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Pintong AR, Ruangsittichai J, Ampawong S, Thima K, Sriwichai P, Komalamisra N, Popruk S. Efficacy of Ageratum conyzoides extracts against Giardia duodenalis trophozoites: an experimental study. BMC Complement Med Ther 2020; 20:63. [PMID: 32111225 PMCID: PMC7076862 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-020-2860-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Giardia duodenalis causes giardiasis in humans, particularly in developing countries. Despite the availability of treatments, resistance to some of the commercial anti-Giardia drugs has been reported in addition to their harmful side effects. Therefore, novel treatments for giardiasis are required. In this study, we aimed to assess the in vitro activity of crude extracts of Ageratum conyzoides against G. duodenalis trophozoites. Methods Plants were classified into three groups based on their flower colors: white (W), purple (P), and white–purple (W–P). Plants were separately cut into leaf (L) and flower (F) parts. Changes in internal organelle morphology of trophozoites following exposure to crude extracts were assessed using transmission electron microscopy (TEM). In subsequent experiments, efficacy of the most active essential oils from crude extracts [half maximal inhibitory concentrations (IC50) ≤ 100 μg/mL] against G. duodenalis trophozoites was tested. In vitro anti-Giardia assays using essential oils were performed in the same way as those performed using crude extracts. Results LW–P and FP extracts showed high activity (IC50 ≤ 100 μg/mL) against G. duodenalis trophozoites, with IC50 ± SD values of 45.67 ± 0.51 and 96.00 ± 0.46 μg/mL, respectively. In subsequent experiments, IC50 ± SD values of LW–P and FP essential oils were 35.00 ± 0.50 and 89.33 ± 0.41 μg/mL, respectively. TEM revealed the degeneration of flagella and ventral discs of G. duodenalis trophozoites following exposure to crude extracts. Conclusion Crude LW–P and FP extracts of A. conyzoides showed the highest activity against G. duodenalis. Exposure to crude extract induced changes in the flagella and ventral discs of G. duodenalis trophozoites, which play important roles in attachment to the surface of mucosal cells. Our results suggest that the tested extracts warrant further research in terms of their efficacy and safety as giardiasis treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ai-Rada Pintong
- Department of Medical Entomology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Ratchawithi Road, Ratchathewi, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Jiraporn Ruangsittichai
- Department of Medical Entomology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Ratchawithi Road, Ratchathewi, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Sumate Ampawong
- Department of Tropical Pathology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Ratchawithi Road, Ratchathewi, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Kanthinich Thima
- Department of Protozoology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Ratchawithi Road, Ratchathewi, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Patchara Sriwichai
- Department of Medical Entomology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Ratchawithi Road, Ratchathewi, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Narumon Komalamisra
- Department of Medical Entomology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Ratchawithi Road, Ratchathewi, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Supaluk Popruk
- Department of Protozoology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Ratchawithi Road, Ratchathewi, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand.
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Prevalence and genotypic characterization of Giardia duodenalis isolates from asymptomatic school-going children in Lusaka, Zambia. Food Waterborne Parasitol 2020; 19:e00072. [PMID: 32258446 PMCID: PMC7125351 DOI: 10.1016/j.fawpar.2020.e00072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Revised: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Giardia duodenalis is one of the most common causes of diarrhea in humans with about 250–300 million cases per year. It is considered to be a species complex comprising of eight genetic assemblages (A to H), with assemblages A and B being the major causes of human infections. In this study we carried out genotypic characterization of G. duodenalis isolates detected in asymptomatic school-going children aged 3–16 years. Between May and September 2017, a total of 329 fecal samples were collected from school-going children from Chawama compound of Lusaka City and were screened for Giardia by microscopic examination. All microscopically positive fecal samples were analyzed by semi-nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) targeting the glutamate dehydrogenase (gdh) gene. Genotyping of amplified PCR products was conducted by restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) and DNA sequence analysis. Microscopically, Giardia was found in 10% (33/329) of fecal samples. The PCR-RFLP analysis of the gdh gene revealed assemblages A and B in 27.3% (9/33) and 72.7% (24/33), respectively. Furthermore, analysis with restriction enzymes identified sub-assemblages AII (27.3%, 9/33), BIII (12.1%, 4/33), BIV (51.5%, 17/33) and mixed infections of BIII and BIV (9.1%, 3/33). Phylogenetic analysis showed the clustering of 27.6% (8/29) and 72.4% (21/29) of Zambian Giardia gdh gene sequences into assemblages A and B, respectively. This study has revealed the presence of both assemblage A and B and that spread of G. duodenalis in school-going children appears to be mostly through anthroponotic transmission. To our knowledge, this is the first report of genotypic characterization of G. duodenalis identified in Zambia. Giardia duodenalis infection observed in asymptomatic children First report of genotypes circulating in Zambia Presence of sub-assemblages AII, BIII and BIV Co-infection with sub-assemblages BIII and BIV reported
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153
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Kostopoulou D, Claerebout E, Arvanitis D, Ligda P, Casaert S, Sotiraki S. Identifying human enteric parasitic infections in Greece, with focus on Giardia and Cryptosporidium. Exp Parasitol 2020; 211:107864. [PMID: 32088147 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2020.107864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2019] [Revised: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
A study was conducted in two different areas in Greece to investigate the presence of intestinal human parasitic infections (targeting healthy and individuals with diarrhoea). In total, 876 stool samples were collected from 822 adults and 54 children. Both sedimentation (acid/ether) and concentration/flotation techniques were performed in all samples to detect intestinal parasites. Additionally, a quantitative direct immunofluorescence assay was used specifically for the detection of Giardia and Cryptosporidium. PCR followed by sequencing was applied to genotype Giardia and Cryptosporidium positive samples. Thirty-five (4%) of the individuals examined harboured at least one species of intestinal parasite, the majority of which were protozoa (3.8%). The species found were Blastocystis hominis (1.8%), Giardia duodenalis (1.3%), Cryptosporidium spp. (0.6%), Entamoeba coli (0.2%) and E. histolytica/E. dispar (0.1%). Two persons were positive for Enterobius vermicularis. Genotyping results revealed the presence of G. duodenalis sub-assemblage AII, whereas sequencing was not successful for Cryptosporidium positive samples. A novel multi-locus genotype of G. duodenalis was identified, which has not been described in humans or animals previously. Overall, in the studied population, infection rates with intestinal parasites were low and similar to previous published data. As infection levels were low, no associations could be made between infection status and clinical relevance, risk factors or indication of potential sources of infection, apart from the fact that infections with Giardia were positively correlated to diarrhoea. Based on the parasite species and genotypes detected, there was no indication that animals were an important source of infection. Thus, it is suggested that Giardia infections were more likely to be acquired via human-to-human transmission, either involving indirect pathways such as contaminated food or water, or via direct contact.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Kostopoulou
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, Merelbeke, B-9820, Belgium; Veterinary Research Institute - Hellenic Agricultural Organization Demeter, 57001, Thermi, Thessaloniki, Greece.
| | - E Claerebout
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, Merelbeke, B-9820, Belgium.
| | - D Arvanitis
- Veterinary Research Institute - Hellenic Agricultural Organization Demeter, 57001, Thermi, Thessaloniki, Greece.
| | - P Ligda
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, Merelbeke, B-9820, Belgium; Veterinary Research Institute - Hellenic Agricultural Organization Demeter, 57001, Thermi, Thessaloniki, Greece.
| | - S Casaert
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, Merelbeke, B-9820, Belgium.
| | - S Sotiraki
- Veterinary Research Institute - Hellenic Agricultural Organization Demeter, 57001, Thermi, Thessaloniki, Greece.
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154
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Matadamas-Martínez F, Nogueda-Torres B, Castillo R, Hernández-Campos A, Barrera-Valdes MDLL, León-Ávila G, Hernández JM, Yépez-Mulia L. Characterisation of the in vitro activity of a Nitazoxanide-N-methyl-1H-benzimidazole hybrid molecule against albendazole and nitazoxanide susceptible and resistant strains of Giardia intestinalis and its in vivo giardicidal activity. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2020; 115:e190348. [PMID: 32049098 PMCID: PMC7012584 DOI: 10.1590/0074-02760190348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2019] [Accepted: 01/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND It was previously demonstrated that CMC-20, a nitazoxanide and N-methyl-1H-benzimidazole hybrid molecule, had higher in vitro activity against Giardia intestinalis WB strain than metronidazole and albendazole and similar to nitazoxanide. OBJETIVES To evaluate the in vitro activity of CMC-20 against G. intestinalis strains with different susceptibility/resistance to albendazole and nitazoxanide and evaluate its effect on the distribution of parasite cytoskeletal proteins and its in vivo giardicidal activity. METHODS CMC-20 activity was tested against two isolates from patients with chronic and acute giardiasis, an experimentally induced albendazole resistant strain and a nitazoxanide resistant clinical isolate. CMC-20 effect on the distribution of parasite cytoskeletal proteins was analysed by indirect immunofluorescence and its activity was evaluated in a murine model of giardiasis. FINDINGS CMC-20 showed broad activity against susceptible and resistant strains to albendazole and nitaxozanide. It affected the parasite microtubule reservoir and triggered the parasite encystation. In this process, alpha-7.2 giardin co-localised with CWP-1 protein. CMC-20 reduced the infection time and cyst load in feces of G. muris infected mice similar to albendazole. MAIN CONCLUSIONS The in vitro and in vivo giardicidal activity of CMC-20 suggests its potential use in the treatment of giardiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Félix Matadamas-Martínez
- Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Facultad de Química, Departamento de Farmacia, Mexico City, Mexico
- Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Centro Médico Siglo XXI, Unidad de Investigación Médica en Enfermedades Infecciosas y Parasitarias, Hospital de Pediatría, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Benjamín Nogueda-Torres
- Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas-Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Departamento de Parasitología, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Rafael Castillo
- Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Facultad de Química, Departamento de Farmacia, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Alicia Hernández-Campos
- Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Facultad de Química, Departamento de Farmacia, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - María de la Luz Barrera-Valdes
- Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas-Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Departamento de Parasitología, Mexico City, Mexico
- Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Centro Médico Siglo XXI, Unidad de Investigación Médica en Enfermedades Infecciosas y Parasitarias, Hospital de Pediatría, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Gloria León-Ávila
- Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas-Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Departamento de Zoología, Laboratorio de Genética, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - José Manuel Hernández
- >Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Departamento de Biología Celular, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Lilián Yépez-Mulia
- Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Centro Médico Siglo XXI, Unidad de Investigación Médica en Enfermedades Infecciosas y Parasitarias, Hospital de Pediatría, Mexico City, Mexico
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155
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Rafiei A, Baghlaninezhad R, Köster PC, Bailo B, Hernández de Mingo M, Carmena D, Panabad E, Beiromvand M. Multilocus genotyping of Giardia duodenalis in Southwestern Iran. A community survey. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0228317. [PMID: 32027684 PMCID: PMC7004373 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0228317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Giardia duodenalis is one of the main enteric pathogens associated with diarrheal disease. In developing countries, giardiasis is a major public health concern, particularly in children under five years of age. This study aimed to evaluate the occurrence and genetic diversity of G. duodenalis causing human infections in Shushtar County, Southwestern Iran. Individual faecal specimens were collected from 1,163 individuals (male/female ratio: 0.9; age range 2-75 years) with (n = 258) and without (n = 905) gastrointestinal symptoms living in rural and urban settings during the period 2017-2018. Conventional (sucrose flotation and microscopy) methods were used for the initial detection of G. duodenalis cysts in faecal specimens. Microscopy-positive samples were confirmed by PCR amplification and sequencing of the small subunit rRNA (ssu rRNA) gene of the parasite. A multilocus genotyping (MLG) scheme targeting the triose phosphate isomerase (tpi), the glutamate dehydrogenase (gdh), and the beta-giardin (bg) genes was used for genotyping purposes. Giardia duodenalis cysts were detected in 7.7% (90/1,163) of samples by microscopy, of which 82 were confirmed by ssu-PCR. Successful amplification and sequencing results were obtained for 23.2% (19/82), 9.8% (8/82), and 8.5% (7/82) of the confirmed samples at the tpi, gdh, and bg loci, respectively. MLG data for the three loci were available for two samples only. Out of the 24 samples genotyped at any loci, 50% (12/24) were identified as assemblage A and the remaining half as assemblage B. Overall, AII was the most prevalent sub-assemblage detected (41.7%, 10/24), followed by BIII (25.0%, 6/24), discordant BIII/BIV (5/24) or AII/AIII (2/24) sequences, and BIV (1/24). No significant correlation was demonstrated between a given assemblage/sub-assemblage and the occurrence of clinical symptoms. No genotypes adapted to animal hosts other than humans (e.g. assemblages C-F) were found circulating in the investigated human population, suggesting that transmission of human giardiasis in this Iranian region is primarily of anthroponotic nature. Further molecular-based studies are needed to confirm and expand these results, and to ascertain the presence and public health relevance of the parasite in environmental (e.g. drinking water) samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdollah Rafiei
