151
|
Baccili C, Oliveira SD, Costa J, Massoco C, Pozzi C, Gomes V. Hematological and immunological development from birth to six months of age in Holstein calves. ARQ BRAS MED VET ZOO 2018. [DOI: 10.1590/1678-4162-9416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT The hematological and immunological development of calves from birth to 6 months of age was performed by hemogram and cellular phenotype. Ten male Holstein calves were assessed in 13 moments: before colostrum intake (D0), every 2 days until the 10th day of life (D2 to D10), at the 15th day after birth (D15), and then monthly up to 6 months (D180). Calves presented hemoconcentration on day (D) 0 and showed a gradual decrease in hematimetric rates until D180. The inversion of the neutrophilic for lymphocytic profile was observed on D4. The percentage of CD3+ cells on D10 was higher than D30 up to D180. The number of CD4+ and CD8+ cells did not change between time points. The number of CD21+ lymphocytes was significantly higher at early time points of D0 up to D15, compared on D30 until D150. In conclusion, the neonatal period was marked by stress leukogram in the first 4 days, and low number of B lymphocytes. These might be risk factors for bacterial infections responsible for navel inflammation and diarrhea. The increase in the number of B cells from 30 days of age demonstrated that the calves were functional and able to generate an immune response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - V. Gomes
- Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
152
|
Associations between group sizes, serum protein levels, calf morbidity and growth in dairy-beef calves in a Finnish calf rearing unit. Prev Vet Med 2018; 161:100-108. [DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2018.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2017] [Revised: 10/25/2018] [Accepted: 10/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
|
153
|
Andresen CE, Loy DD, Brick TA, Schulz LL, Gunn PJ. Effects of extended-release eprinomectin on productivity measures in cow-calf systems and subsequent feedlot performance and carcass characteristics of calves. Transl Anim Sci 2018; 3:273-287. [PMID: 32704799 DOI: 10.1093/tas/txy115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2018] [Accepted: 11/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to estimate the impact of a single injection of extended-release eprinomectin on economically relevant production variables in beef cows and calves as well as subsequent feedlot health, performance, and carcass traits of calves compared with a traditional, short duration anthelmintic. Animals from 13 cooperator herds across seven states were stratified within herd and assigned to one of two treatments; injectable doramectin (DOR; Dectomax; n = 828) or injectable eprinomection (EPR; Longrange; n = 832). Fecal samples were randomly collected from a subset of cows at both treatment and the end of grazing to evaluate fecal egg count (FEC). Continuous and categorical data were analyzed using the MIXED and GLIMMIX procedures of SAS, respectively. Cow treatment body weight (BW) and final BW were not different (P ≥ 0.40) between treatments. There were no differences (P ≥ 0.12) between treatments in cow ADG, change in BW, or body condition scores during the grazing season. While FEC at treatment did not differ (P = 0.18), cows treated with EPR had lower final FEC at the end of the grazing season (P = 0.02) and a greater reduction of FEC over the grazing season (P = 0.01). Calf treatment BW, weaning BW, and ADG did not differ between treatments (P ≥ 0.34). Incidence of pinkeye tended to be less (P = 0.06) for cows treated with EPR but was not different for calves (P = 0.43). Conception to AI, overall pregnancy rates, and calving interval were not different between treatments (P ≥ 0.45). A subset of calves from each herd was sent to Tri-County Steer Carcass Futurity (TCSCF) feedlot for the finishing phase. Calf BW did not differ at initiation of feeding (P = 0.20). While EPR calves tended to be heavier at reimplantation (P = 0.07), final BW and overall ADG were not different between treatments (P ≥ 0.13). Health records indicated lower morbidity for EPR calves (P = 0.05). Carcass performance including HCW, dressing percent, backfat, KPH, REA, YG, were not different between treatment groups (P ≥ 0.12). However, EPR calves had a greater marbling score, greater average quality grade (P < 0.01), and higher proportion of calves that graded average choice or greater (P = 0.03). Results of this study indicate no difference in cow or preweaning calf performance, however, carcass quality in the feedlot phase was improved. Thus, economic analysis indicates opportunities for return on investment if animals treated with EPR have improved health status and/or carcass quality during the feeding phase.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Dan D Loy
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA
| | - Troy A Brick
- Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA
| | - Lee L Schulz
- Department of Economics, Iowa State University, Ames, IA
| | - Patrick J Gunn
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA
| |
Collapse
|
154
|
Surlis C, Earley B, McGee M, Keogh K, Cormican P, Blackshields G, Tiernan K, Dunn A, Morrison S, Arguello A, Waters SM. Blood immune transcriptome analysis of artificially fed dairy calves and naturally suckled beef calves from birth to 7 days of age. Sci Rep 2018; 8:15461. [PMID: 30337646 PMCID: PMC6194081 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-33627-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2018] [Accepted: 09/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Neonatal calves possess a very immature and naïve immune system and are reliant on the intake of maternal colostrum for passive transfer of immunoglobulins. Variation in colostrum management of beef and dairy calves is thought to affect early immune development. Therefore, the objective of this study was to examine changes in gene expression and investigate molecular pathways involved in the immune-competence development of neonatal Holstein dairy calves and naturally suckled beef calves using next generation RNA-sequencing during the first week of life. Jugular whole blood samples were collected from Holstein (H) dairy calves (n = 8) artificially fed 5% B.W. colostrum, and from beef calves which were the progenies of Charolais-Limousin (CL; n = 7) and Limousin-Friesian beef suckler cows (LF; n = 7), for subsequent RNA isolation. In dairy calves, there was a surge in pro-inflammatory cytokine gene expression possibly due to the stress of separation from the dam. LF calves exhibited early signs of humoral immune development with observed increases in the expression genes coding for Ig receptors, which was not evident in the other breeds by 7 days of age. Immune and health related DEGs identified as upregulated in beef calves are prospective contender genes for the classification of biomarkers for immune-competence development, and will contribute towards a greater understanding of the development of an immune response in neonatal calves.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Surlis
- Teagasc Animal and Bioscience Research Department, Grange, Dunsany, Meath, Ireland.
| | - B Earley
- Teagasc Animal and Bioscience Research Department, Grange, Dunsany, Meath, Ireland
| | - M McGee
- Teagasc Animal and Bioscience Research Department, Grange, Dunsany, Meath, Ireland
| | - K Keogh
- Teagasc Animal and Bioscience Research Department, Grange, Dunsany, Meath, Ireland
| | - P Cormican
- Teagasc Animal and Bioscience Research Department, Grange, Dunsany, Meath, Ireland
| | - G Blackshields
- Teagasc Animal and Bioscience Research Department, Grange, Dunsany, Meath, Ireland
| | - K Tiernan
- Teagasc Animal and Bioscience Research Department, Grange, Dunsany, Meath, Ireland
| | - A Dunn
- Sustainable Livestock, Agri-food and Bio-sciences Institute, BT26 6DR, Hillsborough, United Kingdom
| | - S Morrison
- Sustainable Livestock, Agri-food and Bio-sciences Institute, BT26 6DR, Hillsborough, United Kingdom
| | - A Arguello
- Teagasc Animal and Bioscience Research Department, Grange, Dunsany, Meath, Ireland
| | - S M Waters
- Teagasc Animal and Bioscience Research Department, Grange, Dunsany, Meath, Ireland.
| |
Collapse
|
155
|
Silva B, Baccili C, Henklein A, Oliveira P, Oliveira S, Sobreira N, Ribeiro C, Gomes V. Transferência de imunidade passiva (TIP) e dinâmica de anticorpos específicos em bezerros naturalmente expostos para as viroses respiratórias. ARQ BRAS MED VET ZOO 2018. [DOI: 10.1590/1678-4162-9486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
RESUMO Esta pesquisa avaliou a TIP e a dinâmica de anticorpos (ACs) específicos em bezerros naturalmente expostos aos agentes causadores da doença respiratória bovina (DRB). Foram selecionados 19 bezerros Holandeses alimentados com colostro proveniente de doadoras vacinadas para DRB. Amostras de soro foram obtidas antes e após a ingestão do colostro (48h) para a soroneutralização (SN). Os valores médios (log2) detectados após colostragem foram de 11,5±1,6 (BVDV), 8,8±1,3 (BoHV-1), 5,5±1,6 (BRSV) e 8,4±1,5 (BPIV-3). Cinco bezerros foram criados do nascimento aos 240 dias de vida, observando-se decréscimo nos títulos de ACs para BVDV, BoHV-1 e BPIV-3 ao longo do tempo (P≤0,001). As taxas de infecções detectadas entre o D14 e o D240 foram de 40% (2/5), 20% (1/5), 80% (4/5), e 60% (3/5), respectivamente, para BVDV, BoHV-1, BRSV e BPIV-3. A maioria dos bezerros manifestou broncopneumonia após as infecções virais. Os bezerros apresentaram ACs para todas as viroses às 48 horas de vida, porém os títulos adquiridos para o BRSV foram baixos. A susceptibilidade para as infecções variou de acordo com os níveis e a duração dos títulos de ACs maternos.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - V. Gomes
- Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
156
|
Bertagnon HG, Batista CF, Santos KR, Gomes RC, Bellinazzi JB, Della Libera AMMP. Alveolar macrophage functions during the transition phase to active immunity in calves1. J Anim Sci 2018; 96:3738-3747. [PMID: 29982670 DOI: 10.1093/jas/sky261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2018] [Accepted: 06/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The first 3 to 6 mo of the life of calves is the period during which active immunity is established. During this period, greater morbidity and mortality is caused by bronchopneumonia because of the immaturity of the pulmonary immune system or the exaggerated cytotoxic response at subsequent infection. The aim of this study was to examine the maturity of the immune system during this phase of activation of acquired immunity in calves. For this purpose, the functions of phagocytosis and the reactive oxygen species (ROS) of alveolar macrophages CD14+ were evaluated. Further, the classes of immunoglobulins and the cytokines implicated in lymphocyte response patterns Th1 and Th2 in 10 healthy Holstein calves were quantified. Samples were taken from calves every 15 d, from the third to the sixth month of life. The alveolar macrophage CD14+ functions increased progressively until 150 d of age (phagocytosis, P = 0.02, ROS, P = 0.05), IgG1 and IgG2 isotype secretion reached an equilibrium, and the cytokine profiles were compatible with the Th1 response. At 165 d of age, there was a decrease in cellular function (phagocytosis P = 0.02, ROS P = 0.04) and an increase in IgG1 titers (P = 0.005) and IL-10 mRNA expression (P = 0.09). At 180 d of life, we observed an IgG1 and IgG2 secretion balance, a decrease in IL-10 mRNA expression, and an increase in IL-12 mRNA (P = 0.04) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α mRNA expressions (P = 0.0003) and alveolar macrophage oxidative metabolism were observed. These results indicate that the calves had an active immune response that was distinctive for the age group. The CD14+ response is more reactive at 150 d. A regulatory and/or humoral response begins at 165 d of life as the equilibrium of Th1 and Th2 profiles is reached at 180 d of life. This may be clinically relevant for the development of specific therapies and prophylactic measures for bronchopneumonia in calves at 135 to 180 d of life.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Heloisa G Bertagnon
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Centro Oeste of Parana (UNICENTRO), Guarapuava, PR, Brazil.,Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Camila F Batista
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Kamila R Santos
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Renata C Gomes
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Jessyca B Bellinazzi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Alice Maria M P Della Libera
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
157
|
Rojo-Cebreros AH, Ibarra-Castro L, Martínez-Brown JM. Immunostimulation and trained immunity in marine fish larvae. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 80:15-21. [PMID: 29857131 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2018.05.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2018] [Revised: 05/06/2018] [Accepted: 05/25/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Little is known about the strategies for immunization and immunostimulation in marine fish larvae; however, both strategies have the potential to improve survival during the first days of larval culture. The biological variety of marine fish larvae complicates the standardization of the application of these strategies, although the mechanisms of early development are similar in marine species of commercial importance and those with aquaculture potential. Immunostimulation experiments performed with fish larvae provide evidence that helps to further understand the mechanisms of trained immunity, which can be used to understand responses to immunostimulation treatments. Therefore, during the stages of marine fish larviculture, strategic planning is required for the standardization of immunostimulation methods. A standardized method could improve our understanding of the effects of immunostimulating agents on the maturation of immune systems in marine fish larvae; this information would enhance the ability to achieve early training of innate immunity and determine its potential to improve the survival of cultured larvae.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Angel Humberto Rojo-Cebreros
- Laboratory of Reproduction and Marine Finfish Hatchery, Research Center for Food and Development A.C. Unidad Mazatlán, Avenida Sábalo Cerritos S/N, Mazatlán, C.P. 82000, A.P. 711, Sinaloa, Mexico.
