Cellular fatty acid metabolism and cancer

Fatty acid metabolism of immune cells: a new target of tumour immunotherapy

Metabolic competition between tumour cells and immune cells for limited nutrients is an important feature of the tumour microenvironment (TME) and is closely related to the outcome of tumour immune escape. A large number of studies have proven that tumour cells need metabolic reprogramming to cope with acidification and hypoxia in the TME while increasing energy uptake to support their survival. Among them, synthesis, oxidation and uptake of fatty acids (FAs) in the TME are important manifestations of lipid metabolic adaptation. Although different immune cell subsets often show different metabolic characteristics, various immune cell functions are closely related to fatty acids, including providing energy, providing synthetic materials and transmitting signals. In the face of the current situation of poor therapeutic effects of tumour immunotherapy, combined application of targeted immune cell fatty acid metabolism seems to have good therapeutic potential, which is blocked at immune checkpoints. Combined application of adoptive cell therapy and cancer vaccines is reflected. Therefore, it is of great interest to explore the role of fatty acid metabolism in immune cells to discover new strategies for tumour immunotherapy and improve anti-tumour immunity.

The roles and molecular mechanisms of non-coding RNA in cancer metabolic reprogramming

One of the key features of cancer is energy metabolic reprogramming which is tightly related to cancer proliferation, invasion, metastasis, and chemotherapy resistance. NcRNAs are a class of RNAs having no protein-coding potential and mainly include microRNAs, lncRNAs and circRNAs. Accumulated evidence has suggested that ncRNAs play an essential role in regulating cancer metabolic reprogramming, and the altered metabolic networks mediated by ncRNAs primarily drive carcinogenesis by regulating the expression of metabolic enzymes and transporter proteins. Importantly, accumulated research has revealed that dysregulated ncRNAs mediate metabolic reprogramming contributing to the generation of therapeutic tolerance. Elucidating the molecular mechanism of ncRNAs in cancer metabolic reprogramming can provide promising metabolism-related therapeutic targets for treatment as well as overcome therapeutic tolerance. In conclusion, this review updates the latest molecular mechanisms of ncRNAs related to cancer metabolic reprogramming.

Identification and experimental validation of Stearoyl-CoA desaturase is a new drug therapeutic target for osteosarcoma

Osteosarcoma (OS) is the most common malignant bone tumor. Fatty acid reprogramming plays an essential role in OS progression. However, new fatty acid related therapeutic targets of OS have not been completely elucidated. Therefore, we firstly identified 113 differentially expressed fatty acid metabolism genes using bioinformatic analysis, 19 of which were found to be associated with OS prognosis. Then, 7 hub genes were screened out and yielded a strong prediction accuracy (AUC value = 0.88, at 3 years) for predicting the survival status of OS patients. Furthermore, we confirmed that SCD was highly expressed in OS cells and patients. And Knock-down of SCD impaired proliferation and migration of OS cells. Moreover, SCD was transcriptionally activated by c-Myc to promote proliferation and migration of OS cells. Finally, SCD inhibitor could significantly induce OS ferroptosis in vitro and in vivo. In conclusion, we identified that SCD was a reliable risk factor for OS patients. And SCD was activated by c-Myc. The inhibitor of SCD could significantly impaired OS growth and induce OS ferroptosis, which indicated that SCD was a potential drug target for OS treatment.

A prognostic metabolism-related gene signature associated with the tumor immune microenvironment in neuroblastoma

Neuroblastoma (NB) is the most prevalent malignant solid tumor in children. Tumor metabolism, including lipid, amino acid, and glucose metabolism, is intricately linked to the genesis and progression of tumors. This study aimed to establish a prognostic gene signature for NB patients, based on metabolism-related genes, and to investigate a treatment approach that could enhance the survival rate of high-risk NB patients. From the NB dataset GSE49710, we identified metabolism-related gene markers utilizing the "limma" R package and univariate Cox analysis combined with least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) regression analysis. We explored the correlation between these gene markers and the overall survival of NB patients. Gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) and single-sample GSEA algorithms were used to assess the differences in metabolism and immune status. Furthermore, we examined the association between metabolic subgroups and drug responsiveness. Concurrently, data downloaded from TARGET and MTAB were used for external verification. Using multicolor immunofluorescence and immunohistochemistry, we investigated the relationship between the lipid metabolism-related gene ELOVL6 with both the International Neuroblastoma Staging System classification of NB and survival rate. Finally, we explored the effect of high ELOVL6 expression on the immune microenvironment in NB using flow cytometry. We identified an eight-gene signature comprising metabolism-related genes in NB: ELOVL6, OSBPL9, RPL27A, HSD17B3, ACHE, AKR1C1, PIK3R1, and EPHX2. This panel effectively predicted disease-free survival, and was validated using an internal dataset from GSE49710 and two external datasets from the TARGET and MTAB databases. Moreover, our findings confirmed that ELOVL6 fosters an immunosuppressive microenvironment and contributes to the malignant progression in NB. The eight-gene signature is significant in predicting the prognosis of NB, effectively classifying patients into high- and low-risk groups. This classification may guide the development of innovative treatment strategies for these patients. Notably, the signature gene ELOVL6 markedly encourages an immunosuppressive microenvironment and malignant progression in NB.

Cancer evaluation in dogs using cerumen as a source for volatile biomarker prospection

Cancer is one of the deadliest diseases in humans and dogs. Nevertheless, most tumor types spread faster in canines, and early cancer detection methods are necessary to enhance animal survival. Here, cerumen (earwax) was tested as a source of potential biomarkers for cancer evaluation in dogs. Earwax samples from dogs were collected from tumor-bearing and clinically healthy dogs, followed by Headspace/Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (HS/GC-MS) analyses and multivariate statistical workflow. An evolutionary-based multivariate algorithm selected 18 out of 128 volatile metabolites as a potential cancer biomarker panel in dogs. The candidate biomarkers showed a full discrimination pattern between tumor-bearing dogs and cancer-free canines with high accuracy in the test dataset: an accuracy of 95.0% (75.1-99.9), and sensitivity and specificity of 100.0% and 92.9%, respectively. In summary, this work raises a new perspective on cancer diagnosis in dogs, being carried out painlessly and non-invasive, facilitating sample collection and periodic application in a veterinary routine.

Strategy for characterization and quantification of fatty acids in plasma by parallel d0/d6-dansylhydrazine derivatization combined with UPLC-MS/MS

Fatty acids (FAs) play a vital physiological role in lipid metabolism, which is reported as potential diagnostic biomarker for various diseases. Thus, it is urgent to develop a credible method that can profile FA metabolism with a holistic view. Here, a targeted strategy to screen FAs was developed by parallel labeling with d0/d6-dansylhydrazine (d0/d6-DnsHz) and using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled with high-resolution tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) in data-dependent MS/MS (ddMS2) mode. The simple and mild derivatization procedure within 3 h allowed for a significant improvement in sensitivity. Additionally, the characteristic product ions introduced by the derivatization reagent assist to identify the unknown FA species. A quantitation method was established by multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) and the d6-DnsHz tagged standards for each analyte were used as internal standards to overcome the matrix effects. By applying the method to determine FA levels in plasma collected from the esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) patients and healthy controls, 65 FA metabolites were characterized and six FAs were found to be altered by the invasion of tumors. The parallel derivatization strategy provides insights into the identification of unknown FAs and paves a new way for targeted metabolomics. Also, this novel method is a powerful tool for characterization and quantification of FAs in biological samples, which shows a great potential application in clinical diagnosis and investigation of disease mechanisms.

Short Antiangiogenic MMP-2 Peptide-Decorated Conjugated Linoleic Acid-Coated SPIONs for Targeted Paclitaxel Delivery in an A549 Cell Xenograft Mouse Tumor Model

The design of targeted antiangiogenic nanovectors for the delivery of anticancer drugs presents a viable approach for effective management of nonsmall-cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC). Herein, we report on the fabrication of a targeted delivery nanosystem for paclitaxel (PTX) functionalized with a short antimatrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP-2) CTT peptide for selective MMP-2 targeting and effective antitumor activity in NSCLC. The fabrication of the targeted nanosystem (CLA-coated PTX-SPIONs@CTT) involved coating of superparamagnetic iron-oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) with conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) via chemisorption, onto which PTX was adsorbed, and subsequent surface functionalization with carboxylic acid groups for conjugation of the CTT peptide. CLA-coated PTX SPIONs@CTT had a mean particle size of 99.4 nm and a PTX loading efficiency of ∼98.5%. The nanosystem exhibited a site-specific in vitro PTX release and a marked antiproliferative action on lung adenocarcinoma cells. The CTT-functionalized nanosystem significantly inhibited MMP-2 secretion by almost 70% from endothelial cells, indicating specific anti-MMP-2 activity. Treatment of tumor-bearing mice with subcutaneous injection of the CTT-functionalized nanosystem resulted in 69.7% tumor inhibition rate, and the administration of the nanosystem subcutaneously prolonged the half-life of PTX and circulation time in vivo. As such, CLA-coated PTX-SPIONs@CTT presents with potential for application as a targeted nanomedicine in NSCLC management.

