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Moragas M, Distefano M, Mecikovsky D, Arazi Caillaud S, Cernadas C, Bologna R, Aulicino P, Mangano A. Impact of the time to achieve viral control on the dynamics of circulating HIV-1 reservoir in vertically infected children with long-term sustained virological suppression: A longitudinal study. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0205579. [PMID: 30352067 PMCID: PMC6198963 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0205579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2018] [Accepted: 09/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Determine the decay rate of HIV-1 DNA reservoir in vertically infected children during sustained viral suppression (VS) and how it is affected by the age at VS. Methods This study included 37 HIV-1 vertically infected children on suppressive antiretroviral therapy for at least 4 years. Children were grouped according to the age of antiretroviral therapy initiation (≤0.5 or >0.5 yrs) and to the age at VS (≤1.5, between >1.5 and 4, and >4 years). Decay of cell-associated HIV-1 DNA (CA-HIV-DNA) level and 2-long terminal repeats (2-LTR) circles frequency were analyzed over 4 years of viral suppression using piecewise linear mixed-effects model with two splines and logistic regression, respectively. Results CA-HIV-DNA in peripheral blood mononuclear cells had a significant decay during the first two years of VS [-0.26 (95% CI: -0.43, -0.09) log10 copies per one million cells (cpm)/year], and subsequently reached a plateau [-0.06 (95% CI: -0.15, 0.55) log10 cpm/year]. The initial decay was higher in children who achieved VS by 1.5 years of age compared to those who achieved VS between >1.5 and 4 years and those after 4 years of age: -0.51 (95% CI:-0.94, -0.07), -0.35 (95% CI:-0.83, 0.14), and -0.21 (95% CI:-0.39, -0.02) log10cpm PBMC/year, respectively. The 2-LTR circles frequency decayed significantly, from 82.9% at pre-VS to 37.5% and 28.1% at 2 and 4 years of VS, respectively (P = .0009). Conclusions These data highlight that achieving VS during the first 18 months of life limit the establishment of HIV-1 reservoirs, reinforcing the clinical benefit of very early effective therapy in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matías Moragas
- Laboratorio de BiologíaCelular y Retrovirus-CONICET, Hospital de Pediatría “Prof. Dr. Juan P. Garrahan”, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Maximiliano Distefano
- Laboratorio de BiologíaCelular y Retrovirus-CONICET, Hospital de Pediatría “Prof. Dr. Juan P. Garrahan”, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Debora Mecikovsky
- Servicio de Epidemiología e Infectología, Hospital de Pediatría “Prof. Dr. Juan P. Garrahan”, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Solange Arazi Caillaud
- Servicio de Epidemiología e Infectología, Hospital de Pediatría “Prof. Dr. Juan P. Garrahan”, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Carolina Cernadas
- DirecciónAsociada de Docencia e Investigación, Hospital de Pediatría “Prof. Dr. Juan P. Garrahan”, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Rosa Bologna
- Servicio de Epidemiología e Infectología, Hospital de Pediatría “Prof. Dr. Juan P. Garrahan”, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Paula Aulicino
- Laboratorio de BiologíaCelular y Retrovirus-CONICET, Hospital de Pediatría “Prof. Dr. Juan P. Garrahan”, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Andrea Mangano
- Laboratorio de BiologíaCelular y Retrovirus-CONICET, Hospital de Pediatría “Prof. Dr. Juan P. Garrahan”, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
- * E-mail: ,
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Cardozo EF, Piovoso MJ, Zurakowski R. Increased inflammation in sanctuary sites may explain viral blips in HIV infection. IET Syst Biol 2018; 10:153-66. [PMID: 27444025 DOI: 10.1049/iet-syb.2015.0066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Combined antiretroviral therapy (cART) suppress HIV-1 viral replication, such that viral load in plasma remains below the limit of detection in standard assays. However, intermittent episodes of transient viremia (blips) occur in a set of HIV-patients. Given that follicular hyperplasia occurs during lymphoid inflammation as a normal response to infection, it is hypothesised that when the diameter of the lymph node follicle (LNF) increases and crosses a critical size, a viral blip occurs due to cryptic viremia. To study this hypothesis, a theoretical analysis of a mathematical model is performed to find the conditions for virus suppression in all compartments and different scenarios of LNF size changes are simulated. According to the analysis, blips with duration of around 30 days arise when the diameter rise rate is between 0.02 and 0.03 days(-1). Moreover, the final diameter of the site is directly related to the steady states of the virus load after the occurrence of a blip. When the value of R0 is around 2.1, to have a steady-state below the limit of detection after the viral blip, the maximum final diameters should be greater than 0.7 mm so that there is a relative loss of connection between compartments.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Fabian Cardozo
- Theoretical Biology and Biophysics Group, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA.