| | - Leonardo Ibarra-Castro
- Laboratory of Reproduction and Marine Finfish Hatchery, Research Center for Food and Development A.C. Unidad Mazatlán, Avenida Sábalo Cerritos S/N, Mazatlán, C.P. 82000, A.P. 711, Sinaloa, Mexico
| | - Juan M Martínez-Brown
- Laboratory of Reproduction and Marine Finfish Hatchery, Research Center for Food and Development A.C. Unidad Mazatlán, Avenida Sábalo Cerritos S/N, Mazatlán, C.P. 82000, A.P. 711, Sinaloa, Mexico
| |
Collapse
|
158
|
Freudenschuss B, Ruttkowski B, Shrestha A, Abd-Elfattah A, Pagès M, Ladinig A, Joachim A. Antibody and cytokine response to Cystoisospora suis infections in immune-competent young pigs. Parasit Vectors 2018; 11:390. [PMID: 29973271 PMCID: PMC6031197 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-018-2974-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2018] [Accepted: 06/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background To date, investigations on the immune response to Cystoisospora suis infections focused on suckling piglets, the age group clinically most affected. Actively immunizing piglets is unfeasible due to their immature immune system and the typically early infection in the first days after birth. Therefore, understanding and possibly enhancing the immune response of immune-competent animals is the prerequisite to develop a passive immunization strategy for piglets which currently rely on very limited treatment options. Methods To investigate antibody and cytokine responses of immune-competent animals and the impact of the oral immunization protocol on their immune response, growers with unknown previous exposure to C. suis (10–11 weeks-old) were infected one or three times with different doses (600 and 6000 or 200 and 2000, respectively) of C. suis oocysts, and compared to uninfected controls. Oocyst excretion was evaluated, and blood and intestinal mucus antibody titers were determined by IFAT. Systemic production of Th1, Th2, inflammatory and regulatory cytokines was determined in different immune compartments at mRNA and (after stimulation with a recombinant merozoite-protein) at protein level by PCR and multiplex fluorescent immunoassay, respectively. Results Infection generated significantly increased serum IgA and IgG levels against C. suis sporozoites and merozoites, irrespective of infection mode, with IgG against merozoites showing the strongest increase. No clinical signs and only occasional excretion were observed. The systemic cytokine response to C. suis was only weak. Nonetheless, in white blood cells, IL-4, IL-6 and IL-10 mRNA-levels significantly increased after infection, whereas IFN-ɣ, IL-2 and TGF-β expression tended to decrease. In mesenteric lymph nodes (MLN), IL-10 and TNF-α levels were elevated while splenic cytokine expression was unaltered upon infection. Stimulated MLN-derived lymphocytes from infected pigs produced slightly more IL-12 and less IFN-α than controls. Conclusions An infection and a subsequent systemic immune response can be induced in immune-competent animals by all evaluated infection models and growers can be used as models to mimic sow immunizations. The immune response to C. suis, although mild and with considerable variation in cytokine expression, was characterized by a Th2-associated and regulatory cytokine profile and antibody production. However, none of the parameters clearly stood out as a potential marker associated with protection. Antibody titers were significantly positively related with oocyst excretion and might thus serve as correlates for parasite replication or severity of infection. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13071-018-2974-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Freudenschuss
- Institute of Parasitology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210, Vienna, Austria
| | - Bärbel Ruttkowski
- Institute of Parasitology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210, Vienna, Austria
| | - Aruna Shrestha
- Institute of Parasitology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ahmed Abd-Elfattah
- Institute of Parasitology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Andrea Ladinig
- University Clinic for Swine, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210, Vienna, Austria
| | - Anja Joachim
- Institute of Parasitology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210, Vienna, Austria.
| |
Collapse
|
159
|
Perrett T, Johnson DL, Song J, van de Pol S, Dahlman DA, Rademacher RD, Hannon SJ, Booker CW. A retrospective analysis of feedlot morbidity and mortality outcomes in calves born to dams with known viral vaccination history. THE CANADIAN VETERINARY JOURNAL = LA REVUE VETERINAIRE CANADIENNE 2018; 59:779-782. [PMID: 30026627 PMCID: PMC6005078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
This retrospective analysis aimed to determine the effects of a maternal viral vaccination program (MVVP; Express Verified) on calf health during the feeding period. In low- and high-risk populations, calves born to dams vaccinated pre-breeding with program products had improved morbidity and mortality outcomes compared with non-program animals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tye Perrett
- Feedlot Health Management Services, Okotoks, Alberta T1S 2A2
| | | | - Jiming Song
- Feedlot Health Management Services, Okotoks, Alberta T1S 2A2
| | | | - Devin A Dahlman
- Feedlot Health Management Services, Okotoks, Alberta T1S 2A2
| | | | - Sherry J Hannon
- Feedlot Health Management Services, Okotoks, Alberta T1S 2A2
| | - Calvin W Booker
- Feedlot Health Management Services, Okotoks, Alberta T1S 2A2
| |
Collapse
|
160
|
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher C L Chase
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, South Dakota State University, PO Box 2175, SAR Room 125, North Campus Drive, Brookings, SD 57007, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
161
|
BVDV Npro protein mediates the BVDV induced immunosuppression through interaction with cellular S100A9 protein. Microb Pathog 2018; 121:341-349. [PMID: 29859294 PMCID: PMC7127600 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2018.05.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Revised: 05/26/2018] [Accepted: 05/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The innate immune response is a vital part of the body's antiviral defense system. The innate immune response is initiated by various receptor interactions, including danger associated molecular patterns (DAMPs). The S100A9 is a member of the DAMPs protein family and, is released by activated phagocytic cells such as neutrophils, monocytes, macrophages or endothelial cells, and S100A9 induces its effect through TLR4/MyD88 pathway. Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) is one of the major devastating disease in the cattle industry worldwide. It shows its effect through immunosuppression and develops persistent infection in calves born from infected cows. The current study revealed that BVDV potentially induced immunosuppression by the interaction of BVDV Npro protein with cellular S100A9 protein. The Inhibition of S100A9 protein expression by small interfering RNA (siRNA) enhanced the virus replication in infected cells. Overexpression of bovine S100A9 enhanced the ncpBVDV2a 1373 mediated Type-I interferon production. A co-immunoprecipitation experiment demonstrated a strong interaction between ncp BVDV2a 1373 Npro protein and cellular S100A9 protein. This suggested that BVDV Npro reduced the S100A9 protein availability/activity in infected cells, resulting in reduced Type-I interferon production. A further study of S100A9-BVDV interaction will be need for better understanding of BVDV pathophysiology. The bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) nonstructural protein, Npro, is responsible for immunosuppression. The mechanism of Npro immune immunosuppression is not well characterized. S100A9, a cell protein that contains danger associated molecular patterns (DAMP), is important in innate immunity. S100A9 protein and Npro protein associate while overexpression of S100A9 enhanced Type-I interferon production. Inhibition of S100A9 by siRNA aided BVDV replication. Npro interacting with S100A9 may result in immunosuppression.
Collapse
|
162
|
Belli AL, Reis RB, Veronese A, Moreira R, Flanagan K, Driver J, Nelson CD, Clapper JA, Ballou MA, Jeong KC, Chebel RC. Effects of treatment of preweaning dairy calves with recombinant bovine somatotropin on immune responses and somatotropic axis. J Dairy Sci 2018; 101:6602-6615. [PMID: 29655555 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2017-13917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2017] [Accepted: 02/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Weaning may be associated with negative energy balance and body weight loss when calves are still immunologically immature, predisposing them to infectious diseases. The aim of the present experiment was to investigate the effects of treatment of preweaning dairy calves with recombinant bovine somatotropin (rbST) on the somatotropic axis, selected immune parameters, and hematology of calves around weaning. Thirty-six Holstein female calves were randomly assigned to receive 1.5 to 1.8 mg of rbST (Posilac, Elanco Animal Health, Greenfield, IN) per kilogram of body weight or to receive injections of saline (saline solution 0.9%, Valley Vet Supply, Marysville, KS) every 7 d from 21 to 63 d of life. Calves were fed milk replacer ad libitum from birth to 38 d of age (d -11), when progressive weaning started, and calves were weaned at 49 d of age (d 0). Calves were weighed at birth and weekly from 21 to 63 d of age, when wither height also was measured. Calves were vaccinated with 0.5 mg of ovalbumin on study d -28 and -7. Blood samples were collected on d -28, -25, -21, -11, 0, 3, 7, and 14. Polymorphonuclear leukocytes were isolated and challenged ex vivo with Escherichia coli to determine phagocytosis and oxidative burst capacity. Additionally, expression of cluster of differentiation (CD)62L and CD18 by granulocyte, lymphocyte, and CD14+ monocyte were determined. Blood samples were also used to determine hematological parameters and concentrations of growth hormone, insulin-like growth factor-1, insulin, glucose, fatty acids, β-hydroxybutyrate, haptoglobin, and anti-ovalbumin IgG. Calves treated with rbST had greater concentrations of growth hormone and insulin-like growth factor-1 from d -25 to 14 than control calves, whereas insulin, fatty acid, and β-hydroxybutyrate concentrations did not differ. On d -11, glucose concentration was greater for rbST-treated calves. Treatment did not affect polymorphonuclear lymphocyte phagocytosis and oxidative burst, but intensity of expression of CD62L and CD18 by granulocytes tended to be increased by rbST treatment. Treatment did not affect the concentration of anti-ovalbumin IgG in serum. Haptoglobin concentration was reduced in rbST treated calves on d 3 and we noted a tendency for hematocrit to be lower in rbST-treated calves. Treatment did not affect body weight, wither height, and average daily gain, despite the fact that rbST-treated calves had lower daily milk replacer intake. The relatively minor improvements in immune responses resulting from rbST treatment of weaning calves may not be sufficient to reduce the incidence of infectious diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A L Belli
- Department of Animal Science, Escola de Veterinária da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 567; Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville 32608
| | - R B Reis
- Department of Animal Science, Escola de Veterinária da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 567
| | - A Veronese
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville 32608
| | - R Moreira
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville 32608
| | - K Flanagan
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville 32608
| | - J Driver
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville 32608
| | - C D Nelson
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville 32608
| | - J A Clapper
- Department of Animal Science, South Dakota State University, Brookings 57007
| | - M A Ballou
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock 79409
| | - K C Jeong
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville 32608
| | - R C Chebel
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville 32608; Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville 32608.
