated by specific chemical mediators that are elaborated to restore tissue homeostasis. Activated cell membranes release polyunsaturated fatty acids from phospholipids for enzymatic conversion to biologically active mediators with profound regulatory effects on innate and adaptive immunity. Some of these mediators carry anti-inflammatory and pro-resolving actions that are transduced in a cell-type specific manner via specific recognition sites that initiate regulatory intracellular signals, such as presqualene diphosphate remodeling, to limit pro-phlogistic cell activation. Some of these counter-regulatory lipid mediators have been identified in the airway during asthma and defects in their production are associated with disease severity. In this review, we describe the biosynthesis and bioactions of pro-resolving chemical mediators and provide examples of select mediators and their structural analogs with particular relevance to asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Troy Carlo
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 75 Francis Street, Boston, MA 02115 USA
| | - Bruce D. Levy
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 75 Francis Street, Boston, MA 02115 USA
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166
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Vassiliou EK, Kesler OM, Tadros JH, Ganea D. Bone Marrow-Derived Dendritic Cells Generated in the Presence of Resolvin E1 Induce Apoptosis of Activated CD4+ T Cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2008; 181:4534-44. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.181.7.4534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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167
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Weylandt KH, Nadolny A, Kahlke L, Köhnke T, Schmöcker C, Wang J, Lauwers GY, Glickman JN, Kang JX. Reduction of inflammation and chronic tissue damage by omega-3 fatty acids in fat-1 transgenic mice with pancreatitis. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2008; 1782:634-41. [PMID: 18832028 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2008.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2008] [Revised: 08/23/2008] [Accepted: 08/25/2008] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Pancreatitis is a severe debilitating disease with high morbidity and mortality. Treatment is mostly supportive, and until now there are no clinically useful strategies for anti-inflammatory therapy. Although omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFA) are known to have anti-inflammatory effects, the utility of these fatty acids in the alleviation of pancreatitis remained to be investigated. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of n-3 PUFA on both acute and chronic pancreatitis in a well-controlled experimental system. We used the fat-1 transgenic mouse model, characterized by endogenously increased tissue levels of n-3 PUFA, and their wild-type littermates to examine the effect of n-3 PUFA on both acute and chronic cerulein-induced pancreatitis. Disease activity and inflammatory status were assessed by both histology and molecular methods. In acute pancreatitis, fat-1 mice showed a trend towards decreased necrosis and significantly reduced levels of plasma IL-6 levels as well as reduced neutrophil infiltration in the lung. In chronic pancreatitis there was less pancreatic fibrosis and collagen content accompanied by decreased pancreatic stellate cell activation in the fat-1 animals with increased n-3 PUFA tissue levels as compared to wild-type littermates with high levels of omega-6 (n-6) PUFA in their tissues. Our data provide evidence for a reduction of systemic inflammation in acute pancreatitis and of tissue fibrosis in chronic pancreatitis by increasing the tissue content of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids. These results suggest a beneficial potential for n-3 PUFA supplementation in acute and particularly chronic pancreatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karsten H Weylandt
- Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
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168
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Chen Y, Wang J, Nie R, Zhou S. Endogenous pro-resolving and anti-inflammatory lipid mediators: The new hope of atherosclerotic diseases. Med Hypotheses 2008; 71:237-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2008.03.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2008] [Revised: 03/05/2008] [Accepted: 03/10/2008] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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169
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Serhan CN, Chiang N, Van Dyke TE. Resolving inflammation: dual anti-inflammatory and pro-resolution lipid mediators. Nat Rev Immunol 2008; 8:349-61. [PMID: 18437155 PMCID: PMC2744593 DOI: 10.1038/nri2294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2054] [Impact Index Per Article: 128.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Active resolution of acute inflammation is a previously unrecognized interface between innate and adaptive immunity. Once thought to be a passive process, the resolution of inflammation is now shown to involve active biochemical programmes that enable inflamed tissues to return to homeostasis. This Review presents new cellular and molecular mechanisms for the resolution of inflammation, revealing key roles for eicosanoids, such as lipoxins, and recently discovered families of endogenous chemical mediators, termed resolvins and protectins. These mediators have anti-inflammatory and pro-resolution properties, thereby protecting organs from collateral damage, stimulating the clearance of inflammatory debris and promoting mucosal antimicrobial defence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles N Serhan
- Center for Experimental Therapeutics and Reperfusion Injury, Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.
