151
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Affective Synchrony and Autonomic Coupling during Cooperation: A Hyperscanning Study. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 2017:3104564. [PMID: 29279845 PMCID: PMC5723953 DOI: 10.1155/2017/3104564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2017] [Accepted: 11/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Previous research highlighted that during social interactions people shape each other's emotional states by resonance mechanisms and synchronized autonomic patterns. Starting from the idea that joint actions create shared emotional experiences, in the present study a social bond was experimentally induced by making subjects cooperate with each other. Participants' autonomic system activity (electrodermal: skin conductance level and response: SCL, SCR; cardiovascular indices: heart rate: HR) was continuously monitored during an attentional couple game. The cooperative motivation was induced by presenting feedback which reinforced the positive outcomes of the intersubjective exchange. 24 participants coupled in 12 dyads were recruited. Intrasubject analyses revealed higher HR in the first part of the task, connoted by increased cognitive demand and arousing social dynamic, while intersubject analysis showed increased synchrony in electrodermal activity after the feedback. Such results encourage the use of hyperscanning techniques to assess emotional coupling in ecological and real-time paradigms.
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152
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Balconi M, Pezard L, Nandrino JL, Vanutelli ME. Two is better than one: The effects of strategic cooperation on intra- and inter-brain connectivity by fNIRS. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0187652. [PMID: 29145416 PMCID: PMC5690583 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0187652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2017] [Accepted: 10/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Inter-brain synchronization during joint actions is a core question in social neuroscience, and the differential contribution of intra- and inter-brain functional connectivity has yet to be clarified along with the role of psychological variables such as perceived self-efficacy. The cognitive performance and the neural activation underlying the execution of joint actions were recorded by functional Near-Infrared imaging during a synchronicity game. An 8-channel array of optodes was positioned over the frontal and prefrontal regions. During the task, the dyads received reinforcing feedback that was experimentally manipulated to induce adoption of common strategies. Intra- and inter-brain connectivity indices were computed along with an inter-brain/intra-brain connectivity index (ConIndex). Finally, correlation analyses were run to assess the relationship between behavioral and physiological levels. The results showed that the external feedback could modulate participant responses in both behavioral and neural components. After the reinforcing manipulation, there were faster response times and increased inter-brain connectivity, and ConIndex emerged primarily over the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. Additionally, the presence of significant correlations between response times and inter-brain connectivity revealed that only the "two-players connection" may guarantee an efficient performance. The present study provides a significant contribution to the identification of intra- and inter-brain functional connectivity when social reinforcement is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michela Balconi
- Research Unit in Affective and Social Neuroscience, Catholic University of Milan, Milan, Italy
- Department of Psychology, Catholic University of Milan, Milan, Italy
- * E-mail:
| | - Laurent Pezard
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS UMR 7260, LNIA, Marseille, France
| | - Jean-Louis Nandrino
- Laboratoire SCALab UMR CNRS 9193, Cognitive and Affective Sciences Laboratory Équipe Dynamique des Émotions et Pathologies (DEeP), University of Lille, Lille, France
| | - Maria Elide Vanutelli
- Research Unit in Affective and Social Neuroscience, Catholic University of Milan, Milan, Italy
- Department of Psychology, Catholic University of Milan, Milan, Italy
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153
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Neurological soft signs, but not theory of mind and emotion recognition deficit distinguished children with ADHD from healthy control. Psychiatry Res 2017. [PMID: 28628794 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2017.06.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is associated with social cognition impairment, executive dysfunction and motor abnormalities, consisting in the persistence of neurological soft signs (NSS). Theory of mind (ToM) and emotion recognition (ER) deficit of children with ADHD have been interpreted as a consequence of their executive dysfunction, particularly inhibitory control deficit. To our knowledge, there are not studies that evaluate the possible correlation between the ToM and ER deficit and NSS in the population with ADHD, while this association has been studied in other psychiatric disorders, such as schizophrenia. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate ToM and ER and NSS in a sample of 23 drug-naïve children with ADHD and a sample of 20 healthy children and the possible correlation between social cognition dysfunction and NSS in ADHD. Our findings suggest that ToM and ER dysfunction is not a constant feature in the population with ADHD, while NSS confirmed as a markers of atypical neurodevelopment and predictors of the severity of functional impairment in children with ADHD.
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154
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The Association between Sleep and Theory of Mind in School Aged Children with ADHD. Med Sci (Basel) 2017; 5:medsci5030018. [PMID: 29099034 PMCID: PMC5635805 DOI: 10.3390/medsci5030018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2017] [Revised: 08/14/2017] [Accepted: 08/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Theory of Mind (ToM) is defined as the ability to infer a range of internal mental states of others, including beliefs, intentions, desires, and emotions. These abilities are associated with children’s ability to socialize effectively with peers. ToM impairments are associated with peer rejection and psychiatric disorders such as Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). Previous studies have found poor sleep negatively impacts executive functioning (EF) and emotional information processing, which are essential for the effective use of ToM. Youth with ADHD have EF deficits and sleep problems. However, the relationship between sleep, executive functioning, and ToM in children with ADHD has not been studied. In this review, we propose that the poor social and interpersonal skills characterizing individuals with ADHD could be explained by the impact of poor sleep on the emotional and cognitive mechanisms underlying ToM.
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155
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Sun B, Luo Z, Zhang W, Li W, Li X. Age-related differences in affective and cognitive empathy: self-report and performance-based evidence. AGING NEUROPSYCHOLOGY AND COGNITION 2017; 25:655-672. [DOI: 10.1080/13825585.2017.1360835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Binghai Sun
- School of Teacher Education, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, China
| | - Zhenbing Luo
- School of Teacher Education, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, China
| | | | - Weijian Li
- School of Teacher Education, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, China
| | - Xinyu Li
- School of Teacher Education, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, China
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156
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Nobis L, Schindlbeck K, Ehlen F, Tiedt H, Rewitzer C, Duits AA, Klostermann F. Theory of mind performance in Parkinson’s disease is associated with motor and cognitive functions, but not with symptom lateralization. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2017; 124:1067-1072. [DOI: 10.1007/s00702-017-1739-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2016] [Accepted: 05/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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157
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Ajram LA, Horder J, Mendez MA, Galanopoulos A, Brennan LP, Wichers RH, Robertson DM, Murphy CM, Zinkstok J, Ivin G, Heasman M, Meek D, Tricklebank MD, Barker GJ, Lythgoe DJ, Edden RAE, Williams SC, Murphy DGM, McAlonan GM. Shifting brain inhibitory balance and connectivity of the prefrontal cortex of adults with autism spectrum disorder. Transl Psychiatry 2017; 7:e1137. [PMID: 28534874 PMCID: PMC5534939 DOI: 10.1038/tp.2017.104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2017] [Accepted: 04/10/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Currently, there are no effective pharmacologic treatments for the core symptoms of autism spectrum disorder (ASD). There is, nevertheless, potential for progress. For example, recent evidence suggests that the excitatory (E) glutamate and inhibitory (I) GABA systems may be altered in ASD. However, no prior studies of ASD have examined the 'responsivity' of the E-I system to pharmacologic challenge; or whether E-I modulation alters abnormalities in functional connectivity of brain regions implicated in the disorder. Therefore, we used magnetic resonance spectroscopy ([1H]MRS) to measure prefrontal E-I flux in response to the glutamate and GABA acting drug riluzole in adult men with and without ASD. We compared the change in prefrontal 'Inhibitory Index'-the GABA fraction within the pool of glutamate plus GABA metabolites-post riluzole challenge; and the impact of riluzole on differences in resting-state functional connectivity. Despite no baseline differences in E-I balance, there was a significant group difference in response to pharmacologic challenge. Riluzole increased the prefrontal cortex inhibitory index in ASD but decreased it in controls. There was also a significant group difference in prefrontal functional connectivity at baseline, which was abolished by riluzole within the ASD group. Our results also show, for we believe the first time in ASD, that E-I flux can be 'shifted' with a pharmacologic challenge, but that responsivity is significantly different from controls. Further, our initial evidence suggests that abnormalities in functional connectivity can be 'normalised' by targeting E-I, even in adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- L A Ajram
- Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, The Sackler Centre for Translational Neurodevelopment, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - J Horder
- Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, The Sackler Centre for Translational Neurodevelopment, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - M A Mendez
- Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, The Sackler Centre for Translational Neurodevelopment, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, UK
- Behavioural and Developmental Psychiatry Clinical Academic Group, South London and Maudsley NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - A Galanopoulos
- Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, The Sackler Centre for Translational Neurodevelopment, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, UK
- Behavioural and Developmental Psychiatry Clinical Academic Group, South London and Maudsley NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - L P Brennan
- Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, The Sackler Centre for Translational Neurodevelopment, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, UK
- Behavioural and Developmental Psychiatry Clinical Academic Group, South London and Maudsley NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - R H Wichers
- Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, The Sackler Centre for Translational Neurodevelopment, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, UK
- Behavioural and Developmental Psychiatry Clinical Academic Group, South London and Maudsley NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - D M Robertson
- Behavioural and Developmental Psychiatry Clinical Academic Group, South London and Maudsley NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - C M Murphy
- Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, The Sackler Centre for Translational Neurodevelopment, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, UK
- Behavioural and Developmental Psychiatry Clinical Academic Group, South London and Maudsley NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - J Zinkstok
- Behavioural and Developmental Psychiatry Clinical Academic Group, South London and Maudsley NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - G Ivin
- Pharmacy Department, South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - M Heasman
- Pharmacy Department, South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - D Meek
- Behavioural and Developmental Psychiatry Clinical Academic Group, South London and Maudsley NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - M D Tricklebank
- Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - G J Barker
- Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - D J Lythgoe
- Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - R A E Edden
- Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - S C Williams
- Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - D G M Murphy
- Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, The Sackler Centre for Translational Neurodevelopment, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, UK
- Behavioural and Developmental Psychiatry Clinical Academic Group, South London and Maudsley NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - G M McAlonan
- Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, The Sackler Centre for Translational Neurodevelopment, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, UK
- Behavioural and Developmental Psychiatry Clinical Academic Group, South London and Maudsley NHS Trust, London, UK
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158
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Palmeri R, Lo Buono V, Corallo F, Foti M, Di Lorenzo G, Bramanti P, Marino S. Nonmotor Symptoms in Parkinson Disease: A Descriptive Review on Social Cognition Ability. J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol 2017; 30:109-121. [PMID: 28073327 DOI: 10.1177/0891988716687872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by motor and nonmotor symptoms. Nonmotor symptoms include cognitive deficits and impairment in emotions recognition ability associated with loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra and with alteration in frontostriatal circuits. In this review, we analyzed the studies on social cognition ability in patients with PD. We searched on PubMed and Web of Science databases and screening references of included studied and review articles for additional citations. From initial 260 articles, only 18 met search criteria. A total of 496 patients were compared with 514 health controls, through 16 different tests that assessed some subcomponents of social cognition, such as theory of mind, decision-making, and emotional face recognition. Studies on cognitive function in patients with PD have focused on executive function. Patients with PD showed impairment in social cognition from the earliest stages of disease. This ability seems to not be significantly associated with other cognitive functions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Maria Foti
- 1 IRCCS Centro Neurolesi "Bonino-Pulejo," Messina, Italy
| | | | | | - Silvia Marino
- 1 IRCCS Centro Neurolesi "Bonino-Pulejo," Messina, Italy.,2 Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphological and Functional Imaging, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
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159
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Pu S, Nakagome K, Itakura M, Iwata M, Nagata I, Kaneko K. Association of fronto-temporal function with cognitive ability in schizophrenia. Sci Rep 2017; 7:42858. [PMID: 28205609 PMCID: PMC5311872 DOI: 10.1038/srep42858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2016] [Accepted: 01/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Deficits in neuropsychological performance are common in schizophrenia, but their relationship with the fronto-temporal functional abnormalities associated with this condition remains unclear. We explored the relationship between neuropsychological performance as measured using the Brief Assessment of Cognition in Schizophrenia (BACS) and the Social Cognition Screening Questionnaire theory of mind (ToM) subscale and fronto-temporal function in 23 patients with schizophrenia and 23 age- and gender-matched healthy controls (HCs), using 52-channel near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS). Regional hemodynamic changes were significantly smaller in the schizophrenia group than in the HCs group in the ventro-lateral prefrontal cortex and the anterior part of the temporal cortex (VLPFC/aTC) and dorso-lateral prefrontal cortex and frontopolar cortex (DLPFC/FPC) regions. To dissect the effect of variance in BACS cognitive domains from the relationship between ToM function and fronto-temporal function, we performed additional partial correlation analyses between ToM and NIRS data, using BACS composite score as a control variable. The correlation between ToM and NIRS data remained significant only in the DLPFC/FPC region. This finding is important to models of recovery, as it suggests that intervention programs focusing on enhancing fronto-temporal function may have a greater impact on social and occupational outcomes than traditional rehabilitation programs focusing on neuropsychological performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shenghong Pu
- Division of Neuropsychiatry, Department of Brain and Neuroscience, Tottori University Faculty of Medicine: 36-1 Nishi-cho, Yonago, Tottori 683-8504, Japan
| | - Kazuyuki Nakagome
- National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry: 4-1-1 Ogawa-Higashi, Kodaira, Tokyo 187-8551 Japan
| | - Masashi Itakura
- Division of Neuropsychiatry, Department of Brain and Neuroscience, Tottori University Faculty of Medicine: 36-1 Nishi-cho, Yonago, Tottori 683-8504, Japan
| | - Masaaki Iwata
- Division of Neuropsychiatry, Department of Brain and Neuroscience, Tottori University Faculty of Medicine: 36-1 Nishi-cho, Yonago, Tottori 683-8504, Japan
| | - Izumi Nagata
- Division of Neuropsychiatry, Department of Brain and Neuroscience, Tottori University Faculty of Medicine: 36-1 Nishi-cho, Yonago, Tottori 683-8504, Japan
| | - Koichi Kaneko
- Division of Neuropsychiatry, Department of Brain and Neuroscience, Tottori University Faculty of Medicine: 36-1 Nishi-cho, Yonago, Tottori 683-8504, Japan
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160
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Gender differences in cognitive Theory of Mind revealed by transcranial direct current stimulation on medial prefrontal cortex. Sci Rep 2017; 7:41219. [PMID: 28117378 PMCID: PMC5259730 DOI: 10.1038/srep41219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2016] [Accepted: 12/16/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Gender differences in social cognition are a long discussed issue, in particular those concerning Theory of Mind (ToM), i.e., the ability to explain and predict other people's mental states. The aim of this randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study was to test the hypothesis that anodal tDCS over the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) selectively enhances cognitive ToM performance in females. In the first experiment we administered to sixteen females and sixteen males a cognitive ToM task during anodal or placebo tDCS over the mPFC. In the second experiment further sixteen females completed the task receiving anodal or placebo tDCS over the vertex. The results showed that anodal tDCS over the mPFC enhances ToM in females but not in males, an effect indicated by enhanced ToM in females that received anodal tDCS over the mPFC compared with females that received tDCS over the vertex. These findings are relevant for three reasons. First, we found evidence of gender-related differences in cognitive ToM, extending previous findings concerning affective ToM. Second, these differences emerge with anodal stimulation of the mPFC, confirming the crucial role of this area in cognitive ToM. Third, we show that taking into account gender-related differences is mandatory for the investigation of ToM.
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161
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Turner R, Felisberti FM. Measuring Mindreading: A Review of Behavioral Approaches to Testing Cognitive and Affective Mental State Attribution in Neurologically Typical Adults. Front Psychol 2017; 8:47. [PMID: 28174552 PMCID: PMC5258754 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2016] [Accepted: 01/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Mindreading refers to the ability to attribute mental states, including thoughts, intentions and emotions, to oneself and others, and is essential for navigating the social world. Empirical mindreading research has predominantly featured children, groups with autism spectrum disorder and clinical samples, and many standard tasks suffer ceiling effects with neurologically typical (NT) adults. We first outline a case for studying mindreading in NT adults and proceed to review tests of emotion perception, cognitive and affective mentalizing, and multidimensional tasks combining these facets. We focus on selected examples of core experimental paradigms including emotion recognition tests, social vignettes, narrative fiction (prose and film) and participative interaction (in real and virtual worlds), highlighting challenges for studies with NT adult cohorts. We conclude that naturalistic, multidimensional approaches may be productively applied alongside traditional tasks to facilitate a more nuanced picture of mindreading in adulthood, and to ensure construct validity whilst remaining sensitive to variation at the upper echelons of the ability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rose Turner
- Emotion, Cognition and Behavior laboratory (ECOBEL), Department of Psychology, Kingston University London, UK
| | - Fatima M Felisberti
- Emotion, Cognition and Behavior laboratory (ECOBEL), Department of Psychology, Kingston University London, UK
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162
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163
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Haag S, Haffner P, Quinlivan E, Brüne M, Stamm T. No differences in visual theory of mind abilities between euthymic bipolar patients and healthy controls. Int J Bipolar Disord 2016; 4:20. [PMID: 27734416 PMCID: PMC5061679 DOI: 10.1186/s40345-016-0061-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2016] [Accepted: 10/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Research on theory of mind (ToM) abilities in patients with bipolar disorder has yielded conflicting results. Meta-analyses point to a stable moderate impairment in remitted patients, but factors such as subsyndromal symptoms, illness severity, and deficits in basic neurocognitive functions might act as confounders. Also, differences in deficits depending on task area (cognitive or affective) or task modality (visual or verbal) have been observed. This study aimed to test the hypothesis that euthymic bipolar patients would perform more poorly than healthy subjects on visual cognitive and visual affective ToM tasks. Furthermore, we aimed to explore the relationship between ToM performance and basic neurocognitive functions, subsyndromal symptom severity, and illness burden. Twenty-nine clinically stable outpatients with bipolar disorder and 29 healthy comparison subjects completed a measure of visual cognitive ToM (Mental State Attribution Task, MSAT), a measure of visual affective ToM (Reading the Mind in the Eyes Test, RMET), and a battery of tests assessing neurocognitive functioning (attention, verbal memory, executive functions, and intelligence). Results Patients did not differ significantly from healthy controls for the ToM tasks or any of the neurocognitive measures, suggesting a high level of neurocognitive functioning in the bipolar group. On average, patients were slower than controls to complete the ToM tasks. Within the bipolar group, ToM performance was moderately correlated with attention, verbal memory and reasoning abilities. Performance on the RMET was positively correlated with clinician-rated depressive symptoms with a small effect. Number of years of illness was weakly and negatively correlated with performance on the MSAT. Overall, no moderate or strong correlations were found between ToM performance, subsyndromal depressive or manic symptoms, illness duration, and number of depressive or (hypo)manic episodes. Moderate correlations between ToM performance and age were found for patients but nor for controls. Conclusions Our findings suggest preserved visual cognitive and affective ToM abilities in euthymic bipolar patients characterized by a high level of neurocognitive functioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Haag