| |
Collapse
|
163
|
|
164
|
Neary JM, Mendenhall V, Santana D. Surgical placement of a wireless telemetry device for cardiovascular studies of bovine calves. F1000Res 2018; 6:1061. [PMID: 29445448 PMCID: PMC5790998 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.11785.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Domestic cattle (
Bos taurus) are naturally susceptible to hypoxia-induced pulmonary arterial hypertension; consequently, the bovine calf has been used with considerable success as an animal model of the analogous human condition. Studies to date, however, have relied on instantaneous measurements of pressure and cardiac output. Here, we describe the surgical technique for placement of a fully implantable wireless biotelemetry device in a bovine calf for measurement of pulmonary arterial and left ventricular pressures, right ventricular output, and electrocardiogram. Methods: Three, 2-month old bovine calves underwent left-sided thoracotomies. A transit-time flow probe was placed around the pulmonary artery and solid-state pressure catheters inserted into the pulmonary artery and left ventricle. Biopotential leads were secured to the epicardium. The implant body was secured subcutaneously, dorso-caudal to the incision. Results: The implant and sensors were successfully placed in two of the three calves. One calf died from ventricular fibrillation following left ventricular puncture prior to pressure sensor insertion. Anatomical discrepancies meant that either 4
th or 5
th rib was removed. The calves recovered quickly with minimal complications that included moderate dyspnea and subcutaneous edema. Conclusions: Left thoracotomy is a viable surgical approach for wireless biotelemetry studies of bovine calf cardiovascular function. The real-time, contemporaneous collection of cardiovascular pressures and output, permits pathophysiological studies in a naturally susceptible, large animal model of pulmonary arterial hypertension.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joseph M Neary
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, 79409-2141, USA
| | | | - Dixon Santana
- Department of Surgery, Texas Tech University Health Science Center, Lubbock, TX, 79430, USA
| |
Collapse
|
165
|
Htun A, Sato T, Fukuma N, Hanada M. Effects of difructose anhydride III on serum immunoglobulin G concentration and health status of newborn Holstein calves during the preweaning period. J Dairy Sci 2018; 101:3226-3232. [PMID: 29428752 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2017-13541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2017] [Accepted: 12/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
This experiment was performed to investigate the effects of increases in passively acquired immunoglobulin G (IgG) by difructose anhydride (DFA) III supplementation on subsequent serum IgG concentration and health status in calves during the preweaning period. Thirty newborn female Holstein calves were paired by birth order, and 2 calves in each pair were fed 2 L of the same batch of colostrum within 2 h and at 10 h after birth, and followed by 2 L of the same batch of pooled colostrum at 20 h after birth. One calf from each pair was assigned to the control (n = 15) or treatment (n = 15) group. All calves in the treatment group received 18 g of DFA III at each feeding from birth to 7 d of age, whereas calves in the control group did not receive DFA III. Blood samples were collected before feeding at 0, 10, 20, and 36 h, and 4 and 7 d of age, and sampling was repeated at 7-d intervals thereafter until 49 d of age for serum IgG analysis. Calves were monitored daily for diarrhea and respiratory diseases. Serum IgG concentrations peaked at 36 h of age in both groups. Apparent efficiency of IgG absorption and peak serum IgG concentration were higher in the treatment group than in the control group. Using multiple regression analysis, we showed that peak serum IgG concentration in the newborn calves was positively correlated with colostral IgG concentration and DFA III supplementation. Moreover, peak serum IgG concentration (36 h of age) positively influenced subsequent serum IgG concentration until 35 d of age for all calves in both groups. The treatment group had higher serum IgG concentration from 20 h to 21 d of age than the control group. However, we detected no differences between the groups in number of calves with diarrhea or respiratory disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Htun
- United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Iwate University, Morioka, Iwate, 020-8550, Japan
| | - T Sato
- Department of Life and Food Sciences, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido, 080-8555, Japan
| | - N Fukuma
- Department of Life and Food Sciences, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido, 080-8555, Japan
| | - M Hanada
- Department of Life and Food Sciences, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido, 080-8555, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
166
|
Hammon HM, Frieten D, Gerbert C, Koch C, Dusel G, Weikard R, Kühn C. Different milk diets have substantial effects on the jejunal mucosal immune system of pre-weaning calves, as demonstrated by whole transcriptome sequencing. Sci Rep 2018; 8:1693. [PMID: 29374218 PMCID: PMC5785999 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-19954-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2017] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
There is increasing evidence that nutrition during early mammalian life has a strong influence on health and performance in later life. However, there are conflicting data concerning the appropriate milk diet. This discrepancy particularly applies to ruminants, a group of mammals that switch from monogastric status to rumination during weaning. Little is known regarding how the whole genome expression pattern in the juvenile ruminant gut is affected by alternative milk diets. Thus, we performed a next-generation-sequencing-based holistic whole transcriptome analysis of the jejunum in male pre-weaned German Holstein calves fed diets with restricted or unlimited access to milk during the first 8 weeks of life. Both groups were provided hay and concentrate ad libitum. The analysis of jejunal mucosa samples collected 80 days after birth and four weeks after the end of the feeding regimes revealed 275 differentially expressed loci. While the differentially expressed loci comprised 67 genes encoding proteins relevant to metabolism or metabolic adaptation, the most distinct difference between the two groups was the consistently lower activation of the immune system in calves that experienced restricted milk access compared to calves fed milk ad libitum. In conclusion, different early life milk diets had significant prolonged effects on the intestinal immune system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H M Hammon
- Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - D Frieten
- University of Applied Sciences, Bingen, Germany
| | - C Gerbert
- Educational and Research Centre for Animal Husbandry, Hofgut Neumühle, Münchweiler, Germany
| | - C Koch
- Educational and Research Centre for Animal Husbandry, Hofgut Neumühle, Münchweiler, Germany
| | - G Dusel
- University of Applied Sciences, Bingen, Germany
| | - R Weikard
- Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - C Kühn
- Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Dummerstorf, Germany. .,University Rostock, Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Rostock, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
167
|
Earley B, Tiernan K, Duffy C, Dunn A, Waters S, Morrison S, McGee M. Effect of suckler cow vaccination against glycoprotein E (gE)-negative bovine herpesvirus type 1 (BoHV-1) on passive immunity and physiological response to subsequent bovine respiratory disease vaccination of their progeny. Res Vet Sci 2018; 118:43-51. [PMID: 29421483 PMCID: PMC7111865 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2018.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2017] [Revised: 10/02/2017] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The study objectives were: 1) to characterise the development of immunocompetence in beef suckler calves from birth to three months of age, and 2) to trace glycoprotein E (gE)-negative bovine herpesvirus type 1 (BoHV-1) antibodies from dam to calf and subsequent vaccination against pneumonia. Thirty multiparous beef suckler, spring-calving cows, consisting of two genotypes were involved; Limousin × Friesian (LF) and Charolais × Limousin (CL). Cows were immunised against the inactivated antigen strain of BoHV-1 (gE- (IBR marker vaccine) at day − 84 and received a booster at day − 56 relative to the expected calving date (d 0). Calves were immunised at 14 and 42 days of age against PI-3 virus, BRSV and Mannheimia (Pasteurella) haemolytica serotype A1 using a commercial vaccine administered subcutaneously. Additionally, calves were immunised against BoHV-1 at 42 days of age, using 1 dose of a live commercial vaccine administered intranasally. Blood samples were collected from all calves (n = 30) via jugular venipuncture at birth, prior to colostrum feeding (0 h), at 12 h (h), 24 h, 72 h and 168 h after the initial feeding of colostrum, and at d 7, 14, 28, 42, 56 and 84 post birth. The mean ratio of gE negative antibodies circulating in the blood of LF and CL dams pre-partum scored negative to gE ab (S/N ≥ 0.70). Antibody levels of BoHV-1 (wild type (wt)) peaked at 12 h post-birth in calves and declined thereafter, as the maternal antibodies decayed. There was no difference in BoHV-1 and BRSV antibody levels in calves post vaccination. Greater decrease in cow serum IgG concentration in LF cows than CL cows pre-partum. Progeny of LF cows have a greater pre-weaning ADG than the progeny of CL cows. Maternally derived antibodies affects response to vaccination in suckled beef calves.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bernadette Earley
- Animal and Bioscience Research Department, Animal & Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Teagasc, Grange, Dunsany, Co. Meath, Ireland.
| | - Katie Tiernan
- Animal and Bioscience Research Department, Animal & Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Teagasc, Grange, Dunsany, Co. Meath, Ireland; Veterinary Sciences Centre, School of Agriculture, Food Science and Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Ireland
| | - Catherine Duffy
- Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute, Stoney Road, Stormont, Belfast BT4 3SD, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Amanda Dunn
- Sustainable Livestock, Agri-food and Bio-sciences Institute, Hillsborough, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Sinead Waters
- Animal and Bioscience Research Department, Animal & Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Teagasc, Grange, Dunsany, Co. Meath, Ireland
| | - Steven Morrison
- Sustainable Livestock, Agri-food and Bio-sciences Institute, Hillsborough, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Mark McGee
- Livestock Systems Department, Animal & Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Teagasc, Grange, Dunsany, Co. Meath, Ireland
| |
Collapse
|
168
|
Dunn A, Welsh M, Gordon A, Arguello A, Morrison SJ, Earley B. Effect of passive transfer status on response to a glycoprotein E (gE)-negative bovine herpesvirus type 1 (BoHV-1) and bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV) vaccine and weaning stress in pre-weaned dairy calves. JOURNAL OF APPLIED ANIMAL RESEARCH 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/09712119.2017.1422257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Dunn
- Sustainable Livestock, Agri-Food and Bio-Sciences Institute, Hillsborough, Northern Ireland
| | - Michael Welsh
- Sisaf, Unit 15A Innovation Centre, Belfast, Northern Ireland
| | - Alan Gordon
- Agri-Food and Bio-Sciences Institute, Belfast, Northern Ireland
| | - Anastasio Arguello
- Animal & Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Teagasc, Co. Meath, Ireland
| | - Steven J. Morrison
- Sustainable Livestock, Agri-Food and Bio-Sciences Institute, Hillsborough, Northern Ireland
| | - Bernadette Earley
- Animal & Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Teagasc, Co. Meath, Ireland
| |
Collapse
|
169
|
Giglioti R, de Oliveira HN, Bilhassi TB, Portilho AI, Okino CH, Marcondes CR, de Sena Oliveira MC. Estimates of repeatability and correlations of hemoparasites infection levels for cattle reared in endemic areas for Rhipicephalus microplus. Vet Parasitol 2018; 250:78-84. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2017.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2017] [Revised: 12/01/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
|
170
|
Novo SM, Costa JFDR, Baccili CC, Sobreira NM, Maia MA, Leite SB, Hurley DJ, Gomes V. Specific immune response in neonate Holstein heifer calves fed fresh or frozen colostrum. PESQUISA VETERINARIA BRASILEIRA 2017. [DOI: 10.1590/s0100-736x2017001200005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT: The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of viable cells from colostrum on immune development in dairy heifer calves during the first 28 days of life. The animals were distributed between 2 groups: COL+ (n=9) receiving fresh whole colostrum from their own damns; and COL- (n=10) receiving pooled frozen colostrum, containing no viable cells, from a pool of donor cows. These calves were assessed before colostrum intake (D0), 48 hours of age (D2), and weekly from D7 to D28. The development of immunity was evaluated by assessment of the phenotype of blood leukocyte subsets, and induced cytokine production after 72 hours of stimulation in culture with concanavalin A (ConA), killed Staphylococcus aureus (S.aureus) and killed Escherichia coli (E. coli) by peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC). The clinical history of these calves was marked by a high frequency of diarrhea in both groups. However, COL- had greater diarrhea intensity scores (fecal score~3 of 4), and rectal temperature on D7 than COL+ calves. Moreover, bronchopneumonia (n=1) and navel inflammation were observed only in COL- calves. COL- had a lower concentration of serum iron, and a higher absolute number of lymphocytes on D7 than COL+. COL- also had a higher percentage of anemic calves than the COL+ calves on D21 and D28. In general, the percent of cells within each subset of leukocytes was similar between the groups over the experiment, except on week 1 when COL- calves had a higher percentage of lymphocytes expressing CD45RO+ (P=0.07). A steady increase in CD45RO+ and concomitant decline in CD45RO- leukocytes was observed over the course of the study, indicating the development of immune memory. The proportion of CD14MHCII+ leukocytes increased with age (P≤0.05). The median background cytokine production by PBMC that were not stimulated was below the level of detection of the assays used for both groups. The PBMC from COL+ calves stimulated with ConA secreted a larger quantity of IL-17 week 2 (COL+=2060.0pg/mL and COL-=0.0pg/mL, P=0.00). PBMC from COL+ calves stimulated with killed S. aureus whole cell antigen (P=0.05) and killed E. coli whole cell antigen (P=0.05) also secreted higher levels of IL17 than COL- calves at week 4. Clear production of IL17 was observed in PBML from COL+ calves at week 2, but the difference was not statistical different between groups. In conclusion, calves fed fresh and frozen colostrum showed no difference in cells subset profile overall. The increased percentage of leukocytes expressing the memory CD45RO+ or CD14MHCII+ over the course of the experiment indicated a maturation of the adaptive immune response after natural exposure to pathogens in the environment of the calf. The enhanced IL17 secretion by COL+ calves indicated that viable maternal cells modulated T-cell Th17 production that was primed by bacterial antigens. This mechanism could be responsible for quick and efficient activation of neutrophils for bacterial clearance. The differences in cytokine production observed between groups may help to explain the different clinical pictures observed for calves COL+ and COL- calves.