Emerging role of lipophagy in liver disorders

Lipophagy is a selective degradation of lipids by a lysosomal-mediated pathway, and dysregulation of lipophagy is linked with the pathological hallmark of many liver diseases. Downregulation of lipophagy in liver cells results in abnormal accumulation of LDs (Lipid droplets) in hepatocytes which is a characteristic feature of several liver pathologies such as nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Contrarily, upregulation of lipophagy in activated hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) is associated with hepatic fibrosis and cirrhosis. Lipid metabolism reprogramming in violent cancer cells contributes to the progression of liver cancer. In this review, we have summarized the recent studies focusing on various components of the lipophagic machinery that can be modulated for their potential role as therapeutic agents against a wide range of liver diseases.

Cellular and molecular effects of fipronil in lipid metabolism of HepG2 and its possible connection to non-alcoholic fatty liver disease

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a global public health problem that affects more than a quarter of the population. The development of this disease is correlated with metabolic dysfunctions that lead to lipid accumulation in the liver. Pesticides are one of etiologies that support NAFLD establishment. Therefore, the effects of the insecticide fipronil on the lipid metabolism of the human hepatic cell line, HepG2, was investigated, considering its widespread use in field crops and even to control domestic pests. To address the goals of the study, biochemical, cellular, and molecular analyses of different concentrations of fipronil in cell cultures were investigated, after 24 h of incubation. Relevant metabolites such as triglycerides, glucose levels, β-oxidation processes, and gene expression of relevant elements correlated with lipid and metabolism of xenobiotics were investigated. The results suggested that at 20 μM, the pesticide increased the accumulation of triglycerides and neutral lipids by reducing fatty acid oxidation and increasing de novo lipogenesis. In addition, changes were observed in genes that control oxidative stress and the xenobiotic metabolism. Together, the results suggest that the metabolic changes caused by the insecticide fipronil may be deleterious if persistent, favoring the establishment of hepatic steatosis.

Targeting lipid biosynthesis on the basis of conventional treatments for clear cell renal cell carcinoma: A promising therapeutic approach

A variety of cancer cells exhibit dysregulated lipid metabolism, characterized by excessive intracellular lipid accumulation, and clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) is the most typical disease with these characteristics. As the most common malignancy of all renal cell carcinomas (RCCs), ccRCC is typically characterized by a large accumulation of lipids and glycogen in the cytoplasm and a nucleus that is squeezed by the accumulated lipid droplets and localized to the marginal areas within the cytoplasm. This lipid accumulation has been found to be critically involved in the maintenance of malignant features observed in various cancers. Firstly, it maintains the persistent proliferative and metastasis properties of cancer cells. Secondly, it acts as a buffer against lipid peroxidation, preventing lipid peroxidation-induced ferroptosis. Moreover, lipids can diminish the sensitivity of cancer cells to radiotherapy. As ccRCC is a type of cancer with high lipid synthesis, targeting lipid synthesis-related genes in cancer cells may be a promising therapeutic modality for single treatment or in combination with radiotherapy, chemotherapy, and immunotherapy. This may revolutionize the choice of treatment modality for ccRCC patients. In this review, we concentrate on the current status and progress of research on lipid biosynthesis in ccRCC and the potential applications of targeting lipid synthesis to treat ccRCC. At last, we propose perspective and future research directions for targeting inhibition of lipid biosynthesis in combination with conventional therapeutic approaches for the treatment of ccRCC, which will help to evolve the therapeutic model.

LncRNAs-circRNAs as Rising Epigenetic Binary Superstars in Regulating Lipid Metabolic Reprogramming of Cancers

As one of novel hallmarks of cancer, lipid metabolic reprogramming has recently been becoming fascinating and widely studied. Lipid metabolic reprogramming in cancer is shown to support carcinogenesis, progression, distal metastasis, and chemotherapy resistance by generating ATP, biosynthesizing macromolecules, and maintaining appropriate redox status. Notably, increasing evidence confirms that lipid metabolic reprogramming is under the control of dysregulated non-coding RNAs in cancer, especially lncRNAs and circRNAs. This review highlights the present research findings on the aberrantly expressed lncRNAs and circRNAs involved in the lipid metabolic reprogramming of cancer. Emphasis is placed on their regulatory targets in lipid metabolic reprogramming and associated mechanisms, including the clinical relevance in cancer through lipid metabolism modulation. Such insights will be pivotal in identifying new theranostic targets and treatment strategies for cancer patients afflicted with lipid metabolic reprogramming.

Fatty Acid Metabolism Signature Contributes to the Molecular Diagnosis of a Malignant Gastric Cancer Subtype with Poor Prognosis and Lower Mutation Burden

BACKGROUND

Gastric cancer (GC) is a common gastrointestinal tumor with high morbidity and mortality. Fatty acid metabolism (FAM) contributes to GC development. Patents have been issued for the use of compositions comprising fatty acid analogues for the treatment of many clinical conditions. However, its clinical significance and its relationship with tumor-related mutations have not been thoroughly discovered. This study was conducted to analyze and explore FAM-related genes' molecular characteristics, prognostic significance, and association with tumor- related mutations.

METHODS

The gastric adenocarcinoma's transcriptome, clinical data, and tumor mutation load (TMB) data were downloaded from TCGA and GEO databases. The differentially expressed FAM genes (FAM DEGs) between cancer and control samples were screened, and their correlation with TMB and survival was analyzed. A PPI network of FAM DEGs was constructed, and a downscaling clustering analysis was performed based on the expression of the FAM DEGs. Further immuno- infiltration and GO/KEGG enrichment analyses of the identified FAM clusters were performed to explore their heterogeneity in biological functions. The effects of FAM score and gastric cancer (STAD) on TMB, MSI, survival prognosis, and drug sensitivity were jointly analyzed, and finally, a single-gene analysis of the obtained core targets was performed.

RESULTS

Through differential analysis, 68 FAM DEGs were obtained, and they were highly associated with STAD tumor mutation load. In addition, a high FAM DEGs CNV rate was observed. The PPI network showed a complex mutual correlation between the FAM DEGs. Consensus clustering classified the patients into three clusters based on the FAM DEGs, and the clusters presented different survival rates. The GSVA and immune infiltration analysis revealed that metabolism, apoptosis, and immune infiltration-related pathways were variated. In addition, FAM genes, STAD prognostic risk genes, and PCA scores were closely associated with the survival status of STAD patients. FAM score was closely correlated with STAD TMB, MSI, and immunotherapy, and the TMB values in the low FAM score group were significantly higher than those in the high FAM score group. Finally, combining the above results, it was found that the core gene PTGS1 performed best in predicting STAD survival prognosis and TMB/MSI/immunotherapy.

CONCLUSION

Fatty acid metabolism genes affect the development of gastric adenocarcinoma and can predict the survival prognosis, tumor mutational load characteristics, and drug therapy sensitivity of STAD patients, which can help explore more effective immunotherapy targets for GC.

Metabolic heterogeneity in cancer

Cancer cells rewire their metabolism to survive during cancer progression. In this context, tumour metabolic heterogeneity arises and develops in response to diverse environmental factors. This metabolic heterogeneity contributes to cancer aggressiveness and impacts therapeutic opportunities. In recent years, technical advances allowed direct characterisation of metabolic heterogeneity in tumours. In addition to the metabolic heterogeneity observed in primary tumours, metabolic heterogeneity temporally evolves along with tumour progression. In this Review, we summarize the mechanisms of environment-induced metabolic heterogeneity. In addition, we discuss how cancer metabolism and the key metabolites and enzymes temporally and functionally evolve during the metastatic cascade and treatment.

Prognostic Value of Fatty Acid Metabolism-related Genes in Patients with Bladder Cancer

INTRODUCTION

This study aimed to explore the expression profiles of fatty acid metabolism- related genes (FAMRGs) in patients with bladder cancer (BLCA).