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Health Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Khuzestan, Iran
- Department of Parasitology, School of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Khuzestan, Iran
| | - Raheleh Baghlaninezhad
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Health Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Khuzestan, Iran
- Department of Parasitology, School of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Khuzestan, Iran
| | - Pamela C. Köster
- Parasitology Reference and Research Laboratory, National Centre for Microbiology, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Begoña Bailo
- Parasitology Reference and Research Laboratory, National Centre for Microbiology, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta Hernández de Mingo
- Parasitology Reference and Research Laboratory, National Centre for Microbiology, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - David Carmena
- Parasitology Reference and Research Laboratory, National Centre for Microbiology, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Esmat Panabad
- Department of Parasitology, School of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Khuzestan, Iran
| | - Molouk Beiromvand
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Health Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Khuzestan, Iran
- Department of Parasitology, School of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Khuzestan, Iran
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156
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Zhang X, Wang L, Lan X, Dan J, Ren Z, Cao S, Shen L, Deng J, Zuo Z, Yu S, Wang Y, Ma X, Liu H, Zhou Z, Hu Y, Fu H, He C, Geng Y, Gu X, Peng G, Wang Y, Zhong Z. Occurrence and multilocus genotyping of Giardia duodenalis in captive non-human primates from 12 zoos in China. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0228673. [PMID: 32017796 PMCID: PMC6999901 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0228673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2019] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Giardia duodenalis is a common enteric protozoan that infects a range of hosts including humans and other mammals. Multilocus genotyping of G. duodenalis in captive non-human primates (NHPs) from zoos in China is limited. In this study, we evaluated 302 NHP fecal samples collected from 32 different NHP species. The primates were from 12 zoos distributed across eight provinces and two municipalities (Chongqing and Beijing) of China. The overall infection rate was 8.3% (25/302). The six G. duodenalis-positive zoos and their infection rates were: Suzhou Zoo (40.0%, 4/10), Yangzhou Zoo (22.2%, 2/9), Dalian Zoo (16.7%, 4/24), Chengdu Zoo (12.8%, 6/47), Guiyang Forest Wildlife Zoo (12.1%, 7/58), and Changsha Zoo (4.7%, 2/43). Molecular analysis of three loci, beta-giardin (bg), triose phosphate isomerase (tpi), and glutamate dehydrogenase (gdh), showed high genetic heterogeneity, and seven novel subtypes (BIII-1, MB10-1, WB8-1, B14-1, MB9-1, DN7-1, and BIV-1) were detected within assemblage B. Additional analysis revealed 12 different assemblage B multilocus genotypes (MLGs), one known MLG and 11 novel MLGs. Based on phylogenetic analysis, 12 assemblage B MLGs formed two main clades, MLG-SW (10-12, 18) and MLG-SW (13, 14, 16, 17), the other four MLG-SW (15, 19, 20, 21) were scattered throughout the phylogenetic tree in this study. Using multilocus genotyping, this study expands our understanding of the occurrence of Giardia infection and genetic variation in Giardia in captive non-human primates from zoos in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueping Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Liqin Wang
- The Chengdu Zoo, Institute of Wild Animals, Chengdu, China
| | - Xinting Lan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jiaming Dan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhihua Ren
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Suizhong Cao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Liuhong Shen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Junliang Deng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhicai Zuo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Shumin Yu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ya Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaoping Ma
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Haifeng Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ziyao Zhou
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yanchun Hu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Hualin Fu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Changliang He
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yi Geng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaobin Gu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Guangneng Peng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- * E-mail: (ZZ); (YW); (GP)
| | - Yufei Wang
- Department of laboratory medicine, The Third Medical Center, General Hospital of the Chinese People’s Liberation Army, Beijing, China
- * E-mail: (ZZ); (YW); (GP)
| | - Zhijun Zhong
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- * E-mail: (ZZ); (YW); (GP)
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Samie A, Tanih NF, Seisa I, Seheri M, Mphahlele J, ElBakri A, Mbati P. Prevalence and genetic characterization of Giardia lamblia in relation to diarrhea in Limpopo and Gauteng provinces, South Africa. Parasite Epidemiol Control 2020; 9:e00140. [PMID: 32083192 PMCID: PMC7016452 DOI: 10.1016/j.parepi.2020.e00140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Revised: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Very few studies have determined the prevalence and assemblage distribution of Giardia lamblia in South Africa. The present study aimed to ascertain the prevalence of G. lamblia infection and the spread of the various assemblages in two communities in South Africa - Giyani, Limpopo province (rural community) and Pretoria Guateng province (urban community). Methods Prevalence was determined by immunological and molecular methods analyzing a total of 516 stool samples collected from patients visiting different health centres in Giyani and Pretoria. For immunological assays, samples were screened by ELISA to detect G. lamblia antigen. Furthermore, a semi nested PCR amplifying the triose phosphate isomerase (tpi) gene was used to differentiate between the two most common human assemblages (A and B). Findings Of the 516 participants, 40 (7.75%) were identified as positive by ELISA. A statistically significant correlation was observed between the stool texture and Giardia infection (ᵡ2 = 10.533; p = .005). G. lamblia was significantly associated with watery stool types in females p = .008. Furthermore, a significant association was also noticed between the origin of samples (ᵡ2 = 9.725; p = .002). No significant correlation between age and gender was noted. Regarding the age groups, most people who were infected were between 3 and 20 years. A statistically significant association was seen (p = .001) with the distribution of the pathogen with the stool type. The prevalence of Giardia infection was higher in watery stool samples (71.4%) in Giyani region (rural) whereas in Pretoria, high prevalence was found in loose stool samples (6.2%). Generally, the distribution was statistically significant in the stool type collected for the study (p = .005). Genotyping revealed more G. lamblia assemblage B (17.8%) than assemblage A (1.7%). Furthermore, 21.0% of the samples exhibited single infection while 4.2% had mixed infections. Assemblage B was more common in Giyani than in urban Pretoria. Conclusions The study confirms Giardia as an important cause of diarrhea in the concerned communities with people in rural areas more at risk compared to those in urban areas with higher prevalence among younger patients. Therefore, health education campaigns should target young age groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amidou Samie
- Molecular Parasitology and opportunistic infections program, Department of Microbiology, University of Venda, Private Bag X5050, Thohoyandou, Limpopo, South Africa
| | | | - Itumeleng Seisa
- Molecular Parasitology and opportunistic infections program, Department of Microbiology, University of Venda, Private Bag X5050, Thohoyandou, Limpopo, South Africa
| | - Mapaseka Seheri
- South African Medical Research Council Diarrhoeal Pathogens Research Unit, Department of Medical Virology, Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University, Medunsa, 0204, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Jeffrey Mphahlele
- South African Medical Research Council, 1 Soutpansberg Road, Pretoria, Gauteng, South Africa
| | - Ali ElBakri
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences,College of Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, PO Box 27272, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Peter Mbati
- Deputy Pro Vice Chancellor Academics and Quality, Botho University, Botho Education Park, Kgale, Gaborone, Botswana
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158
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Ligda P, Claerebout E, Casaert S, Robertson LJ, Sotiraki S. Investigations from Northern Greece on mussels cultivated in areas proximal to wastewaters discharges, as a potential source for human infection with Giardia and Cryptosporidium. Exp Parasitol 2020; 210:107848. [PMID: 32004534 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2020.107848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Revised: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Marine bivalves are usually cultivated in shallow, estuarine waters where there is a high concentration of nutrients. Many micro-pollutants, including the protozoan parasites Giardia duodenalis and Cryptosporidium spp., which also occur in such environments, may be concentrated in shellfish tissues during their feeding process. Shellfish can thus be considered as vehicles for foodborne infections, as they are usually consumed lightly cooked or raw. Therefore, the main objective of this study was to investigate the presence of both parasites in Mediterranean mussels, Mytilus galloprovincialis that are cultivated in Thermaikos Gulf, North Greece, which is fed by four rivers that are contaminated with both protozoa. Moreover, the occurrence of these protozoa was monitored in treated wastewaters from 3 treatment plants that discharge into the gulf. In order to identify potential sources of contamination and to estimate the risk for human infection, an attempt was made to genotype Giardia and Cryptosporidium in positive samples. Immunofluorescence was used for detection and molecular techniques were used for both detection and genotyping of the parasites. In total, 120 mussel samples, coming from 10 farms, were examined for the presence of both protozoa over the 6-month farming period. None of them were found positive by immunofluorescence microscopy for the presence of parasites. Only in 3 mussel samples, PCR targeting the GP60 gene detected Cryptosporidium spp. DNA, but sequencing was not successful. Thirteen out of 18 monthly samples collected from the 3 wastewater treatment plants, revealed the presence of Giardia duodenalis cysts belonging to sub-assemblage AII, at relatively low counts (up to 11.2 cysts/L). Cryptosporidium oocysts (up to 0.9 oocysts/L) were also detected in 4 out of 8 samples, although sequencing was not successful at any of the target genes. At the studied location and under the sampling conditions described, mussels tested were not found to be harboring Giardia cysts and the presence of Cryptosporidium was found only in few cases (by PCR detection only). Our results suggest that the likelihood that mussels from these locations act as vehicles of human infection for Giardia and Cryptosporidium seems low.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panagiota Ligda
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820, Merelbeke, Belgium; Laboratory of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Veterinary Research Institute, Hellenic Agricultural Organization - DEMETER, 57001, Thermi, Thessaloniki, Greece.
| | - Edwin Claerebout
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820, Merelbeke, Belgium.
| | - Stijn Casaert
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820, Merelbeke, Belgium.
| | - Lucy J Robertson
- Parasitology, Department of Food Safety and Infection Biology, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, PO Box 369, Sentrum, 0102, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Smaragda Sotiraki
- Laboratory of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Veterinary Research Institute, Hellenic Agricultural Organization - DEMETER, 57001, Thermi, Thessaloniki, Greece.
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159
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Report of Giardia assemblages and giardiasis in residents of Guilan province-Iran. Parasitol Res 2020; 119:1083-1091. [PMID: 31965303 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-019-06595-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2019] [Accepted: 12/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Giardia duodenalis is considered a highly diverse organism that infects a variety of mammalian hosts. Giardiasis is a significant public health problem in Iran. The purpose of this study was to investigate the occurrence of Giardia duodenalis (G. lamblia, G. intestinalis) infections in humans residing in the Guilan province of Iran. Stool samples were collected during 12 months from 8356 individuals that had been referred to certain hospitals in the capital city of Rasht in the Guilan province, of which 4126 were males and 4230 were females. The samples were separated into three groups according to patient age: group A 1-9 years old (n = 483); group B 10-19 years old (n = 491); and group C greater than 20 years old (n = 7382). The wet mount technique was performed directly on 8356 fecal samples for microscopy. Samples were examined using a saline and iodine direct smear technique in order to confirm the presence of G. duodenalis. The results indicated that 2.5% (206/8356) of the samples were identified as positive for G. duodenalis. A total of 30% of the infected patients (n = 62) had no symptoms. In symptomatic cases, the most common symptoms (46%, n = 95) were abdominal cramps and bloating. Twenty-four percent of patients (n = 50) had cramps, bloating, nausea, and diarrhea. Sixty positive samples were sent for G. duodenalis genotyping based on the amplification of the gdh gene. Forty-one PCR products were successfully selected and sequenced, where 38 (92.6%) samples were identified as genotype A/subgenotype II and in three samples (7.4%) genotype B/subgenotype IV. Genotype A-II had a dominant prevalence as compared to the genotype B-IV samples that were identified in the study. Based on the samples provided by the regional teaching hospitals and subsequent sample analysis, the authors concluded that assemblage A-II is most likely the most common Giardia subgroup infection in the Guilan region. Assemblages have been reported in both humans and animals; however, further studies need to investigate the role of domestic animals and water reservoirs as potential sources of Giardia infection in the Guilan region.