Collapse
|
171
|
Çokçalışkan C, Türkoğlu T, Uzunlu E, Sareyyüpoğlu B, Hancı İ, İpek A, Arslan A, Babak A, İldeniz G, Gülyaz V. Influence of vaccine potency and booster administration of foot-and-mouth disease vaccines on the antibody response in calves with maternal antibodies. J Vet Sci 2017; 18:315-322. [PMID: 28859271 PMCID: PMC5583419 DOI: 10.4142/jvs.2017.18.s1.315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2017] [Revised: 05/31/2017] [Accepted: 06/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease is one of the most important viral diseases of cloven-hoofed animals. Mass vaccination is an effective method to control the disease and is frequently utilized in endemic regions. Sufficient protection of young animals is important in mass vaccination campaigns. Maternal antibodies negatively affect the success of vaccination. Hence, determination of the optimal vaccination age is crucial for the uninterrupted protection of young animals. This study was performed to identify the effect of vaccine potency and booster administration on serum neutralizing antibody titers of calves with different levels of maternal antibodies. Calves (n = 111) on a state farm were used in this study. Oil adjuvant foot-and-mouth disease vaccines with 3 PD50 and 6 PD50 potencies were used with or without booster administration. Serum samples were collected each month up to day 120 postvaccination. Virus neutralization tests were used to measure the serum neutralizing antibody titers and estimate the protection period by using pre-determined cut-off values for protection. The results revealed that a vaccination with a 6 PD50 potency vaccine, preferably followed by a booster dose, should be used to overcome maternal immunity for incessant protection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Can Çokçalışkan
- Institute of Foot and Mouth Disease (SAP), Ankara 06044, Turkey
| | - Tunçer Türkoğlu
- Institute of Foot and Mouth Disease (SAP), Ankara 06044, Turkey
| | - Ergün Uzunlu
- Institute of Foot and Mouth Disease (SAP), Ankara 06044, Turkey
| | | | - İbrahim Hancı
- Institute of Foot and Mouth Disease (SAP), Ankara 06044, Turkey
| | - Ahmet İpek
- Institute of Foot and Mouth Disease (SAP), Ankara 06044, Turkey
| | - Abdullah Arslan
- Institute of Foot and Mouth Disease (SAP), Ankara 06044, Turkey
| | - Ayca Babak
- Directorate-General for Agriculture and Rural Development, Ankara 06044, Turkey
| | - Gülnur İldeniz
- Directorate-General for State Farms, Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Livestock, Ankara 06044, Turkey
| | - Veli Gülyaz
- Institute of Foot and Mouth Disease (SAP), Ankara 06044, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
172
|
Serum proteins and lipids in mild form of calf bronchopneumonia: candidates for reliable biomarkers. ACTA VET-BEOGRAD 2017. [DOI: 10.1515/acve-2017-0018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Calf bronchopneumonia is complex multifactorial disease and for its accurate diagnosis and therapy, besides clinical examination, microbiologic, hematologic and biochemical analyses could be necessary. In general, additional analyses are not implemented, mainly because the disease biomarkers are not defined.
To establish which analysis might be useful for determining the severity of the disease, we analyzed 23 three-month old calves with mild clinical signs of bronchopneumonia and 15 age-matched healthy calves. Pasteurella multocida was isolated from deep nasal swabs of diseased calves. Peripheral blood erythrocyte and leukocyte count of bronchopneumonic and healthy calves showed no difference. Serum proteins, lipoproteins and lipids were analyzed with spectrophotometry, agarose gel electrophoresis, non-reducing SDS-PAGE, gel zymography, and thin-layer chromatography. The bronchopneumonic calves had an increased level of circulating immune complexes and α globulins, which contain some of the positive acute phase proteins. In diseased calves the increased concentration of total γ globulins (IgG), due to an increased concentration of anionic γ globulins (predominately IgG1), was detected. The increased concentration of anionic γ globulins followed by increased concentration of transferrin (negative acute phase protein) and HDL cholesterol, decreased concentration of LDL-cholesterol, unchanged activity of matrix metalloproteases and leukocyte counts might reflect the obvious absence of generalized inflammation. A positive correlation was found between the acquired results and the appearance of mild clinical signs. Therefore, we believe that the parameters analyzed in the peripheral blood could be applied as reliable disease markers to distinguish between severe (inflammatory) and mild forms of calf bronchopneumonia and to predict a better outcome for these calves.
Collapse
|
173
|
Nishimori A, Konnai S, Okagawa T, Maekawa N, Ikebuchi R, Goto S, Sajiki Y, Suzuki Y, Kohara J, Ogasawara S, Kato Y, Murata S, Ohashi K. In vitro and in vivo antivirus activity of an anti-programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) rat-bovine chimeric antibody against bovine leukemia virus infection. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0174916. [PMID: 28445479 PMCID: PMC5405919 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0174916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2017] [Accepted: 03/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Programmed death-1 (PD-1), an immunoinhibitory receptor on T cells, is known to be involved in immune evasion through its binding to PD-ligand 1 (PD-L1) in many chronic diseases. We previously found that PD-L1 expression was upregulated in cattle infected with bovine leukemia virus (BLV) and that an antibody that blocked the PD-1/PD-L1 interaction reactivated T-cell function in vitro. Therefore, this study assessed its antivirus activities in vivo. First, we inoculated the anti-bovine PD-L1 rat monoclonal antibody 4G12 into a BLV-infected cow. However, this did not induce T-cell proliferation or reduction of BLV provirus loads during the test period, and only bound to circulating IgM+ B cells until one week post-inoculation. We hypothesized that this lack of in vivo effects was due to its lower stability in cattle and so established an anti-PD-L1 rat-bovine chimeric antibody (Boch4G12). Boch4G12 was able to bind specifically with bovine PD-L1, interrupt the PD-1/PD-L1 interaction, and activate the immune response in both healthy and BLV-infected cattle in vitro. Therefore, we experimentally infected a healthy calf with BLV and inoculated it intravenously with 1 mg/kg of Boch4G12 once it reached the aleukemic (AL) stage. Cultivation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) isolated from the tested calf indicated that the proliferation of CD4+ T cells was increased by Boch4G12 inoculation, while BLV provirus loads were significantly reduced, clearly demonstrating that this treatment induced antivirus activities. Therefore, further studies using a large number of animals are required to support its efficacy for clinical application.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Asami Nishimori
- Department of Disease Control, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Satoru Konnai
- Department of Disease Control, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Okagawa
- Department of Disease Control, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Naoya Maekawa
- Department of Disease Control, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Ryoyo Ikebuchi
- Department of Disease Control, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Shinya Goto
- Department of Disease Control, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Yamato Sajiki
- Department of Disease Control, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Yasuhiko Suzuki
- Division of Bioresources, Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan.,Global Station for Zoonosis Control, Global Institution for Collaborative Research and Education (GI-CoRE), Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Junko Kohara
- Animal Research Center, Agricultural Research Department, Hokkaido Research Organization, Shintoku, Japan
| | | | - Yukinari Kato
- Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Shiro Murata
- Department of Disease Control, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Ohashi
- Department of Disease Control, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
174
|
Rocha TG, Silva FDF, Gregori F, Alfieri AA, Buzinaro MDG, Fagliari JJ. Longitudinal study of bovine rotavirus group A in newborn calves from vaccinated and unvaccinated dairy herds. Trop Anim Health Prod 2017; 49:783-790. [PMID: 28321789 PMCID: PMC7088669 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-017-1263-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2016] [Accepted: 03/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Reports of rotavirus excretion in calves usually result from cross-sectional studies, and in face of the conflicting results regarding protection of calves born to vaccinated dams against diarrhea, the aim of the present study was to evaluate rotavirus excretion in dairy calves born to vaccinated or unvaccinated dams, to identify the genotypes of bovine rotavirus group A (RVA) strains isolated from these animals as well as to investigate characteristics of the disease in naturally occurring circumstances throughout the first month of life. Five hundred fifty-two fecal samples were taken from 56 calves, 28 from each farm and, in the vaccinated herd, 11/281 samples (3.91%) taken from six different calves tested positive for RVA while in the unvaccinated herd, 3/271 samples (1.11%) taken from 3 different calves tested positive. The genotyping of the VP7 genes showed 91.2% nucleotide sequence identity to G6 genotype (NCDV strain), and for the VP4 gene, strains from the vaccinated herd were 96.6% related to B223 strain, while strains from the unvaccinated herd were 88% related to P[5] genotype (UK strain). Genotypes found in this study were G6P[11] in the vaccinated herd and G6P[5] in the unvaccinated herd. All calves infected with rotavirus presented an episode of diarrhea in the first month of life, and the discrepancy between the genotypes found in the commercial vaccine (G6P[1] and G10P[11]) and the rotavirus strains circulating in both vaccinated and unvaccinated herds show the importance of keeping constant surveillance in order to avoid potential causes of vaccination failure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thaís Gomes Rocha
- Research Laboratory of the Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Via de Acesso Prof. Paulo Donato Castellane, s/n, Jaboticabal, SP, CEP14884-900, Brazil. .,, Jaboticabal, SP, CEP 14870-720, Brazil.