| | - Michael J Piovoso
- Electrical Engineering Department, Pennsylvania State University, Malvern, Pennsylvania 19355, USA
| | - Ryan Zurakowski
- Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA
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Rocco J, Mellors JW, Macatangay BJC. Regulatory T cells: the ultimate HIV reservoir? J Virus Erad 2018; 4:209-214. [PMID: 30515299 PMCID: PMC6248834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite significant advances in the understanding of HIV-1 infection, a cure remains out of reach. This is, in part, due to a long-lived HIV-1 reservoir in resting CD4+ T cells, which do not express viral antigens, and thus are invisible to the immune system. These latently infected cells carry replication-competent proviruses and can cause rebound viraemia if antiretrovirals are interrupted. Characterising this HIV-1 reservoir is a challenging task, requiring identification of CD4+ T cell subsets carrying intact proviruses, as well as defining their distribution within the body. Regulatory T cells (Tregs) comprise a subset of CD4+ T cells that are essential for maintaining immune tolerance. HIV-1 is known to infect Tregs in vivo but there is limited understanding of their role in HIV-1 persistence. Recent studies of well-controlled HIV-1 infection on antiretroviral therapy (ART) have shown higher frequencies of inducible, intact proviruses in Tregs compared to other CD4+ T cells, and provirus-containing Tregs have been found in lymphoid tissues at substantial frequencies. This evidence is supportive of a latent HIV-1 reservoir in Tregs, but greater detail is needed, including tissue distribution. An HIV-1 reservoir in Tregs could pose a significant barrier to HIV-1 eradication because Tregs are known to be long lived and resistant to apoptosis. Tregs are also immunosuppressive, and can inhibit cell-mediated immunity through multiple mechanisms. Non-specific depletion of Tregs would be likely to result in severe autoimmunity. Additional research is needed to further characterise regulatory T cells as a reservoir of HIV-1 and as an obstacle to eradication, or immune control, of HIV-1 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Bernard JC Macatangay
- Corresponding author: Bernard JC Macatangay,
S827 Scaife Hall, 3550 Terrace Street,
Pittsburgh,
PA15261,
USA
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155
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Lahiri CD, Brown NL, Ryan KJ, Acosta EP, Sheth AN, Mehta CC, Ingersoll J, Ofotokun I. HIV RNA persists in rectal tissue despite rapid plasma virologic suppression with dolutegravir-based therapy. AIDS 2018; 32:2151-2159. [PMID: 30005011 PMCID: PMC6200454 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0000000000001945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Despite plasma virologic suppression with antiretroviral therapy (ART), HIV persists in gut tissue. The objectives of this study were to compare plasma and rectal tissue HIV RNA dynamics and to assess relationships with dolutegravir (DTG) plasma and tissue concentrations. DESIGN A longitudinal cohort study of HIV-infected treatment-naïve individuals initiating DTG-based ART was conducted over 12 weeks with plasma and rectal tissue sampling (Clinicaltrials.gov:NCT02924389). METHODS HIV RNA and DTG concentrations were quantified in plasma and rectal tissue samples collected pre-ART (baseline) and post-ART at weeks 2, 6, and 12 using Abbott Real-Time HIV-1 assays and high-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectroscopy, respectively. Relationships between rectal tissue RNA and DTG concentrations were modeled using binary logistic regression, controlling for repeated measures. RESULTS Twelve participants were enrolled: six (50.0%) women, nine (75.0%) black, median age 42.0 years (Q1 31.2, Q3 52.0). All attained plasma virologic suppression by week 6. 11 of 12 (91.7%) had detectable rectal tissue HIV RNA at baseline, and only three of 11 (27.3%) achieved rectal tissue virologic suppression at any time-point. Compared with rectal tissue nonsuppressors, three of three (100.0%) of rectal tissue suppressors were women, had higher BMI, 35.9 kg/m (range 24.9-38.5) versus 20.6 (17.7-29.9), P = 0.05, and lower baseline log plasma HIV RNA: 3.7 copies/ml (range 3.6-4.4) versus 4.7 (3.8-5.4), P = 0.02. No significant relationships between rectal tissue RNA suppression and DTG concentrations were seen. CONCLUSION Rectal tissue HIV RNA persisted in most participants and was not predicted by DTG concentrations. Impact of host factors, particularly sex, on tissue HIV viral dynamics warrants further exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecile D Lahiri
- Emory University School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases
- Grady Healthcare System Infectious Diseases Program, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Nakita L Brown
- Emory University School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases
| | - Kevin J Ryan
- University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Medicine, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Edward P Acosta
- University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Medicine, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Anandi N Sheth
- Emory University School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases
- Grady Healthcare System Infectious Diseases Program, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Cyra C Mehta
- Emory University, Rollins School of Public Health, Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics
| | - Jessica Ingersoll