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160
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Sursal N, Yildiz K. The first record on Giardia muris from mice in Turkey. J Parasit Dis 2020; 44:457-461. [PMID: 32508423 DOI: 10.1007/s12639-020-01196-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Giardia muris has been reported from both laboratory and wild rodents in worldwide. During routine care, soft consistency was observed in feces of Swiss albino mice. Motile Giardia spp. trophozoites were observed microscopically on all fecal preparations after stained with Lugol's iodine solution. The trophozoites were broadly ovoid in a form with a pointed end. They possess two large nuclei and an adhesive disk whose length overlapped one-half of the trophozoite body length. The caudal flagella are unequal. β giardin (bg) gene region of isolates was successfully amplified and sequenced. According to sequence analyses of the bg gene region, the mice isolate was identified as G. muris and deposited in GenBank (Accession Number: MK675656). The bg sequence of G. muris was shown 99.3-99.7% identity with the isolates of G. muris reported from different countries in GenBank. We have firstly demonstrated G. muris trophozoites in the fecal samples of naturally infected Swiss albino mice in Turkey.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neslihan Sursal
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Aksaray University, Aksaray, Turkey
| | - Kader Yildiz
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kirikkale University, 71450 Kirikkale, Turkey
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161
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Coppola F, Maestrini M, Berrilli F, Procesi IG, Felicioli A, Perrucci S. First report of Giardia duodenalis infection in the crested porcupine ( Hystrix cristata L., 1758). INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR PARASITOLOGY-PARASITES AND WILDLIFE 2020; 11:108-113. [PMID: 32021796 PMCID: PMC6994745 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijppaw.2020.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Revised: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Italy is the only European country where the crested porcupine (Hystrix cristata) lives. A parasitological investigation was performed on faecal samples, aimed to evaluate Giardia and other parasites in a free-ranging crested porcupine population in Central Italy. Samples were collected from captured and road-killed individuals as well as from feeding areas and pathways. Collected faecal samples were examined by the Mini-FLOTAC technique and a rapid immunoassay for the search of Giardia and Cryptosporidium spp. faecal antigens. For the identification of Giardia species and genotypes, molecular analysis was performed on Giardia-positive samples, by using PCR protocols able to amplify glutamate dehydrogenase, triosephosphate isomerase and a fragment of the small subunit ribosomal RNA genes. A total of 52 crested porcupine faecal samples were collected and analysed. At microscopical examination, 39 out of 52 samples were found positive for at least a single parasite species and six different parasite taxa were identified. Forty-eight percent (25/52) of faecal samples were positive for Giardia spp. and 1.9% (1/52) for Cryptosporidium spp. at the immunoassay. Among 12 faecal samples belonging to different individuals, 33.3% (4/12) were positive for Giardia spp. By using the Mini-FLOTAC technique, positivity for Trichuris spp. (32.7%, 17/52), gastrointestinal strongyles (32.7%, 17/52), capillariid eggs (3.8%, 2/52) and coccidian oocysts (1.9%; 1/52) was also evidenced. Molecular analysis was performed on 17 out of 25 Giardia-positive isolates. At the SSU rDNA locus, expected bands were achieved for 12 out of 17 isolates and all samples were assigned to Giardia duodenalis assemblage B. Sequencing at tpi locus revealed potentially zoonotic G. duodenalis assemblage AII (two isolates) and assemblage BIV (one isolate). The present study provides the first report of G. duodenalis infection in H. cristata. More in depth studies are needed on the impact and epidemiology of G. duodenalis and other identified parasites in crested porcupines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Coppola
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Viale delle Piagge, 2, Pisa, 56124, PI, Italy
| | - Michela Maestrini
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Viale delle Piagge, 2, Pisa, 56124, PI, Italy
| | - Federica Berrilli
- Department of Clinical Science and Translational Medicine, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Via Montpellier 1, 00133, Rome, Italy
| | - Isabel Guadano Procesi
- Department of Clinical Science and Translational Medicine, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Via Montpellier 1, 00133, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonio Felicioli
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Viale delle Piagge, 2, Pisa, 56124, PI, Italy
| | - Stefania Perrucci
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Viale delle Piagge, 2, Pisa, 56124, PI, Italy
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162
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Tangtrongsup S, Scorza AV, Reif JS, Ballweber LR, Lappin MR, Salman MD. Seasonal distributions and other risk factors for Giardia duodenalis and Cryptosporidium spp. infections in dogs and cats in Chiang Mai, Thailand. Prev Vet Med 2020; 174:104820. [DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2019.104820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2018] [Revised: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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163
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Allain T, Buret AG. Pathogenesis and post-infectious complications in giardiasis. ADVANCES IN PARASITOLOGY 2019; 107:173-199. [PMID: 32122529 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apar.2019.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Giardia is an important cause of diarrhoea, and results in post-infectious and extra-intestinal complications. This chapter presents a state-of-the art of our understanding of how this parasite may cause such abnormalities, which appear to develop at least in part in Assemblage-dependent manner. Findings from prospective longitudinal cohort studies indicate that Giardia is one of the four most prevalent enteropathogens in early life, and represents a risk factor for stunting at 2 years of age. This may occur independently of diarrheal disease, in strong support of the pathophysiological significance of the intestinal abnormalities induced by this parasite. These include epithelial malabsorption and maldigestion, increased transit, mucus depletion, and disruptions of the commensal microbiota. Giardia increases epithelial permeability and facilitates the invasion of gut bacteria. Loss of intestinal barrier function is at the core of the acute and post-infectious complications associated with this infection. Recent findings demonstrate that the majority of the pathophysiological responses triggered by this parasite can be recapitulated by the effects of its membrane-bound and secreted cysteine proteases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thibault Allain
- University of Calgary, Host-Parasite Interactions Program, Inflammation Research Network, Department of Biological Sciences, Calgary, Canada
| | - André G Buret
- University of Calgary, Host-Parasite Interactions Program, Inflammation Research Network, Department of Biological Sciences, Calgary, Canada.
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164
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The Prevalence and Assemblages of Giardia Duodenalis in Dogs: A Systematic Review in Europe. FOLIA VETERINARIA 2019. [DOI: 10.2478/fv-2019-0036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Giardiasis is one of the most frequent causes of diarrhoeic diseases in the world. Giardia cysts are most commonly transferred via ingestion of contaminated water or food. On the basis of genetic characteristics Giardia duodenalis is classified in eight assemblages A—H. Zoonotic assemblages A and B are increasingly found in isolates from dogs which may constitute the reservoir of human giardiasis. This article presents a brief review of G. duodenalis assemblages detected in dogs that were documented in European countries.
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165
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Mizuno T, Matey EJ, Bi X, Songok EM, Ichimura H, Tokoro M. Extremely diversified haplotypes observed among assemblage B population of Giardia intestinalis in Kenya. Parasitol Int 2019; 75:102038. [PMID: 31837398 DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2019.102038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2019] [Revised: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
In molecular epidemiological studies of Giardia intestinalis, an pathogenic intestinal flagellate, due to the presence of allelic sequence heterogeneity (ASH) on the tetraploid genome, the image of haplotype diversity in the field remains uncertain. Here we employed the nine assemblage B positive stool samples, which had previously reported from Kenyan children, for the clonal sequence analysis of multiple gene loci (glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH), triosephosphate isomerase (TPI), and beta-giardin (BG)). The diversified unique assemblage B haplotypes as GDH (n = 67), TPI (n = 84), and BG (n = 62), and the assemblage A haplotypes as GDH (n = 7), TPI (n = 14), and BG (n = 15), which were hidden in the previous direct-sequence results, were detected. Among the assemblage B haplotypes, Bayesian phylogeny revealed multiple statistically significant clusters (9, 7, and 7 clusters for GDH, TPI, and BG, respectively). A part of the clusters (2 for GDH and 1 for BG), which included >4 haplotypes from an individual sample, indicated the presence of co-transmission with multiple strains sharing a recent ancestor. Locus-dependent discrepancies, such as different compositions of derived samples in clusters and different genotyping results for the assemblages, were also observed and considered to be the traces of both intra- and inter-assemblage genetic recombination respectively. Our clonal sequence analysis for giardial population, which applied firstly in Kenya, could reveal the higher rates of ASH far beyond the levels reported in other areas and address the complex population structure. The clonal analysis is indispensable for the molecular field study of G. intestinalis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsushi Mizuno
- Department of Parasitology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | | | - Xiuqiong Bi
- Department of Viral Infection and International Health, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | | | - Hiroshi Ichimura
- Department of Viral Infection and International Health, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Masaharu Tokoro
- Department of Parasitology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan.
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166
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Preliminary Assessment of Gastrointestinal Parasites in Two Wild Groups of Endangered Moor Macaques (Macaca maura) from Sulawesi. INT J PRIMATOL 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s10764-019-00114-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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167
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Jerez Puebla LE, Núñez Fernández FA, Fraga J, Rivero LR, Millán IA, Valdés LA, Silva IM, Müller N, Robertson LJ. Concordance of Giardia duodenalis assemblages determined by different PCR methodologies in three observational studies in Cuba. Exp Parasitol 2019; 209:107814. [PMID: 31816280 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2019.107814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2019] [Revised: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Giardia duodenalis is one of the most important intestinal parasites globally, especially in children, and in Cuba is the leading cause of chronic paediatric diarrhoea in this population. G. duodenalis is composed of eight genetic groups (or assemblages), two of which (A and B) are apparently zoonotic, occurring in both humans and other animals. However, consensus on the most appropriate genotyping scheme for optimal characterization of G. duodenalis isolates is lacking. In this article we present the results of three descriptive observational studies conducted in Havana, Cuba between 2010 and 2013, with the aim of comparing the results from molecular (PCR) approaches targeting different genes in order to assign with confidence 224 isolates of G. duodenalis to the correct assemblages. In each sub-study, following DNA isolation by the phenol/chloroform/isoamyl alcohol extraction method, PCR targeting the triose phosphate isomerase (tpi) gene was used for molecular characterization, as well as one additional PCR-method targeting another gene or pair of genes. DNA amplification was obtained in 87%, 83%, and 80% in the three sub-studies. Although excellent agreement (kappa index = 1) was recorded between results from some pairs of genes, for other combinations only moderate or substantial agreement was achieved. These results highlight the importance of interpretation of genotyping data, especially when single genetic markers are used. From the results of our studies, PCR targeting a combination of the tpi gene and the intergenic spacer region of rDNA may be a useful approach for the molecular characterization of G. duodenalis isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Enrique Jerez Puebla
- Department of Parasitology, Tropical Medicine Institute "Pedro Kourí", Autopista Novia del Mediodía Km 6(1/2) e/Autopista Nacional y Carretera, Central, La Habana, Cuba
| | - Fidel A Núñez Fernández
- Department of Parasitology, Tropical Medicine Institute "Pedro Kourí", Autopista Novia del Mediodía Km 6(1/2) e/Autopista Nacional y Carretera, Central, La Habana, Cuba
| | - Jorge Fraga
- Department of Parasitology, Tropical Medicine Institute "Pedro Kourí", Autopista Novia del Mediodía Km 6(1/2) e/Autopista Nacional y Carretera, Central, La Habana, Cuba
| | - Lázara Rojas Rivero
- Department of Parasitology, Tropical Medicine Institute "Pedro Kourí", Autopista Novia del Mediodía Km 6(1/2) e/Autopista Nacional y Carretera, Central, La Habana, Cuba
| | - Iraís Atencio Millán
- Department of Parasitology, Tropical Medicine Institute "Pedro Kourí", Autopista Novia del Mediodía Km 6(1/2) e/Autopista Nacional y Carretera, Central, La Habana, Cuba
| | - Lucía Ayllón Valdés
- Paedriatic Hospital "William Soler", Avenida 100 y Perla Altahabana, Ciudad de La Habana, Cuba
| | - Isabel Martínez Silva
- Paedriatic Hospital "William Soler", Avenida 100 y Perla Altahabana, Ciudad de La Habana, Cuba
| | - Norbert Müller
- Institute of Parasitology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Lucy J Robertson
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway.
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168
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Trelis M, Taroncher-Ferrer S, Gozalbo M, Ortiz V, Soriano JM, Osuna A, Merino-Torres JF. Giardia intestinalis and Fructose Malabsorption: A Frequent Association. Nutrients 2019; 11:E2973. [PMID: 31817420 PMCID: PMC6950212 DOI: 10.3390/nu11122973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Revised: 11/29/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Nowadays, scientific studies are emerging on the possible etiological role of intestinal parasites in functional digestive disorders. Our study was carried out with healthy individuals (control group; n = 82) and symptomatic patients with lactose or fructose malabsorption, including positive (malabsorbers; n = 213) and negative (absorbers; n = 56) breath test, being analyzed for the presence of intestinal parasites. A high parasitic prevalence was observed in malabsorbers (41.8%), exclusively due to single-cell eukaryotes but not helminths. Giardia intestinalis was the predominant parasite in cases of abnormal absorption (26.5%), significantly associated with fructose malabsorption and doubling the probability of developing this pathology. Within controls, Blastocystis sp. (13.4%) was almost the only parasite, being the second among patients (12.6%), and Cryptosporidium parvum, the last species of clinical relevance, was detected exclusively in two malabsorbers (0.9%). The consumption of ecological food and professions with direct contact with humans arose as risk factors of parasitism. A diagnosis of carbohydrate malabsorption in adulthood is the starting point, making the search for the primary cause necessary. Accurate parasitological diagnosis should be considered another tool in the clinical routine for patients with recurrent symptoms, since their condition may be reversible with adequate therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Trelis
- Area of Parasitology, Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology and Parasitology, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain;
- Joint Research Unit on Endocrinology, Nutrition and Clinical Dietetics, University of Valencia-Health Research Institute La Fe, 46026 Valencia, Spain; (J.M.S.); (J.F.M.-T.)
| | - Silvia Taroncher-Ferrer
- Area of Parasitology, Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology and Parasitology, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain;
- University Clinic of Nutrition, Physical Activity and Physiotherapy (CUNAFF), Lluís Alcanyís Foundation-University of Valencia, 46020 Valencia, Spain
| | - Mónica Gozalbo
- Area of Nutrition and Bromatology, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain;
| | - Vicente Ortiz
- Department of Gastroenterology, University and Polytechnic Hospital La Fe, 46026 Valencia, Spain;
| | - José M. Soriano
- Joint Research Unit on Endocrinology, Nutrition and Clinical Dietetics, University of Valencia-Health Research Institute La Fe, 46026 Valencia, Spain; (J.M.S.); (J.F.M.-T.)
- Food & Health Lab, Institute of Materials Science, University of Valencia, 46980 Paterna, Spain
| | - Antonio Osuna
- Biochemistry and Molecular Parasitology Group, Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biotechnology, University of Granada, 18003 Granada, Spain;
| | - Juan F. Merino-Torres
- Joint Research Unit on Endocrinology, Nutrition and Clinical Dietetics, University of Valencia-Health Research Institute La Fe, 46026 Valencia, Spain; (J.M.S.); (J.F.M.-T.)
- Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, University and Polytechnic Hospital La Fe, 46026 Valencia, Spain
- Department of Medicine, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain
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169
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Prevalence of Giardia duodenalis infection, co-morbidities and associated risk factors in dogs admitted to a veterinary teaching hospital in Israel. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2019; 68:101401. [PMID: 31837597 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2019.101401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Revised: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Giardia duodenalis causes gastro-intestinal (GI) disease and carries a zoonotic risk. The risk for infection depends on local prevalence and individual immunity, but clinical signs are inconsistent and the role of G. duodenalis in other GI diseases is unknown. The current study aims were to evaluate the prevalence of G. duodenalis in dogs presented to a university veterinary teaching hospital in Israel, investigate risk factors for infection and its associations with other diseases. Fecal samples from 163 dogs were tested for G. duodenalis by an antigen assay (FASTest® Giardia strip). Prevalence of G. duodenalis infection was 11.9 %. It was significantly associated with young age (≤1year) and canine parvoviral enteritis. Housing conditions, signs of GI disease or other systemic diseases were unassociated with infection. In conclusion, G. duodenalis infection prevalence is relatively low in the study population. Young age and diagnosis of co-infections are common, warranting screening for G. duodenalis.
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170
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Emery-Corbin SJ, Grüttner J, Svärd S. Transcriptomic and proteomic analyses of Giardia intestinalis: Intestinal epithelial cell interactions. ADVANCES IN PARASITOLOGY 2019; 107:139-171. [PMID: 32122528 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apar.2019.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Giardia intestinalis is a unicellular protozoan parasite that infects the small intestines of humans and animals. Giardiasis, the disease caused by the parasite, occurs globally across socioeconomic boundaries but is mainly endemic in developing countries and particularly within young children, where pronounced effects manifests in a failure to thrive condition. The molecular pathogenesis of Giardia has been studied using in vitro models of human and rat intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) and parasites from the two major human genotypes or assemblages (A and B). High-quality, genome sequencing of representative isolates from assemblages A (WB) and B (GS) has enabled exploration of these host-parasite models using 'omics' technologies, allowing deep and quantitative analyses of global gene expression changes in IECs and parasites during their interactions, cross-talk and competition. These include a major up-regulation of immune-related genes in the IECs early after the start of interactions, as well as competition between host cells and parasites for nutrients like sugars, amino acids and lipids, which is also reflected in their secretome interactions. Unique parasite proteins dominate these interactions, with many major up-regulated genes being either hypothetical proteins or members of Giardia-specific gene families like the high-cysteine-rich membrane proteins (HCMPs), variable surface proteins (VSPs), alpha-giardins and cysteine proteases. Furthermore, these proteins also dominate in the secretomes, suggesting that they are important virulence factors in Giardia and crucial molecular effectors at the host-parasite interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha J Emery-Corbin
- Population Health and Immunity Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Jana Grüttner
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Staffan Svärd
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
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171
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Occurrence and multilocus genotyping of Giardia duodenalis from post-weaned dairy calves in Sichuan province, China. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0224627. [PMID: 31682629 PMCID: PMC6827885 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0224627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2019] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Giardia duodenalis is a zoonotic parasitic protist and poses a threat to human and animal health. This study investigated the occurrence of G. duodenalis infection in post-weaned calves from Sichuan province, China. Faecal samples were collected from a total of 306 post-weaned calves (3–12 months old) from 10 farms, including 4 intensive feeding farms and 6 free-ranging farms. The overall infection rate of G. duodenalis was 41.2% (126/306) based on the PCR results at any of the three genetic loci: beta-giardin (bg), triose-phosphate isomerase (tpi) and glutamate dehydrogenase (gdh) genes. Giardia duodenalis assemblages E (n = 115, 91.3%), A (n = 3, 2.4%), and A mixed with E (n = 8, 6.3%) were identified among the 126 positive specimens. Multilocus sequence typing of G. duodenalis revealed 34 assemblage E multilocus genotypes (MLGs), 1 assemblage A MLG and 7 mixed assemblage (A and E) MLGs. The eBURST data showed a high degree of genetic diversity within assemblage E MLGs. The phylogenetic tree revealed that MLG E3 was the primary MLG subtype in Sichuan province and also the most widely distributed in China.
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Di Francesco CE, Smoglica C, Paoletti B, Angelucci S, Innocenti M, Antonucci A, Di Domenico G, Marsilio F. Detection of selected pathogens in Apennine wolf ( Canis lupus italicus) by a non-invasive GPS-based telemetry sampling of two packs from Majella National Park, Italy. EUR J WILDLIFE RES 2019; 65:84. [PMID: 32214950 PMCID: PMC7088344 DOI: 10.1007/s10344-019-1326-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2019] [Revised: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 09/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
In this study, a multi-pathogens survey was conducted to verify the sanitary status of two Italian wolf packs of Majella National Park. Twenty fecal samples (10/pack) were collected using a sampling protocol, based on the combining data from radio-collared wolves with geographic information system (GIS) analysis, allowing to mark off the home range of packs and to recover group-specific and high-quality specimens. Virological screening against the most prevalent canine viruses (protoparvovirus, distemper virus, adenoviruses, and coronaviruses) was carried out by molecular methods, while parasites were detected by means of copromicroscopic and molecular analysis. Canine parvovirus type 2b (CPV-2b) is the most prevalent virus in both packs (7/20), followed by canine adenovirus type 2 (CAdV-2), while no sequences of canine distemper virus and coronaviruses were detected. The sequence analysis of the viruses demonstrated the domestic origin of the infection, highlighting the importance of vaccination of local dogs in order to reduce the risk of exposure of wildlife to these pathogens. Fourteen samples resulted positive for parasites. Capillaria aerophila (sin. Eucoleus aerophilus), Ancylostoma/Uncinaria, Trichuris vulpis eggs, Sarcocystis spp., Cystoisospora canis, and Angiostrongylus vasorum larvae were identified. Echinococcus granulosus sensu stricto (ovine genotype G1) and Giardia duodenalis(canid-specific Assemblage C) were also characterized, providing insights into the wolves' diet and their effects on environmental contamination. The sampling protocol applied in this study, based on a multidisciplinary approach, represents an innovative tool for the survey of Apennine wolf, able to integrate sanitary data with the ecological and demographic features of this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina E Di Francesco
- 1Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, Loc. Piano D'Accio, 64100 Teramo, Italy
| | - Camilla Smoglica
- 1Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, Loc. Piano D'Accio, 64100 Teramo, Italy
| | - Barbara Paoletti
- 1Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, Loc. Piano D'Accio, 64100 Teramo, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | - Fulvio Marsilio
- 1Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, Loc. Piano D'Accio, 64100 Teramo, Italy
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173
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Lee YJ, Ryu JH, Shin SU, Choi KS. Prevalence and molecular characterization of Cryptosporidium and Giardia in pre-weaned native calves in the Republic of Korea. Parasitol Res 2019; 118:3509-3517. [PMID: 31624910 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-019-06482-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia duodenalis are protozoan parasites that cause diarrhea in humans and animals. Molecular data on Cryptosporidium spp. and G. duodenalis in calves in the Republic of Korea (ROK) is limited; thus, we investigated the prevalence of Cryptosporidium and Giardia in pre-weaned calves, analyzed the association between these parasites and diarrhea, and identified their zoonotic potential for human infection. Fecal samples were collected from 315 pre-weaned calves aged 1-60 days from 10 different regions in the ROK and screened for Cryptosporidium spp. and G. duodenalis using PCR. Overall prevalence of Cryptosporidium spp. and G. duodenalis was 4.4% (n = 14) and 12.7% (n = 40), respectively. Co-infection was not detected. All Cryptosporidium-positive samples were identified as C. parvum after sequence analysis of a small subunit rRNA fragment and further subtyped into zoonotic IIaA15G2R1 (n = 13) and IIaA18G3R1 (n = 1) by DNA sequencing of the 60-kDa glycoprotein gene. To our knowledge, this is the first report of C. parvum IIaA15G2R1 subtype in calves in the ROK. Based on β-giardin (bg) gene, G. duodenalis-positive samples belonged to assemblages E (n = 36) and A (n = 4), with the latter belonging to subtype A1, the zoonotic genotype. Six subtypes of assemblage E were identified at the bg locus: E1 (n = 6), E2 (n = 3), E3 (n = 13), E5 (n = 1), E8 (n = 1), and E11 (n = 1). The occurrence of C. parvum and G. duodenalis was not associated with diarrhea in pre-weaned Korean native calves. The present results suggest that the prevalence of C. parvum is not related to calf age; in contrast, the prevalence of G. duodenalis was significantly higher in 41-50-day-old calves (odds ratio = 9.90, 95% confidence interval 2.37-41.34; P = 0.001) than in 1-10-day-old calves. Therefore, calves are a potential source of zoonotic transmission, which may have significant public health implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoon-Joo Lee
- Department of Animal Science and Biotechnology, College of Ecology and Environmental Science, Kyungpook National University, Sangju, 37224, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Hyoung Ryu
- Department of Animal Science and Biotechnology, College of Ecology and Environmental Science, Kyungpook National University, Sangju, 37224, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Uk Shin
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, College of Animal Science, Kyungpook National University, Sangju, 37224, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyoung-Seong Choi
- Department of Animal Science and Biotechnology, College of Ecology and Environmental Science, Kyungpook National University, Sangju, 37224, Republic of Korea.
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Leles D, Frías L, Araújo A, Brener B, Sudré A, Chame M, Laurentino V. Are immunoenzymatic tests for intestinal protozoans reliable when used on archaeological material? Exp Parasitol 2019; 205:107739. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2019.107739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2019] [Revised: 08/15/2019] [Accepted: 08/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Occurrence and molecular characterization of Giardia duodenalis in child population from Colombia. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2019; 76:104034. [PMID: 31521787 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2019.104034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2019] [Revised: 08/13/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Giardia duodenalis is one of the most prevalent human intestinal parasite, with children living in developing countries being particularly at risk of infection. The occurrence and molecular diversity of G. duodenalis was investigated in stools specimens from 307 individuals aged one to nineteen years in Colombia. Samples were collected in three educational establishments (n: 163) and two hospital laboratories (n: 144) from urban and rural areas. Feces were concentrated using a biphasic sedimentation method and wet mounts of the sediment were examined by light microscopy. G. duodenalis assemblages and sub-assemblages were determined on positive samples by PCR of the triose phosphate isomerase (tpi), β-giardin (bg) and small-subunit (ssu) rRNA genes. G. duodenalis infection was detected by microscopy in 23 individuals (7.5%). The protozoan was more prevalent among specimens collected in educational establishments (11.6%) than in those obtained from hospital laboratories (2.8%). Infection was most common in individuals from urban areas and children aged 1-5 years. No significant association between diarrhea and infection could be demonstrated. Twenty Giardia-positive samples were successfully allocated to assemblage B (n: 11), sub-assemblage AII (n: 7), and assemblage A (n: 2). Results indicate the potential for transmission of G. duodenalis infection in children attending educational establishments and individuals from urban areas, where transmission seems to be primarily anthroponotic.