| | - Fernanda Dornelas Florentino Silva
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of São Paulo (USP), Av. Prof. Dr. Orlando Marques de Paiva, 87, São Paulo, SP, CEP 05508-900, Brazil
| | - Fábio Gregori
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of São Paulo (USP), Av. Prof. Dr. Orlando Marques de Paiva, 87, São Paulo, SP, CEP 05508-900, Brazil
| | - Amauri Alcindo Alfieri
- Laboratory of Animal Virology, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Celso Garcia Cid Road, PR455 Km 380, P.O. Box 10.011, Londrina, PR, CEP 86057-970, Brazil
| | - Maria da Glória Buzinaro
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Via de Acesso Prof. Paulo Donato Castellane, s/n, Jaboticabal, SP, CEP 14884-900, Brazil
| | - José Jurandir Fagliari
- Research Laboratory of the Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Via de Acesso Prof. Paulo Donato Castellane, s/n, Jaboticabal, SP, CEP14884-900, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
175
|
Gelsinger SL, Heinrichs AJ. Comparison of immune responses in calves fed heat-treated or unheated colostrum. J Dairy Sci 2017; 100:4090-4101. [PMID: 28237597 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2016-12010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2016] [Accepted: 01/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the mechanisms that underlie neonatal immune function is important for appropriately treating and preventing disease. Cytokines provided in colostrum may affect immune development and function, but data describing cytokine absorption in calves and the effects of colostrum heat treatment on absorption are limited. The objectives of this experiment were to characterize immune responses in calves that received heat-treated (HT) or unheated (UH) colostrum (in terms of growth, rectal temperature, and blood cytokine and IgG concentrations) and to determine calves' ability to absorb IFNγ and IL1β from HT and UH colostrum. A single large batch of colostrum was divided to create treatments. The HT colostrum was heated to 60°C for 60 min. Both treatments were frozen until needed and warmed immediately before feeding. Bull calves (n = 26) were randomly assigned to receive 8% of their birth weight in colostrum from 1 treatment at birth. Blood was collected at 0 and 24 to 48 h after birth for IL1β, IFNγ, and IgG analyses. Subcutaneous injections of ovalbumin (5.0 mg/mL) were given at 14 and 35 ± 3 d of age. Rectal temperature and growth were monitored for 10 d following each injection. Plasma samples were collected at 0, 4, 8, and 12 h post-injection and daily for the subsequent 10 d to measure IL1β, IFNγ, and IgG concentrations. Colostrum heat treatment failed to increase blood IgG concentrations or the apparent efficiency of IgG absorption. Serum IL1β concentrations were higher in UH calves 24 to 48 h after birth and remained higher than those in HT calves through 15 d of age. Both IFNγ and IgG increased in response to ovalbumin injection; we observed no differences between treatments. Rectal temperature increased and peaked 12 h after injection at 14 and 35 d. Growth rate was reduced by exposure to the foreign antigen. Interactions of calf age and colostrum treatment with time post-injection indicate that calves tended to show greater loss in average daily gain at 35 d than at 14 d, and UH calves tended to recover greater rates of growth 6 to 10 d after receiving ovalbumin injection. Thus, feeding HT colostrum did not inhibit neonatal immune response, but it may have affected recovery from exogenous antigen challenge.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S L Gelsinger
- Department of Animal Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park 16802
| | - A J Heinrichs
- Department of Animal Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park 16802.
| |
Collapse
|
176
|
Lima SF, Teixeira AGV, Lima FS, Ganda EK, Higgins CH, Oikonomou G, Bicalho RC. The bovine colostrum microbiome and its association with clinical mastitis. J Dairy Sci 2017; 100:3031-3042. [PMID: 28161185 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2016-11604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2016] [Accepted: 12/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In an effort to characterize colostrum microbial diversity and its potential associations with early-lactation clinical mastitis, we used high-throughput sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene to investigate the bovine colostrum microbiome. A prospective observational study was conducted that included 70 Holstein cows; colostrum samples were collected from all 4 mammary gland quarters. Colostrum samples were categorized according to whether the quarter was diagnosed (CMC) or not diagnosed (NCMC) with clinical mastitis during the first 30 d postpartum. Colostrum samples were dominated by Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, Fusobacteria, and Tenericutes phyla, with the 6 most common taxa [order (o), family (f), and genus (g)] being g_Staphylococcus, g_Prevotella, f_Ruminococcaceae, o_Bacteroidales, o_Clostridiales, and g_Pseudomonas. The colostrum microbiota of primiparous cows was significantly richer (higher number of bacterial species) than that of multiparous cows, and differences in colostrum taxonomic structure between parities were also observed. The microbial community of NCMC samples of primiparous cows was significantly more diverse than that of CMC samples, and the relative abundances of the Tenericutes and Fusobacteria phyla as well as the Mycoplasma and Fusobacterium genera were significantly higher in NCMC than in CMC samples of primiparous cows. The colostrum core microbiome, defined as the bacterial taxa common to all colostrum samples examined, was composed of 20 taxa and included bacterial genera already known to be associated with mastitis (e.g., Staphylococcus, Mycoplasma, and Streptococcus spp.). Our results indicate that the colostrum microbiome of primiparous cows differs from that of multiparous cows, and it harbors some diversity and taxonomic markers of mammary gland health specific to primiparous cows only.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Svetlana F Lima
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca 14853, New York
| | - Andre G V Teixeira
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca 14853, New York
| | - Fabio S Lima
- Department of Veterinary Medical Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois, Urbana 61802
| | - Erika K Ganda
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca 14853, New York
| | - Catherine H Higgins
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca 14853, New York
| | - Georgios Oikonomou
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca 14853, New York; Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Neston CH64 7TE, United Kingdom
| | - Rodrigo C Bicalho
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca 14853, New York.
| |
Collapse
|
177
|
Novo SMF, Costa JFDR, Baccili CC, Sobreira NM, Silva BT, de Oliveira PL, Hurley DJ, Gomes V. Effect of maternal cells transferred with colostrum on the health of neonate calves. Res Vet Sci 2017; 112:97-104. [PMID: 28187318 PMCID: PMC7127623 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2017.01.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2016] [Revised: 01/20/2017] [Accepted: 01/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this research was to evaluate the influence of cells from colostrum on the health of neonate calves. Animals were distributed in 2 groups: COL + (n = 9) which received fresh colostrum from their own damns; and COL − (n = 10) which received frozen colostrums from donors. Heifers were assessed before colostrum intake – D0; D2; D7; D14; D21 and D28. Heifers were monitored by clinical examination, hematological profile and serum iron. COL − had a higher diarrhea intensity score (typically 3) on D7. Moreover, a single case each of bronchopneumonia and navel inflammation were observed in COL − calves. COL − had fewer red blood cells (RBC) (6.5 ± 0.8 × 106/μL) and less hemoglobin (Hgb) (8.3 ± 1.4 g/dL) than COL + (RBC = 7.2 ± 0.8 × 106/μL; Hgb = 9.6 ± 1.3 g/dL) at D14 (P ≤ 0.05). COL − had more anemia on D21 (P = 0.03) and on D28 (P = 0.02). Iron was lower in COL − (5.6 ± 2.7 μM/L) than COL + (10.7 ± 6.2 μM/L) (P = 0.03) on D7. Lymphocytes was lower in COL − than COL + on D7 (3.8 ± 1.0 × 103/μL COL + and 5.4 ± 2.2 × 103/μL COL −, P = 0.02). COL − calves had more anemia and lower serum iron concomitant with diarrhea on D7. The number of leukocytes was relatively consistent in the COL + calves, while COL − calves showed an increasing number of of lymphocytes starting on D7. Calves fed with frozen colostrum (COL −) had high intensity of disease. COL − had anemia and low serum iron. COL − had higher number of lymphocytes (D7) due to natural exposure to pathogens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sylvia Marquart Fontes Novo
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, 87, Prof. Dr. Orlando Marques de Paiva Avenue, Cidade Universitária, Butantã, Sao Paulo 05508-270, Brazil
| | - Juliana Fraça Dos Reis Costa
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, 87, Prof. Dr. Orlando Marques de Paiva Avenue, Cidade Universitária, Butantã, Sao Paulo 05508-270, Brazil
| | - Camila Costa Baccili
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, 87, Prof. Dr. Orlando Marques de Paiva Avenue, Cidade Universitária, Butantã, Sao Paulo 05508-270, Brazil
| | - Natália Meirelles Sobreira
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, 87, Prof. Dr. Orlando Marques de Paiva Avenue, Cidade Universitária, Butantã, Sao Paulo 05508-270, Brazil
| | - Bruno Toledo Silva
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, 87, Prof. Dr. Orlando Marques de Paiva Avenue, Cidade Universitária, Butantã, Sao Paulo 05508-270, Brazil
| | - Pamella Lorenci de Oliveira
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, 87, Prof. Dr. Orlando Marques de Paiva Avenue, Cidade Universitária, Butantã, Sao Paulo 05508-270, Brazil
| | - David John Hurley
- Food Animal Health and Management Program, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Viviani Gomes
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, 87, Prof. Dr. Orlando Marques de Paiva Avenue, Cidade Universitária, Butantã, Sao Paulo 05508-270, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
178
|
Costa JFDR, Novo SMF, Baccili CC, Sobreira NM, Hurley DJ, Gomes V. Innate immune response in neonate Holstein heifer calves fed fresh or frozen colostrum. Res Vet Sci 2017; 115:54-60. [PMID: 28135671 PMCID: PMC7125648 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2017.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2016] [Revised: 12/31/2016] [Accepted: 01/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this research was to evaluate the influence of maternal cells from colostrum on the development and function of the innate immune response in Holstein calves. Calves were divided into 2 groups: COL + (n = 10) received fresh colostrum; and COL − (n = 10) which received frozen colostrum containing no viable cells. The calves were assessed before colostrum intake (D0), 48 h of age (D2), and weekly from D7 up to D28. Blood samples were collected for analysis of the distribution of leukocytes, cellular phenotype and in vitro granulocyte function. COL + calves tended to have a high number of neutrophils on D7 (p = 0.073). COL − calves took up significantly more Escherichia coli (measured as MFI) on D7 (p = 0.034). Endogenous production of radicals (as percentage of cells) tended to be higher in COL − calves on D14 (p = 0.061). The intensity of endogenous reactive oxygen species (ROS) produced by granulocytes tended to be higher in COL + calves on D21 (p = 0.094). Overall, ROS production (percent of cells, and MFI) induced by Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli were higher in COL + calves than COL − calves. It was our observation that COL + calves developed an innate immune response more quickly and efficiently after natural exposure to pathogens after birth. In contrast, COL − calves mounted an innate response more slowly that yielded a persistent inflammatory response after natural exposure to these bacteria agents. This research provides evidence of an advantage to the calf of receiving fresh colostrum on the development and function of the innate immune system. Calves fed whole fresh colostrum (COL +) developed a fast and efficient innate immune response. Calves fed frozen colostrum (COL −) colostrum had a slow and persistent inflammatory response after natural challenge. COL + calves demonstrates advantages in relation to innate immune response against pathogens causing diarrhea.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juliana França Dos Reis Costa
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - Sylvia Marquart Fontes Novo
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - Camila Costa Baccili
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - Natália Meirelles Sobreira
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - David John Hurley
- Food Animal Health and Management Program, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
| | - Viviani Gomes
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
179
|