METHODS

The corresponding clinicopathological features of BLCA patients and RNA sequencing data were downloaded from TCGA and GSE13507. Univariate Cox regression was used to determine the prognostic value of FRGS in BLCA patients. LASSO regression analysis was then performed to select potential risk genes and eliminate genes that might overfit the model. Based on the independent prognostication-related FRGs, the nomogram survival model was established using the root mean square value of the R packet to predict the 1-year, 3-year, and 5-year survival rates of BLCA patients. By determining the area under the curve (AUC) value, the time-dependent receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) was used to evaluate the prognostic efficiency of our model.

RESULTS

A total of 243 DEFRGs were identified. Twenty FRGs were found to be related to the prognosis of BLCA in the TCGA database. Survival curves showed that high-risk patients had significantly shorter OS than low-risk cases (p < 0.001). The AUC of risk was 0.784, which was superior to age, sex, and stage, suggesting that the risk score was more favorable in predicting OS than traditional pathologic prognostic factors. The AUC was 0.757 at 1 year, 0.732 at 3 years, and 0.733 at 5 year-OS.

CONCLUSION

In this study, we demonstrated that a FAMRG prognosis biomarker is associated with the tumor immune microenvironment in patients with BLCA.

Bioinformatics and Experimental Study Revealed LINC00982/ miR-183-5p/ABCA8 Axis Suppresses LUAD Progression

BACKGROUND

Lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) is a major health challenge worldwide with an undesirable prognosis. LINC00982 has been implicated as a tumor suppressor in diverse human cancers; however, its role in LUAD has not been fully characterized.

METHODS

Expression level and prognostic value of LINC00982 were investigated in pan-cancer and lung cancer from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) project. Differential expression analysis based on the LINC00982 expression level was performed in LUAD followed by gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) and functional enrichment analyses. The association between LINC00982 expression and tumor immune microenvironment characteristics was evaluated. A potential ceRNA regulatory axis was identified and experimentally validated.

RESULTS

We found that LINC00982 expression was downregulated and correlated with poor prognosis in LUAD. Enrichment analyses revealed that LINC00982 could inhibit DNA damage repair and cell proliferation, but enhance tumor metabolic reprogramming. We identified a competing endogenous RNA network involving LINC00982, miR-183-5p, and ATP-binding cassette subfamily A member 8 (ABCA8). Luciferase assays confirmed that miR-183-5p can interact with LINC00982 and ABCA8. Forced miR-183-5p expression reduced LINC00982 transcript levels and suppressed ABCA8 expression.

CONCLUSIONS

Our findings revealed the LINC00982/miR-183-5p/ABCA8 axis as a potential therapeutic target in LUAD.

Understanding the Role of Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids in the Development and Prevention of Cancer

Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), notably omega-3 (n-3) and omega-6 (n-6), have received much attention owing to their multifaceted effects not only in the management of diverse pathological conditions but also in the maintenance of overall health of an individual. A disproportionately high n-6 to n-3 ratio contributes to the development of various disorders including cancer, which ranks as a leading cause of death worldwide with profound social and economic burden. Epidemiological studies and clinical trials combined with the animal and cell culture models have demonstrated the beneficial effects of n-3 PUFAs in reducing the risk of various cancer types including breast, prostate and colon cancer. The anti-cancer actions of n-3 PUFAs are mainly attributed to their role in the modulation of a wide array of cellular processes including membrane dynamics, apoptosis, inflammation, angiogenesis, oxidative stress, gene expression and signal transduction pathways. On the contrary, n-6 PUFAs have been shown to exert pro-tumor actions; however, the inconsistent findings and controversial data emphasize upon the need to further investigation. Nevertheless, one of the biggest challenges in future is to optimize the n-6 to n-3 ratio despite the genetic predisposition, age, gender and disease severity. Moreover, a better understanding of the potential risks and benefits as well as the cellular and molecular mechanisms of the basic actions of these PUFAs is required to explore their role as adjuvants in cancer therapy. All these aspects will be reviewed in this chapter.

Lipid metabolism analysis in esophageal cancer and associated drug discovery

Esophageal cancer is an upper gastrointestinal malignancy with a bleak prognosis. It is still being explored in depth due to its complex molecular mechanisms of occurrence and development. Lipids play a crucial role in cells by participating in energy supply, biofilm formation, and signal transduction processes, and lipid metabolic reprogramming also constitutes a significant characteristic of malignant tumors. More and more studies have found esophageal cancer has obvious lipid metabolism abnormalities throughout its beginning, progress, and treatment resistance. The inhibition of tumor growth and the enhancement of antitumor therapy efficacy can be achieved through the regulation of lipid metabolism. Therefore, we reviewed and analyzed the research results and latest findings for lipid metabolism and associated analysis techniques in esophageal cancer, and comprehensively proved the value of lipid metabolic reprogramming in the evolution and treatment resistance of esophageal cancer, as well as its significance in exploring potential therapeutic targets and biomarkers.

Targeting metabolic reprogramming in hepatocellular carcinoma to overcome therapeutic resistance: A comprehensive review

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) poses a heavy burden on human health with high morbidity and mortality rates. Systematic therapy is crucial for advanced and mid-term HCC, but faces a significant challenge from therapeutic resistance, weakening drug effectiveness. Metabolic reprogramming has gained attention as a key contributor to therapeutic resistance. Cells change their metabolism to meet energy demands, adapt to growth needs, or resist environmental pressures. Understanding key enzyme expression patterns and metabolic pathway interactions is vital to comprehend HCC occurrence, development, and treatment resistance. Exploring metabolic enzyme reprogramming and pathways is essential to identify breakthrough points for HCC treatment. Targeting metabolic enzymes with inhibitors is key to addressing these points. Inhibitors, combined with systemic therapeutic drugs, can alleviate resistance, prolong overall survival for advanced HCC, and offer mid-term HCC patients a chance for radical resection. Advances in metabolic research methods, from genomics to metabolomics and cells to organoids, help build the HCC metabolic reprogramming network. Recent progress in biomaterials and nanotechnology impacts drug targeting and effectiveness, providing new solutions for systemic therapeutic drug resistance. This review focuses on metabolic enzyme changes, pathway interactions, enzyme inhibitors, research methods, and drug delivery targeting metabolic reprogramming, offering valuable references for metabolic approaches to HCC treatment.

RBM45 reprograms lipid metabolism promoting hepatocellular carcinoma via Rictor and ACSL1/ACSL4

Reprogramming of lipid metabolism during hepatocarcinogenesis is not well elucidated. Here, we aimed to explore pivotal RNA-binding motif proteins (RBMs) in lipid metabolism and their therapeutic potential in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Through bioinformatic analysis, we identified RBM45 as a critical gene of interest among differentially expressed RBMs in HCC, with significant prognostic relevance. RBM45 influenced the malignant biological phenotype and lipid metabolism of HCC cells. Mechanically, RBM45 promotes de novo lipogenesis in HCC by directly targeting two key enzymes involved in long-chain fatty acid synthesis, ACSL1 and ACSL4. RBM45 also targets Rictor, which has been demonstrated to modulate lipid metabolism profoundly. RBM45 also aided lipid degradation through activating a key fatty acid β oxidation enzyme, CPT1A. Thus, RBM45 boosted lipid synthesis and decomposition, indicating an enhanced utility of lipid fuels in HCC. Clinically, body mass index was positively correlated with RBM45 in human HCCs. The combination of a PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway inhibitor in vitro or Sorafenib in orthotopic liver cancer mouse models with shRBM45 has a more significant therapeutic effect on liver cancer than the drug alone. In summary, our findings highlight the versatile roles of RBM45 in lipid metabolism reprogramming and its therapeutic potential in HCC. Lipids induced RBM45 expression. In turn, RBM45 promoted the utility of lipid in HCCs through accelerating both de novo lipogenesis and fatty acid β oxidation, which required the participation of Rictor, a core component of mTORC2 that has been demonstrated to modulate lipid metabolism potently, as well as ACSL1/ACSL4, two key enzymes of long-chain fatty acid synthesis. When the first-line chemotherapy drug sorafenib is combined with a PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway inhibitor (MK2206 is an AKT inhibitor, rapamycin is a mTOR inhibitor, and inhibiting RBM45 can significantly inhibit Rictor), cell cycle, proliferation, lipid metabolism reprogramming, and hepatocarcinogenesis can be significantly inhibited, while apoptosis can be significantly enhanced.