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Wang Y, Gonzalez-Moreno O, Roellig DM, Oliver L, Huguet J, Guo Y, Feng Y, Xiao L. Epidemiological distribution of genotypes of Giardia duodenalis in humans in Spain. Parasit Vectors 2019; 12:432. [PMID: 31492183 PMCID: PMC6728964 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-019-3692-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although the distribution of Giardia duodenalis genotypes in humans has been increasingly reported in recent years, data on possible differences in pathogen transmission between age groups and virulence between genotypes are scarce. The purpose of this study is to investigate the genetic diversity of G. duodenalis in humans in Spain and compare the distribution of G. duodenalis assemblages A and B between children and adults and clinical presentations between the two genotypes. METHODS In the present study, 125 microscopy-positive fecal samples were collected from humans in Spain over a 7-year period. PCR and sequence analyses of the triosephosphate isomerase, β-giardin and glutamate dehydrogenase genes were used to identify the multilocus genotypes of G. duodenalis. RESULTS Sequence analysis of three genetic loci identified both G. duodenalis assemblages A (29) and B (66), with co-infections of the two in two patients. Among the sequences obtained in this study, four multilocus genotypes (MLGs) of the sub-assemblage AII were observed within assemblage A. In contrast, 19 MLGs were detected within assemblage B due to the high sequence diversity at each locus. One MLG, however, was found in 51.9% (27/52) of assemblage B samples. Children were more commonly infected by assemblage B (44/53 or 83%) than adults (22/42 or 52.4%; χ2 = 10.371, df = 1, P = 0.001). Asymptomatic infection was more common in patients with assemblage A (4/29 or 13.8%) than in those with assemblage B (1/66 or 1.5%; χ2 = 6.091, df = 1, P = 0.029), and the frequency of abdominal pain occurrence was higher in assemblage B patients (65/66 or 98.5%) than assemblage A patients (25/29 or 86.2%; χ2 = 6.091, df = 1, P = 0.029). CONCLUSIONS These results illustrate the existence of differences in genotype distribution between children and adults and clinical presentations between G. duodenalis genotypes. They are useful in understanding the transmission of G. duodenalis in humans in Spain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanfei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237 China
| | - Olga Gonzalez-Moreno
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Parasitology, SYNLAB, 08950 Barcelona, Spain
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Department of Biology, Healthcare and Environment, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Dawn M. Roellig
- Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia 30333 USA
| | - Laura Oliver
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Parasitology, SYNLAB, 08950 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jordi Huguet
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Parasitology, SYNLAB, 08950 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Yaqiong Guo
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642 China
| | - Yaoyu Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237 China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642 China
| | - Lihua Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642 China
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177
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von Huth S, Kofoed PE, Holmskov U. Prevalence and potential risk factors for gastrointestinal parasitic infections in children in urban Bissau, Guinea-Bissau. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2019; 113:545-554. [PMID: 31034044 DOI: 10.1093/trstmh/trz032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Revised: 03/28/2019] [Accepted: 04/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gastrointestinal (GI) parasitic infections cause significant morbidity and mortality in tropical and subtropical countries. We aimed to investigate the prevalence of GI parasitic infections in children from Bissau, Guinea-Bissau and to identify the possible risk factors for these infections. METHODS We performed an observational study on two comparable cohorts of children 2-15 y of age: one study covering health care-seeking children (n=748) and one study covering children from the background population (n=851). A total of 1274 faecal samples from the two cohorts were investigated for parasites by microscopy and the risk factors for infection were identified by logistic regression. RESULTS Intestinal parasitic infections were found in 54.8% of health care-seeking children and 55.5% of children from the background population. Helminth infections were more common among health care-seeking children and were mainly due to hookworms. Pathogenic protozoa included Entamoeba histolytica/dispar and Giardia lamblia. The risk factors for infections included increasing age, household crowding and poor sanitation and water supply. CONCLUSIONS We found a high prevalence of intestinal parasites among both health care-seeking children and children from the background population. Compared with previous studies, we found a decreasing prevalence of intestinal helminths. This study further identifies potential risk factors for infections, including inadequate sanitation and water supply.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian von Huth
- Cancer and Inflammation Research, Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, J. B. Winslows, Odense C, Denmark
| | - Poul-Erik Kofoed
- Department of Pediatrics, Kolding Hospital, Skovvangen 2-8, Kolding, Denmark
- Bandim Health Project, INDEPTH Network, Apartado, Bissau, Guinea-Bissau
| | - Uffe Holmskov
- Cancer and Inflammation Research, Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, J. B. Winslows, Odense C, Denmark
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Kiani-Salmi N, Fattahi-Bafghi A, Astani A, Sazmand A, Zahedi A, Firoozi Z, Ebrahimi B, Dehghani-Tafti A, Ryan U, Akrami-Mohajeri F. Molecular typing of Giardia duodenalis in cattle, sheep and goats in an arid area of central Iran. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2019; 75:104021. [PMID: 31494270 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2019.104021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2019] [Revised: 08/02/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Giardia duodenalis is one of the most common intestinal parasites in humans as well as livestock and wildlife. It is of both public and veterinary health importance in developing nations. A molecular survey of Giardia duodenalis assemblages in ruminants from Yazd Province, Iran was conducted on 484 animal faecal samples collected per rectum from slaughtered ruminants including 192 cattle, 192 sheep and 100 goats from June to November 2017. Species-specific and assemblage-specific PCRs for assemblages A, B and E at the triose phosphate isomerase (tpi) gene were performed, and samples positive for Giardia were confirmed by sequencing. In total, 25 (5.16%) of examined faecal samples including eight cattle (4.2%), twelve sheep (6.2%) and five goats (5%) were infected with G. duodenalis. Assemblage-specific PCR detected G. duodenalis assemblage E in seven faecal samples (six in sheep and one in a goat). Assemblages A and B were not detected. This study provides the first insight into Giardia infection in slaughtered livestock in Iran. Although the prevalence of infection with Giardia in this hot-arid area of Iran was low, educating people about direct contact with livestock such as farmers and abattoirs workers about this zoonotic infection is important.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narges Kiani-Salmi
- Zoonotic Diseases Research Center, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran; Department of Food Hygiene and Safety, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences and Health Services, Yazd, Iran
| | - Ali Fattahi-Bafghi
- Department of Parasitology, School of Medicine, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences and Health Services, Yazd, Iran
| | - Akram Astani
- Zoonotic Diseases Research Center, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran; Department of Microbiology Sciences, School of Medicine, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences and Health Services, Yazd, Iran
| | - Alireza Sazmand
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, Iran
| | - Alireza Zahedi
- Vector- and Water-Borne Pathogens Research Group, College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia 6150, Australia
| | - Zohre Firoozi
- Zoonotic Diseases Research Center, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran; Department of Food Hygiene and Safety, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences and Health Services, Yazd, Iran
| | - Behnam Ebrahimi
- Yazd Cardiovascular Research Center, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Arefeh Dehghani-Tafti
- Department of Biostatics and Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences and Health Services, Yazd, Iran
| | - Una Ryan
- Vector- and Water-Borne Pathogens Research Group, College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia 6150, Australia
| | - Fateme Akrami-Mohajeri
- Zoonotic Diseases Research Center, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran; Department of Food Hygiene and Safety, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences and Health Services, Yazd, Iran.
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Roegner AF, Daniels ME, Smith WA, Gottdenker N, Schwartz LM, Liu J, Campbell A, Fiorello CV. Giardia Infection and Trypanosoma Cruzi Exposure in Dogs in the Bosawás Biosphere Reserve, Nicaragua. ECOHEALTH 2019; 16:512-522. [PMID: 31414319 DOI: 10.1007/s10393-019-01434-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2018] [Revised: 01/25/2019] [Accepted: 07/10/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Indigenous Mayangna and Miskitu inhabit Nicaragua's remote Bosawás Biosphere Reserve, located in the North Caribbean Coast Autonomous Region. They are sedentary horticulturists who supplement their diet with wild game, hunting with the assistance of dogs. To test whether hunting dogs increased the risk of human exposure to protozoal zoonotic neglected tropical diseases (NTDs), we sampled dogs from three communities varying in population size and level of contact with other communities. We screened dog feces (n = 58) for Giardia and Cryptosporidium DNA and sera (n = 78) for Trypanosoma cruzi antibodies and DNA. Giardia DNA was detected in 22% (13/58) of samples; sequencing revealed the presence of both zoonotic genotypes (assemblages A and B) and dog-specific genotypes (assemblages C and D). Giardia shedding was associated with community and age. Older dogs and those in the two, more accessible communities had greater odds of shedding parasites. Seroprevalence of T. cruzi antibodies, indicating prior exposure, was 9% (7/78). These results contribute to the limited literature on NTDs in indigenous populations, and suggest hunting dogs can both serve as sentinels of environmental NTDs and pose zoonotic risk for their owners and communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amber F Roegner
- One Health Institute, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
- School of Natural Resources, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - Miles E Daniels
- One Health Institute, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
- Institute of Marine Sciences, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA, USA
| | - Woutrina A Smith
- One Health Institute, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Nicole Gottdenker
- Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Laura M Schwartz
- Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - James Liu
- Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
- The Turtle Conservancy, New York, NY, USA
| | - Amanda Campbell
- Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Christine V Fiorello
- One Health Institute, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA.
- Albuquerque BioPark, 2000 Mountain Road NW, Albuquerque, NM, USA.
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180
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The peripheral vesicles gather multivesicular bodies with different behavior during the Giardia intestinalis life cycle. J Struct Biol 2019; 207:301-311. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jsb.2019.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Revised: 06/05/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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181
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Zou Y, Zheng WB, Song HY, Xia CY, Shi B, Liu JZ, Hou JL, Zhu XQ. Prevalence and genetic characterization of Enterocytozoon bieneusi and Giardia duodenalis in Tibetan pigs in Tibet, China. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2019; 75:104019. [PMID: 31470093 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2019.104019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Revised: 08/19/2019] [Accepted: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Enterocytozoon bieneusi and Giardia duodenalis are important opportunistic enteric zoonotic pathogens that cause diarrhoea and intestinal diseases in animals and humans. China is the largest producer of pigs, but whether Tibetan pigs, a unique pig breed in Tibet, are infected with E. bieneusi and G. duodenalis is unknown. Therefore, we conducted a molecular epidemiological survey to determine the prevalence of E. bieneusi and G. duodenalis in Tibetan pigs in Tibet, China, and identified the genotypes of these causative agents. A total of 345 faecal specimens were collected from Tibetan pigs from three Tibet counties (Milin, Cuona and Gongbujiangda), examined by nested PCR and sequenced utilizing genetic markers in the ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of the rRNA and glutamate dehydrogenase (gdh) gene for E. bieneusi and G. duodenalis, respectively. Moreover, using multilocus sequence typing, the subtypes of E. bieneusi were identified based on four loci (MS1, MS3, MS4 and MS7). A total of 41 (11.88%) faecal samples from Tibetan pigs were E. bieneusi-positive, and 2 (0.58%) were G. duodenalis-positive. The multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that age was considered a risk factor for Tibetan pig infection of E. bieneusi. Two novel (GB11, GB31) and four known E. bieneusi genotypes (EbpC, EbpD, PigEBITS5 and CHS12) were identified and were all classified as zoonotic group 1 according to the phylogenetic analysis. Two MLGs (MLGI and MLGII) were further identified in the E. bieneusi EbpC genotype by multilocus sequence typing analysis. In addition, two G. duodenalis assemblages (D and E) were found in the present study. To our knowledge, the current study is the first to detect the prevalence and perform genetic characterization of G. duodenalis in Tibetan pigs in Tibet, China. The results could provide essential data for controlling E. bieneusi and G. duodenalis infections in Tibetan pigs that are in contact with other animals and humans, as Tibetan pigs could be a potential source for human infection by these pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province 730046, PR China
| | - Wen-Bin Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province 730046, PR China; Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Engineering in Animal Vaccines, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan Province 410128, PR China
| | - Hai-Yang Song
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province 730046, PR China
| | - Chen-Yang Xia
- Institute of Livestock Research, Tibet Academy of Agricultural and Animal Husbandry Sciences, Lhasa, Tibet Autonomous Region 850009, PR China
| | - Bin Shi
- Institute of Livestock Research, Tibet Academy of Agricultural and Animal Husbandry Sciences, Lhasa, Tibet Autonomous Region 850009, PR China
| | - Jian-Zhi Liu
- Institute of Livestock Research, Tibet Academy of Agricultural and Animal Husbandry Sciences, Lhasa, Tibet Autonomous Region 850009, PR China
| | - Jun-Ling Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province 730046, PR China.
| | - Xing-Quan Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province 730046, PR China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province 225009, PR China.
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Ryan U, Zahedi A. Molecular epidemiology of giardiasis from a veterinary perspective. ADVANCES IN PARASITOLOGY 2019; 106:209-254. [PMID: 31630759 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apar.2019.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
A total of eight Giardia species are accepted. These include: Giardia duodenalis (syn. Giardia intestinalis and Giardia lamblia), which infects humans and animals, Giardia agilis, Giardia ardeae, Giardia psittaci, Giardia muris, Giardia microti, Giardia peramelis and G. cricetidarum, which infect non-human hosts including amphibians, birds, rodents and marsupials. Giardia duodenalis is a species complex consisting of eight assemblages (A-H), with assemblages A and B the dominant assemblages in humans. Molecular studies to date on the zoonotic potential of Giardia in animals are problematic and are hampered by lack of concordance between loci. Livestock (cattle, sheep, goats and pigs) are predominantly infected with G. duodenalis assemblage E, which has recently been shown to be zoonotic, followed by assemblage A. In cats and dogs, assemblages A, B, C, D and F are commonly reported but relatively few studies have conducted molecular typing of humans and their pets and the results are contradictory with some studies support zoonotic transmission but the majority of studies suggesting separate transmission cycles. Giardia also infects a broad range of wildlife hosts and although much less well studied, host-adapted species as well as G. duodenalis assemblages (A-H) have been identified. Fish and other aquatic wildlife represent a source of infection for humans with Giardia via water contamination and/or consumption of undercooked fish and interestingly, assemblage B and A predominated in the two molecular studies conducted to date. Our current knowledge of the transmission dynamics of Giardia is still poor and the development of more discriminatory typing tools such as whole genome sequencing (WGS) of Giardia isolates is therefore essential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Una Ryan
- College of Science, Health, Education and Engineering, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, Australia.
| | - Alireza Zahedi
- College of Science, Health, Education and Engineering, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, Australia
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Yu F, Amer S, Qi M, Wang R, Wang Y, Zhang S, Jian F, Ning C, El Batae H, Zhang L. Multilocus genotyping of Giardia duodenalis isolated from patients in Egypt. Acta Trop 2019; 196:66-71. [PMID: 31100269 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2019.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2018] [Revised: 05/12/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Human giardiasis is a common waterborne/foodborne parasitic disease worldwide, especially in developing countries. Prevalence and molecular identity of Giardia parasites are largely controversial. The present study was conducted to determine the occurrence of Giardia parasites and the genetic profile of circulating assemblage(s) in patients attended the outpatient clinic at Kafrelsheikh University hospital, Kafr El Sheikh Province, Egypt. A total of 318 patients, of different age and sex, referred to the clinic were subjected to fecal examination. Microscopic results revealed that 181/318 (56.9%) were positive for Giardia parasites. Multilocus genotyping by PCR/sequencing of beta-giardin (bg), triose phosphate isomerase (tpi), and glutamate dehydrogenase (gdh) genes of representative number of positive samples (65) revealed that assemblages A, B and mixed infections (A + B) occurred in 26/65 (40.0%), 32/65 (49.2%) and 10.8% (7/65) of the analyzed isolates, respectively. MLGs analysis indicated that assemblage A sequences clustered in two novel types of AII sub-assemblage. In assemblage B sequences, BIII was the predominant (22/23, 95.7%) sub-assemblage compared to BIV (1/23, 4.3%). Collectively, assemblage B MLGs displayed greater levels of genetic diversity compared to assemblage A. Our data indicate that assemblages A and B of G. duodenalis circulate in humans at Kafr El Sheikh Province, Egypt, and that high genetic diversity exists at the assemblage and/or sub-assemblage levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuchang Yu
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, PR China; International Joint Research Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases of Henan, Zhengzhou, Henan, PR China
| | - Said Amer
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafr El-sheikh, Egypt
| | - Meng Qi
- College of Animal Science, Tarim University, Alar, Xinjiang, PR China
| | - Rongjun Wang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, PR China; International Joint Research Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases of Henan, Zhengzhou, Henan, PR China
| | - Yange Wang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, PR China; International Joint Research Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases of Henan, Zhengzhou, Henan, PR China
| | - Sumei Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, PR China; International Joint Research Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases of Henan, Zhengzhou, Henan, PR China
| | - Fuchun Jian
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, PR China; International Joint Research Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases of Henan, Zhengzhou, Henan, PR China
| | - Changshen Ning
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, PR China; International Joint Research Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases of Henan, Zhengzhou, Henan, PR China
| | - Hassan El Batae
- Department of Hepatology, Gastroenterology and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafr El-sheikh, Egypt
| | - Longxian Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, PR China; International Joint Research Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases of Henan, Zhengzhou, Henan, PR China.