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170
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Serhan CN, Chiang N. Endogenous pro-resolving and anti-inflammatory lipid mediators: a new pharmacologic genus. Br J Pharmacol 2008; 153 Suppl 1:S200-15. [PMID: 17965751 PMCID: PMC2268040 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0707489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 305] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2007] [Revised: 08/31/2007] [Accepted: 09/01/2007] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Complete resolution of an acute inflammatory response and its return to homeostasis are essential for healthy tissues. Here, we overview ongoing efforts to characterize cellular and molecular mechanisms that govern the resolution of self-limited inflammation. Systematic temporal analyses of evolving inflammatory exudates using mediator lipidomics-informatics, proteomics, and cellular trafficking with murine resolving exudates demonstrate novel endogenous pathways of local-acting mediators that share both anti-inflammatory and pro-resolving properties. In murine systems, resolving-exudate leukocytes switch their phenotype to actively generate new families of mediators from major omega-3 fatty acids EPA and DHA termed resolvins and protectins. Recent advances on their biosynthesis and actions are reviewed with a focus on the E-series resolvins (RvE1, RvE2), D series resolvins (RvD1, RvD2) and the protectins including neuroprotectin D1/protectin D1 (NPD1/PD1) as well as their aspirin-triggered epimeric forms. Members of each new family demonstrate potent stereo-specific actions, joining the lipoxins as endogenous local signals that govern resolution and endogenous anti-inflammation mechanisms. In addition to their origins and roles in resolution biology in the immune system, recent findings indicate that these new mediator families also display potent protective actions in lung, kidney, and eye as well as enhance microbial clearance. Thus, these endogenous agonists of resolution pathways constitute a novel genus of chemical mediators that possess pro-resolving, anti-inflammatory, and antifibrotic as well as host-directed antimicrobial actions. These may be useful in the design of new therapeutics and treatments for diseases with the underlying trait of uncontrolled inflammation and redox organ stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- C N Serhan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Center for Experimental Therapeutics and Reperfusion Injury, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
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171
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Abstract
The popular view that all lipid mediators are pro-inflammatory arises largely from the finding that nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs block the biosynthesis of prostaglandins. The resolution of inflammation was widely held as a passive event until recently, with the characterization of novel biochemical pathways and lipid-derived mediators that are actively turned on in resolution and that possess potent anti-inflammatory and proresolving actions. A lipid-mediator informatics approach was employed to systematically identify new families of endogenous local-acting mediators from omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid) in resolving exudates, which also contain lipoxins and aspirin-triggered lipoxins generated from arachidonic acid. Given their potent bioactions, these new chemical mediator families were termed resolvins and protectins. Here, we review the recent advances in our understanding of the biosynthesis and stereospecific actions of these new proresolving mediators, which have also proven to be organ protective and antifibrotic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles N Serhan
- Center for Experimental Therapeutics and Reperfusion Injury, Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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172
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Haas-Stapleton EJ, Lu Y, Hong S, Arita M, Favoreto S, Nigam S, Serhan CN, Agabian N. Candida albicans modulates host defense by biosynthesizing the pro-resolving mediator resolvin E1. PLoS One 2007; 2:e1316. [PMID: 18091990 PMCID: PMC2134765 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0001316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2007] [Accepted: 11/08/2007] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Candida albicans is an opportunistic fungal pathogen of humans that resides commensally on epithelial surfaces, but can cause inflammation when pathogenic. Resolvins are a class of anti-inflammatory lipids derived from omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) that attenuate neutrophil migration during the resolution phase of inflammation. In this report we demonstrate that C. albicans biosynthesizes resolvins that are chemically identical to those produced by human cells. In contrast to the trans-cellular biosynthesis of human Resolvin E1 (RvE1), RvE1 biosynthesis in C. albicans occurs in the absence of other cellular partners. C. albicans biosynthesis of RvE1 is sensitive to lipoxygenase and cytochrome P450 monoxygenase inhibitors. We show that 10nM RvE1 reduces neutrophil chemotaxis in response to IL-8; 1nM RvE1 enhanced phagocytosis of Candida by human neutrophils, as well as intracellular ROS generation and killing, while having no direct affect on neutrophil motility. In a mouse model of systemic candidiasis, RvE1 stimulated clearance of the fungus from circulating blood. These results reveal an inter-species chemical signaling system that modulates host immune functions and may play a role in balancing host carriage of commensal and pathogenic C. albicans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric J. Haas-Stapleton
- Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Yan Lu
- Center for Experimental Therapeutics and Reperfusion Injury, Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard School of Dental Medicine and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Oral Medicine, Infection and Immunity, Harvard School of Dental Medicine and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Song Hong
- Center for Experimental Therapeutics and Reperfusion Injury, Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard School of Dental Medicine and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Oral Medicine, Infection and Immunity, Harvard School of Dental Medicine and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Makoto Arita
- Center for Experimental Therapeutics and Reperfusion Injury, Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard School of Dental Medicine and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Oral Medicine, Infection and Immunity, Harvard School of Dental Medicine and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Silvio Favoreto
- Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Santosh Nigam
- Eicosanoid and Lipid Research Division, Centre for Experimental Gynecology and Breast Research, Charité-University Medical Centre Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Charles N. Serhan
- Center for Experimental Therapeutics and Reperfusion Injury, Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard School of Dental Medicine and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Oral Medicine, Infection and Immunity, Harvard School of Dental Medicine and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Nina Agabian
- Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- * To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
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173
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Yacoubian S, Serhan CN. New endogenous anti-inflammatory and proresolving lipid mediators: implications for rheumatic diseases. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 3:570-9; quiz 1 p following 589. [PMID: 17906612 DOI: 10.1038/ncprheum0616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2007] [Accepted: 06/04/2007] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Prostaglandins and leukotrienes are lipid mediators that carry out pivotal roles in host defense and acute inflammation. Failure to completely resolve an acute inflammatory response can lead to chronic inflammation, scarring, and eventual loss of tissue function. Until recently, it was thought that tissue resolution of acute inflammation was a passive event. However, it is now known than lipoxins, which--like prostaglandins and leukotrienes--are also derived from arachidonic acid, are active anti-inflammatory and proresolution mediators, acting in part by reducing neutrophil entry to the inflammation site and stimulating the uptake of apoptotic polymorphonuclear leukocytes by macrophages. Novel families of locally acting and locally generated mediators derived from omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids have also been identified as biosynthetically active components in the resolution phase of inflammation. The new families of chemical mediators are termed 'resolvins' and 'protectins' because individual members of each family are stereospecific in controlling the duration and magnitude of inflammation in animal models. Possible deficiencies in the biosynthesis of lipoxins, resolvins, and protectins, and/or their signal transduction, might underlie some aspects of pathogenesis in chronic inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Yacoubian
- Center for Experimental Therapeutics and Reperfusion Injury, Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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174
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Connor KM, SanGiovanni JP, Lofqvist C, Aderman CM, Chen J, Higuchi A, Hong S, Pravda EA, Majchrzak S, Carper D, Hellstrom A, Kang JX, Chew EY, Salem N, Serhan CN, Smith LEH. Increased dietary intake of omega-3-polyunsaturated fatty acids reduces pathological retinal angiogenesis. Nat Med 2007; 13:868-873. [PMID: 17589522 PMCID: PMC4491412 DOI: 10.1038/nm1591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 488] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2006] [Accepted: 04/16/2007] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Many sight-threatening diseases have two critical phases, vessel loss followed by hypoxia-driven destructive neovascularization. These diseases include retinopathy of prematurity and diabetic retinopathy, leading causes of blindness in childhood and middle age affecting over 4 million people in the United States. We studied the influence of omega-3- and omega-6-polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) on vascular loss, vascular regrowth after injury, and hypoxia-induced pathological neovascularization in a mouse model of oxygen-induced retinopathy. We show that increasing omega-3-PUFA tissue levels by dietary or genetic means decreased the avascular area of the retina by increasing vessel regrowth after injury, thereby reducing the hypoxic stimulus for neovascularization. The bioactive omega-3-PUFA-derived mediators neuroprotectinD1, resolvinD1 and resolvinE1 also potently protected against neovascularization. The protective effect of omega-3-PUFAs and their bioactive metabolites was mediated, in part, through suppression of tumor necrosis factor-alpha. This inflammatory cytokine was found in a subset of microglia that was closely associated with retinal vessels. These findings indicate that increasing the sources of omega-3-PUFA or their bioactive products reduces pathological angiogenesis. Western diets are often deficient in omega-3-PUFA, and premature infants lack the important transfer from the mother to the infant of omega-3-PUFA that normally occurs in the third trimester of pregnancy. Supplementing omega-3-PUFA intake may be of benefit in preventing retinopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kip M Connor
- Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Children's Hospital Boston, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - John Paul SanGiovanni
- Division of Epidemiology and Clinical Research, National Eye Institute, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Chatarina Lofqvist
- Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Children's Hospital Boston, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Sahlgrenska Academy, Göteborg University, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Christopher M Aderman
- Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Children's Hospital Boston, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Jing Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Children's Hospital Boston, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Akiko Higuchi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Children's Hospital Boston, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Song Hong
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative, and Pain Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Center for Experimental Therapeutics and Reperfusion Injury, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 75 Francis Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Elke A Pravda
- Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Children's Hospital Boston, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Sharon Majchrzak
- Laboratory of Membrane Biochemistry and Biophysics, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, 12420 Parklawn Drive, Rockville, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Deborah Carper
- Office of the Director, National Eye Institute, 31 Center Drive, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Ann Hellstrom
- Dept of Clinical Neurosciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, Göteborg University, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Jing X Kang
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Emily Y Chew
- Division of Epidemiology and Clinical Research, National Eye Institute, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Norman Salem
- Laboratory of Membrane Biochemistry and Biophysics, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, 12420 Parklawn Drive, Rockville, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Charles N Serhan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative, and Pain Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Center for Experimental Therapeutics and Reperfusion Injury, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 75 Francis Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Lois E H Smith
- Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Children's Hospital Boston, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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175
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Serhan CN. Resolution phase of inflammation: novel endogenous anti-inflammatory and proresolving lipid mediators and pathways. Annu Rev Immunol 2007; 25:101-37. [PMID: 17090225 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.immunol.25.022106.141647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 724] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Resolution of inflammation and the return of tissues to homeostasis are essential. Efforts to identify molecular events governing termination of self-limited inflammation uncovered pathways in resolving exudates that actively generate, from essential omega fatty acids, new families of local-acting mediators. These chemical mediator families, termed resolvins and protectins, are potent stereoselective agonists that control the duration and magnitude of inflammation, joining the lipoxins as signals in resolution. This review examines the mapping of these circuits and recent advances in our understanding of the biosynthesis and actions of these novel proresolving lipid mediators. Aspirin jump-starts resolution by triggering biosynthesis of specific epimers of these mediators. In addition to their origins in inflammation resolution, these compounds also display potent protective roles in neural systems, liver, lung, and eye. Given the potent actions of lipoxins, resolvins, and protectins in models of human disease, deficiencies in resolution pathways may contribute to many diseases and offer exciting new potential for therapeutic control via resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles N Serhan
- Center for Experimental Therapeutics and Reperfusion Injury, Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative, and Pain Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.
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176
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Abstract
Though fish oils possess cardio-protective, anti-inflammatory, and anti-cancer properties, their molecular and biochemical mechanism of action is lacking. In this issue of Chemistry & Biology, Tjonahen and colleagues identify a new metabolite of eicosapentanoic acid, resolvin E2, produced by 5-lipoxygenase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia M de Souza
- Airway Disease Section, National Heart & Lung Institute, Imperial College of Medicine, Dovehouse Street, London, SW3 6LY, United Kingdom
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