Circadian clock and lipid metabolism disorders: a potential therapeutic strategy for cancer

Recent research has emphasized the interaction between the circadian clock and lipid metabolism, particularly in relation to tumors. This review aims to explore how the circadian clock regulates lipid metabolism and its impact on carcinogenesis. Specifically, targeting key enzymes involved in fatty acid synthesis (SREBP, ACLY, ACC, FASN, and SCD) has been identified as a potential strategy for cancer therapy. By disrupting these enzymes, it may be possible to inhibit tumor growth by interfering with lipid metabolism. Transcription factors, like SREBP play a significant role in regulating fatty acid synthesis which is influenced by circadian clock genes such as BMAL1, REV-ERB and DEC. This suggests a strong connection between fatty acid synthesis and the circadian clock. Therefore, successful combination therapy should target fatty acid synthesis in addition to considering the timing and duration of drug use. Ultimately, personalized chronotherapy can enhance drug efficacy in cancer treatment and achieve treatment goals.

The nucleolar protein NIFK accelerates the progression of colorectal cancer via activating MYC pathway

This study aimed to explore the function of nucleolar protein interacting with the FHA domain of MKI67 (NIFK) on colorectal cancer (CRC) and its associated molecular mechanisms. NIFK was upregulated in CRC tissues and cells. NIFK silencing resulted in reduced cell growth and metastasis, as well as in promoted apoptosis in CRC cells. Moreover, NIFK silencing was also confirmed to inhibit lipid accumulation and decrease fatty acid synthesis via downregulating lipogenic enzymes in CRC cells. Gene set enrichment analysis and western blot co-verified that NIFK silencing inhibited MYC proto-oncogene, bHLH transcription factor (MYC) pathway in CRC cells. In addition, we also revealed that NIFK silencing function on cell growth, apoptosis, metastasis, and fatty acid metabolism in CRC might be cancelled after c-MYC overexpression. Silencing NIFK could inhibit cell growth and metastasis, and promoted apoptosis, as well as regulated fatty acid metabolism by inhibiting MYC pathway in CRC.

Fatty Acid Metabolism-Related lncRNAs are Potential Biomarkers for Predicting Prognoses and Immune Responses in Patients with Skin Cutaneous Melanoma

Introduction

Skin cutaneous melanoma is becoming more dangerous since it has a poor prognosis and is resistant to treatment. Previous research has shown that lncRNAs and fatty acid metabolism are essential for numerous biological activities. There are no studies on the relationship between fatty acid metabolism-Related lncRNAs and skin cutaneous melanoma.

Methods and Results

In order to better understand the prognosis and survival of SKCM patients, we investigated the significance of lncRNAs related to fatty acid metabolism. In this work, we looked at the fatty acid metabolism genes and lncRNAs expression patterns. On the basis of lncRNAs associated with fatty acid metabolism, a nomogram and a prognosis prediction model were created. Based on the profile of lncRNAs associated with fatty acid metabolism, functional and pharmacological sensitivity investigations were also carried out. We also looked at the connection between immunotherapy and the immune response. The findings demonstrated that a risk score model based on 11 essential lncRNAs for fatty acid metabolism may discriminate between the clinical condition of SKCM and more accurately predict prognosis and survival. We conducted quantitative reverse transcription polymerase-chain reaction (RT-PCR) to verify the model.

Conclusion

These important lncRNAs further showed a strong association with the tumor immune system, and these important lncRNAs also showed a connection between SKCM and chemotherapeutic treatment sensitivity. Our research strives to provide fresh viewpoints and innovative approaches to the treatment and administration of SKCM.

The Role of Tumor Metabolic Reprogramming in Tumor Immunity

The occurrence and development of tumors require the metabolic reprogramming of cancer cells, namely the alteration of flux in an autonomous manner via various metabolic pathways to meet increased bioenergetic and biosynthetic demands. Tumor cells consume large quantities of nutrients and produce related metabolites via their metabolism; this leads to the remodeling of the tumor microenvironment (TME) to better support tumor growth. During TME remodeling, the immune cell metabolism and antitumor immune activity are affected. This further leads to the escape of tumor cells from immune surveillance and therefore to abnormal proliferation. This review summarizes the regulatory functions associated with the abnormal biosynthesis and activity of metabolic signaling molecules during the process of tumor metabolic reprogramming. In addition, we provide a comprehensive description of the competition between immune cells and tumor cells for nutrients in the TME, as well as the metabolites required for tumor metabolism, the metabolic signaling pathways involved, and the functionality of the immune cells. Finally, we summarize current research targeted at the development of tumor immunotherapy. We aim to provide new concepts for future investigations of the mechanisms underlying the metabolic reprogramming of tumors and explore the association of these mechanisms with tumor immunity.

Investigating the Diagnostic and Therapeutic Potential of SREBF2-Related Lipid Metabolism Genes in Colon Cancer

Purpose

Colon cancer is one of the leading causes of death worldwide, and screening of effective molecular markers for the diagnosis is prioritised for prevention and treatment. This study aimed to investigate the diagnostic and predictive potential of genes related to the lipid metabolism pathway, regulated by a protein called sterol-regulatory element-binding transcription Factor 2 (SREBF2), for colon cancer and patient outcomes.

Methods

We used machine-learning algorithms to identify key genes associated with SREBF2 in colon cancer based on a public database. A nomogram was created to assess the diagnostic value of these genes and validated in the Cancer Genome Atlas. We also analysed the relationship between these genes and the immune microenvironment of colon tumours, as well as the correlation between gene expression and clinicopathological characteristics and prognosis in the China Medical University (CMU) clinical cohort.

Results

Three genes, 7-dehydrocholesterol reductase (DHCR7), hydroxysteroid 11-beta dehydrogenase 2 (HSD11B2), and Ral guanine nucleotide dissociation stimulator-like 1 (RGL1), were identified as hub genes related to SREBF2 and colon cancer. Using the TCGA dataset, receiver operating characteristic curve analysis showed the area under the curve values of 0.943, 0.976, and 0.868 for DHCR7, HSD11B2, and RGL1, respectively. In the CMU cohort, SREBF2 and DHCR7 expression levels were correlated with TNM stage and tumour invasion depth (P < 0.05), and high DHCR7 expression was related to poor prognosis of colon cancer (P < 0.05). Furthermore, DHCR7 gene expression was positively correlated with the abundance of M0 and M1 macrophages and inversely correlated with the abundance of M2 macrophages, suggesting that the immune microenvironment may play a role in colon cancer surveillance. There was a correlation between SREBF2 and DHCR7 expression across cancers in the TCGA database.

Conclusion

This study highlights the potential of DHCR7 as a diagnostic marker and therapeutic target for colon cancer.

HER2 low expression breast cancer subtyping and their correlation with prognosis and immune landscape based on the histone modification related genes

Human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) plays an important role in diagnosis and treatment of breast cancer (BRCA). The histone modification has been found to be related to the progression of cancer. This study aimed to probe the low HER2 expression BRCA heterogeneity by histone modification genes. The BRCA data and cell lines were collected from The Cancer Genome Atlas database. Weighted gene co-expression network analysis and non-negative matrix factorization clustering were jointly applied to obtain BRCA clusters. The expression of hub histone modification gene was detected using western blot assay. The gene ontology term and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analysis were performed to reveal functional information. The overall survival analysis was performed using survival and survminer packages, and the immune landscape was mainly analyzed using CIBERSORT software. Totally 43 histone modification genes correlated with survival of BRCA patients with HER2 low expression were screened. Based on these 43 histone modification genes, the BRCA samples were classified into cluster1, cluster2 and cluster3. Histone modification gene NFKBIZ exhibited high expression, while RAD51 demonstrated low expression in low HER2 expression BRCA cell. Cluster1 exhibited the best prognosis, while cluster3 had the worse outcomes. Tumor mutational burden (TMB) was remarkably increased in cluster3 group compared to cluster1 and cluster2. Moreover, the relative proportion of 16 immune cell infiltration and 8 immune checkpoint expression were remarkably differential among cluster1, cluster2 and cluster3, and the drug sensitivity exhibited difference among cluster1, cluster2 and cluster3 in BRCA patients with low HER2 expression. This study identified three HER2 low expression BRCA clusters with different characteristics based on histone modification genes. The TMB, immune cell infiltration, immune checkpoints and drug sensitivity were different among the three clusters.