- Emory Center for AIDS Research, Virology and Molecular Biomarkers Core, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Ighovwerha Ofotokun
- Emory University School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases
- Grady Healthcare System Infectious Diseases Program, Atlanta, Georgia
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156
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Castro-Gonzalez S, Colomer-Lluch M, Serra-Moreno R. Barriers for HIV Cure: The Latent Reservoir. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2018; 34:739-759. [PMID: 30056745 PMCID: PMC6152859 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2018.0118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Thirty-five years after the identification of HIV-1 as the causative agent of AIDS, we are still in search of vaccines and treatments to eradicate this devastating infectious disease. Progress has been made in understanding the molecular pathogenesis of this infection, which has been crucial for the development of the current therapy regimens. However, despite their efficacy at limiting active viral replication, these drugs are unable to purge the latent reservoir: a pool of cells that harbor transcriptionally inactive, but replication-competent HIV-1 proviruses, and that represent the main barrier to eradicate HIV-1 from affected individuals. In this review, we discuss advances in the field that have allowed a better understanding of HIV-1 latency, including the diverse cell types that constitute the latent reservoir, factors influencing latency, tools to study HIV-1 latency, as well as current and prospective therapeutic approaches to target these latently infected cells, so a functional cure for HIV/AIDS can become a reality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Castro-Gonzalez
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas
| | - Marta Colomer-Lluch
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain
| | - Ruth Serra-Moreno
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas
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Abstract
Despite the success of antiretroviral therapy (ART), there is currently no HIV cure and treatment is life long. HIV persists during ART due to long-lived and proliferating latently infected CD4+ T cells. One strategy to eliminate latency is to activate virus production using latency reversing agents (LRAs) with the goal of triggering cell death through virus-induced cytolysis or immune-mediated clearance. However, multiple studies have demonstrated that activation of viral transcription alone is insufficient to induce cell death and some LRAs may counteract cell death by promoting cell survival. Here, we review new approaches to induce death of latently infected cells through apoptosis and inhibition of pathways critical for cell survival, which are often hijacked by HIV proteins. Given advances in the commercial development of compounds that induce apoptosis in cancer chemotherapy, these agents could move rapidly into clinical trials, either alone or in combination with LRAs, to eliminate latent HIV infection.
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158
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Kononchik J, Ireland J, Zou Z, Segura J, Holzapfel G, Chastain A, Wang R, Spencer M, He B, Stutzman N, Kano D, Arthos J, Fischer E, Chun TW, Moir S, Sun P. HIV-1 targets L-selectin for adhesion and induces its shedding for viral release. Nat Commun 2018; 9:2825. [PMID: 30026537 PMCID: PMC6053365 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-05197-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2017] [Accepted: 05/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
CD4 and chemokine receptors mediate HIV-1 attachment and entry. They are, however, insufficient to explain the preferential viral infection of central memory T cells. Here, we identify L-selectin (CD62L) as a viral adhesion receptor on CD4+ T cells. The binding of viral envelope glycans to L-selectin facilitates HIV entry and infection, and L-selectin expression on central memory CD4+ T cells supports their preferential infection by HIV. Upon infection, the virus downregulates L-selectin expression through shedding, resulting in an apparent loss of central memory CD4+ T cells. Infected effector memory CD4+ T cells, however, remain competent in cytokine production. Surprisingly, inhibition of L-selectin shedding markedly reduces HIV-1 infection and suppresses viral release, suggesting that L-selectin shedding is required for HIV-1 release. These findings highlight a critical role for cell surface sheddase in HIV-1 pathogenesis and reveal new antiretroviral strategies based on small molecular inhibitors targeted at metalloproteinases for viral release. HIV binding is mediated via CD4 and chemokine co-receptors, but this does not explain the preferential infection of central memory CD4+ T cells. Here the authors show HIV targets L-selectin, induces shedding from the infected cell, and inhibition of L-selectin reduces HIV infection and release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Kononchik
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 12441 Parklawn Drive, Rockville, MD, 20852, USA
| | - Joanna Ireland
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 12441 Parklawn Drive, Rockville, MD, 20852, USA
| | - Zhongcheng Zou
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 12441 Parklawn Drive, Rockville, MD, 20852, USA
| | - Jason Segura
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 12441 Parklawn Drive, Rockville, MD, 20852, USA
| | - Genevieve Holzapfel