Zhang L, van Dijk ADJ, Hettinga K. An interactomics overview of the human and bovine milk proteome over lactation. Proteome Sci 2017; 15:1. [PMID: 28149201 PMCID: PMC5267443 DOI: 10.1186/s12953-016-0110-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2016] [Accepted: 12/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Milk is the most important food for growth and development of the neonate, because of its nutrient composition and presence of many bioactive proteins. Differences between human and bovine milk in low abundant proteins have not been extensively studied. To better understand the differences between human and bovine milk, the qualitative and quantitative differences in the milk proteome as well as their changes over lactation were compared using both label-free and labelled proteomics techniques. These datasets were analysed and compared, to better understand the role of milk proteins in development of the newborn. Methods Human and bovine milk samples were prepared by using filter-aided sample preparation (FASP) combined with dimethyl labelling and analysed by nano LC LTQ-Orbitrap XL mass spectrometry. Results The human and bovine milk proteome show similarities with regard to the distribution over biological functions, especially the dominant presence of enzymes, transport and immune-related proteins. At a quantitative level, the human and bovine milk proteome differed not only between species but also over lactation within species. Dominant enzymes that differed between species were those assisting in nutrient digestion, with bile salt-activated lipase being abundant in human milk and pancreatic ribonuclease being abundant in bovine milk. As lactation advances, immune-related proteins decreased slower in human milk compared to bovine milk. Notwithstanding these quantitative differences, analysis of human and bovine co-expression networks and protein-protein interaction networks indicated that a subset of milk proteins displayed highly similar interactions in each of the different networks, which may be related to the general importance of milk in nutrition and healthy development of the newborn. Conclusions Our findings promote a better understanding of the differences and similarities in dynamics of human and bovine milk proteins, thereby also providing guidance for further improvement of infant formula. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12953-016-0110-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lina Zhang
- Dairy Science and Technology, Food Quality and Design Group, Wageningen University, Postbox 8129, 6700EV Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Aalt D J van Dijk
- Biometris, Wageningen University and Research Centre, P.O. Box 16, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands.,Bioinformatics Group, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands.,Bioscience, cluster Applied Bioinformatics, Wageningen University and Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Kasper Hettinga
- Dairy Science and Technology, Food Quality and Design Group, Wageningen University, Postbox 8129, 6700EV Wageningen, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
180
|
|
181
|
Stojkovic B, McLoughlin RM, Meade KG. In vivo relevance of polymorphic Interleukin 8 promoter haplotype for the systemic immune response to LPS in Holstein-Friesian calves. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2016; 182:1-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2016.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2016] [Revised: 09/07/2016] [Accepted: 09/17/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
|
182
|
Murray GM, O'Neill RG, More SJ, McElroy MC, Earley B, Cassidy JP. Evolving views on bovine respiratory disease: An appraisal of selected control measures – Part 2. Vet J 2016; 217:78-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2016.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2016] [Revised: 09/27/2016] [Accepted: 09/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
|
183
|
Krueger LA, Beitz DC, Humphrey SB, Stabel JR. Gamma delta T cells are early responders to Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis in colostrum-replete Holstein calves. J Dairy Sci 2016; 99:9040-9050. [PMID: 27614838 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2016-11144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2016] [Accepted: 07/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) and mesenteric node lymphocytes (MNL) were obtained from 30 calves that were assigned randomly at birth to 1 of 6 treatment groups with 5 calves per treatment in a 14-d study: (1) colostrum-deprived (CD), no vitamins; (2) colostrum-replacer (CR), no vitamins; (3) CR, vitamin A; (4) CR, vitamin D3; (5) CR, vitamin E; (6) CR, vitamins A, D3, E. Calves were injected with appropriate vitamin supplements and fed pasteurized whole milk (CD calves) or fractionated colostrum replacer (CR calves) at birth. Thereafter, all calves were fed pasteurized whole milk fortified with vitamins according to treatment group. Calves were orally inoculated with 108 cfu of Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis (MAP) on d 1 and 3. The PBMC and MNL harvested on d 13 were analyzed by flow cytometry as fresh cells, after 3-d culture with phytohemagglutinin (PHA), and after 6-d culture with a whole-cell sonicate of MAP (MPS). Peripheral γδ T cells were a predominant lymphocyte subset in neonatal calves, with a decreased percentage noted in CD calves compared with CR calves. As well, CD25 expression was higher in γδ T cells compared with other cell subsets, regardless of treatment group. Stimulation of PBMC with PHA resulted in increased CD4+ and CD8+ subsets, whereas MNL response was dominated by expansion of B-cell subpopulations. Stimulation with PHA and MPS decreased the relative abundance of PBMC γδ T cells, but MNL γδ T cells increased upon stimulation with MPS. These results identify γδ T cells as key early responders to intracellular infection in neonatal calves and suggest that colostrum may be an important mediator of this response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L A Krueger
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames 50011; Infectious Bacterial Diseases Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, Ames, IA 50010
| | - D C Beitz
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames 50011
| | - S B Humphrey
- Microscopy Services, National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, Ames, IA 50010
| | - J R Stabel
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames 50011; Infectious Bacterial Diseases Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, Ames, IA 50010.
| |
Collapse
|
184
|
Horcajo P, Regidor-Cerrillo J, Aguado-Martínez A, Hemphill A, Ortega-Mora LM. Vaccines for bovine neosporosis: current status and key aspects for development. Parasite Immunol 2016; 38:709-723. [DOI: 10.1111/pim.12342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2016] [Accepted: 06/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- P. Horcajo
- SALUVET; Animal Health Department; Faculty of Veterinary Sciences; Complutense University of Madrid; Madrid Spain
| | - J. Regidor-Cerrillo
- SALUVET; Animal Health Department; Faculty of Veterinary Sciences; Complutense University of Madrid; Madrid Spain
| | - A. Aguado-Martínez
- Institute of Parasitology; Vetsuisse Faculty; University of Bern; Bern Switzerland
| | - A. Hemphill
- Institute of Parasitology; Vetsuisse Faculty; University of Bern; Bern Switzerland
| | - L. M. Ortega-Mora
- SALUVET; Animal Health Department; Faculty of Veterinary Sciences; Complutense University of Madrid; Madrid Spain
| |
Collapse
|
185
|
Fischer S, Diers S, Bauerfeind R, Czerny CP, Neumann S. Dynamics of salivary immunoglobulin A and serum interleukin 6 levels in newborn calves. Livest Sci 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2016.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
|
186
|
Lima SF, Teixeira AGV, Higgins CH, Lima FS, Bicalho RC. The upper respiratory tract microbiome and its potential role in bovine respiratory disease and otitis media. Sci Rep 2016; 6:29050. [PMID: 27363739 PMCID: PMC4929571 DOI: 10.1038/srep29050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2016] [Accepted: 06/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The upper respiratory tract (URT) hosts a complex microbial community of commensal microorganisms and potential pathogens. Analyzing the composition and nature of the healthy URT microbiota and how it changes over time will contribute to a better understanding of the pathogenesis of pneumonia and otitis. A longitudinal study was conducted including 174 Holstein calves that were divided in four groups: healthy calves, calves diagnosed with pneumonia, otitis or both diseases. Deep pharyngeal swabs were collected on days 3, 14, 28, and 35 of life, and next-generation sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene as well as quantitative PCR was performed. The URT of Holstein dairy calves aged 3 to 35 days revealed to host a highly diverse bacterial community. The relative abundances of the bacterial genera Mannheimia, Moraxella, and Mycoplasma were significantly higher in diseased versus healthy animals, and the total bacterial load of newborn calves at day 3 was higher for animals that developed pneumonia than for healthy animals. Our results corroborate the existing knowledge that species of Mannheimia and Mycoplasma are important pathogens in pneumonia and otitis. Furthermore, they suggest that species of Moraxella can potentially cause the same disorders (pneumonia and otitis), and that high neonatal bacterial load is a key contributor to the development of pneumonia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Svetlana F Lima
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Andre Gustavo V Teixeira
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Catherine H Higgins
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Fabio S Lima
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Rodrigo C Bicalho
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| |
Collapse
|
187
|
Buač M, Mojsilović S, Mišić D, Vuković D, Savić O, Valčić O, Marković D, Gvozdić D, Ilić V, Fratrić N. Circulating immune complexes of calves with bronchopneumonia modulate the function of peripheral blood leukocytes: In vitro evaluation. Res Vet Sci 2016; 106:135-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2016.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2015] [Revised: 03/09/2016] [Accepted: 04/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
|
188
|
Krueger LA, Reinhardt TA, Beitz DC, Stuart RL, Stabel JR. Effects of fractionated colostrum replacer and vitamins A, D, and E on haptoglobin and clinical health in neonatal Holstein calves challenged with Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis. J Dairy Sci 2016; 99:2884-2895. [PMID: 26805975 PMCID: PMC7094477 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2015-10395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2015] [Accepted: 12/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Thirty Holstein calves were obtained from 2 dairy farms in central Iowa at birth and randomly assigned to 1 of 6 treatment groups: (1) colostrum deprived (CD), no vitamins; (2) colostrum replacer (CR), no vitamins; (3) CR, vitamin A; (4) CR, vitamin D3; (5) CR, vitamin E; and (6) CR, vitamins A, D3, E, with 5 calves per treatment in a 14-d study. Calves were fed pasteurized whole milk (CD) or fractionated colostrum replacer (CR) at birth (d 0) and injected with vitamins according to treatment group. From d 1 through d 14 of the study, all calves were fed pasteurized whole milk (PWM) supplemented with vitamins as assigned. All calves were inoculated with Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis on d 1 and 3 of age. Calves fed CR acquired IgG1 and haptoglobin in serum within 24 h of birth, whereas CD calves did not. The CR-fed calves were 2.5 times less likely to develop scours, and CR calves supplemented with vitamins D3 and E also demonstrated a decreased incidence of scours. Serum vitamin levels of A, D, and E increased within treatment group by d 7 and 14 of the study. Interestingly, synergistic effects of supplemental vitamins A, D3, and E on serum 25-(OH)-vitamin D were observed at d 7, resulting in higher levels than in calves administered vitamin D only. Further, vitamin D3 deficiency was observed in CD and CR calves fed a basal diet of pasteurized whole milk and no supplemental vitamins. Colonization of tissues with Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis was negligible and was not affected by colostrum feeding or vitamin supplementation. Results demonstrated passive transfer of haptoglobin to neonatal calves, and potential health benefits of supplemental vitamins D3 and E to calves fed pasteurized whole milk.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L A Krueger
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames 50011; USDA-Agricultural Research Service, National Animal Disease Center, Ames, IA 50010
| | - T A Reinhardt
- USDA-Agricultural Research Service, National Animal Disease Center, Ames, IA 50010
| | - D C Beitz
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames 50011
| | | | - J R Stabel
- USDA-Agricultural Research Service, National Animal Disease Center, Ames, IA 50010.