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité University Hospital, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Paula Haffner
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité University Hospital, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - Esther Quinlivan
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité University Hospital, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - Martin Brüne
- Division of Cognitive Neuropsychiatry and Psychiatric Preventive Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy, and Preventive Medicine, LWL University Hospital Bochum, Ruhr University Bochum, Alexandrinenstr. 1-3, 44791, Bochum, Germany
| | - Thomas Stamm
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité University Hospital, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany
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164
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Döhnel K, Schuwerk T, Sodian B, Hajak G, Rupprecht R, Sommer M. An fMRI study on the comparison of different types of false belief reasoning: False belief-based emotion and behavior attribution. Soc Neurosci 2016; 12:730-742. [PMID: 27705092 DOI: 10.1080/17470919.2016.1241823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
False belief (FB) reasoning is a key Theory of Mind (ToM) competence. By 4 years of age, children understand that a person's behavior can be based on a FB about reality. Children cannot understand that a person's emotion can also be based on a FB before the age of six. In order to generate hypothesis on basic processes distinguishing these two types of belief reasoning, the present functional magnetic resonance imaging study in adults directly compares functional activity associated with these two FB tasks. Both tasks were associated with activity in the ToM network including the medial prefrontal cortex and the left temporo-parietal junction. Differential activity was observed in the anterior dorsolateral prefrontal cortex for FB-based emotion relative to behavior attribution. Contrary to FB behavior attribution, FB-based emotion attribution requires the processing of two different mental states: a belief and an emotion and their relation to each other. The activity pattern may reflect the differential demands on cognitive processes associated with the two different belief-based attribution processes. These results shed new light on the still ongoing debate about the nature of the developmental lag between the two FB tasks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Döhnel
- a Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy , University of Regensburg , Regensburg , Germany
| | - Tobias Schuwerk
- b Department of Psychology , Ludwig-Maximilians-University , Munich , Germany
| | - Beate Sodian
- b Department of Psychology , Ludwig-Maximilians-University , Munich , Germany
| | - Göran Hajak
- a Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy , University of Regensburg , Regensburg , Germany
| | - Rainer Rupprecht
- a Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy , University of Regensburg , Regensburg , Germany
| | - Monika Sommer
- a Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy , University of Regensburg , Regensburg , Germany.,b Department of Psychology , Ludwig-Maximilians-University , Munich , Germany
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165
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Kirkovski M, Rogasch NC, Saeki T, Fitzgibbon BM, Enticott PG, Fitzgerald PB. Single Pulse Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation-Electroencephalogram Reveals No Electrophysiological Abnormality in Adults with High-Functioning Autism Spectrum Disorder. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol 2016; 26:606-16. [PMID: 27284688 DOI: 10.1089/cap.2015.0181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Neuroimaging and electrophysiological research have revealed a range of neural abnormalities in autism spectrum disorder (ASD), but a comprehensive understanding remains elusive. We utilized a novel methodology among individuals with ASD and matched controls, combining transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) with concurrent electroencephalogram (EEG) recording (TMS-EEG) to explore cortical function and connectivity in three sites implicated in the neuropathophysiology of ASD (dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, primary motor cortex, and temporoparietal junction). As there is evidence for neurobiological gender differences in ASD, we also examined the influence of biological sex. METHODS TMS pulses were applied to each of the three sites (right lateralized) during 20-channel EEG recording. RESULTS We did not identify any differences in the EEG response to TMS between ASD and control groups. This finding remained when data were stratified by sex. Nevertheless, traits and characteristics associated with ASD were correlated with the neurophysiological response to TMS. CONCLUSION While TMS-EEG did not appear to clarify the neuropathophysiology of ASD, the relationships identified between the neurophysiological response to TMS and clinical characteristics warrant further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Kirkovski
- 1 Cognitive Neuroscience Unit, School of Psychology, Deakin University , Geelong, Australia .,2 Monash Alfred Psychiatry Research Centre, The Alfred and Central Clinical School, Monash University , Clayton, Australia
| | - Nigel C Rogasch
- 2 Monash Alfred Psychiatry Research Centre, The Alfred and Central Clinical School, Monash University , Clayton, Australia .,3 Monash Clinical and Imaging Neuroscience, School of Psychological Sciences and Monash Biomedical Imaging, Monash University , Clayton, Australia
| | - Takashi Saeki
- 2 Monash Alfred Psychiatry Research Centre, The Alfred and Central Clinical School, Monash University , Clayton, Australia .,4 Department of Psychiatry, Yokohama City University School of Medicine , Yokohama, Japan
| | - Bernadette M Fitzgibbon
- 2 Monash Alfred Psychiatry Research Centre, The Alfred and Central Clinical School, Monash University , Clayton, Australia
| | - Peter G Enticott
- 1 Cognitive Neuroscience Unit, School of Psychology, Deakin University , Geelong, Australia .,2 Monash Alfred Psychiatry Research Centre, The Alfred and Central Clinical School, Monash University , Clayton, Australia
| | - Paul B Fitzgerald
- 2 Monash Alfred Psychiatry Research Centre, The Alfred and Central Clinical School, Monash University , Clayton, Australia
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166
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Agostino A, Im-Bolter N, Stefanatos AK, Dennis M. Understanding ironic criticism and empathic praise: The role of emotive communication. BRITISH JOURNAL OF DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY 2016; 35:186-201. [PMID: 27542774 DOI: 10.1111/bjdp.12155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2015] [Revised: 06/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Ironic criticism and empathic praise are forms of social communication that influence the affective states of others in a negative or positive way. In a sample of 76 typically developing children and adolescents (mean age = 11 years; 4 months; SD: 2 years; 8 months), we studied how understanding of emotional expression (facial expression of emotion) and emotive communication (affective theory of mind) was related to the ability to understand negatively valenced ironic criticism and positively valenced empathic praise. We modelled comprehension of irony and empathy in school-aged children in relation to age and understanding of emotional expression and emotive communication. As expected, children showed significantly better understanding of emotional expression than emotive communication, which requires understanding why someone might mask their inner emotions. Meditational analyses showed that emotive communication partially mediated the relation between age and understanding ironic criticism and empathic praise. These findings suggest that the development of understanding irony and empathy over the school-age years is associated with affective attributions or affective theory of mind. Statement of contribution What is already known on this subject? Theory of mind has been found to be related to the developmental understanding of social communication. Correct interpretation of facial emotional cues is also important for interpreting social communication. What does this study add? Affective components (i.e., affective theory of mind) also contribute to the development of social communication. Emotive communication, the ability to modulate one's emotional expression according to social display rules may be predictive of social communication competency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alba Agostino
- Department of Psychology, Trent University, Peterborough, Ontario, Canada
| | - Nancie Im-Bolter
- Department of Psychology, Trent University, Peterborough, Ontario, Canada
| | - Arianna K Stefanatos
- Department of Psychiatry, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Maureen Dennis
- Program in Neurosciences and Mental Health, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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167
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Cognitive and affective components of Theory of Mind in preschoolers with oppositional defiance disorder: Clinical evidence. Psychiatry Res 2016; 241:128-34. [PMID: 27173657 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2016.04.082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2015] [Revised: 04/22/2016] [Accepted: 04/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The goal of the study was to examine the affective-cognitive components of Theory of Mind (ToM), in a community sample of 538 preschoolers, and more specifically in a subsample of 40 children diagnosed with ODD. The relationship between affective and cognitive ToM and some ODD clinical characteristics was examined. Children were assessed with structured diagnostic interviews and dimensional measures of psychopathology, impairment and unemotional traits. A measure based on eye-gaze was used to assess ToM. Mixed analysis of variance compared the mean cognitive versus affective scale scores and the between-subjects factor ODD. The association between ToM-scores and clinical measures was assessed through correlation models. Execution and reaction time to emotional and cognitive components of ToM tasks are different at age 5 in normally developing children. Oppositional Defiant children had slower response time when performing the affective mentalizing condition than children without the disorder. The correlation matrix between ToM-scores and clinical measures showed specific associations depending on the impaired ToM aspect and the psychological domain. Results may have clinical implications for the prevention and management of ODD.