Fatty-Acid-Binding Proteins: From Lipid Transporters to Disease Biomarkers

Fatty-acid-binding proteins (FABPs) serve a crucial role in the metabolism and transport of fatty acids and other hydrophobic ligands as an intracellular protein family. They are also recognized as a critical mediator in the inflammatory and ischemic pathways. FABPs are found in a wide range of tissues and organs, allowing them to contribute to various disease/injury developments that have not been widely discussed. We have collected and analyzed research journals that have investigated the role of FABPs in various diseases. Through this review, we discuss the findings on the potential of FABPs as biomarkers for various diseases in different tissues and organs, looking at their expression levels and their roles in related diseases according to available literature data. FABPs have been reported to show significantly increased expression levels in various tissues and organs associated with metabolic and inflammatory diseases. Therefore, FABPs are a promising novel biomarker that needs further development to optimize disease diagnosis and prognosis methods along with previously discovered markers.

A monoacylglycerol lipase inhibitor showing therapeutic efficacy in mice without central side effects or dependence

Monoacylglycerol lipase (MAGL) regulates endocannabinoid 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) and eicosanoid signalling. MAGL inhibition provides therapeutic opportunities but clinical potential is limited by central nervous system (CNS)-mediated side effects. Here, we report the discovery of LEI-515, a peripherally restricted, reversible MAGL inhibitor, using high throughput screening and a medicinal chemistry programme. LEI-515 increased 2-AG levels in peripheral organs, but not mouse brain. LEI-515 attenuated liver necrosis, oxidative stress and inflammation in a CCl4-induced acute liver injury model. LEI-515 suppressed chemotherapy-induced neuropathic nociception in mice without inducing cardinal signs of CB1 activation. Antinociceptive efficacy of LEI-515 was blocked by CB2, but not CB1, antagonists. The CB1 antagonist rimonabant precipitated signs of physical dependence in mice treated chronically with a global MAGL inhibitor (JZL184), and an orthosteric cannabinoid agonist (WIN55,212-2), but not with LEI-515. Our data support targeting peripheral MAGL as a promising therapeutic strategy for developing safe and effective anti-inflammatory and analgesic agents.

Discovery of a novel lipid metabolism-related gene signature to predict outcomes and the tumor immune microenvironment in gastric cancer by integrated analysis of single-cell and bulk RNA sequencing

Gastric cancer (GC) is a pressing global clinical issue, with few treatment options and a poor prognosis. The onset and spread of stomach cancer are significantly influenced by changes in lipid metabolism-related pathways. This study aimed to discover a predictive signature for GC using lipid metabolism-related genes (LMRGs) and examine its correlation with the tumor immune microenvironment (TIME). Transcriptome data and clinical information from patients with GC were collected from the TCGA and GEO databases. Data from GC samples were analyzed using both bulk RNA-seq and single-cell sequencing of RNA (scRNA-seq). To identify survival-related differentially expressed LMRGs (DE-LMRGs), differential expression and prognosis studies were carried out. We built a predictive signature using LASSO regression and tested it on the TCGA and GSE84437 datasets. In addition, the correlation of the prognostic signature with the TIME was comprehensively analyzed. In this study, we identified 258 DE-LMRGs in GC and further screened seven survival-related DE-LMRGs. The results of scRNA-seq identified 688 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between the three branches. Two critical genes (GPX3 and NNMT) were identified using the above two gene groups. In addition, a predictive risk score that relies on GPX3 and NNMT was developed. Survival studies in both the TCGA and GEO datasets revealed that patients categorized to be at low danger had a significantly greater prognosis than those identified to be at high danger. Additionally, by employing calibration plots based on TCGA data, the study demonstrated the substantial predictive capacity of a prognostic nomogram, which incorporated a risk score along with various clinical factors. Within the high-risk group, there was a noticeable abundance of active natural killer (NK) cells, quiescent monocytes, macrophages, mast cells, and activated CD4 + T cells. In summary, a two-gene signature and a predictive nomogram have been developed, offering accurate prognostic predictions for general survival in GC patients. These findings have the potential to assist healthcare professionals in making informed medical decisions and providing personalized treatment approaches.

Oncogenic KRAS triggers metabolic reprogramming in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is a devastating disease with an extremely high lethality rate. Oncogenic KRAS activation has been proven to be a key driver of PDAC initiation and progression. There is increasing evidence that PDAC cells undergo extensive metabolic reprogramming to adapt to their extreme energy and biomass demands. Cell-intrinsic factors, such as KRAS mutations, are able to trigger metabolic rewriting. Here, we update recent advances in KRAS-driven metabolic reprogramming and the associated metabolic therapeutic potential in PDAC.

Replacing dietary sodium selenite with biogenic selenium nanoparticles improves the growth performance and gut health of early-weaned piglets

Selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) are proposed as a safer and more effective selenium delivery system than sodium selenite (Na2SeO3). Here, we investigated the effects of replacing dietary Na2SeO3 with SeNPs synthesized by Lactobacillus casei ATCC 393 on the growth performance and gut health of early-weaned piglets. Seventy-two piglets (Duroc × Landrace × Large Yorkshire) weaned at 21 d of age were divided into the control group (basal diet containing 0.3 mg Se/kg from Na2SeO3) and SeNPs group (basal diet containing 0.3 mg Se/kg from SeNPs) during a 14-d feeding period. The results revealed that SeNPs supplementation increased the average daily gain (P = 0.022) and average daily feed intake (P = 0.033), reduced (P = 0.056) the diarrhea incidence, and improved (P = 0.013) the feed conversion ratio compared with Na2SeO3. Additionally, SeNPs increased jejunal microvilli height (P = 0.006) and alleviated the intestinal barrier dysfunction by upregulating (P < 0.05) the expression levels of mucin 2 and tight junction proteins, increasing (P < 0.05) Se availability, and maintaining mitochondrial structure and function, thereby improving antioxidant capacity and immunity. Furthermore, metabolomics showed that SeNPs can regulate lipid metabolism and participate in the synthesis, secretion and action of parathyroid hormone, proximal tubule bicarbonate reclamation and tricarboxylic acid cycle. Moreover, SeNPs increased (P < 0.05) the abundance of Holdemanella and the levels of acetate and propionate. Correlation analysis suggested that Holdemanella was closely associated with the regulatory effects of SeNPs on early-weaned piglets through participating in lipid metabolism. Overall, replacing dietary Na2SeO3 with biogenic SeNPs could be a potential nutritional intervention strategy to prevent early-weaning syndrome in piglets.

Fatty acid metabolism-related genes as a novel module biomarker for kidney renal clear cell carcinoma: Bioinformatics modeling with experimental verification

BACKGROUNDS

Lipid metabolism reprogramming is a hallmark of cancer, however, the associations between fatty acid metabolism (FAM) and kidney renal clear cell carcinoma (KIRC) prognosis are still less investigated.

METHODS

The gene expression and clinical data of KIRC were obtained from TCGA. Using Cox regression and LASSO regression, a novel prognostic risk score model based on FAM-related genes was constructed, and a nomogram for prediction of overall survival rate of patients with KIRC was proposed. The correlation between risk score and the immune cell infiltration, immune-related function and tumor mutation burden (TMB) were explored. Finally, a hub gene was extracted from the model, and RT-qPCR, Western blot, Immunohistochemical, EdU, Scratch assay and Transwell experiments were conducted to validate and decipher the biomarker role of the hub gene in KIRC theranostics.

RESULTS

In this study, a novel risk score model and a nomogram were constructed based on 20 FAM-related genes to predict the prognosis of KIRC patients with AUC>0.7 at 1-, 3-, and 5-years. Patients in different subgroups showed different phenotypes in immune cell infiltration, immune-related function, TMB, and sensitivity to immunotherapy. In particular, the hub gene in the model, i.e., ACADM, was significantly down-expressed in human KIRC samples, and the knockdown of OCLN promoted proliferation, migration and invasion of KIRC cells in vitro.

CONCLUSIONS

In this study, a novel risk score model and a module biomarker based on FAM-related genes were screened for KIRC prognosis. More clinical carcinogenic validations will be performed for future translational applications of the findings.

Assessment tool based on fatty acid metabolic signatures for predicting the prognosis and treatment response in bladder cancer

Background

Fatty acid metabolism (FAM) is closely connected with tumorigenesis as well as disease progression and affects the efficacy of platinum-based drugs. Exploring biomarkers related to FAM in bladder cancer (BLCA) is essential to improve cancer prognosis.

Methods

High-throughput sequencing data from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) were bioinformatically resolved to identify molecular subtypes of fatty acid metabolic profiles in BLCA using coherent clustering analysis. Based on fatty acid metabolic profile, a prognostic model was created using COX and LASSO COX models. CIBERSORT, Estimation of STromal and Immune cells in MAlignant Tumours using Expression (ESTIMATE), MCP-Count, and single sample gene set enrichment analysis (ssGSEA) were used to assess the differences in tumor microenvironment (TME) among different molecular subtypes, prognostic groups. Kaplan-Meier (K-M) survival curve was plotted to assess patients' prognosis. Receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) and the clinical prognostic value of prognostic models was evaluated by the Nomogram.