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Yamashiro S, Foco MLR, Pineda CO, José J, Nour EAA, Siqueira-Castro ICV, Franco RMB. Giardia spp. and Cryptosporidium spp. removal efficiency of a combined fixed-film system treating domestic wastewater receiving hospital effluent. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 26:22756-22771. [PMID: 31172433 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-05500-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2018] [Accepted: 05/16/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Giardia and Cryptosporidium have caused numerous outbreaks of diarrhea as a result of the ingestion of water contaminated with sewage. In Brazil, the efficiency of Giardia and Cryptosporidium removal by combined fixed-film systems has rarely been studied. The aims of the present study were therefore to verify the removal efficiency of Giardia and Cryptosporidium by a combined system (anaerobic/anoxic filter and aerated submerged biofilter) and to perform the genetic characterization of these parasites. The (oo)cysts were detected by centrifuge concentration and membrane filtration from raw sewage, effluents, adhered biomass, and sludge samples. Immunofluorescence assay and differential interference contrast microscopy were used for the visualization of the (oo)cysts. Nested PCR was applied to confirm Giardia and Cryptosporidium. Giardia and Cryptosporidium were detected in 27% and 5.5% of the 144 analyzed samples of raw sewage and effluents, respectively. A total of 33,000 cysts/L were recovered in the adhered biomass samples (n = 25) from different points of the aerated submerged biofilter, while 6000 oocysts/L were registered in a single point. An average of 11,800 cysts/L were found in the sludge samples (n = 5). The combined system exhibited a removal efficiency of Giardia cysts of 1.8 ± 1.0 log removal. The C and BIV assemblages of Giardia were identified in the raw sewage while AII was found in the treated effluent sample. It was not possible to calculate the removal efficiency of Cryptosporidium oocysts by the combined system. The combined system exhibited some potential as a suitable treatment for the removal of parasites from sewage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Yamashiro
- Laboratory of Protozoology, Department of Animal Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Monteiro Lobato Street, n°255, Campinas, São Paulo State, Brazil
| | - Mário Luiz Rodrigues Foco
- Department of Sanitation and Environment, School of Civil Engineering, Architecture and Urban Design, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo State, Brazil
| | - Carolina Ortiz Pineda
- Laboratory of Protozoology, Department of Animal Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Monteiro Lobato Street, n°255, Campinas, São Paulo State, Brazil
| | - Juliana José
- Department of Genetic and Evolution, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo State, Brazil
| | - Edson Aparecido Abdul Nour
- Department of Sanitation and Environment, School of Civil Engineering, Architecture and Urban Design, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo State, Brazil
| | - Isabel Cristina Vidal Siqueira-Castro
- Laboratory of Protozoology, Department of Animal Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Monteiro Lobato Street, n°255, Campinas, São Paulo State, Brazil
| | - Regina Maura Bueno Franco
- Laboratory of Protozoology, Department of Animal Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Monteiro Lobato Street, n°255, Campinas, São Paulo State, Brazil.
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185
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Sauda F, Malandrucco L, De Liberato C, Perrucci S. Gastrointestinal parasites in shelter cats of central Italy. VETERINARY PARASITOLOGY- REGIONAL STUDIES AND REPORTS 2019; 18:100321. [PMID: 31796183 DOI: 10.1016/j.vprsr.2019.100321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2018] [Revised: 07/09/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
In Italy, the limited resources and the large number of cats living in feline shelters may facilitate the spread of parasite infections that may affect the health of cats and expose shelter workers and adoptive owners to zoonosis. Prevalence and risk factors of potential zoonotic and host-specific gastrointestinal parasite infections were assessed in cats living in public and private shelters of central Italy. Individual fecal samples were examined macroscopically and then screened microscopically by fresh and Lugol stained fecal smears and by flotation and the Baermann tests. A commercial rapid immune-chromatographic assay was used to detect Giardia duodenalis and Cryptosporidium spp. All animals were clinically examined to evaluate presence of clinical signs compatible to parasitic infections. Data were statistically analysed by multivariate analysis with logistic regression and chi square testing for bivariate analysis. The overall prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites in the shelter cats surveyed was 22% (29/132), with 26/132 (19.7%) of the animals infected with potentially zoonotic organisms. Upon statistical analysis, parasite infections were identified in significantly more cats younger than 18 months of age (p <0.05), and most often associated with the presence of compatible clinical signs (p <0.05). A higher prevalence of protozoan infections (18.1%, 24/132) than of helminth infections (12.9%, 17/132) was observed. Identified parasites were Giardia duodenalis (10.6%, 14/132), Toxocara cati (9%, 12/132), Cystoisospora felis (3%, 4/132), Cystoisospora rivolta (2.3%, 3/132), hookworms (2.3%, 3/132), Cryptosporidium spp. (1.6%, 2/132), Aonchotheca putorii (0.75%, 1/132), Tritrichomonas foetus (0.75%, 1/132) and Strongyloides sp. (0.75%, 1/132). Co-infections were identified in the 7.6% of animals surveyed. Results obtained from this study indicate high gastrointestinal parasite risk to shelter cats and public health in the examined areas and suggest the need for more effective control measures in shelters surveyed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Sauda
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie, Università di Pisa, Viale delle Piagge 2, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Livia Malandrucco
- Ospedale Veterinario ASL Roma D, Via della Magliana 856, Roma, Italy
| | - Claudio De Liberato
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Lazio e della Toscana M. Aleandri (IZSLT), Via Appia Nuova, 1411, 00178 Roma, Italy
| | - Stefania Perrucci
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie, Università di Pisa, Viale delle Piagge 2, 56124 Pisa, Italy.
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186
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Lichtmannsperger K, Hinney B, Joachim A, Wittek T. Molecular characterization of Giardia intestinalis and Cryptosporidium parvum from calves with diarrhoea in Austria and evaluation of point-of-care tests. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2019; 66:101333. [PMID: 31437689 PMCID: PMC7112675 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2019.101333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Revised: 07/03/2019] [Accepted: 07/10/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Giardia intestinalis (48/177) and Cryptosporidium parvum (98/177) occur in Austrian calves. C. parvum genotypes IIaA15G2R1, IIaA19G2R2, IIaA21G2R1 and IIaA14G1R1 were found. Giardia intestinalis assemblage E and a single sample of assemblage A were found. Cryptosporidium was detected mostly in the first two weeks of age (72/102). Point-of-care test validity varied greatly for Giardia and Cryptosporidium.
To obtain information about the occurrence and genotype distribution of G. intestinalis and C. parvum in Austrian cattle, faecal samples from diarrhoeic calves younger than 180 days of age originating from 70 farms were examined. Of the 177 faecal samples, 27.1% were positive for Giardia cysts (immunofluorescence microscopy) and 55.4% for Cryptosporidium oocysts (phase-contrast microscopy). Positive samples were characterized by nested PCR for Giardia, 83.3% (triosephosphate isomerase; tpi) and 89.6% (β-giardin; bg) were positive, while the Cryptosporidium nested PCR returned 92.5% (60-kDa glycoprotein) positive results. Sequence analysis revealed one assemblage A-positive sample and 30 (bg) respectively 29 (tpi) assemblage E-positive samples for G. intestinalis. For C. parvum four subtypes within the IIa family (IIaA15G2R1, n = 29; IIaA19G2R2, n = 3; IIaA21G2R1, n = 2; IIaA14G1R1, n = 1) could be differentiated. Validation of two immunochromatographic point-of-care tests resulted in a sensitivity of 29.2% and 77.6%; a specificity of 98.4% and 91.1% for the detection of Giardia intestinalis and Cryptosporidium parvum, respectively. Results confirm the widespread occurrence of both protozoa in diarrhoeic calves in Austria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Lichtmannsperger
- University Clinic for Ruminants, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinaerplatz 1, A-1210 Wien, Austria
| | - Barbara Hinney
- Institute of Parasitology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinaerplatz 1, A-1210 Wien, Austria
| | - Anja Joachim
- Institute of Parasitology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinaerplatz 1, A-1210 Wien, Austria.
| | - Thomas Wittek
- University Clinic for Ruminants, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinaerplatz 1, A-1210 Wien, Austria
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Hernández PC, Morales L, Chaparro-Olaya J, Sarmiento D, Jaramillo JF, Ordoñez GA, Cortés F, Sánchez LK. Intestinal parasitic infections and associated factors in children of three rural schools in Colombia. A cross-sectional study. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0218681. [PMID: 31291262 PMCID: PMC6619675 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0218681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Rural children are one of the populations that are most vulnerable to gastrointestinal parasite infections. Such diseases decrease the quality of life and result in growth and cognitive delays in the long term. This cross-sectional study was conducted to determine the frequency of intestinal parasite infections among rural schoolchildren in the municipality of Apulo, Colombia. A total of 97 stool samples from children aged between 5 and 15 years were collected and examined via direct light microscopy. Microscopic examination was repeated with sediments obtained using a fecal parasite concentrator, and the Kato–Katz test was performed. Frequency of intestinal parasite infection was 100%. Endolimax nana (77.35%), Blastocystis sp. (71.1%), Giardia intestinalis (39.1%), Entamoeba coli (25.7%), and the Entamoeba histolytica/dispar/moshkovskii complex (9.2%) were the most prevalent protozoa. Trichuris trichiura was the most prevalent helminth (12.3%), followed by Enterobius vermicularis (6.15%) and Ascaris lumbricoides (5.1%). Among the analyzed associated factors, consumption of untreated water increased the risk of acquiring pathogenic intestinal parasites. Finally, because G. intestinalis was the most prevalent pathogenic protozoan, molecular analysis was conducted to establish genetic assemblages and subassemblages of Giardia through sequence-based genotyping of the glutamate dehydrogenase, triose phosphate isomerase, and beta-giardin genes. A total of 14 G. intestinalis-positive samples were genotyped, which revealed the presence of subassemblages AI (n = 1), AII (n = 7), BIII (n = 2), BIV (n = 2), and BIII/BIV (n = 1) as well as a mixed subassemblage AII + BIII (n = 1). Our results indicate that gastrointestinal parasite infections in the tested population were mainly caused by suboptimal water quality. Moreover, molecular typing of G. intestinalis suggested contamination of water by animal- and human-derived cysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula C. Hernández
- Laboratorio de Parasitología Molecular, Vicerrectoría de Investigaciones, Universidad El Bosque, Bogotá, Colombia
- * E-mail:
| | - Liliana Morales
- Laboratorio de Parasitología Molecular, Vicerrectoría de Investigaciones, Universidad El Bosque, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Jacqueline Chaparro-Olaya
- Laboratorio de Parasitología Molecular, Vicerrectoría de Investigaciones, Universidad El Bosque, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Diana Sarmiento
- Instituto de Salud y Ambiente, Vicerrectoría de Investigaciones, Universidad El Bosque, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Juan Felipe Jaramillo
- Instituto de Salud y Ambiente, Vicerrectoría de Investigaciones, Universidad El Bosque, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Gustavo A. Ordoñez
- Instituto de Salud y Ambiente, Vicerrectoría de Investigaciones, Universidad El Bosque, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Fabian Cortés
- Vicerrectoría de Investigaciones, Universidad El Bosque, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Lizeth K. Sánchez
- Laboratorio de Parasitología Molecular, Vicerrectoría de Investigaciones, Universidad El Bosque, Bogotá, Colombia
- Especialización en Pediatría, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad El Bosque, Bogotá, Colombia
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188
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Demircan K, Onder Z, Duzlu O, Yildirim A, Okur M, Ciloglu A, Yetismis G, Inci A. First Molecular Detection and Phylogenetic Analyses of Zoonotic Giardia intestinalis in Horses in Turkey. J Equine Vet Sci 2019; 80:56-60. [PMID: 31443835 DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2019.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2019] [Revised: 06/24/2019] [Accepted: 06/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The goal of our study was to investigate the molecular prevalence of Giardia intestinalis in naturally infected horses in Kayseri, Central Anatolia Region in Turkey, to determine the molecular characterization of the obtained isolates and to exhibit the potential role of horses in zoonotic transmission of G. intestinalis. Fecal samples were randomly collected from totally 150 horses with clinically healthy between March and June of 2018. After the genomic DNA extractions, 25 (16.6%) of the 150 fecal samples, were found positive for G. intestinalis by nested PCR analyses of β-giardin gene. Phylogenetic analysis of the β-giardin gene sequences of G. intestinalis showed that the sequences detected in this study belonged to assemblage A that is regarded as zoonotic. Our study is the first report on the presence of G. intestinalis in horses in Turkey. The findings of the present study indicate that future research studies are required to determine molecular epidemiology and geographical distribution of G. intestinalis infections in horses nationwide. In addition, this study also may be helpful to assess the zoonotic potential for public health of G. intestinalis infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kubra Demircan
- Parasitology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Zuhal Onder
- Parasitology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey.