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168
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Kim E, Kyeong S, Cheon KA, Park B, Oh MK, Chun JW, Park HJ, Kim JJ, Song DH. Neural responses to affective and cognitive theory of mind in children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorder. Neurosci Lett 2016; 621:117-125. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2016.04.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2015] [Revised: 03/31/2016] [Accepted: 04/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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169
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Fedorenko E, Varley R. Language and thought are not the same thing: evidence from neuroimaging and neurological patients. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2016; 1369:132-53. [PMID: 27096882 PMCID: PMC4874898 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.13046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2015] [Revised: 02/18/2016] [Accepted: 02/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Is thought possible without language? Individuals with global aphasia, who have almost no ability to understand or produce language, provide a powerful opportunity to find out. Surprisingly, despite their near-total loss of language, these individuals are nonetheless able to add and subtract, solve logic problems, think about another person's thoughts, appreciate music, and successfully navigate their environments. Further, neuroimaging studies show that healthy adults strongly engage the brain's language areas when they understand a sentence, but not when they perform other nonlinguistic tasks such as arithmetic, storing information in working memory, inhibiting prepotent responses, or listening to music. Together, these two complementary lines of evidence provide a clear answer: many aspects of thought engage distinct brain regions from, and do not depend on, language.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evelina Fedorenko
- Psychiatry Department, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, Massachusetts
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Center for Academic Research and Training in Anthropogeny (CARTA), University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
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170
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Hu Y, Jiang Y, Hu P, Ma H, Wang K. Impaired social cognition in patients with interictal epileptiform discharges in the frontal lobe. Epilepsy Behav 2016; 57:46-54. [PMID: 26921598 DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2016.01.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2015] [Revised: 01/23/2016] [Accepted: 01/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients with epilepsy frequently experience cognitive impairments, including impairments in social cognition. However, there is a lack of direct examinations of the affective and cognitive aspects of social cognition in such patients. The neural correlates remain to be identified. The present study was designed to examine the degree of impairments in different aspects of social cognition including empathy, emotion recognition, and Theory of Mind (ToM) in patients with epilepsy. In addition, we further explored factors related to the impairments, highlighting the specific importance of the frontal region. MATERIALS AND METHODS After 24-hour EEG monitoring, 53 patients with epilepsy were administered a neuropsychological battery of tests for basic intelligence assessment and then were tested with the Interpersonal Reactive Index, the "Yoni" task, the Emotion Recognition Test, the Reading the Mind in the Eyes test, and other neuropsychological tests. The clinical variables potentially affecting the ability to accomplish these tests were taken into account. We divided the patients into those having frontal lobe interictal epileptiform discharges (group with frontal IEDs) and those with seizures originating outside the frontal or temporal lobes (group with extrafrontal IEDs). Sixty healthy individuals served as controls. RESULTS The group with frontal IEDs achieved the most severe deficits in emotion recognition, ToM, and cognitive empathy, while affective empathy was intact. Moreover, the performance scores of empathy in the group with frontal IEDs were selectively correlated with their executive function scores, which are believed to be associated with orbitofrontal functioning. In contrast, patients with epilepsies not originating from the frontal or temporal lobes may also be at risk of impairments in social cognition, albeit to a lesser extent. CONCLUSIONS The preliminary findings suggest that patients with epilepsy, especially those having frontal lobe interictal epileptiform discharges, have associated general social cognition deficits. At the clinical level, these results are in line with previous findings regarding social cognition and the importance of the prefrontal area in the integration of cognition and affect. At the theoretical level, our findings also provide evidence for the functional independence of cognitive from affective aspects of empathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Hu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, No. 218 of JiXi Road, 230022 Hefei City, Anhui Province, PR China.
| | - Yubao Jiang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, No. 218 of JiXi Road, 230022 Hefei City, Anhui Province, PR China.
| | - Panpan Hu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, No. 218 of JiXi Road, 230022 Hefei City, Anhui Province, PR China.
| | - Huijuan Ma
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, No. 218 of JiXi Road, 230022 Hefei City, Anhui Province, PR China.
| | - Kai Wang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, No. 218 of JiXi Road, 230022 Hefei City, Anhui Province, PR China.
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171
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Zhang Q, Li X, Parker GJ, Hong XH, Wang Y, Lui SSY, Neumann DL, Cheung EFC, Shum DHK, Chan RCK. Theory of mind correlates with clinical insight but not cognitive insight in patients with schizophrenia. Psychiatry Res 2016; 237:188-95. [PMID: 26833279 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2016.01.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2015] [Revised: 12/05/2015] [Accepted: 01/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Research on the relationship between insight and social cognition, in particular Theory of Mind (ToM), in schizophrenia has yielded mixed findings to date. Very few studies, however, have assessed both clinical insight and cognitive insight when examining their relationships with ToM in schizophrenia. The current study thus investigated the relationship between clinical insight, cognitive insight, and ToM in a sample of 56 patients with schizophrenia and 30 healthy controls. Twenty-seven patients were classified as low in clinical insight according to their scores on the 'insight' item (G12) of the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS). Moreover, cognitive insight and ToM were assessed with the Beck Cognitive Insight Scale (BCIS) and the Yoni task, respectively. The results indicated that patients with poor clinical insight performed worse on tasks of second-order cognitive and affective ToM, while the ToM performance of patients with high clinical insight was equivalent to that of healthy controls. Furthermore, while clinical insight was correlated with ToM and clinical symptoms, cognitive insight did not correlate with clinical insight, ToM, or clinical symptoms. Clinical insight thus appears to be an important factor related to ToM in schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Zhang
- Neuropsychology and Applied Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xu Li
- Neuropsychology and Applied Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Giverny J Parker
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland and School of Applied Psychology, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Australia
| | - Xiao-Hong Hong
- Mental Health Center, Medical College of Shantou University, Shantou, China
| | - Yi Wang
- Neuropsychology and Applied Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Simon S Y Lui
- Castle Peak Hospital, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - David L Neumann
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland and School of Applied Psychology, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Australia
| | - Eric F C Cheung
- Castle Peak Hospital, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - David H K Shum
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland and School of Applied Psychology, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Australia
| | - Raymond C K Chan
- Neuropsychology and Applied Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
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172
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Compère L, Mam-Lam-Fook C, Amado I, Nys M, Lalanne J, Grillon ML, Bendjemaa N, Krebs MO, Piolino P. Self-reference recollection effect and its relation to theory of mind: An investigation in healthy controls and schizophrenia. Conscious Cogn 2016; 42:51-64. [PMID: 26985882 DOI: 10.1016/j.concog.2016.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2015] [Revised: 01/25/2016] [Accepted: 03/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This study explores the links between the Self-Reference Effect (SRE) and Theory of Mind (ToM) in typical adults and patients with schizophrenia. Participants were assessed with a self-referential memory paradigm investigating the mnemonic effect of both semantic and episodic self-reference with a recognition task associated with the Remember/Know/Guess paradigm. They also completed a self-descriptive scale and shortened versions of the attribution of intention task and the reading the mind in the eyes test as measures of cognitive and affective ToM respectively. Unlike typical adults, the patients showed no semantic SRRE (correct recognition associated with remembering), and there was no episodic SRRE and no SRE (on the number of correct recognitions) in either group. Semantic SRRE was correlated with the affective ToM in patients and with the positivity of the self-concept in the healthy group. We discuss that patients and typical adults use different strategies during self and other-reflection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurie Compère
- Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Institute of Psychology, Memory and Cognition Laboratory, Boulogne Billancourt, Paris, France; INSERM S894, Center of Psychiatry and Neurosciences, Paris, France
| | - Célia Mam-Lam-Fook
- Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Institute of Psychology, Memory and Cognition Laboratory, Boulogne Billancourt, Paris, France; INSERM S894, Center of Psychiatry and Neurosciences, Paris, France; Sainte-Anne Hospital, Service Hospitalo-Universitaire, Paris, France
| | - Isabelle Amado
- Sainte-Anne Hospital, Service Hospitalo-Universitaire, Paris, France; INSERM U894, Laboratory Pathophysiology of Psychiatric Diseases, Center of Psychiatry and Neurosciences, Paris, France; University Paris Descartes, Faculty of Medicine Paris Descartes, Paris, France; Institut de Psychiatrie - GDR 3557 CNRS, France
| | - Marion Nys
- Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Institute of Psychology, Memory and Cognition Laboratory, Boulogne Billancourt, Paris, France; INSERM S894, Center of Psychiatry and Neurosciences, Paris, France
| | - Jennifer Lalanne
- Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Institute of Psychology, Memory and Cognition Laboratory, Boulogne Billancourt, Paris, France; INSERM S894, Center of Psychiatry and Neurosciences, Paris, France
| | - Marie-Laure Grillon
- Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Institute of Psychology, Memory and Cognition Laboratory, Boulogne Billancourt, Paris, France; INSERM S894, Center of Psychiatry and Neurosciences, Paris, France
| | - Narjes Bendjemaa
- Sainte-Anne Hospital, Service Hospitalo-Universitaire, Paris, France; INSERM U894, Laboratory Pathophysiology of Psychiatric Diseases, Center of Psychiatry and Neurosciences, Paris, France
| | - Marie-Odile Krebs
- Sainte-Anne Hospital, Service Hospitalo-Universitaire, Paris, France; INSERM U894, Laboratory Pathophysiology of Psychiatric Diseases, Center of Psychiatry and Neurosciences, Paris, France; University Paris Descartes, Faculty of Medicine Paris Descartes, Paris, France; Institut de Psychiatrie - GDR 3557 CNRS, France
| | - Pascale Piolino
- Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Institute of Psychology, Memory and Cognition Laboratory, Boulogne Billancourt, Paris, France; INSERM S894, Center of Psychiatry and Neurosciences, Paris, France; Institut de Psychiatrie - GDR 3557 CNRS, France; Institut Universitaire de France (IUF), France.