Results

Three molecular subtypes (FAMC1, FAMC2, FAMC3) of fatty acid metabolic patterns were determined. FAMC1 showed significant prognostic advantage with immunoreactivity. Five key prognostic FAMGs were identified and RiskScore was developed. We found that patients with low RiskScore showed significantly better immune microenvironment status, survival and response to immunotherapy. Similarly, both Nomogram and RiskScore demonstrated excellent prognostic value.

Conclusions

In conclusion, our study showed that the RiskScore was closely related to the clinical traits of BLCA patients. The RiskScore may provide essential clinical guidance for predicting prognosis and treatment response in bladder cancer.

A novel CPT1A covalent inhibitor modulates fatty acid oxidation and CPT1A-VDAC1 axis with therapeutic potential for colorectal cancer

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a common and deadly disease of the digestive system, but its targeted therapy is hampered by the lack of reliable and specific biomarkers. Hence, discovering new therapeutic targets and agents for CRC is an urgent and challenging task. Here we report that carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1A (CPT1A), a mitochondrial enzyme that catalyzes fatty acid oxidation (FAO), is a potential target for CRC treatment. We show that CPT1A is overexpressed in CRC cells and that its inhibition by a secolignan-type compound, 2,6-dihydroxypeperomin B (DHP-B), isolated from the plant Peperomia dindygulensis, suppresses tumor cell growth and induces apoptosis. We demonstrate that DHP-B covalently binds to Cys96 of CPT1A, blocks FAO, and disrupts the mitochondrial CPT1A-VDAC1 interaction, leading to increased mitochondrial permeability and reduced oxygen consumption and energy metabolism in CRC cells. We also reveal that CPT1A expression correlates with the survival of tumor-bearing animals and that DHP-B exhibits anti-CRC activity in vitro and in vivo. Our study uncovers the molecular mechanism of DHP-B as a novel CPT1A inhibitor and provides a rationale for its preclinical development as well as a new strategy for CRC targeted therapy.

A comprehensive review of the family of very-long-chain fatty acid elongases: structure, function, and implications in physiology and pathology

BACKGROUND

The very-long-chain fatty acid elongase (ELOVL) family plays essential roles in lipid metabolism and cellular functions. This comprehensive review explores the structural characteristics, functional properties, and physiological significance of individual ELOVL isoforms, providing insights into lipid biosynthesis, cell membrane dynamics, and signaling pathways.

AIM OF REVIEW

This review aims to highlight the significance of the ELOVL family in normal physiology and disease development. By synthesizing current knowledge, we underscore the relevance of ELOVLs as potential therapeutic targets.

KEY SCIENTIFIC CONCEPTS OF REVIEW

We emphasize the association between dysregulated ELOVL expression and diseases, including metabolic disorders, skin diseases, neurodegenerative conditions, and cancer. The intricate involvement of ELOVLs in cancer biology, from tumor initiation to metastasis, highlights their potential as targets for anticancer therapies. Additionally, we discuss the prospects of using isoform-specific inhibitors and activators for metabolic disorders and cancer treatment. The identification of ELOVL-based biomarkers may advance diagnostics and personalized medicine.

CONCLUSION

The ELOVL family's multifaceted roles in lipid metabolism and cellular physiology underscore its importance in health and disease. Understanding their functions offers potential therapeutic avenues and personalized treatments.

TRPV4 enhances the synthesis of fatty acids to drive the progression of ovarian cancer through the calcium-mTORC1/SREBP1 signaling pathway

Transient receptor potential vanilloid 4 (TRPV4) is a nonselective cation channel activated by various stimuli, such as heat. A recent study reported that high expression of TRPV4 predicted a poor prognosis in ovarian cancer patients. This study demonstrated that TRPV4 was highly expressed in ovarian cancer and had the ability to promote proliferation and migration. Through RNA-seq and related experiments, we confirmed that the oncogenic pathway of TRPV4 in ovarian cancer may be related to the fatty acid synthesis. By correlation analysis and RNA-seq, we demonstrated that SREBP1 and mTORC1 were inseparably related to that. Therefore, we used inhibitors to perform experiments. Calcium fluorescent probe experiments suggest that the change of calcium content in ovarian cancer cells was related to the downstream mTORC1 signaling pathway and fatty acid synthesis. These results confirmed that TRPV4 affected the fatty acid synthesis through the calcium-mTOR/SREBP1 signaling pathway, thereby promoting ovarian cancer progression.

Extracellular vesicle-based liquid biopsy biomarkers and their application in precision immuno-oncology

While the field of precision oncology is rapidly expanding and more targeted options are revolutionizing cancer treatment paradigms, therapeutic resistance particularly to immunotherapy remains a pressing challenge. This can be largely attributed to the dynamic tumor-stroma interactions that continuously alter the microenvironment. While to date most advancements have been made through examining the clinical utility of tissue-based biomarkers, their invasive nature and lack of a holistic representation of the evolving disease in a real-time manner could result in suboptimal treatment decisions. Thus, using minimally-invasive approaches to identify biomarkers that predict and monitor treatment response as well as alert to the emergence of recurrences is of a critical need. Currently, research efforts are shifting towards developing liquid biopsy-based biomarkers obtained from patients over the course of disease. Liquid biopsy represents a unique opportunity to monitor intercellular communication within the tumor microenvironment which could occur through the exchange of extracellular vesicles (EVs). EVs are lipid bilayer membrane nanoscale vesicles which transfer a plethora of biomolecules that mediate intercellular crosstalk, shape the tumor microenvironment, and modify drug response. The capture of EVs using innovative approaches, such as microfluidics, magnetic beads, and aptamers, allow their analysis via high throughput multi-omics techniques and facilitate their use for biomarker discovery. Artificial intelligence, using machine and deep learning algorithms, is advancing multi-omics analyses to uncover candidate biomarkers and predictive signatures that are key for translation into clinical trials. With the increasing recognition of the role of EVs in mediating immune evasion and as a valuable biomarker source, these real-time snapshots of cellular communication are promising to become an important tool in the field of precision oncology and spur the recognition of strategies to block resistance to immunotherapy. In this review, we discuss the emerging role of EVs in biomarker research describing current advances in their isolation and analysis techniques as well as their function as mediators in the tumor microenvironment. We also highlight recent lung cancer and melanoma studies that point towards their application as predictive biomarkers for immunotherapy and their potential clinical use in precision immuno-oncology.

Prognostic value of fatty acid metabolism-related genes in colorectal cancer and their potential implications for immunotherapy

Introduction

Colorectal cancer is one of the most common gastrointestinal cancers and the second leading cause of cancer-related death. Although colonoscopy screening has greatly improved the early diagnosis of colorectal cancer, its recurrence and metastasis are still significant problems. Tumour cells usually have the hallmark of metabolic reprogramming, while fatty acids play important roles in energy storage, cell membrane synthesis, and signal transduction. Many pathways of fatty acid metabolism (FAM) are involved in the occurrence and development of colon cancer, and the complex molecular interaction network contains a variety of genes encoding key enzymes and related products.

Methods

Clinical information and RNA sequencing data were collected from TCGA and GEO databases. The prognosis model of colon cancer was constructed by LASSO-Cox regression analysis among the selected fatty acid metabolism genes with differential expression. Nomogram for the prognosis model was also constructed in order to analyze its value in evaluating the survival and clinical stage of the colon cancer patients. The differential expression of the selected genes was verified by qPCR and immunohistochemistry. GSEA and GSVA were used to analyze the enrichment pathways for high- and low-risk groups. CIBERSORT was used to analyze the immune microenvironment of colon cancer and to compare the infiltration of immune cells in the high- and low-risk groups. The "circlize" package was used to explore the correlation between the risk score signature and immunotherapy for colon cancer.

Results

We analysed the differential expression of 704 FAM-related genes between colon tumour and normal tissue and screened 10 genes with prognostic value. Subsequently, we constructed a prognostic model for colon cancer based on eight optimal FAM genes through LASSO Cox regression analysis in the TCGA-COAD dataset, and its practicality was validated in the GSE39582 dataset. Moreover, the risk score calculated based on the prognostic model was validated as an independent prognostic factor for colon cancer patients. We further constructed a nomogram composed of the risk score signature, age and American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) stage for clinical application. The colon cancer cohort was divided into high- and low-risk groups according to the optimal cut-off value, and different enrichment pathways and immune microenvironments were depicted in the groups.