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 12441 Parklawn Drive, Rockville, MD, 20852, USA
| | - Ashley Chastain
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 12441 Parklawn Drive, Rockville, MD, 20852, USA
| | - Ruipeng Wang
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 12441 Parklawn Drive, Rockville, MD, 20852, USA
| | - Matthew Spencer
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 12441 Parklawn Drive, Rockville, MD, 20852, USA
| | - Biao He
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 12441 Parklawn Drive, Rockville, MD, 20852, USA
| | - Nicole Stutzman
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 12441 Parklawn Drive, Rockville, MD, 20852, USA
| | - Daiji Kano
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 12441 Parklawn Drive, Rockville, MD, 20852, USA
| | - James Arthos
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Elizabeth Fischer
- Research Technology Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 903 South 4th Street, Hamilton, MT, 59840, USA
| | - Tae-Wook Chun
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Susan Moir
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Peter Sun
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 12441 Parklawn Drive, Rockville, MD, 20852, USA.
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CD32 expression is associated to T-cell activation and is not a marker of the HIV-1 reservoir. Nat Commun 2018; 9:2739. [PMID: 30013105 PMCID: PMC6048139 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-05157-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2017] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
CD32 has been shown to be preferentially expressed in latently HIV-1-infected cells in an in vitro model of quiescent CD4 T cells. Here we show that stimulation of CD4+ T cells with IL-2, IL-7, PHA, and anti-CD3/CD28 antibodies induces T-cell proliferation, co-expression of CD32 and the activation of the markers HLA-DR and CD69. HIV-1 infection increases CD32 expression. 79.2% of the CD32+/CD4+ T cells from HIV+ individuals under antiretroviral treatment were HLA-DR+. Resting CD4+ T cells infected in vitro generally results in higher integration of provirus. We observe no difference in provirus integration or replication-competent inducible latent HIV-1 in CD32+ or CD32− CD4+ T cells from HIV+ individuals. Our results demonstrate that CD32 expression is a marker of CD4+ T cell activation in HIV+ individuals and raises questions regarding the immune resting status of CD32+ cells harboring HIV-1 proviruses. CD32 has been previously shown to be expressed preferentially by CD4 T cells latently harbouring HIV-1. Here the authors show that CD32 expression in CD4 T cells is associated with T cell activation, is up-regulated by HIV-1 infection and importantly does not appear to represent an enriched cellular niche for latent HIV-1.
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160
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Naturally Derived Anti-HIV Polysaccharide Peptide (PSP) Triggers a Toll-Like Receptor 4-Dependent Antiviral Immune Response. J Immunol Res 2018; 2018:8741698. [PMID: 30116757 PMCID: PMC6079438 DOI: 10.1155/2018/8741698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2018] [Revised: 04/17/2018] [Accepted: 05/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim Intense interest remains in the identification of compounds to reduce human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) replication. Coriolus versicolor's polysaccharide peptide (PSP) has been demonstrated to possess immunomodulatory properties with the ability to activate an innate immune response through Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) showing insignificant toxicity. This study sought to determine the potential use of PSP as an anti-HIV agent and whether its antiviral immune response was TLR4 dependent. Materials and Methods HIV-1 p24 and anti-HIV chemokine release was assessed in HIV-positive (HIV+) THP1 cells and validated in HIV+ peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), to determine PSP antiviral activity. The involvement of TLR4 activation in PSP anti-HIV activity was evaluated by inhibition. Results PSP showed a promising potential as an anti-HIV agent, by downregulating viral replication and promoting the upregulation of specific antiviral chemokines (RANTES, MIP-1α/β, and SDF-1α) known to block HIV-1 coreceptors in THP1 cells and human PBMCs. PSP produced a 61% viral inhibition after PSP treatment in HIV-1-infected THP1 cells. Additionally, PSP upregulated the expression of TLR4 and TLR4 inhibition led to countereffects in chemokine expression and HIV-1 replication. Conclusion Taken together, these findings put forward the first evidence that PSP exerts an anti-HIV activity mediated by TLR4 and key antiviral chemokines. Elucidating these new molecular mediators may reveal additional drug targets and open novel therapeutic avenues for HIV-1 infection.