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173
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Heitz C, Noblet V, Phillipps C, Cretin B, Vogt N, Philippi N, Kemp J, de Petigny X, Bilger M, Demuynck C, Martin-Hunyadi C, Armspach JP, Blanc F. Cognitive and affective theory of mind in dementia with Lewy bodies and Alzheimer's disease. ALZHEIMERS RESEARCH & THERAPY 2016; 8:10. [PMID: 26979460 PMCID: PMC4793654 DOI: 10.1186/s13195-016-0179-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2015] [Accepted: 01/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Background Theory of mind (ToM) refers to the ability to attribute mental states, thoughts (cognitive component) or feelings (affective component) to others. This function has been studied in many neurodegenerative diseases; however, to our knowledge, no studies investigating ToM in dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) have been published. The aim of our study was to assess ToM in patients with DLB and to search for neural correlates of potential deficits. Methods Thirty-three patients with DLB (DLB group) and 15 patients with Alzheimer’s disease (AD group), all in the early stage of the disease, as well as 16 healthy elderly control subjects (HC group), were included in the study. After a global cognitive assessment, we used the Faux Pas Recognition (FPR) test, the Reading the Mind in the Eyes (RME) test and Ekman’s Facial Emotion Recognition test to assess cognitive and affective components of ToM. Patients underwent cerebral 3-T magnetic resonance imaging, and atrophy of grey matter was analysed using voxel-based morphometry. We performed a one-sample t test to investigate the correlation between each ToM score and grey matter volume and a two-sample t test to compare patients with DLB impaired with those non-impaired for each test. Results The DLB group performed significantly worse than the HC group on the FPR test (P = 0.033) and the RME test (P = 0.015). There was no significant difference between the AD group and the HC group or between the DLB group and the AD group. Some brain regions were associated with ToM impairments. The prefrontal cortex, with the inferior frontal cortex and the orbitofrontal cortex, was the main region, but we also found correlations with the temporoparietal junction, the precuneus, the fusiform gyrus and the insula. Conclusions This study is the first one to show early impairments of ToM in DLB. The two cognitive and affective components both appear to be affected in this disease. Among patients with ToM difficulties, we found atrophy in brain regions classically involved in ToM, which reinforces the neuronal network of ToM. Further studies are now needed to better understand the neural basis of such impairment. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13195-016-0179-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille Heitz
- Neuropsychology Unit, Memory Resource and Research Centre (CMRR), Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France. .,ICube Laboratory, IMIS Team, University of Strasbourg, CNRS, FMTS, Strasbourg, France. .,Day Hospital, Memory Resources and Research Centre (CMRR), Department of Geriatrics, University Hospital of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France.
| | - Vincent Noblet
- ICube Laboratory, IMIS Team, University of Strasbourg, CNRS, FMTS, Strasbourg, France
| | - Clélie Phillipps
- Neuropsychology Unit, Memory Resource and Research Centre (CMRR), Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Benjamin Cretin
- Neuropsychology Unit, Memory Resource and Research Centre (CMRR), Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France.,ICube Laboratory, IMIS Team, University of Strasbourg, CNRS, FMTS, Strasbourg, France
| | - Natacha Vogt
- Neuropsychology Unit, Memory Resource and Research Centre (CMRR), Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Nathalie Philippi
- Neuropsychology Unit, Memory Resource and Research Centre (CMRR), Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France.,ICube Laboratory, IMIS Team, University of Strasbourg, CNRS, FMTS, Strasbourg, France
| | - Jennifer Kemp
- Neuropsychology Unit, Memory Resource and Research Centre (CMRR), Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Xavier de Petigny
- Day Hospital, Memory Resources and Research Centre (CMRR), Department of Geriatrics, University Hospital of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Mathias Bilger
- Neuropsychology Unit, Memory Resource and Research Centre (CMRR), Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Catherine Demuynck
- Day Hospital, Memory Resources and Research Centre (CMRR), Department of Geriatrics, University Hospital of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Catherine Martin-Hunyadi
- Day Hospital, Memory Resources and Research Centre (CMRR), Department of Geriatrics, University Hospital of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Jean-Paul Armspach
- ICube Laboratory, IMIS Team, University of Strasbourg, CNRS, FMTS, Strasbourg, France
| | - Frédéric Blanc
- Neuropsychology Unit, Memory Resource and Research Centre (CMRR), Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France.,ICube Laboratory, IMIS Team, University of Strasbourg, CNRS, FMTS, Strasbourg, France.,Day Hospital, Memory Resources and Research Centre (CMRR), Department of Geriatrics, University Hospital of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
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174
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Pu S, Nakagome K, Yamada T, Itakura M, Yamanashi T, Yamada S, Masai M, Miura A, Yamauchi T, Satake T, Iwata M, Nagata I, Roberts DL, Kaneko K. Social cognition and prefrontal hemodynamic responses during a working memory task in schizophrenia. Sci Rep 2016; 6:22500. [PMID: 26928254 PMCID: PMC4772542 DOI: 10.1038/srep22500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2015] [Accepted: 02/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Social cognition is an important determinant of functional impairment in schizophrenia, but its relationship with the prefrontal functional abnormalities associated with the condition is still unclear. The present study aimed to explore the relationship between social cognition and prefrontal function in patients with schizophrenia using 52-channel near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS). Twenty-six patients with schizophrenia and 26 age-, gender-, and intelligence quotient-matched healthy controls (HCs) participated in the study. Hemodynamic responses in the prefrontal and superior temporal cortical regions were assessed during a working memory task using NIRS. Social cognition was assessed using the Social Cognition Screening Questionnaire (SCSQ). The observed hemodynamic responses were significantly reduced in the lateral prefrontal cortex (PFC), the frontopolar cortex, and temporal regions in subjects with schizophrenia compared to HCs. Additionally, lateral PFC hemodynamic responses assessed during the working memory task demonstrated a strong positive correlation with the SCSQ theory of mind (ToM) subscale score even after controlling for working memory performance. These results suggest that ToM integrity is closely related to lateral PFC functional abnormalities found in patients with schizophrenia. In addition, this study provides evidence to suggest that NIRS could be used to identify biomarkers of social cognition function in subjects with schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shenghong Pu
- Division of Neuropsychiatry, Department of Brain and Neuroscience, Tottori University Faculty of Medicine: 36-1 Nishi-cho, Yonago, Tottori, Japan
| | - Kazuyuki Nakagome
- National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry: 4-1-1 Ogawa-Higashi, Kodaira, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takeshi Yamada
- Division of Psychiatry, Kurayoshi Hospital, 43 Yamane, Kurayoshi, Japan
| | - Masashi Itakura
- Division of Neuropsychiatry, Department of Brain and Neuroscience, Tottori University Faculty of Medicine: 36-1 Nishi-cho, Yonago, Tottori, Japan
| | - Takehiko Yamanashi
- Division of Neuropsychiatry, Department of Brain and Neuroscience, Tottori University Faculty of Medicine: 36-1 Nishi-cho, Yonago, Tottori, Japan
| | - Sayaka Yamada
- Division of Psychiatry, Kurayoshi Hospital, 43 Yamane, Kurayoshi, Japan
| | - Mieko Masai
- Division of Neuropsychiatry, Department of Brain and Neuroscience, Tottori University Faculty of Medicine: 36-1 Nishi-cho, Yonago, Tottori, Japan
| | - Akihiko Miura
- Division of Neuropsychiatry, Department of Brain and Neuroscience, Tottori University Faculty of Medicine: 36-1 Nishi-cho, Yonago, Tottori, Japan
| | - Takahira Yamauchi
- Division of Neuropsychiatry, Department of Brain and Neuroscience, Tottori University Faculty of Medicine: 36-1 Nishi-cho, Yonago, Tottori, Japan
| | - Takahiro Satake
- Division of Neuropsychiatry, Department of Brain and Neuroscience, Tottori University Faculty of Medicine: 36-1 Nishi-cho, Yonago, Tottori, Japan
| | - Masaaki Iwata
- Division of Neuropsychiatry, Department of Brain and Neuroscience, Tottori University Faculty of Medicine: 36-1 Nishi-cho, Yonago, Tottori, Japan
| | - Izumi Nagata
- Division of Neuropsychiatry, Department of Brain and Neuroscience, Tottori University Faculty of Medicine: 36-1 Nishi-cho, Yonago, Tottori, Japan
| | - David L Roberts
- Department of Psychiatry, The University of Texas Health Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, USA
| | - Koichi Kaneko
- Division of Neuropsychiatry, Department of Brain and Neuroscience, Tottori University Faculty of Medicine: 36-1 Nishi-cho, Yonago, Tottori, Japan
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175
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Kestemont J, Van Mieghem A, Beeckmans K, Van Overwalle F, Vandekerckhove M. Social attributions in patients with ventromedial prefrontal hypoperfusion. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 2016; 11:652-62. [PMID: 26917564 DOI: 10.1093/scan/nsv147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2014] [Accepted: 11/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroimaging studies have demonstrated that the medial prefrontal cortex is involved in attributions on enduring and abstract trait characteristics of persons, but not in causal attributions of temporary here-and-now events. Moreover, the neural representation of trait information is thought to be located in the ventral part of the medial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC). In order to verify this latter finding, this study compared the performance of 8 patients with hypoperfusion of the vmPFC, 10 with hypoperfusion excluding the vmPFC and 15 healthy controls on trait and causal attribution questionnaires consisting of several events presented in brief written scenarios. We also investigated whether vmPFC hypoperfusion influenced the experienced intensity of the negative or positive valence of the events. Our results showed that patients with ventral hypoperfusion performed significantly worse on trait attributions in comparison with the non-vmPFC group and healthy controls. All groups performed equally well on causal attributions. These findings support previous research suggesting that the vmPFC is critically involved in enduring trait attribution, but not in temporary causal attribution. Considering the emotional experience of valence, the findings showed more intense valence ratings for negative events and persons. This confirms the role of the vmPFC in the modulation and regulation of negative emotions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny Kestemont
- Department of Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium,
| | | | - Kurt Beeckmans
- Centre for Epilepsy and Psycho-organic Disorders (CEPOS), Duffel, Belgium