Discussion

Since the risk score signature was significantly correlated with the expression of immune checkpoint molecules, the prognostic model might be able to predict the immunotherapy response of colon cancer patients. In summary, our findings expand the prognostic value of FAM-related genes in colon cancer and provide evidence for their application in guiding immunotherapy.

Targeting cellular metabolism in head and neck cancer precision medicine era: A promising strategy to overcome therapy resistance

Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is among the most prevalent cancer worldwide, with the most severe impact on quality of life of patients. Despite the development of multimodal therapeutic approaches, the clinical outcomes of HNSCC are still unsatisfactory, mainly caused by relatively low responsiveness to treatment and severe drug resistance. Metabolic reprogramming is currently considered to play a pivotal role in anticancer therapeutic resistance. This review aimed to define the specific metabolic programs and adaptations in HNSCC therapy resistance. An extensive literature review of HNSCC was conducted via the PubMed including metabolic reprogramming, chemo- or immune-therapy resistance. Glucose metabolism, fatty acid metabolism, and amino acid metabolism are closely related to the malignant biological characteristics of cancer, anti-tumor drug resistance, and adverse clinical results. For HNSCC, pyruvate, lactate and almost all lipid categories are related to the occurrence and maintenance of drug resistance, and targeting amino acid metabolism can prevent tumor development and enhance the response of drug-resistant tumors to anticancer therapy. This review will provide a better understanding of the altered metabolism in therapy resistance of HNSCC and promote the development of new therapeutic strategies against HNSCC, thereby contribute to a more efficacious precision medicine.

Targeting fatty acid uptake and metabolism in cancer cells: A promising strategy for cancer treatment

Despite scientific development, cancer is still a fatal disease. The development of cancer is thought to be significantly influenced by fatty acids. Several mechanisms that control fatty acid absorption and metabolism are reported to be altered in cancer cells to support their survival. Cancer cells can use de novo synthesis or uptake of extracellular fatty acid if one method is restricted. This factor makes it more difficult to target one pathway while failing to treat the disease properly. Side effects may also arise if several inhibitors simultaneously target many targets. If a viable inhibitor could work on several routes, the number of negative effects might be reduced. Comparative investigations against cell viability have found several potent natural and manmade substances. In this review, we discuss the complex roles that fatty acids play in the development of tumors and the progression of cancer, newly discovered and potentially effective natural and synthetic compounds that block the uptake and metabolism of fatty acids, the adverse side effects that can occur when multiple inhibitors are used to treat cancer, and emerging therapeutic approaches.

Non-Mass Spectrometric Targeted Single-Cell Metabolomics

Metabolic assays serve as pivotal tools in biomedical research, offering keen insights into cellular physiological and pathological states. While mass spectrometry (MS)-based metabolomics remains the gold standard for comprehensive, multiplexed analyses of cellular metabolites, innovative technologies are now emerging for the targeted, quantitative scrutiny of metabolites and metabolic pathways at the single-cell level. In this review, we elucidate an array of these advanced methodologies, spanning synthetic and surface chemistry techniques, imaging-based methods, and electrochemical approaches. We summarize the rationale, design principles, and practical applications for each method, and underscore the synergistic benefits of integrating single-cell metabolomics (scMet) with other single-cell omics technologies. Concluding, we identify prevailing challenges in the targeted scMet arena and offer a forward-looking commentary on future avenues and opportunities in this rapidly evolving field.

An intricate rewiring of cancer metabolism via alternative splicing

All human genes undergo alternative splicing leading to the diversity of the proteins. However, in some cases, abnormal regulation of alternative splicing can result in diseases that trigger defects in metabolism, reduced apoptosis, increased proliferation, and progression in almost all tumor types. Metabolic dysregulations and immune dysfunctions are crucial factors in cancer. In this respect, alternative splicing in tumors could be a potential target for therapeutic cancer strategies. Dysregulation of alternative splicing during mRNA maturation promotes carcinogenesis and drug resistance in many cancer types. Alternative splicing (changing the target mRNA 3'UTR binding site) can result in a protein with altered drug affinity, ultimately leading to drug resistance.. Here, we will highlight the function of various alternative splicing factors, how it regulates the reprogramming of cancer cell metabolism, and their contribution to tumor initiation and proliferation. Also, we will discuss emerging therapeutics for treating tumors via abnormal alternative splicing. Finally, we will discuss the challenges associated with these therapeutic strategies for clinical applications.

Lipid metabolism reprogramming in head and neck cancer

Lipid metabolism reprogramming is one of the most prominent metabolic anomalies in cancer, wherein cancer cells undergo dysregulation of lipid metabolism to acquire adequate energy, cell membrane building blocks, as well as signaling molecules essential for cell proliferation, survival, invasion, and metastasis. These adaptations enable cancer cells to effectively respond to challenges posed by the tumor microenvironment, leading to cancer therapy resistance and poor cancer prognosis. Head and neck cancer, ranking as the seventh most prevalent cancer, exhibits numerous abnormalities in lipid metabolism. Nevertheless, the precise role of lipid metabolic rewiring in head and neck cancer remains unclear. In line with the LIPID MAPS Lipid Classification System and cancer risk factors, the present review delves into the dysregulated molecules and pathways participating in the process of lipid uptake, biosynthesis, transportation, and catabolism. We also present an overview of the latest advancements in understanding alterations in lipid metabolism and how they intersect with the carcinogenesis, development, treatment, and prognosis of head and neck cancer. By shedding light on the significance of metabolic therapy, we aspire to improve the overall prognosis and treatment outcomes of head and neck cancer patients.

From plasma triglycerides to triglyceride metabolism: effects on mortality in the Copenhagen General Population Study

AIMS

It is unclear whether higher triglyceride metabolism per se contributes to mortality separate from elevated triglyceride-rich lipoproteins and body mass index. This study tested the hypotheses that higher triglyceride metabolism, measured as higher plasma glycerol and β-hydroxybutyrate, is associated with increased all-cause, cardiovascular, cancer, and other mortality.

METHODS AND RESULTS

This study included 30 000 individuals nested within 109 751 individuals from the Copenhagen General Population Study. During a median follow-up of 10.7 years, 9897 individuals died (2204 from cardiovascular, 3366 from cancer, and 2745 from other causes), while none were lost to follow-up. In individuals with glycerol >80 µmol/L (highest fourth) vs. individuals with glycerol <52 µmol/L (lowest fourth), the multivariable adjusted hazard ratio for all-cause mortality was 1.31 (95% confidence interval 1.22-1.40). In individuals with β-hydroxybutyrate >154 µmol/L (highest fourth) vs. individuals with β-hydroxybutyrate <91 µmol/L (lowest fourth), the multivariable adjusted hazard ratio for all-cause mortality was 1.18 (1.11-1.26). Corresponding values for higher plasma glycerol and β-hydroxybutyrate were 1.37 (1.18-1.59) and 1.18 (1.03-1.35) for cardiovascular mortality, 1.24 (1.11-1.39) and 1.16 (1.05-1.29) for cancer mortality, and 1.45 (1.28-1.66) and 1.23 (1.09-1.39) for other mortality, respectively. Results were robust to exclusion of first years of follow-up, to stratification for covariates including plasma triglycerides and body mass index, and to further adjustments.

CONCLUSION

This study observed an increased risk of all-cause, cardiovascular, cancer, and other mortality with higher triglyceride metabolism. This was not explained by higher plasma triglycerides and body mass index. The hypothesis studied in the present paper should be further validated by isotope flux studies.

Differential reliance of CTD-nuclear envelope phosphatase 1 on its regulatory subunit in ER lipid synthesis and storage

The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is the site for the synthesis of the major membrane and storage lipids. Lipin 1 produces diacylglycerol, the lipid intermediate critical for the synthesis of both membrane and storage lipids in the ER. CTD-Nuclear Envelope Phosphatase 1 (CTDNEP1) regulates lipin 1 to restrict ER membrane synthesis, but its role in lipid storage in mammalian cells is unknown. Here, we show that the ubiquitin-proteasome degradation pathway controls the levels of ER/nuclear envelope-associated CTDNEP1 to regulate ER membrane synthesis through lipin 1. The N-terminus of CTDNEP1 is an amphipathic helix that targets to the ER, nuclear envelope and lipid droplets. We identify key residues at the binding interface of CTDNEP1 with its regulatory subunit NEP1R1 and show that they facilitate complex formation in vivo and in vitro . We demonstrate a role for NEP1R1 in temporarily shielding CTDNEP1 from proteasomal degradation to regulate lipin 1 and restrict ER size. Unexpectedly, we found that NEP1R1 is not required for CTDNEP1's role in restricting lipid droplet biogenesis. Thus, the reliance of CTDNEP1 function on its regulatory subunit differs during ER membrane synthesis and lipid storage. Together, our work provides a framework into understanding how the ER regulates lipid synthesis and storage under fluctuating conditions.