| |
Collapse
|
189
|
Gruse J, Kanitz E, Weitzel JM, Tuchscherer A, Stefaniak T, Jawor P, Wolffram S, Hammon HM. Quercetin Feeding in Newborn Dairy Calves Cannot Compensate Colostrum Deprivation: Study on Metabolic, Antioxidative and Inflammatory Traits. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0146932. [PMID: 26752173 PMCID: PMC4709053 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0146932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2015] [Accepted: 12/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Immaturity of the neonatal immune system is causative for high morbidity in calves and colostrum intake is crucial for acquiring passive immunity. Pathogenesis is promoted by reactive oxygen species accumulating at birth if counter-regulation is inadequate. The flavonol quercetin exerts antioxidative and anti-inflammatory effects that may enhance neonatal health. The aim of this work was to study effects of quercetin feeding on metabolic, antioxidative and inflammatory parameters in neonatal calves to investigate whether quercetin could compensate for insufficient colostrum supply. Twenty-eight newborn calves were assigned to two dietary groups fed colostrum or milk-based formula on day 1 and 2 and milk replacer thereafter. From day 2 onwards, 7 calves per diet group were additionally fed quercetin aglycone (50 mg/(kg body weight × day)). Blood samples were taken repeatedly to measure plasma concentrations of flavonols, glucose, lactate, total protein, albumin, urea, non-esterified fatty acids, triglycerides, cholesterol, insulin, glucagon, cortisol, immunoglobulins, fibrinogen, haptoglobin and serum amyloid A. Trolox equivalent antioxidative capacity, ferric reducing ability of plasma, thiobarbituric acid reactive species and F2-isoprostanes were analyzed to evaluate plasma antioxidative status. Expression of tumor necrosis factor, interleukin-1α, interleukin-1β, serum amyloid A, haptoglobin, fibrinogen, C-reactive protein, catalase, glutathione peroxidase and superoxide dismutase mRNA were measured in liver tissue on day 8. Plasma flavonol concentrations were detectable only after quercetin-feeding without differences between colostrum and formula feeding. Plasma glucose, lactate, total protein, immunoglobulins, triglycerides, cholesterol, trolox equivalent antioxidative capacity and thiobarbituric acid reactive species were higher after colostrum feeding. Body temperature, fecal fluidity and plasma concentrations of cortisol and haptoglobin were higher in formula- than in colostrum-fed groups. Hepatic mRNA expression of tumor necrosis factor was higher after quercetin feeding and expression of C-reactive protein was higher after formula feeding. Data confirm that colostrum improves neonatal health and indicate that quercetin feeding cannot compensate for insufficient colostrum supply.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeannine Gruse
- Institute of Nutritional Physiology “Oskar Kellner”, Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Ellen Kanitz
- Institute of Behavioural Physiology, Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Joachim M. Weitzel
- Institute of Reproductive Biology, Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Armin Tuchscherer
- Institute of Genetics and Biometry, Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Tadeusz Stefaniak
- Department of Immunology, Pathophysiology and Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Paulina Jawor
- Department of Immunology, Pathophysiology and Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Siegfried Wolffram
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Physiology, Faculty of Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Harald M. Hammon
- Institute of Nutritional Physiology “Oskar Kellner”, Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Dummerstorf, Germany
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
190
|
Shaughnessy RG, Farrell D, Riepema K, Bakker D, Gordon SV. Analysis of Biobanked Serum from a Mycobacterium avium subsp paratuberculosis Bovine Infection Model Confirms the Remarkable Stability of Circulating miRNA Profiles and Defines a Bovine Serum miRNA Repertoire. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0145089. [PMID: 26675426 PMCID: PMC4682966 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0145089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2015] [Accepted: 11/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Johne's Disease (JD) is a chronic enteritis of ruminants caused by Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP). Current disease control strategies are hampered by the lack of sensitive and specific diagnostic modalities. Therefore, novel diagnostic and prognostic tools are needed, and circulating microRNAs (miRNAs) may hold potential in this area. The aims of this study were twofold: (i) to address the stability of miRNA in bovine sera from biobanked samples, and (ii) to assess the potential of miRNAs as biomarkers for JD disease progression. To address these aims we used bovine sera from an experimental MAP infection model that had been stored at -20°C for over a decade, allowing us to also assess the stability of miRNA profiles in biobanked serum samples through comparison with fresh sera. Approximately 100-200 intact miRNAs were identified in each sample with 83 of these being consistently detected across all 57 samples. The miRNA profile of the biobanked sera stored at -20°C for over 10 years was highly similar to the profile of <1 year-old sera stored at -80°C, with an overlap of 73 shared miRNAs. IsomiR analysis also indicated a distinct bovine serum-specific isomiR profile as compared to previously reported bovine macrophage miRNA profiles. To explore the prognostic potential of miRNA profiles cattle defined as seropositive for anti-MAP antibodies (n = 5) were compared against seronegative cattle (n = 7). No significant differential expressed miRNAs were detected at either the early (6 months) or late (43, 46 and 49 months) intervals (FDR≤0.05, fold-change≥1.5) across seropositive or seronegative animals. However, comparing pre-infection sera to the early and late time-points identified increased miR-29a and miR-92b abundance (2-fold) that may be due to blood-cell population changes over time (P<0.001). In conclusion our study has demonstrated that bovine circulating miRNAs retain their integrity under long-term sub-optimal storage temperatures opening the way for increased miRNA analyses from biobanked samples for a range of infectious and non-infectious diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Damien Farrell
- UCD School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Karel Riepema
- Department of Bacteriology and TSEs, Central Veterinary Institute of Wageningen University, Edelhertweg 15, 8200 AB Lelystad, The Netherlands
| | - Douwe Bakker
- Buitenplaats 116, 8212 AM Lelystad, The Netherlands
| | - Stephen V. Gordon
- UCD School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland
- UCD School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland
- UCD School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland
- UCD Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
191
|
Meganck V, Opsomer G, Piepers S, Cox E, Goddeeris BM. Maternal colostral leukocytes appear to enhance cell-mediated recall response, but inhibit humoral recall response in prime-boost vaccinated calves. J Reprod Immunol 2015; 113:68-75. [PMID: 26796988 DOI: 10.1016/j.jri.2015.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2015] [Revised: 10/20/2015] [Accepted: 11/30/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Whether colostral leukocytes (CLs) of vaccinated dams influence the immune response of neonatal calves following vaccination against the same antigen as their respective dams remains unanswered. Therefore, we compared the induction of humoral and cellular immune responses after vaccination in calves that had received CL-free or maternal CL-enriched colostrum from a cell-free colostrum bank of nonvaccinated cows. Also, vaccinated calves that had received fresh maternal colostrum from their own dam were included in the study. Moreover, we analyzed whether the post-partum time of priming vaccination (day 2, 5 or 10) of the calves could influence the outcome of the immune responses. All calves received a booster vaccination 23 days after the priming vaccination. All calves showed only an increase in tetanus toxoid (TT)-specific antibodies and TT-induced proliferation after booster vaccination. Tetanus toxoid-specific antibody responses in calves increased immediately after booster vaccination, irrespective of whether or not their cell-free bank colostrum had been enriched with CLs from their own dam. Conversely, calves receiving their own plain dam colostrum displayed a later humoral response, due to colostral antibodies. After booster vaccination, calves of the CL-enriched colostrum group had a more pronounced antigen-specific proliferative response than the calves of the CL-free colostrum group. We propose that CLs might have a suppressive influence on the emergence of the TT-specific antibodies, but an enhancing effect on the TT-specific lymphocyte proliferation of newborn calves upon TT vaccination, which is dependent on the time point of the priming vaccination.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Meganck
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Obstetrics, Reproduction and Herd Health, University of Ghent, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium.
| | - Geert Opsomer
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Obstetrics, Reproduction and Herd Health, University of Ghent, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium.
| | - Sofie Piepers
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Obstetrics, Reproduction and Herd Health, University of Ghent, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium.
| | - Eric Cox
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Laboratory of Immunology, University of Ghent, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium.
| | - Bruno Maria Goddeeris
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Laboratory of Immunology, University of Ghent, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium; Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Department of Biosystems, KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 30, Postal Box 2456, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium.
| |
Collapse
|
192
|
Batista CF, Blagitz MG, Bertagnon HG, Gomes RC, Santos KR, Della Libera AM. Evolution of phagocytic function in monocytes and neutrophils blood cells of healthy calves. J Dairy Sci 2015; 98:8882-8. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2015-9573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2015] [Accepted: 08/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
|
193
|
Strong RA, Silva EB, Cheng HW, Eicher SD. Acute brief heat stress in late gestation alters neonatal calf innate immune functions. J Dairy Sci 2015; 98:7771-83. [PMID: 26298746 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2015-9591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2015] [Accepted: 07/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Heat stress, as one of the environmental stressors affecting the dairy industry, compromises the cow milk production, immune function, and reproductive system. However, few studies have looked at how prenatal heat stress (HS) affects the offspring. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of HS during late gestation on calf immunity. Calves were born to cows exposed to evaporative cooling (CT) or HS (cyclic 23-35°C) for 1 wk at 3 wk before calving. Both bull and heifer calves (CT, n=10; HS, n=10) were housed in similar environmental temperatures after birth. Both CT and HS calves received 3.78 L of pooled colostrum within 12 h after birth and were fed the same diet throughout the study. In addition to tumor necrosis factor α, IL-1β, IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1RA), and toll-like receptor (TLR)2, and TLR4 mRNA expression, the expression of CD14(+) and CD18(+) cells, and DEC205(+) dendritic cells were determined in whole blood samples at d 0, 3, 7, 14, 21, and 28. The neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio, differential cell counts, and the hematocrit were also determined. During late gestation, the HS cows had greater respiration rates, rectal temperatures, and tended to spend more time standing compared with the CT cows. The HS calves had less expression of tumor necrosis factor-α and TLR2 and greater levels of IL-1β, IL-1RA, and TLR4 compared with CT calves. The HS calves also had a greater percentage of CD18(+) cells compared with the CT calves. Additionally, a greater percentage of neutrophils and lesser percentage of lymphocytes were in the HS calves compared with the CT calves. The results indicate that biomarkers of calves' immunity are affected in the first several weeks after birth by HS in the dam during late gestation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R A Strong
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907
| | - E B Silva
- Livestock Behavior Research Unit, USDA-Agricultural Research Service, West Lafayette, IN 47907
| | - H W Cheng
- Livestock Behavior Research Unit, USDA-Agricultural Research Service, West Lafayette, IN 47907
| | - S D Eicher
- Livestock Behavior Research Unit, USDA-Agricultural Research Service, West Lafayette, IN 47907.
| |
Collapse
|
194
|
Mortier RAR, Barkema HW, De Buck J. Susceptibility to and diagnosis of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis infection in dairy calves: A review. Prev Vet Med 2015; 121:189-98. [PMID: 26321657 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2015.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2015] [Revised: 07/31/2015] [Accepted: 08/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The primary objectives of paratuberculosis control programs are reducing exposure of calves to Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP), reducing herd infection pressure and regular testing of cattle >36 months of age. Although control programs based on these principles have reduced prevalence of MAP infection in dairy herds, they have generally not eliminated the infection. Recent infection trial(s) have yielded new knowledge regarding diagnostic testing and age- and dose-dependent susceptibility to MAP infection. Calves up to 1 year of age are still susceptible to MAP infection; therefore, control programs should refrain from referring to specific ages with respect to susceptibility and prevention of new infections. Notwithstanding, lesions were more severe when calves were inoculated at 2 weeks versus 1 year of age. Furthermore, a high inoculation dose resulted in more pronounced lesions than a low inoculation dose, especially in young calves. Consequently, keeping infection pressure low should decrease the incidence of new MAP infections and severity of JD in cattle that do acquire the infection. It was also evident that early diagnosis of MAP infection was possible and could improve efficacy of control programs. Although its use will still need to be validated in the field, a combination of antibody ELISA and fecal culture in young stock, in addition to testing cattle >36 months of age when screening a herd for paratuberculosis, was expected to improve detection of dairy cattle infected with MAP. Although calves were inoculated using a standardized method in a controlled environment, there were substantial differences among calves with regards to immune response, shedding and pathology. Therefore, we inferred there were genetic differences in susceptibility. Important insights were derived from experimental infection trials. Therefore, it was expected that these could improve paratuberculosis control programs by reducing severity and incidence of JD by lowering infection pressure on-farm, and reducing exposure of young calves and older cattle. Furthermore, an earlier diagnosis could be achieved by combining ELISA and fecal shedding in young stock, in addition to testing cattle >36 months of age.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rienske A R Mortier
- Department of Production Animal Health, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB, Canada.
| | - Herman W Barkema
- Department of Production Animal Health, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB, Canada.