| | - Onder Duzlu
- Parasitology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Alparslan Yildirim
- Parasitology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Mubeccel Okur
- Parasitology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Arif Ciloglu
- Parasitology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Gamze Yetismis
- Parasitology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Abdullah Inci
- Parasitology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
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189
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Akinkuotu OA, Takeet MI, Otesile EB, Olufemi F, Greenwood SJ, McClure JT. Multi-locus genotyping and phylogenetic analyses of Giardia intestinalis isolates from indigenous goats in Ogun State, Nigeria. Acta Trop 2019; 195:15-22. [PMID: 30980802 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2019.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2019] [Revised: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Giardiasis is a common gastrointestinal disease of humans and various animal species worldwide. In this study, 302 stool samples were collected from West African Dwarf and Sokoto Red breeds of goats in Ogun State, Nigeria, and screened for Giardia intestinalis coproantigens using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The genotypes of G. intestinalis in faecal samples collected from 152 goats raised on selected farms were identified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification and sequence analyses of the small subunit ribosomal RNA (ssu rRNA), glutamate dehydrogenase (gdh), triosephosphate isomerase (tpi) and β-giardin (bg) genes. Based on ELISA, an overall prevalence of 45.7% was recorded with the infection rates in pre-weaned (60.2%) and post-weaned goat kids (51.5%) being significantly (p < 0.05) higher than in adults (28.2%). Giardia intestinalis DNA was amplified in 31.6% and 29.6% of goat faeces at the ssu rRNA and gdh loci respectively. These were genotyped at the ssu rRNA locus as assemblages B (n = 13) and E (n = 36). Similar results were observed at the gdh locus except that eight isolates contained assemblage E mixed with either assemblage A or B. Additionally, sub-assemblages BI (n = 7) and BIII (n = 2) were identified with up to four single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) occurring in these isolates. Multilocus genotypes (MLG) of all assemblage E isolates were identified using the ssu rRNA and gdh loci while MLG of all isolates containing assemblage B and mixed assemblages were determined after further typing at the tpi and bg loci. Forty-two MLG isolates were identified and these comprised 32, 8 and 2 (sub)-assemblage E, BI and BIII respectively. All isolates with mixed assemblages at the gdh locus were consequently designated as assemblage E by MLG. The assemblage E isolates from goats were genetically related to isolates from cattle, sheep and goats while the assemblage B isolates were related to isolates of human, pig and lemur origin. This suggests that G. intestinalis isolated from goats bred in Ogun State, Nigeria may be capable of cross-species transmission and may be of zoonotic importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olufemi Ambrose Akinkuotu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Agriculture, P.M.B. 2240, Abeokuta, Ogun State, Nigeria; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, 550 University Avenue, Prince Edward Island, C1A 4P3, Canada.
| | - Michael Irewole Takeet
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Agriculture, P.M.B. 2240, Abeokuta, Ogun State, Nigeria.
| | - Ebenezer Babatunde Otesile
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Agriculture, P.M.B. 2240, Abeokuta, Ogun State, Nigeria.
| | - Frederick Olufemi
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Agriculture, P.M.B. 2240, Abeokuta, Ogun State, Nigeria.
| | - Spencer J Greenwood
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, 550 University Avenue, Prince Edward Island, C1A 4P3, Canada.
| | - J Trenton McClure
- Department of Health Management, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, 550 University Avenue, Prince Edward Island, C1A 4P3, Canada.
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190
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Martins FDC, Ladeia WA, Toledo RDS, Garcia JL, Navarro IT, Freire RL. Surveillance of Giardia and Cryptosporidium in sewage from an urban area in Brazil. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 28:291-297. [PMID: 31188950 DOI: 10.1590/s1984-29612019037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2018] [Accepted: 05/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Cryptosporidium and Giardia are protozoan parasites that cause diarrhea in humans and animals. Molecular characterization of these pathogens in sewage may provide insight on their occurrence and prevalence in Brazil. This study aimed to investigate the presence of Giardia and Cryptosporidium in raw and treated sewage from Londrina, Paraná, Brazil. Samples were collected every two weeks during a year. Samples were concentrated, then DNA was extracted and subjected to a nested PCR targeting the Giardia 18S rRNA gene and the Cryptosporidium 18S rRNA gene. Species of Cryptosporidium were characterized by restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP). All raw sewage and 76% of the treated sewage were positive for Giardia; 84% of raw sewage samples and 8% of treated sewage were positive for Cryptosporidium. C. muris, C. hominis, C. baileyi, C. parvum and C. suis were detected in 100%, 19%, 9%, 9% and 4% of raw sewage, respectively. C. muris was the only species found in treated sewage. Multiple species of Cryptosporidium were present in 19.04% of the raw sewage. Treated sewage water can pose a threat to human health. The speciation of Cryptosporidium revealed the presence of non-common zoonotic species as C. suis and C. muris.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Winni Alves Ladeia
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Universidade Estadual de Londrina - UEL, Londrina, PR, Brasil
| | | | - João Luis Garcia
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Universidade Estadual de Londrina - UEL, Londrina, PR, Brasil
| | - Italmar Teodorico Navarro
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Universidade Estadual de Londrina - UEL, Londrina, PR, Brasil
| | - Roberta Lemos Freire
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Universidade Estadual de Londrina - UEL, Londrina, PR, Brasil
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191
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Prevalence and Zoonotic Potential of Giardia intestinalis in Dogs of the Central Region of Mexico. Animals (Basel) 2019; 9:ani9060325. [PMID: 31174344 PMCID: PMC6617256 DOI: 10.3390/ani9060325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Revised: 06/01/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Giardia intestinalis is a parasite that causes disease in different species, including humans and dogs. It is prevalent worldwide and disease in humans is mainly the consequence of poor hygiene habits and close interaction with infected animals. Because cross infections can be seen between humans and dogs, it is critically important to know which genotypes affect each species, useful for determining if dogs are the source of infection for humans in a particular setting. The aim of this study was to determine if dogs in the central region of Mexico play a significant role in human infections from this same area. Sampling of dog feces was performed in animal shelters, dog breeding establishments, animal control facilities and homes. Direct coproparasitoscopic diagnosis was performed; PCR and RFLP analysis were used to obtain genotypes. Results from all of the positive samples show that the genotypes from dogs matched G. intestinalis assemblage A, which does cause infection and disease in humans. These findings highlight the fact that infection in dogs by G. intestinalis needs to be controlled in order to stop transmission amongst the dog population, and, most importantly, to prevent human contagion. Abstract Giardia intestinalis is a protozoan of worldwide distribution capable of infecting a large number of species, including humans and domestic animals. Dogs represent a risk to public health due to cross-infections by the zoonotic assemblages. However, there is little information concerning the prevalence and frequency of this parasite and its assemblages in dogs of the central region of Mexico, thus this study aimed to contribute to this matter. A total of 402 feces samples from dogs of different settings (shelter, breeding establishments, domestic and stray) were obtained and direct coproparasitoscopic examination by flotation revealed a prevalence of 25%. PCR was performed for amplification of the β-Giardin gene, to which 24 samples were positive. Assemblages were obtained through RFLP analysis, using enzymes Hae III to obtain the main genotypes (A–G), and Hha I to subtype assemblage A. All 24 samples were genotyped as assemblage A, with 83% as AI and 17% as AII. Thus, these findings confirm that dogs in the central region of Mexico are a risk for zoonotic transmission of this parasite, emphasizing the importance of a much needed control of the disease in this species.
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Molecular Genotyping of Giardia duodenalis in Humans in the Andimeshk County, Southwestern Iran. Acta Parasitol 2019; 64:376-383. [PMID: 30968348 DOI: 10.2478/s11686-019-00051-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2018] [Accepted: 03/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Giardia duodenalis, one of the most common intestinal protozoa, infects a wide range of vertebrates, including humans and animals. MATERIALS AND METHODS In this study, 84 Giardia duodenalis positive stool samples were collected from 3580 patients attending the Imam Ali Hospital and two public health centers in Andimeshk County, southwestern Iran. Stool samples were examined initially by microscopy, and then G. duodenalis was confirmed by SSU rRNA gene and genotypes were determined by amplification of the gdh and β-giardin genes. RESULTS The SSU rRNA, gdh, and β-giardin genes were successfully amplified in 89.3%, 58.3%, and 51.2% samples, respectively. Of the positive samples for gdh and β-giardin, 40 isolates were successfully sequenced. Twenty-three isolates belonged to assemblage A, sub-assemblage AII, and 17 belonged to assemblage B. Of the 24 successfully amplified asymptomatic cases, 12 belonged to assemblage A and 12 belonged to assemblage B. CONCLUSION The current study found that 64.3% of the patients were asymptomatic. From an epidemiological point of view, the high percentage of asymptomatic patients is important because of their role in the transmission of Giardia. The predominant assemblage was assemblage A, sub-assemblage AII. In general, therefore, it seems that most infections are probably transmitted by anthroponotic pathways in the region.
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First description of Giardia duodenalis in buffalo calves ( Bubalus bubalis) in southwest region of São Paulo State, Brazil. Food Waterborne Parasitol 2019; 16:e00062. [PMID: 32095632 PMCID: PMC7034009 DOI: 10.1016/j.fawpar.2019.e00062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2018] [Revised: 05/05/2019] [Accepted: 05/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
We performed molecular characterization of Giardia duodenalis in buffalo calves from the Southwest region of São Paulo State, Brazil. A total of 183 fecal samples of Murrah breed buffaloes up to six months of age were collected. We examined these samples by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) targeting the small-subunit ribosomal RNA gene and positive samples were characterized using additional PCR assays targeting a portion of the beta-giardin, the glutamate dehydrogenase and the triose-phosphate isomerase genes. Based on the SSU rRNA nPCR, the presence of G. duodenalis was confirmed in 12 (6.56%) of fecal samples, of these, five, four and three samples were positive for the tpi, bg and gdh genes, respectively. Assemblage identification by sequencing was successful in 6 of 12 samples and sequence analysis showed 100% genetic similarity with G. duodenalis assemblage E. This observation represents the first detection of G. duodenalis assemblage E in buffaloes calves in Brazil. First study of Giardia in fecal samples of buffalo calves from Brazil. Detection of Giardia in buffaloes by nested PCR using four genetic markers. Phylogenetic analysis identified Giardia duodenalis assemblage E.