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Dodich A, Cerami C, Crespi C, Canessa N, Lettieri G, Iannaccone S, Marcone A, Cappa SF, Cacioppo JT. Differential Impairment of Cognitive and Affective Mentalizing Abilities in Neurodegenerative Dementias: Evidence from Behavioral Variant of Frontotemporal Dementia, Alzheimer’s Disease, and Mild Cognitive Impairment. J Alzheimers Dis 2016; 50:1011-22. [DOI: 10.3233/jad-150605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Dodich
- Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
- Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Chiara Cerami
- Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
- Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, San Raffaele Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Chiara Crespi
- Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
- Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Nicola Canessa
- Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
- NeTS Center - Istituto Universitario di Studi Superiori (IUSS), Pavia, Italy
| | | | - Sandro Iannaccone
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, San Raffaele Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Alessandra Marcone
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, San Raffaele Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Stefano F. Cappa
- Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
- NeTS Center - Istituto Universitario di Studi Superiori (IUSS), Pavia, Italy
| | - John T. Cacioppo
- Department of Psychology and Center for Cognitive and Social Neuroscience, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
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177
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Stewart E, Catroppa C, Lah S. Theory of Mind in Patients with Epilepsy: a Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Neuropsychol Rev 2016; 26:3-24. [DOI: 10.1007/s11065-015-9313-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2015] [Accepted: 12/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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178
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Valk SL, Bernhardt BC, Böckler A, Trautwein FM, Kanske P, Singer T. Socio-Cognitive Phenotypes Differentially Modulate Large-Scale Structural Covariance Networks. Cereb Cortex 2016; 27:1358-1368. [DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhv319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
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179
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Bottiroli S, Cavallini E, Ceccato I, Vecchi T, Lecce S. Theory of Mind in aging: Comparing cognitive and affective components in the faux pas test. Arch Gerontol Geriatr 2016; 62:152-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.archger.2015.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2014] [Revised: 09/21/2015] [Accepted: 09/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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180
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Ngo L, Kelly M, Coutlee CG, Carter RM, Sinnott-Armstrong W, Huettel SA. Two Distinct Moral Mechanisms for Ascribing and Denying Intentionality. Sci Rep 2015; 5:17390. [PMID: 26634909 PMCID: PMC4669441 DOI: 10.1038/srep17390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2015] [Accepted: 10/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Philosophers and legal scholars have long theorized about how intentionality serves as a critical input for morality and culpability, but the emerging field of experimental philosophy has revealed a puzzling asymmetry. People judge actions leading to negative consequences as being more intentional than those leading to positive ones. The implications of this asymmetry remain unclear because there is no consensus regarding the underlying mechanism. Based on converging behavioral and neural evidence, we demonstrate that there is no single underlying mechanism. Instead, two distinct mechanisms together generate the asymmetry. Emotion drives ascriptions of intentionality for negative consequences, while the consideration of statistical norms leads to the denial of intentionality for positive consequences. We employ this novel two-mechanism model to illustrate that morality can paradoxically shape judgments of intentionality. This is consequential for mens rea in legal practice and arguments in moral philosophy pertaining to terror bombing, abortion, and euthanasia among others.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lawrence Ngo
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Duke University School of Medicine Box 102005 DUMC, Durham, NC 27710.,Department of Neurobiology, Duke University School of Medicine 412 Research Drive, Box 3209, Durham, NC 27710.,Kenan Institute for Ethics, Duke University Box 90432, Durham, NC 27708
| | - Meagan Kelly
- Kenan Institute for Ethics, Duke University Box 90432, Durham, NC 27708.,Program in Neurosciences, Duke University Levine Science Research Center, Durham, NC 27710
| | - Christopher G Coutlee
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke University Box 90086, 417 Chapel Drive, Durham, NC 27710.,Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, Duke University Box 90999, Durham, NC 27710.,Brain Imaging Analysis Center, Duke University Medical Center 2424 Erwin Road, Suite 501, Durham, NC 27705
| | - R McKell Carter
- Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, Duke University Box 90999, Durham, NC 27710.,Brain Imaging Analysis Center, Duke University Medical Center 2424 Erwin Road, Suite 501, Durham, NC 27705.,Institute of Cognitive Science, University of Colorado Boulder 1777 Exposition Dr., Room 171, Boulder, CO, 80301.,Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder Muenzinger Psych Building, UCB 344, Boulder, CO, 80309
| | - Walter Sinnott-Armstrong
- Kenan Institute for Ethics, Duke University Box 90432, Durham, NC 27708.,Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, Duke University Box 90999, Durham, NC 27710.,Department of Philosophy, Duke University 201 West Duke Building, Box 90743, Durham, NC 27708
| | - Scott A Huettel
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke University Box 90086, 417 Chapel Drive, Durham, NC 27710.,Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, Duke University Box 90999, Durham, NC 27710.,Brain Imaging Analysis Center, Duke University Medical Center 2424 Erwin Road, Suite 501, Durham, NC 27705
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181
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Abstract
Higher-order mentalising is the ability to represent the beliefs and desires of other people at multiple, iterated levels - a capacity that sets humans apart from other species. However, there has not yet been a systematic attempt to determine what cognitive processes underlie this ability. Here we present three correlational studies assessing the extent to which performance on higher-order mentalising tasks relates to emotion recognition, self-reported empathy and self-inhibition. In Study 1a and 1b, examining emotion recognition and empathy, a relationship was identified between individual differences in the ability to mentalise and an emotion recognition task (the Reading the Mind in the Eyes task), but no correlation was found with the Empathy Quotient, a self-report scale of empathy. Study 2 investigated whether a relationship exists between individual mentalising abilities and four different forms of self-inhibition: motor inhibition, executive inhibition, automatic imitation and temporal discounting. Results demonstrate that only temporal discounting performance relates to mentalising ability; suggesting that cognitive skills relevant to representation of the minds of others' are not influenced by the ability to perform more basic inhibition. Higher-order mentalising appears to rely on the cognitive architecture that serves both low-level social cognition (emotion recognition), and complex forms of inhibition.
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182
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Puig-Alcaraz C, Fuentes-Albero M, Calderón J, Garrote D, Cauli O. Increased homocysteine levels correlate with the communication deficit in children with autism spectrum disorder. Psychiatry Res 2015; 229:1031-7. [PMID: 26070768 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2015.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2014] [Revised: 05/05/2015] [Accepted: 05/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The clinical significance of high levels of homocysteine in autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is unknown. An experimental study was conducted in order to evaluate the concentration of homocysteine in children with ASD and typically developing children and to analyse any relationships with the severity of core symptoms of ASD and other clinical features (drugs, co-morbidities, gender, age, diet). Core symptoms of autism were evaluated by DSM-IV criteria. Homocysteine, glutathione, methionine, 3-nitrotyrosine were measured in urine. The increase in homocysteine concentration was significantly and directly correlated with the severity of the deficit in communication skills, but was unrelated to deficit in socialisation or repetitive/restricted behaviour. Urinary homocysteine concentration may be a possible biomarker for communication deficits in ASD and a potential diagnostic tool useful to evaluate new treatment options since no treatment for core symptoms of ASD are available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Puig-Alcaraz
- Area of Mental Health and Psychiatry, Hospital of Sagunto, Sagunto, Valencia, Spain
| | | | | | | | - Omar Cauli
- Department of Nursing, University of Valencia, c/Jaume Roig s/n, 46010 Valencia, Spain.
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183
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Song MJ, Choi HI, Jang SK, Lee SH, Ikezawa S, Choi KH. Theory of mind in Koreans with schizophrenia: A meta-analysis. Psychiatry Res 2015; 229:420-5. [PMID: 26233826 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2015.05.108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2014] [Revised: 05/29/2015] [Accepted: 05/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Previous meta-analytic studies conducted in Western countries have consistently revealed impairments in theory of mind (ToM) in schizophrenia. However, there is no systematic meta-analytic review of ToM deficits in individuals with schizophrenia in non-Western countries. In addition, ToM impairments in individuals with schizophrenia have not been investigated in the distinctive domains (i.e., verbal vs. visual, or affective vs. cognitive). The current meta-analytic study systematically synthesized 13 studies comparing ToM performance of adults with schizophrenia (n=377) and that of healthy controls (n=386) in Korea. The results indicate that Koreans with schizophrenia showed overall large ToM impairments (d=-1.273) but intact performance in control tasks that require a similar amount of cognitive demand as ToM tasks do. Large impairments in affective and cognitive ToM (d=-1.445 and -1.202, respectively) and verbal and visual ToM (d=-1.239 and -1.221, respectively) were found in Koreans with schizophrenia. There were no differences in magnitude between affective and cognitive ToM or between verbal and visual ToM. These results suggest that Koreans with schizophrenia experience substantial impairments in various ToM domains. Comprehensive multi-modality-based assessment targeting various ToM domains should be considered for treatment planning of individuals with schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myeong Ju Song
- Department of Psychology, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hye Im Choi
- Department of Psychology, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
| | | | - Seung-Hwan Lee
- Department of Psychiatry, Ilsan Paik Hospital, Inje University, Goyang, South Korea
| | - Satoru Ikezawa
- National Center Hospital, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kee-Hong Choi
- Department of Psychology, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea.