Nuclear VCP drives colorectal cancer progression by promoting fatty acid oxidation

Fatty acid oxidation (FAO) fuels many cancers. However, knowledge of pathways that drive FAO in cancer remains unclear. Here, we revealed that valosin-containing protein (VCP) upregulates FAO to promote colorectal cancer growth. Mechanistically, nuclear VCP binds to histone deacetylase 1 (HDAC1) and facilitates its degradation, thus promoting the transcription of FAO genes, including the rate-limiting enzyme carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1A (CPT1A). FAO is an alternative fuel for cancer cells in environments exhibiting limited glucose availability. We observed that a VCP inhibitor blocked the upregulation of FAO activity and CPT1A expression triggered by metformin in colorectal cancer (CRC) cells. Combined VCP inhibitor and metformin prove more effective than either agent alone in culture and in vivo. Our study illustrates the molecular mechanism underlying the regulation of FAO by nuclear VCP and demonstrates the potential therapeutic utility of VCP inhibitor and metformin combination treatment for colorectal cancer.

Transcriptomic analysis identifies CYP27A1 as a diagnostic marker for the prognosis and immunity in lung adenocarcinoma

BACKGROUND

The association between lipid metabolism disorder and carcinogenesis is well-established, but there is limited research on the connection between lipid metabolism-related genes (LRGs) and lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD). The objective of our research was to identify LRGs as the potential biomarkers for prognosis and assess their impact on immune cell infiltration in LUAD.

METHODS

We identified novel prognostic LRGs for LUAD patients via the bioinformatics analysis. CYP27A1 expression level was systematically evaluated via various databases, such as TCGA, UALCAN, and TIMER. Subsequently, LinkedOmics was utilized to perform the CYP27A1 co-expression network and GSEA. ssGSEA was conducted to assess the association between infiltration of immune cells and CYP27A1 expression. CYP27A1's expression level was validated by qRT-PCR analysis.

RESULTS

CYP27A1 expression was decreased in LUAD. Reduced CYP27A1 expression was linked to unfavorable prognosis in LUAD. Univariate and multivariate analyses indicated that CYP27A1 was an independent prognostic biomarker for LUAD patients. GSEA results revealed a positive correlation between CYP27A1 expression and immune-related pathways. Furthermore, CYP27A1 expression was positively correlated with the infiltration levels of most immune cells.

CONCLUSION

CYP27A1 is a potential biomarker for LUAD patients, and our findings provided a novel perspective to develop the prognostic marker for LUAD patients.

Analysis and experimental validation of fatty acid metabolism-related genes prostacyclin synthase (PTGIS) in endometrial cancer

The deregulation of fatty acid metabolism plays a pivotal role in cancer. Our objective is to construct a prognostic model for patients with endometrial carcinoma (EC) based on genes related to fatty acid metabolism-related genes (FAMGs). RNA sequencing and clinical data for EC were obtained from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA). Lasso-Penalized Cox regression was employed to derive the risk formula for the model, the score = esum(corresponding coefficient × each gene's expression). Gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) was utilized to examine the enrichment of KEGG and GO pathways within this model. Correlation analysis of immune function was conducted using Single-sample GSEA (ssGSEA). The "ESTIMATE" package in R was utilized to evaluate the tumor microenvironment. The support vector machine recursive feature elimination (SVM-RFE) and randomforest maps were employed to identify key genes. The effects of PTGIS on the malignant biological behavior of EC were assessed through CCK-8 assay, transwell invasion assay, cell cycle analysis, apoptosis assay, and tumor xenografts in nude mice. A novel prognostic signature comprising 10 FAMGs (INMT, ACACB, ACOT4, ACOXL, CYP4F3, FAAH, GPX1, HPGDS, PON3, PTGIS) was developed. This risk score serves as an independent prognostic marker validated for EC. According to ssGSEA analysis, the low- and high-risk groups exhibited distinct immune enrichments. The key gene PTGIS was screened by SVM-RFE and randomforest method. Furthermore, we validated the expression of PTGIS through qRT-PCR. In vitro and in vivo experiments also confirmed the effect of PTGIS on the malignant biological behavior of EC.

Glucose-induced and ChREBP: MLX-mediated lipogenic program promotes hepatocellular carcinoma development

The Carbohydrate Response Element (ChoRE) Binding Protein (ChREBP) and its binding partner Max-like protein X (MLX) mediate transcription of lipogenic genes under glucose-rich conditions. Dysregulation of glucose and lipid metabolism frequently occurs in cancers, including Hepatocellular Carcinomas (HCCs). However, it is currently unclear whether the glucose-induced lipogenic program plays a role in the development of HCCs. Here, we show that MLX expression is elevated in HCC specimens and downregulation of MLX expression inhibits proliferation of HCC cells. In mice, liver-specific knockout of Mlx results in dramatic decrease in the expression of lipogenic genes and lipid levels in circulation. Interestingly, in the absence of Mlx, the development of tumors in multiple HCC models, such as diethylnitrosamine (DEN) treatment and hydrodynamic injection of oncogenes (AKT/RAS or CTNNB1/RAS), is robustly blocked. However, a high-fat diet can partially restore tumorigenesis in Mlx-deficient livers, indicating a critical role of lipid synthesis in HCC development. In addition, liver-specific expression of a dominant negative MLX (dnMLX) via adeno-associated virus effectively blocks tumorigenesis in mice. Thus, the glucose-induced lipogenic program is required in the development of HCC, and the ChREBP: MLX transcription factors serve as a potential target for cancer therapies.

Intratumoral metabolic heterogeneity of colorectal cancer

Although the metabolic phenotype within tumors is known to differ significantly from that of the surrounding normal tissue, the importance of this heterogeneity is just becoming widely recognized. Colorectal cancer (CRC) is often classified as the Warburg phenotype, a metabolic type in which the glycolytic system is predominant over oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) in mitochondria for energy production. However, this dichotomy (glycolysis vs. OXPHOS) may be too simplistic and not accurately represent the metabolic characteristics of CRC. Therefore, in this review, we decompose metabolic phenomena into factors based on their source/origin and reclassify them into two categories: extrinsic and intrinsic. In the CRC context, extrinsic factors include those based on the environment, such as hypoxia, nutrient deprivation, and the tumor microenvironment, whereas intrinsic factors include those based on subpopulations, such as pathological subtypes and cancer stem cells. These factors form multiple layers inside and outside the tumor, affecting them additively, dominantly, or mutually exclusively. Consequently, the metabolic phenotype is a heterogeneous and fluid phenomenon reflecting the spatial distribution and temporal continuity of these factors. This allowed us to redefine the characteristics of specific metabolism-related factors in CRC and summarize and update our accumulated knowledge of their heterogeneity. Furthermore, we positioned tumor budding in CRC as an intrinsic factor and a novel form of metabolic heterogeneity, and predicted its metabolic dynamics, noting its similarity to circulating tumor cells and epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Finally, the possibilities and limitations of using human tumor tissue as research material to investigate and assess metabolic heterogeneity are discussed.

The role of exosomes in cancer biology by shedding light on their lipid contents

Exosomes are extracellular bilayer membrane nanovesicles released by cells after the fusion of multivesicular bodies (MVBs) with the plasma membrane. One of the interesting features of exosomes is their ability to carry and transfer various molecules, including lipids, proteins, nucleic acids, and therapeutic cargoes among cells. As intercellular signaling organelles, exosomes participate in various signaling processes such as tumor growth, metastasis, angiogenesis, epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), and cell physiology such as cell-to-cell communication. Moreover, these particles are considered good vehicles to shuttle vaccines and drugs for therapeutic applications regarding cancers and tumor cells. These bioactive vesicles are also rich in various lipid molecules such as cholesterol, sphingomyelin (SM), glycosphingolipids, and phosphatidylserine (PS). These lipids play an important role in the formation, release, and function of the exosomes and interestingly, some lipids are used as biomarkers in cancer diagnosis. This review aimed to focus on exosomes lipid content and their role in cancer biology.