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Chen L, Zhao J, Li N, Guo Y, Feng Y, Feng Y, Xiao L. Genotypes and public health potential of Enterocytozoon bieneusi and Giardia duodenalis in crab-eating macaques. Parasit Vectors 2019; 12:254. [PMID: 31118092 PMCID: PMC6530032 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-019-3511-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Accepted: 05/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Enterocytozoon bieneusi and Giardia duodenalis are common human and animal pathogens. Studies have increasingly shown that non-human primates (NHPs) are common hosts of these two zoonotic parasites. However, few studies have explored the genetic diversity and public health potential of these pathogens in laboratory monkeys. In this study, we examined the genetic diversity of the two pathogens in crab-eating macaques (Macaca fascicularis) in a commercial facility in Hainan, China. RESULTS Enterocytozoon bieneusi and G. duodenalis were detected by PCR analysis in 461/1452 (31.7%) and 469/1452 (32.3%) fecal specimens from the animals, respectively. Significantly higher detection rates of E. bieneusi were detected in males (36.5%, 258/706) than in females (26.7%, 160/599; χ2 = 14.391, P = 0.0001), in animals with loose stools (41.4%, 151/365) than those with normal stool (28.5%, 310/1087; χ2 = 20.83, P < 0.0001), and in animals of over 3 years of age (38.6%, 135/350) than those of 1-3 years (29.6%, 326/1,102; χ2 = 9.90, P = 0.0016). For G. duodenalis, the detection rate in males (33.4%, 236/706) was higher than in females but not statistically significant (30.2%, 181/599; χ2 = 1.54, P = 0.2152), in monkeys with loose stools (41.1%, 150/365) than those with normal stools (29.3%, 319/1087; χ2 = 17.25, P < 0.0001), and in monkeys of 1-3 years of age (36.6%, 403/1102) than those over 3 years (18.9%, 66/350; χ2 = 38.11, P < 0.0001). Nine E. bieneusi genotypes were detected in this study by DNA sequence analysis of the internal transcribed spacer of the rRNA gene, namely Type IV (236/461), Peru8 (42/461), Pongo2 (27/461), Peru11 (12/461), D (4/461) and PigEbITS7 (1/461) previously seen in NHPs as well as humans, and CM1 (119/461), CM2 (17/461) and CM3 (3/461) that had been only detected in NHPs. DNA sequence analyses of the tpi, gdh and bg loci identified all G. duodenalis specimens as having assemblage B. Altogether, eight (4 known and 4 new), seven (6 known and 1 new) and seven (4 known and 3 new) subtypes were seen at the tpi, gdh and bg loci, leading to the detection of 53 multi-locus genotypes (MLG-B-hn01 to MLG-B-hn53). Most of them were genetically related to those previously seen in common Old-World monkeys. CONCLUSIONS Data from this study indicate a common occurrence of zoonotic genotypes of E. bieneusi and assemblage B of G. duodenalis in farmed crab-eating macaques in Hainan, China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, School of Resource and Environmental, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237 China
| | - Jianguo Zhao
- Laboratory of Tropical Veterinary Medicine and Vector Biology, Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228 Hainan China
| | - Na Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642 China
| | - Yaqiong Guo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642 China
| | - Yuanyuan Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, School of Resource and Environmental, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237 China
| | - Yaoyu Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, School of Resource and Environmental, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237 China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642 China
| | - Lihua Xiao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642 China
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Ibrahim S, Choumane W, Dayoub A. Occurrence and seasonal variations of Giardia in wastewater and river water from Al-Jinderiyah region in Latakia, Syria. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/00207233.2019.1619320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Suha Ibrahim
- Department of Environmental Prevention, Higher Institute for Environmental Research, Tishreen University, Latakia, Syria
| | - Wafaa Choumane
- Faculty of Agriculture, Tishreen University, Latakia, Syria
| | - Amal Dayoub
- Department of Environmental Prevention, Higher Institute for Environmental Research, Tishreen University, Latakia, Syria
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Hurník P, Žiak D, Dluhošová J, Židlík V, Šustíková J, Uvírová M, Urban O, Dvořáčková J, Nohýnková E. Another case of coincidental Giardia infection and pancreatic cancer. Parasitol Int 2019; 71:160-162. [PMID: 31002881 DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2019.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Revised: 04/12/2019] [Accepted: 04/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Until now, few cases of coincidental giardiasis and pancreatic tumors have been described. Among these cases, three described giardiasis cases coincided with confirmed pancreatic cancer. We present another case of Giardia infection coexisting with pancreatic cancer in a 67-year-old man who suffered from stenosis of the distal ductus choledochus combined with a hypoechoic mass in the head of the pancreas. The diagnostic conclusion of suspicious adenocarcinoma was based on endoscopic ultrasound fine-needle aspiration (EUS-FNA) biopsy and confirmed by a partial duodenopancreatectomy. On bloody cytology smears prepared from the EUS-FNA specimen, trophozoites of Giardia intestinalis accompanying an inflammatory background and features that fulfilled the morphological criteria of malignancy were observed. In histological sections from the duodenopancreatectomy specimens, the parasites were observed attached to the epithelium, but individual Giardia parasites were also observed beneath the epithelial lining. According to conventional genotyping, the infecting Giardia belonged to sub-assemblage AII.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Hurník
- Department of Pathology, Faculty Hospital Ostrava, Ostrava, Czech Republic; Faculty of Medicine, University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czech Republic; Department of Pathology, CGB Laboratory, Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | - D Žiak
- Department of Pathology, Faculty Hospital Ostrava, Ostrava, Czech Republic; Department of Pathology, CGB Laboratory, Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | - J Dluhošová
- Institute of Immunology and Microbiology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - V Židlík
- Department of Pathology, Faculty Hospital Ostrava, Ostrava, Czech Republic; Department of Pathology, CGB Laboratory, Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | - J Šustíková
- Department of Pathology, Faculty Hospital Ostrava, Ostrava, Czech Republic; Department of Pathology, CGB Laboratory, Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | - M Uvírová
- Department of Pathology, Faculty Hospital Ostrava, Ostrava, Czech Republic; Department of Pathology, CGB Laboratory, Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | - O Urban
- AGEL Research and Training Institute - Ostrava-Vitkovice Branch, Ostrava-Vitkovice Hospital, Center of Care for the Gastrointestinal Tract, Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | - J Dvořáčková
- Department of Pathology, Faculty Hospital Ostrava, Ostrava, Czech Republic; Faculty of Medicine, University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czech Republic; Department of Pathology, CGB Laboratory, Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | - E Nohýnková
- Institute of Immunology and Microbiology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic.
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Chen D, Zou Y, Li Z, Wang SS, Xie SC, Shi LQ, Zou FC, Yang JF, Zhao GH, Zhu XQ. Occurrence and multilocus genotyping of Giardia duodenalis in black-boned sheep and goats in southwestern China. Parasit Vectors 2019; 12:102. [PMID: 30867035 PMCID: PMC6417273 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-019-3367-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2018] [Accepted: 02/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Giardia duodenalis is an important intestinal protozoan infecting both humans and animals, causing significant public health concern and immeasurable economic losses to animal husbandry. Sheep and goats have been reported as common reservoirs of G. duodenalis, but only a limited amount of information is available for native breeds of these small ruminants in China. The present study investigated the prevalence and multilocus genotypes of G. duodenalis in black-boned sheep and goats, two important native breeds in Yunnan Province, southwestern China. METHODS Fecal samples were collected from 336 black-boned goats and 325 black-boned sheep from five counties (Meishui, Shanshu, Shilin, Yongsheng and Nanping) of Yunnan Province and the genomic DNA was extracted from these feces. The prevalence of G. duodenalis was determined by the nested PCR targeting the β-giardin (bg) gene. The assemblages and multilocus genotypes (MLGs) were investigated based on analyses of three genetic loci, i.e. bg, glutamate dehydrogenase (gdh) and triosephosphate isomerase (tpi). RESULTS Giardia duodenalis infection was detected in both black-boned sheep and goats, and the prevalence of G. duodenalis in black-boned sheep (21.8%, 71/325) was significantly higher (χ2 = 36.63, df = 1, P < 0.001) than that in black-boned goats (4.8%, 16/336). Significant differences in prevalence were also observed in goats and sheep from different counties (χ2 = 39.83, df = 4, P < 0.001) and age groups (χ2 = 97.33, df = 3, P < 0.001). Zoonotic assemblage A and animal-specific assemblage E were identified in both black-boned sheep and goats with the latter as the predominant assemblage. Based on sequences obtained from the three genetic loci (bg, gdh and tpi), 16 MLGs were obtained in black-boned sheep and goats, including 15 MLGs in assemblage E and one MLG in assemblage A. CONCLUSIONS Our results not only extended the host range of G. duodenalis, but also revealed high genetic variations in G. duodenalis assemblages. The findings of the present study also provide baseline data for preventing and controlling G. duodenalis infection in black-boned sheep and goats in Yunnan Province.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730046, Gansu, People's Republic of China.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730046, Gansu, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhao Li
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health of Higher Education of Yunnan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, Yunnan, People's Republic of China
| | - Sha-Sha Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Shi-Chen Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730046, Gansu, People's Republic of China
| | - Lian-Qin Shi
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health of Higher Education of Yunnan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, Yunnan, People's Republic of China
| | - Feng-Cai Zou
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health of Higher Education of Yunnan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, Yunnan, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian-Fa Yang
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health of Higher Education of Yunnan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, Yunnan, People's Republic of China
| | - Guang-Hui Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xing-Quan Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730046, Gansu, People's Republic of China. .,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.
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In vitro and ex vivo evaluation of the anti-Giardia duodenalis activity of the supernatant of Slab51 (SivoMixx). PLoS One 2019; 14:e0213385. [PMID: 30845190 PMCID: PMC6405091 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0213385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2018] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The effects on Giardia duodenalis of Slab51 probiotic supernatants were evaluated in vitro and ex vivo. In vitro, Slab51 (101 UFC) was cultured and the obtained supernatant was filtered, adjusted at pH 7, and added (100μl/ml) as such (Slab51 FS) or after heat-treatment, to G. duodenalis cultures to evaluate its effects on G. duodenalis trophozoites growth and adherence. For comparison, negative and metronidazole (20μg/ml) treated controls were used. The morphological and ultrastructural alterations of G. duodenals trophozoites following treatment with Slab51 FS supernatant were investigated by transmission electron microscopy. Ex vivo, mice duodenal portions were cultivated in standard conditions with 5x105G. duodenalis trophozoites/ml, while to further five duodenal portions similarly cultured and infected, Slab51 FS 200μl was added. After 12 and 18h, samples were fixed in 10% buffered formalin and histologically processed to score Giardia infection and cell damage. Cell proliferation/apoptosis was scored by Ki67, TUNEL and Caspase–3 tests. All experiments were conducted in triplicate throughout the study. All data were statistically evaluated (P< 0.05). Results showed that Slab51 FS significantly reduced Giardia growth and adherence respect to negative controls, but its efficacy was overall lower than that of metronidazole. Moreover, the effects of Slab51 FS were significantly lowered by heat-treatment and this reduction was statistically higher at 90°C than at 56°C, indicating a heat-sensitive nature of active Slab51 FS compounds. At the ultrastructural level, Slab51 FS treated Giardia trophozoites were swelling, increased in size and showed alterations of their cellular membrane and vacuole patterns, loss of the nuclear envelope and nuclear architecture. In ex vivo trials, viable G. duodenalis trophozoites and enterocyte TUNEL+ and Caspase-3 expression were significantly reduced in intestinal sections added with Slab51 FS, while enterocyte Ki67 expression was significantly increased, confirming the anti-G. duodenalis activity of Slab51 FS observed in vitro. In conclusion, results from this study showed that the fresh culture supernatant of the commercial probiotic Slab51 has anti-G. duodenalis properties both in vitro and ex vivo in a mouse model.
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Molecular characterization of zoonotic Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia duodenalis pathogens in Algerian sheep. VETERINARY PARASITOLOGY- REGIONAL STUDIES AND REPORTS 2019; 16:100280. [PMID: 31027593 DOI: 10.1016/j.vprsr.2019.100280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Revised: 01/29/2019] [Accepted: 03/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Little is known about the presence of Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia duodenalis in Algerian sheep, nor their potential role as zoonotic reservoirs. This study aimed to investigate the occurrence and distribution of these two protists in lambs. A total of 83 fecal samples were collected from lambs (< 40 days old) from 14 different farms. Samples were screened for Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia duodenalis presence using immunofluorescent techniques (IF). Nested PCR of the small subunit ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene, followed by restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) and sequence analyses were used to identify Cryptosporidium species. C. parvum was further subtyped by sequencing the highly polymorphic 60 kDa glycoprotein (gp60) gene. For G. duodenalis, nested PCR of the glutamate dehydrogenase (gdh) and triose phosphate isomerase (tpi) genes was performed and then PCR-RFLP was used to identify G. duodenalis assemblages. Cryptosporidium oocysts and Giardia cysts were detected in 36/83 (43%) and 23/83 (28%) of fecal samples, respectively. Of the 21/36 (58%) Cryptosporidium samples that were positive with IF, 16/21 (76%) were identified as C. parvum, and 5/21 (24%) as C. ubiquitum. From 15C. parvum isolates, 2 subtypes were identified within the IIa subtype family, including IIaA21G2R1 (3/15) and IIaA13G2R1 (1/15), while IIdA16G1 (11/15) was the only subtype identified from the IId subtype family. Of the 16/23 (69%) G. duodenalis IF-positive samples, the most frequent assemblage was ruminant-specific assemblage E (10/16), followed by assemblage D (4/16), and A + E mixed assemblages (2/16). This study is the first to identify and genotype both Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia duodenalis in Algerian lambs, and is also the first to describe G. duodenalis assemblage D in small ruminants. The presence of zoonotic C. parvum subtype families (IIa, IId), C. ubiquitum, as well as G. duodenalis assemblage A + E, indicates that sheep could play an important role as a potential reservoir for protists.
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Tedde T, Marangi M, Papini R, Salza S, Normanno G, Virgilio S, Giangaspero A. Toxoplasma gondii and Other Zoonotic Protozoans in Mediterranean Mussel ( Mytilus galloprovincialis) and Blue Mussel ( Mytilus edulis): A Food Safety Concern? J Food Prot 2019; 82:535-542. [PMID: 30810381 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-18-157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Mediterranean mussels ( Mytilus galloprovincialis) and blue mussels ( Mytilus edulis) are among the most consumed fishery products, but they are frequent vehicles of foodborne infection worldwide. In this study, we investigated the occurrence and seasonality of zoonotic protozoans in mussels farmed or sold at retail outlets in Italy. We collected and tested 1,440 M. galloprovincialis and 180 M. edulis. Pooled samples were molecularly tested for Giardia duodenalis, Cryptosporidium spp., and Toxoplasma gondii and then sequenced. Sixty-two (45.9%; 95% confidence interval, 37.5 to 54.3%) mussel pools tested positive for one or more of the investigated pathogens. Both Mytilus species and samples from all the investigated areas harbored pathogens. Mussels were statistically more contaminated by Cryptosporidium spp., followed by T. gondii and G. duodenalis assemblage A, and M. galloprovincialis was more contaminated than M. edulis ( P < 0.01). Contamination was more likely in mussels at retail outlets ( P < 0.05) than in those from farms and in mussels collected in spring ( P < 0.01) than in other seasons. This is the first report of T. gondii found in M. galloprovincialis in Italy and in M. edulis in Europe. The detection of zoonotic protozoans in a widely consumed food source indicates the need for a more detailed microbiological risk analysis, especially considering that bivalve mollusks are often consumed raw worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiziana Tedde
- 1 Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sardegna, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Marianna Marangi
- 2 Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, degli Alimenti e dell'Ambiente, Università di Foggia, 71122 Foggia, Italy
| | - Roberto Papini
- 3 Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie, Università di Pisa, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Sara Salza
- 1 Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sardegna, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Giovanni Normanno
- 2 Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, degli Alimenti e dell'Ambiente, Università di Foggia, 71122 Foggia, Italy
| | - Sebastiano Virgilio
- 1 Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sardegna, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Annunziata Giangaspero
- 2 Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, degli Alimenti e dell'Ambiente, Università di Foggia, 71122 Foggia, Italy
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