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184
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Glass L, Moody L, Grafman J, Krueger F. Neural signatures of third-party punishment: evidence from penetrating traumatic brain injury. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 2015; 11:253-62. [PMID: 26276809 DOI: 10.1093/scan/nsv105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2015] [Accepted: 08/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability to survive within a cooperative society depends on impartial third-party punishment (TPP) of social norm violations. Two cognitive mechanisms have been postulated as necessary for the successful completion of TPP: evaluation of legal responsibility and selection of a suitable punishment given the magnitude of the crime. Converging neuroimaging research suggests two supporting domain-general networks; a mentalizing network for evaluation of legal responsibility and a central-executive network for determination of punishment. A whole-brain voxel-based lesion-symptom mapping approach was used in conjunction with a rank-order TPP task to identify brain regions necessary for TPP in a large sample of patients with penetrating traumatic brain injury. Patients who demonstrated atypical TPP had specific lesions in core regions of the mentalizing (dorsomedial prefrontal cortex [PFC], ventromedial PFC) and central-executive (bilateral dorsolateral PFC, right intraparietal sulcus) networks. Altruism and executive functioning (concept formation skills) were significant predictors of TPP: altruism was uniquely associated with TPP in patients with lesions in right dorsolateral PFC and executive functioning was uniquely associated with TPP in individuals with lesions in left PFC. Our findings contribute to the extant literature to support underlying neural networks associated with TPP, with specific brain-behavior causal relationships confirming recent functional neuroimaging research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leila Glass
- Department of Psychology, SDSU/UCSD Joint Doctoral Program in Clinical Psychology, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Lara Moody
- Virginia Tech Carilion Research Institute, Roanoke, VA, USA, Department of Psychology, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Jordan Grafman
- Brain Injury Research Program, Rehabilitation Institute of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Frank Krueger
- Molecular Neuroscience Department and Department of Psychology, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, USA
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185
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Abstract
Little research has focused on the contributors to adult theory of mind (ToM) even though there is reason to suspect individual differences in performance in neurotypical samples. Alexithymia, a term that references an impaired ability to attend to and verbally label emotions via ongoing introspection, is a useful construct through which to explore how socially relevant dimensions of emotion processing enable ToM. As 1 study has explored alexithymia vis-à-vis cognitive ToM, this study examined the relationships between facets of alexithymia and affective ToM while controlling for the potential confounds of empathy, verbal ability, and negative affect. A nonclinical sample of adults (N = 86) completed the Toronto Alexithymia Scale, the Reading the Mind in the Eyes Test, the Mehrabian and Epstein Scale of Emotional Empathy, the Profile of Mood States, and the Wechsler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence. Hierarchical regression analysis showed that externally oriented thinking contributed unique variance to affective ToM, confirming an inverse relationship between alexithymia and affective ToM but highlighting the need to parse alexithymia into discrete facets when exploring its relevance to social cognition.
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186
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Sex-Specific Patterns of Aberrant Brain Function in First-Episode Treatment-Naive Patients with Schizophrenia. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:16125-43. [PMID: 26193256 PMCID: PMC4519942 DOI: 10.3390/ijms160716125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2015] [Revised: 06/03/2015] [Accepted: 06/26/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Male and female patients with schizophrenia show significant differences in a number of important clinical features, yet the neural substrates of these differences are still poorly understood. Here we explored the sex differences in the brain functional aberrations in 124 treatment-naïve patients with first-episode schizophrenia (61 males), compared with 102 age-matched healthy controls (50 males). Maps of degree centrality (DC) and amplitude of low-frequency fluctuations (ALFF) were constructed using resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging data and compared between groups. We found that: (1) Selective DC reduction was observed in the right putamen (Put_R) in male patients and the left middle frontal gyrus (MFG) in female patients; (2) Functional connectivity analysis (using Put_R and MFG as seeds) found that male and female patients have disturbed functional integration in two separate networks, i.e., the sensorimotor network and the default mode network; (3) Significant ALFF alterations were also observed in these two networks in both genders; (4) Sex specific brain functional alterations were associated with various symptoms in patients. These results suggested that sex-specific patterns of functional aberration existed in schizophrenia, and these patterns were associated with the clinical features both in male and female patients.
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187
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Bora E, Walterfang M, Velakoulis D. Theory of mind in behavioural-variant frontotemporal dementia and Alzheimer's disease: a meta-analysis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2015; 86:714-9. [PMID: 25595152 DOI: 10.1136/jnnp-2014-309445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2014] [Accepted: 12/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Current evidence suggests that neurocognitive testing has limited practical benefit in distinguishing behavioural-variant frontotemporal dementia (bvFTD) and Alzheimer's disease (AD). In this meta-analysis of 30 studies, theory of mind (ToM) performances of 784 individuals with bvFTD (n=273) and AD (n=511) were compared with 671 healthy controls. ToM performances of 227 patients with bvFTD and 229 with AD were also compared in studies matched for general cognition. ToM was impaired in both bvFTD (d=1.79) and AD (d=1.15). In bvFTD, patients were particularly impaired in advanced tasks such as recognition of faux pas and sarcasm (d>2.0). In AD, ToM deficits were relatively modest. In studies matched for general cognition, ToM was significantly impaired in bvFTD in comparision to AD (d=1.29), especially for faux pas recognition (d=1.75). ToM dysfunction is a robust and more specific feature of bvFTD. In contrast, ToM deficits are modest compared with level of general cognitive impairment in AD. In both disorders, longer duration of disease and level of general cognitive impairment are related to relatively more severe ToM deficits. Assessment of ToM can be beneficial for early identification of bvFTD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emre Bora
- Department of Psychiatry, Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, University of Melbourne and Melbourne Health, Carlton South, Victoria, Australia
| | - Mark Walterfang
- Department of Psychiatry, Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, University of Melbourne and Melbourne Health, Carlton South, Victoria, Australia
| | - Dennis Velakoulis
- Department of Psychiatry, Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, University of Melbourne and Melbourne Health, Carlton South, Victoria, Australia
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188
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Canty AL, Neumann DL, Fleming J, Shum DHK. Evaluation of a newly developed measure of theory of mind: The virtual assessment of mentalising ability. Neuropsychol Rehabil 2015; 27:834-870. [PMID: 26095322 DOI: 10.1080/09602011.2015.1052820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
This study examined the reliability and validity of the Virtual Assessment of Mentalising Ability (VAMA). The VAMA consists of 12 video clips depicting a social drama imposed within an interactive virtual environment with questions assessing the mental states of virtual friends. Response options capture the continuum of ability (i.e., impaired, reduced, accurate, and hypermentalising) within first- and second-order cognitive and affective theory of mind (ToM). Sixty-two healthy participants were administered the VAMA, three other ToM measures, and additional measures of neurocognitive abilities and social functioning. The VAMA had sound internal consistency and high test-retest reliability. Significant correlations between performance on the VAMA and other ToM measures provided preliminary evidence of convergent validity. Small to moderate correlations were observed between performance on the VAMA and neurocognitive tasks. Further, the VAMA was found to correlate significantly with indices of social functioning and was rated as more immersive, more reflective of everyday ToM processes, and was afforded a higher recommendation than an existing computer-based ToM task. These results provide potential evidence that the VAMA is an ecologically valid tool that is sensitive to the spread of ability that can occur in ToM subprocesses and may be a valuable addition to existing ToM measures. Future research should explore the validity and utility of the VAMA in larger, more diverse samples of healthy adult and clinical populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allana L Canty
- a School of Applied Psychology and Menzies Health Institute Queensland , Griffith University , Brisbane , Australia
| | - David L Neumann
- a School of Applied Psychology and Menzies Health Institute Queensland , Griffith University , Brisbane , Australia
| | - Jennifer Fleming
- b School of Rehabilitation Sciences , University of Queensland , Brisbane , Australia.,c Occupational Therapy Department , Princess Alexander Hospital , Brisbane , Australia
| | - David H K Shum
- a School of Applied Psychology and Menzies Health Institute Queensland , Griffith University , Brisbane , Australia
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189
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Clarke AR, Barry RJ, Indraratna A, Dupuy FE, McCarthy R, Selikowitz M. EEG activity in children with Asperger's Syndrome. Clin Neurophysiol 2015; 127:442-451. [PMID: 26187351 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2015.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2011] [Revised: 04/29/2015] [Accepted: 05/12/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study investigated differences in the EEG power and coherence of children with Asperger's Syndrome. METHOD Twenty boys with Asperger's Syndrome, aged 7-12 years, and an age and sex matched control group, participated in this study. The EEG was recorded during an eyes-closed resting condition from 19 electrode sites, which were clustered into nine regions prior to analysis. One minute of trace was analysed using Fourier transformations to obtain both absolute and relative power estimates in the delta, theta, alpha and beta frequency bands. Wave-shape coherence was calculated for 8 intrahemispheric and 8 interhemispheric electrode pairs. RESULTS The Asperger's group had a global increase in absolute delta and an anterior increase in relative delta. Both absolute and relative theta were globally increased and relative alpha was globally decreased. Subjects with Asperger's Syndrome exhibited a broad pattern of reduced hemispheric asymmetry in intrahemispheric coherence. Reduced anterior interhemispheric coherence in the alpha and beta bands was also found in the Asperger's Syndrome group. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest the existence of frontal lobe abnormalities in children with Asperger's Syndrome, and possible abnormalities in normal CNS maturational processes. SIGNIFICANCE This is the first major study to investigate EEG power and coherence anomalies in children with Asperger's Syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam R Clarke
- School of Psychology, University of Wollongong, Wollongong 2522, Australia; Brain & Behaviour Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong 2522, Australia.