| | - Jeroen De Buck
- Department of Production Animal Health, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
195
|
MacFarlane JA, Grove-White DH, Royal MD, Smith RF. Identification and quantification of factors affecting neonatal immunological transfer in dairy calves in the UK. Vet Rec 2015; 176:625. [DOI: 10.1136/vr.102852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. A. MacFarlane
- School of Veterinary Sciences, University of Bristol; Langford Bristol BS40 5DU UK
| | - D. H. Grove-White
- School of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool; Leahurst Campus Neston Cheshire CH64 7TE UK
| | - M. D. Royal
- School of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool; Leahurst Campus Neston Cheshire CH64 7TE UK
| | - R. F. Smith
- School of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool; Leahurst Campus Neston Cheshire CH64 7TE UK
| |
Collapse
|
196
|
Maciej J, Schäff CT, Kanitz E, Tuchscherer A, Bruckmaier RM, Wolffram S, Hammon HM. Bioavailability of the flavonol quercetin in neonatal calves after oral administration of quercetin aglycone or rutin. J Dairy Sci 2015; 98:3906-17. [PMID: 25795488 PMCID: PMC7094564 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2015-9361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Polyphenols, such as flavonoids, are secondary plant metabolites with potentially health-promoting properties. In newborn calves flavonoids may improve health status, but little is known about the systemically availability of flavonoids in calves to exert biological effects. The aim of this study was to investigate the oral bioavailability of the flavonol quercetin, applied either as quercetin aglycone (QA) or as its glucorhamnoside rutin (RU), in newborn dairy calves. Twenty-one male newborn German Holstein calves were fed equal amounts of colostrum and milk replacer according to body weight. On d 2 and 29 of life, 9 mg of quercetin equivalents/kg of body weight, either fed as QA or as RU, or no quercetin (control group) were fed together with the morning meal. Blood samples were taken before and 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3, 4, 5, 6, 12, 24, and 48 h after feed intake. Quercetin and quercetin metabolites with an intact flavonol structure (isorhamnetin, tamarixetin, and kaempferol) were analyzed in blood plasma after treatment with glucuronidase or sulfatase by HPLC with fluorescence detection. Maximum individual plasma concentration was depicted from the concentration-time-curve on d 2 and 29, respectively. Additional blood samples were taken to measure basal plasma concentrations of total protein, albumin, urea, and lactate as well as pre- and postprandial plasma concentrations of glucose, nonesterified fatty acids, insulin, and cortisol. Plasma concentrations of quercetin and its metabolites were significantly higher on d 2 than on d 29 of life, and administration of QA resulted in higher plasma concentrations of quercetin and its metabolites than RU. The relative bioavailability of total flavonols (sum of quercetin and its metabolites isorhamnetin, tamarixetin, and kaempferol) from RU was 72.5% on d 2 and 49.6% on d 29 when compared with QA (100%). Calves fed QA reached maximum plasma concentrations of total flavonols much earlier than did RU-fed calves. Plasma metabolites and hormones were barely affected by QA and RU feeding in this experiment. Taken together, orally administrated QA resulted in a greater bioavailability of quercetin than RU on d 2 and 29, respectively, and quercetin bioavailability of quercetin and its metabolites differed markedly between calves aged 2 and 29 d.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Maciej
- Institute of Nutritional Physiology "Oskar Kellner,", Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Wilhelm-Stahl-Allee 2, 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - C T Schäff
- Institute of Nutritional Physiology "Oskar Kellner,", Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Wilhelm-Stahl-Allee 2, 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - E Kanitz
- Institute of Behavioural Physiology, Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Wilhelm-Stahl-Allee 2, 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - A Tuchscherer
- Institute of Genetics and Biometry, Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Wilhelm-Stahl-Allee 2, 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - R M Bruckmaier
- Veterinary Physiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, 3001 Bern, Switzerland
| | - S Wolffram
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Physiology, Christian Albrechts University Kiel, 24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - H M Hammon
- Institute of Nutritional Physiology "Oskar Kellner,", Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Wilhelm-Stahl-Allee 2, 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
197
|
Kennedy AE, O'Doherty EF, Byrne N, O'Mahony J, Kennedy EM, Sayers RG. A survey of management practices on Irish dairy farms with emphasis on risk factors for Johne's disease transmission. Ir Vet J 2014; 67:27. [PMID: 25610611 PMCID: PMC4300563 DOI: 10.1186/s13620-014-0027-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2014] [Accepted: 12/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Johne's disease (JD) is a chronic granulomatous enteritis affecting ruminants. A number of farm management practices are associated with increased risk of JD transmission. The aim of the current study was to document JD-related management practices currently employed on Irish dairy farms. Survey questions focused on calving area (CA), calf and manure management. Independent variables (region, calving-season, enterprise type, herd size and biosecurity status) were used to examine influences on JD associated dependent variables (survey questions). Additionally general biosecurity practices were also examined. RESULTS Results showed management practices implemented by Irish dairy farmers pose a high risk of JD transmission. Of the farmers surveyed, 97% used the CA for more than one calving, 73.5% and 87.8% pooled colostrum and milk respectively, 33.7% never cleaned the CA between calving's, and 56.6% used the CA for isolating sick cows. Survey results also highlighted that larger herds were more likely to engage in high risk practices for JD transmission, such as pooling colostrum (OR 4.8) and overcrowding the CA (OR 7.8). Larger herds were also less likely than smaller herds to clean the CA (OR 0.28), a practice also considered of risk in the transmission of JD. CONCLUSION Many management practices associated with risk of JD transmission were commonly applied on Irish dairy farms. Larger herds were more likely to engage in high risk practices for JD transmission. Control programmes should incorporate educational tools outlining the pathogenesis and transmission of JD to highlight the risks associated with implementing certain management practices with regard to JD transmission.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aideen E Kennedy
- Animal & Bioscience Research Department, Animal & Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Teagasc, Moorepark, Fermoy, Co. Cork, Ireland ; Department of Biological Sciences, Cork Institute of Technology, Bishopstown, Co. Cork, Ireland
| | - Eugene F O'Doherty
- Animal & Bioscience Research Department, Animal & Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Teagasc, Moorepark, Fermoy, Co. Cork, Ireland
| | - Noel Byrne
- Animal & Bioscience Research Department, Animal & Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Teagasc, Moorepark, Fermoy, Co. Cork, Ireland
| | - Jim O'Mahony
- Department of Biological Sciences, Cork Institute of Technology, Bishopstown, Co. Cork, Ireland
| | - E M Kennedy
- Animal & Bioscience Research Department, Animal & Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Teagasc, Moorepark, Fermoy, Co. Cork, Ireland
| | - Riona G Sayers
- Animal & Bioscience Research Department, Animal & Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Teagasc, Moorepark, Fermoy, Co. Cork, Ireland
| |
Collapse
|
198
|
Philippe P, Alzieu JP, Taylor MA, Dorchies P. Comparative efficacy of diclazuril (Vecoxan®) and toltrazuril (Baycox bovis®) against natural infections of Eimeria bovis and Eimeria zuernii in French calves. Vet Parasitol 2014; 206:129-37. [PMID: 25458561 PMCID: PMC7127088 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2014.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2013] [Revised: 10/02/2014] [Accepted: 10/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
A blinded, randomized, controlled, multi-centric field study was conducted on French dairy farms (n = 9) to evaluate the long term efficacy of metaphylactic, single oral treatments with either 1 mg/kg body weight (BW) of diclazuril (Vecoxan®), or 15 mg/kg BW of toltrazuril (Baycox®) against natural infections with Eimeria zuernii and/or Eimeria bovis, compared to untreated control animals. A total of 199 calves from nine commercial farms aged between 21 and 55 days old at the start of study were included and randomly allocated to one of three groups. Calves on all farms were observed for a period of 78 days post treatment, using both parasitological (oocyst excretion), and clinical parameters (faecal score and body weight). The assessment of efficacy was based on both control of oocyst excretion, and on the average daily weight gains throughout the study. During the whole study period, the mean number of days with diarrhoea (≥ 2) was similar (0.7 days) between treated groups. Excretion in the untreated group peaked at 21 days after treatment. In both the diclazuril and toltrazuril-treated groups, mean oocyst excretion decreased dramatically in the five days following treatment. Thereafter, particularly towards the end of the study period, oocyst counts and percentage levels of E. zuernii were highest in the toltrazuril-treated group. In pooled data from all trial sites, the average daily weight gain was significantly (p = 0.01) higher (+ 0.057 kg/day) in the diclazuril group when compared to the toltrazuril group, and the average body weight gain of the diclazuril treated group was 4.4 kg higher than the toltrazuril group. On eight of the nine trial sites, the average daily gain was greater in the diclazuril group than in the toltrazuril group. This study demonstrates that, over an extended observation period of 78 days, metaphylactic treatment with both diclazuril and toltrazuril reduces the impact of coccidiosis, but greater performance benefits based on average daily weight gains, were achieved following the use of diclazuril.
Collapse
|
199
|
Garcia M, Shin JH, Schlaefli A, Greco LF, Maunsell FP, Thatcher WW, Santos JEP, Staples CR. Increasing intake of essential fatty acids from milk replacer benefits performance, immune responses, and health of preweaned Holstein calves. J Dairy Sci 2014; 98:458-77. [PMID: 25465563 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2014-8384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2014] [Accepted: 09/23/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The objective was to evaluate the effect of feeding increasing amounts of essential fatty acids (FA) in milk replacer (MR) during the first 60 d of life on growth, health, and immunity of Holstein calves. Calves were born from dams fed low concentrations of total and essential FA during the lasT2 mo of pregnancy. Newborn calves were blocked by sex and parity of the dam and assigned randomly to receive 1 of 4 MR treatments (T). Hydrogenated coconut oil and soybean oil were mixed with emulsifier and commercial MR powder to prepare the following 4 MR containing 0.119 and 0.007 (T1), 0.187 and 0.017 (T2), 0.321 and 0.036 (T3), and 0.593 and 0.076 (T4) g of intake per kg of metabolic body weight (BW(0.75)) of linoleic acid and α-linolenic acid, respectively. At 30 d of life, concentrations of essential FA (linoleic acid and α-linolenic acid) in liver increased, whereas concentrations of C12:0, C14:0, C16:0, and C20:3n-9 decreased linearly with increasing intake of essential FA. Body weight gain and feed efficiency were optimized when male calves consumed T2, whereas gain by female calves tended to increase linearly with increasing intake of essential FA during the first 30 d of age. However, these responses to treatment were not maintained after initiation of concentrate feeding at 31 d of life. Over the 60-d preweaning period, wither and hip heights were improved in both sexes as intake of essential FA increased up to T3. Some measures of health and immunity were affected by replacing some coconut oil with soybean oil. Severity of diarrhea tended to decrease linearly; plasma concentrations of haptoglobin during diarrhea were lower in T2, T3, and T4; phagocytosis by blood neutrophils tended to peak for calves fed T2; in vitro proliferation of stimulated blood lymphocytes was greater for calves fed T2; in vitro stimulated blood cells produced more IFN-γ (up to T3 for males and T2 for females), concentrations of serum IgG against ovalbumin injections were increased in males fed T2 or T3; and skin-fold thickness increased in response to an intradermal antigen injection of all calves fed up to T4. Across sex and under the conditions of the present study, mean daily intakes of linoleic acid between 3 to 5g/d and intakes of α-linolenic acid between 0.3 and 0.6g/d during the first 30 d of life promoted growth of preweaned Holstein calves, possibly by improving their immune status.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Garcia
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville 32608
| | - J H Shin
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville 32608
| | - A Schlaefli
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville 32608
| | - L F Greco
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville 32608
| | - F P Maunsell
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville 32610
| | - W W Thatcher
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville 32608
| | - J E P Santos
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville 32608.
| | | |
Collapse
|
200
|
Bucafusco D, Di Giacomo S, Pega J, Juncos MS, Schammas JM, Pérez-Filgueira M, Capozzo AV. Influence of antibodies transferred by colostrum in the immune responses of calves to current foot-and-mouth disease vaccines. Vaccine 2014; 32:6576-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2014.06.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2014] [Revised: 06/05/2014] [Accepted: 06/11/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
|