| | - Robert J Barry
- School of Psychology, University of Wollongong, Wollongong 2522, Australia; Brain & Behaviour Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong 2522, Australia
| | - Amrit Indraratna
- School of Psychology, University of Wollongong, Wollongong 2522, Australia; Brain & Behaviour Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong 2522, Australia
| | - Franca E Dupuy
- School of Psychology, University of Wollongong, Wollongong 2522, Australia; Brain & Behaviour Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong 2522, Australia
| | - Rory McCarthy
- Sydney Developmental Clinic, 6/30 Carrington St., Sydney 2000, Australia
| | - Mark Selikowitz
- Sydney Developmental Clinic, 6/30 Carrington St., Sydney 2000, Australia
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190
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Conson M, Errico D, Mazzarella E, Giordano M, Grossi D, Trojano L. Transcranial Electrical Stimulation over Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex Modulates Processing of Social Cognitive and Affective Information. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0126448. [PMID: 25951227 PMCID: PMC4423854 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0126448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2014] [Accepted: 03/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent neurofunctional studies suggested that lateral prefrontal cortex is a domain-general cognitive control area modulating computation of social information. Neuropsychological evidence reported dissociations between cognitive and affective components of social cognition. Here, we tested whether performance on social cognitive and affective tasks can be modulated by transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) over dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC). To this aim, we compared the effects of tDCS on explicit recognition of emotional facial expressions (affective task), and on one cognitive task assessing the ability to adopt another person’s visual perspective. In a randomized, cross-over design, male and female healthy participants performed the two experimental tasks after bi-hemispheric tDCS (sham, left anodal/right cathodal, and right anodal/left cathodal) applied over DLPFC. Results showed that only in male participants explicit recognition of fearful facial expressions was significantly faster after anodal right/cathodal left stimulation with respect to anodal left/cathodal right and sham stimulations. In the visual perspective taking task, instead, anodal right/cathodal left stimulation negatively affected both male and female participants’ tendency to adopt another’s point of view. These findings demonstrated that concurrent facilitation of right and inhibition of left lateral prefrontal cortex can speed-up males’ responses to threatening faces whereas it interferes with the ability to adopt another’s viewpoint independently from gender. Thus, stimulation of cognitive control areas can lead to different effects on social cognitive skills depending on the affective vs. cognitive nature of the task, and on the gender-related differences in neural organization of emotion processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimiliano Conson
- Neuropsychology Laboratory, Department of Psychology, Second University of Naples, Caserta, Italy
- * E-mail: (MC); (LT)
| | - Domenico Errico
- Neuropsychology Laboratory, Department of Psychology, Second University of Naples, Caserta, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Mazzarella
- Department of Neuromotor Physiology, Scientific Institute Foundation Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy
| | - Marianna Giordano
- Neuropsychology Laboratory, Department of Psychology, Second University of Naples, Caserta, Italy
| | - Dario Grossi
- Neuropsychology Laboratory, Department of Psychology, Second University of Naples, Caserta, Italy
| | - Luigi Trojano
- Neuropsychology Laboratory, Department of Psychology, Second University of Naples, Caserta, Italy
- * E-mail: (MC); (LT)
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191
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The overlapping relationship between emotion perception and theory of mind. Neuropsychologia 2015; 70:1-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2015.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2014] [Revised: 01/29/2015] [Accepted: 02/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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192
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Théorie de l’esprit cognitive et affective dans la démence à corps de Lewy : une étude préliminaire. Rev Neurol (Paris) 2015; 171:373-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neurol.2015.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2014] [Revised: 09/28/2014] [Accepted: 02/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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193
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Samamé C, Martino DJ, Strejilevich SA. An individual task meta-analysis of social cognition in euthymic bipolar disorders. J Affect Disord 2015; 173:146-53. [PMID: 25462409 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2014.10.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2014] [Revised: 10/20/2014] [Accepted: 10/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Social cognition has been shown to be affected in bipolar disorders, even during euthymia. However, the social cognitive profile of this group of disorders remains to be ascertained, given that such a broad neuropsychological construct has not been systematically examined in bipolar subjects across different tasks. The aim of this study was to quantify the magnitude of patient-control differences for distinct social cognition assessment instruments: the Hinting Task, the Eyes Test, Faux Pas, the Mayer-Salovey-Caruso Emotional Intelligence Test, and emotional labeling using visual stimuli. METHOD Effect sizes were extracted from studies chosen according to more stringent criteria than previously used in systematic reviews on the topic and pooled by means of meta-analytical procedures. RESULTS No significant patient-control differences were found for the recognition of three basic emotions (happiness, sadness, and anger). Small but significant effect sizes favoring healthy controls (Hedges׳ g<0.5) were noted for emotional intelligence, the Hinting Task, the Eyes Test, and the recognition of fear, disgust, and surprise. A medium effect size (Hedges' g=0.58) was noted for the Faux Pas Test. LIMITATIONS The possible effects of other neurocognitive impairments on social cognitive performance could not be explored. CONCLUSION On average, small-to-moderate differences may exist between euthymic bipolar disorder subjects and healthy controls regarding social cognitive performance, with mental state decoding being more preserved than mental state reasoning. The influence of clinical and neurocognitive variables, which may play an important role in the social cognitive outcomes of these patients, deserves further clarification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Samamé
- Bipolar Disorders Program, Institute of Neurosciences, Favaloro University, Buenos Aires, Argentina; National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Diego J Martino
- Bipolar Disorders Program, Institute of Neurosciences, Favaloro University, Buenos Aires, Argentina; National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Sergio A Strejilevich
- Bipolar Disorders Program, Institute of Neurosciences, Favaloro University, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Institute of Cognitive Neurology (INECO), Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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194
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Lecce S, Demicheli P, Zocchi S, Palladino P. The origins of children’s metamemory: The role of theory of mind. J Exp Child Psychol 2015; 131:56-72. [PMID: 25514786 DOI: 10.1016/j.jecp.2014.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2014] [Revised: 11/18/2014] [Accepted: 11/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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195
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Ryan NP, Catroppa C, Cooper JM, Beare R, Ditchfield M, Coleman L, Silk T, Crossley L, Rogers K, Beauchamp MH, Yeates KO, Anderson VA. Relationships between acute imaging biomarkers and theory of mind impairment in post-acute pediatric traumatic brain injury: A prospective analysis using susceptibility weighted imaging (SWI). Neuropsychologia 2015; 66:32-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2014.10.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2014] [Revised: 10/06/2014] [Accepted: 10/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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196
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Schuwerk T, Langguth B, Sommer M. Modulating functional and dysfunctional mentalizing by transcranial magnetic stimulation. Front Psychol 2014; 5:1309. [PMID: 25477838 PMCID: PMC4235411 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2014.01309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2014] [Accepted: 10/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Mentalizing, the ability to attribute mental states to others and oneself, is a cognitive function with high relevance for social interactions. Recent neuroscientific research has increasingly contributed to attempts to decompose this complex social cognitive function into constituting neurocognitive building blocks. Additionally, clinical research that focuses on social cognition to find links between impaired social functioning and neurophysiological deviations has accumulated evidence that mentalizing is affected in most psychiatric disorders. Recently, both lines of research have started to employ transcranial magnetic stimulation: the first to modulate mentalizing in order to specify its neurocognitive components, the latter to treat impaired mentalizing in clinical conditions. This review integrates findings of these two different approaches to draw a more detailed picture of the neurocognitive basis of mentalizing and its deviations in psychiatric disorders. Moreover, we evaluate the effectiveness of hitherto employed stimulation techniques and protocols, paradigms and outcome measures. Based on this overview we highlight new directions for future research on the neurocognitive basis of functional and dysfunctional social cognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Schuwerk
- Department of Psychology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Germany ; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Regensburg Regensburg, Germany
| | - Berthold Langguth
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Regensburg Regensburg, Germany
| | - Monika Sommer
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Regensburg Regensburg, Germany
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Inhibiting the posterior medial prefrontal cortex by rTMS decreases the discrepancy between self and other in Theory of Mind reasoning. Behav Brain Res 2014; 274:312-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2014.08.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2014] [Revised: 08/08/2014] [Accepted: 08/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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198
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Romeo S, Chiandetti A, Siracusano A, Troisi A. An exploratory study of the relationship between neurological soft signs and theory of mind deficits in schizophrenia. Psychiatry Res 2014; 218:7-11. [PMID: 24768250 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2014.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2013] [Revised: 01/15/2014] [Accepted: 04/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Indirect evidence suggests partially common pathogenetic mechanisms for Neurological Soft Signs (NSS), neurocognition, and social cognition in schizophrenia. However, the possible association between NSS and mentalizing impairments has not yet been examined. In the present study, we assessed the ability to attribute mental states to others in patients with schizophrenia and predicted that the presence of theory of mind deficits would be significantly related to NSS. Participants were 90 clinically stable patients with a DSM-IV diagnosis of schizophrenia. NSS were assessed using the Neurological Evaluation Scale (NES). Theory of mind deficits were assessed using short verbal stories designed to measure false belief understanding. The findings of the study confirmed our hypothesis. Impaired sequencing of complex motor acts was the only neurological abnormality correlated with theory of mind deficits. By contrast, sensory integration, motor coordination and the NES Others subscale had no association with patients׳ ability to pass first- or second-order false belief tasks. If confirmed by future studies, the current findings provide the first preliminary evidence for the claim that specific NSS and theory of mind deficits may reflect overlapping neural substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Romeo
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, via Nomentana 1362, 00137 Rome, Italy
| | - Alessio Chiandetti
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, via Nomentana 1362, 00137 Rome, Italy
| | - Alberto Siracusano
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, via Nomentana 1362, 00137 Rome, Italy
| | - Alfonso Troisi
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, via Nomentana 1362, 00137 Rome, Italy.
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199
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Wölwer W, Lowe A, Brinkmeyer J, Streit M, Habakuck M, Agelink MW, Mobascher A, Gaebel W, Cordes J. Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (rTMS) Improves Facial Affect Recognition in Schizophrenia. Brain Stimul 2014; 7:559-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brs.2014.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2014] [Revised: 04/17/2014] [Accepted: 04/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
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Tipler C, Ruscher JB. Agency's Role in Dehumanization: Non-human Metaphors of Out-groups. SOCIAL AND PERSONALITY PSYCHOLOGY COMPASS 2014. [DOI: 10.1111/spc3.12100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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