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND The viral transactivator Tat protein is a key modulator of HIV-1 replication, as it regulates transcriptional elongation from the integrated proviral genome. Tat recruits the human transcription elongation factor b, and other host proteins, such as the super elongation complex, to activate the cellular RNA polymerase II, normally stalled shortly after transcription initiation at the HIV promoter. By means of a complex set of interactions with host cellular factors, Tat determines the fate of viral activity within the infected cell. The virus will either actively replicate to promote dissemination in blood and tissues, or become dormant mostly in memory CD4+ T cells, as part of a small but long-living latent reservoir, the main obstacle for HIV eradication. OBJECTIVE In this review, we summarize recent advances in the understanding of the multi-step mechanism that regulates Tat-mediated HIV-1 transcription and RNA polymerase II release, to promote viral transcription elongation. Early events of the human transcription elongation factor b release from the inhibitory 7SK small nuclear ribonucleoprotein complex and its recruitment to the HIV promoter will be discussed. Specific roles of the super elongation complex subunits during transcription elongation, and insight on recently identified cellular factors and mechanisms regulating HIV latency will be detailed. CONCLUSION Understanding the complexity of HIV transcriptional regulation by host factors may open the door for development of novel strategies to eradicate the resilient latent reservoir.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Mousseau
- The Scripps Research Institute, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, 130 Scripps Way, Jupiter, FL 33458. United States
| | - Susana T Valente
- The Scripps Research Institute, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, 130 Scripps Way, Jupiter, FL 33458. United States
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Prideaux B, Lenaerts A, Dartois V. Imaging and spatially resolved quantification of drug distribution in tissues by mass spectrometry. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2018; 44:93-100. [PMID: 29957376 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2018.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) is a powerful label-free technique for visualizing drug and metabolite distributions in biological tissues. In this review, we discuss recent developments in MSI and spatial profiling technologies to visualize and quantify drug distributions in tissues. We also present recent examples of applications of these technologies for assessing drug distribution within tissues and individual cells. Finally, we focus on an emerging technique coupling laser capture microdissection (LCM) to quantitative mass spectrometry, which combines the respective advantages of imaging and conventional liquid chromatography mass spectrometry, and thus enables spatially resolved drug quantification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brendan Prideaux
- Public Health Research Institute, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ, USA.
| | - Anne Lenaerts
- Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Véronique Dartois
- Public Health Research Institute, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ, USA; Department of Medicine, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ, USA
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163
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Gu CJ, Borjabad A, Hadas E, Kelschenbach J, Kim BH, Chao W, Arancio O, Suh J, Polsky B, McMillan J, Edagwa B, Gendelman HE, Potash MJ, Volsky DJ. EcoHIV infection of mice establishes latent viral reservoirs in T cells and active viral reservoirs in macrophages that are sufficient for induction of neurocognitive impairment. PLoS Pathog 2018; 14:e1007061. [PMID: 29879225 PMCID: PMC5991655 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2017] [Accepted: 04/29/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Suppression of HIV replication by antiretroviral therapy (ART) or host immunity can prevent AIDS but not other HIV-associated conditions including neurocognitive impairment (HIV-NCI). Pathogenesis in HIV-suppressed individuals has been attributed to reservoirs of latent-inducible virus in resting CD4+ T cells. Macrophages are persistently infected with HIV but their role as HIV reservoirs in vivo has not been fully explored. Here we show that infection of conventional mice with chimeric HIV, EcoHIV, reproduces physiological conditions for development of disease in people on ART including immunocompetence, stable suppression of HIV replication, persistence of integrated, replication-competent HIV in T cells and macrophages, and manifestation of learning and memory deficits in behavioral tests, termed here murine HIV-NCI. EcoHIV established latent reservoirs in CD4+ T lymphocytes in chronically-infected mice but could be induced by epigenetic modulators ex vivo and in mice. In contrast, macrophages expressed EcoHIV constitutively in mice for up to 16 months; murine leukemia virus (MLV), the donor of gp80 envelope in EcoHIV, did not infect macrophages. Both EcoHIV and MLV were found in brain tissue of infected mice but only EcoHIV induced NCI. Murine HIV-NCI was prevented by antiretroviral prophylaxis but once established neither persistent EcoHIV infection in mice nor NCI could be reversed by long-acting antiretroviral therapy. EcoHIV-infected, athymic mice were more permissive to virus replication in macrophages than were wild-type mice, suffered cognitive dysfunction, as well as increased numbers of monocytes and macrophages infiltrating the brain. Our results suggest an important role of HIV expressing macrophages in HIV neuropathogenesis in hosts with suppressed HIV replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao-Jiang Gu
- Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Alejandra Borjabad
- Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Eran Hadas
- Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Jennifer Kelschenbach
- Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Boe-Hyun Kim
- Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Wei Chao
- Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Ottavio Arancio
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Jin Suh
- Department of Medicine, St. Joseph’s Regional Medical Center, Paterson, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Bruce Polsky
- Department of Medicine, NYU Winthrop Hospital, Mineola, New York, United States of America
| | - JoEllyn McMillan
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, United States of America
| | - Benson Edagwa
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, United States of America
| | - Howard E. Gendelman
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, United States of America
| | - Mary Jane Potash
- Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - David J. Volsky
- Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
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Martin GE, Pace M, Thornhill JP, Phetsouphanh C, Meyerowitz J, Gossez M, Brown H, Olejniczak N, Lwanga J, Ramjee G, Kaleebu P, Porter K, Willberg CB, Klenerman P, Nwokolo N, Fox J, Fidler S, Frater J. CD32-Expressing CD4 T Cells Are Phenotypically Diverse and Can Contain Proviral HIV DNA. Front Immunol 2018; 9:928. [PMID: 29780387 PMCID: PMC5946760 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Efforts to both characterize and eradicate the HIV reservoir have been limited by the rarity of latently infected cells and the absence of a specific denoting biomarker. CD32a (FcγRIIa) has been proposed to be a marker for an enriched CD4 T cell HIV reservoir, but this finding remains controversial. Here, we explore the expression of CD32 on CD3+CD4+ cells in participants from two primary HIV infection studies and identify at least three distinct phenotypes (CD32low, CD32+CD14+, and CD32high). Of note, CD4 negative enrichment kits remove the majority of CD4+CD32+ T cells, potentially skewing subsequent analyses if used. CD32high CD4 T cells had higher levels of HLA-DR and HIV co-receptor expression than other subsets, compatible with their being more susceptible to infection. Surprisingly, they also expressed high levels of CD20, TCRαβ, IgD, and IgM (but not IgG), markers for both T cells and naïve B cells. Compared with other populations, CD32low cells had a more differentiated memory phenotype and high levels of immune checkpoint receptors, programmed death receptor-1 (PD-1), Tim-3, and TIGIT. Within all three CD3+CD4+CD32+ phenotypes, cells could be identified in infected participants, which contained HIV DNA. CD32 expression on CD4 T cells did not correlate with HIV DNA or cell-associated HIV RNA (both surrogate measures of overall reservoir size) or predict time to rebound viremia following treatment interruption, suggesting that it is not a dominant biomarker for HIV persistence. Our data suggest that while CD32+ T cells can be infected with HIV, CD32 is not a specific marker of the reservoir although it might identify a population of HIV enriched cells in certain situations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Genevieve E Martin
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew Pace
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - John P Thornhill
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.,Division of Medicine, Wright Fleming Institute, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom
| | - Chansavath Phetsouphanh
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Jodi Meyerowitz
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Morgane Gossez
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Helen Brown
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Natalia Olejniczak
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Julianne Lwanga
- Department of Genitourinary Medicine and Infectious Disease, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Gita Ramjee
- HIV Prevention Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council, Durban, South Africa
| | | | - Kholoud Porter
- Research Department of Infection and Population Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Christian B Willberg
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.,NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Klenerman
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.,NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Nneka Nwokolo
- Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Julie Fox
- Department of Genitourinary Medicine and Infectious Disease, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah Fidler
- Division of Medicine, Wright Fleming Institute, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom
| | - John Frater
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.,NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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165
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Khan N, Datta G, Geiger JD, Chen X. Apolipoprotein E isoform dependently affects Tat-mediated HIV-1 LTR transactivation. J Neuroinflammation 2018; 15:91. [PMID: 29558961 PMCID: PMC5861635 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-018-1129-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2017] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Apolipoprotein E (ApoE) is the major carrier protein that mediates the transport and delivery of cholesterol and other lipids in the brain. Three isoforms of ApoE (ApoE2, ApoE3, ApoE4) exist in humans, and their relative expression levels impact HIV-1 infection, HIV-1/AIDS disease progression, and cognitive decline associated with HIV-1-associated neurocognitive disorder. Because HIV-1 Tat, a viral protein essential for HIV-1 replication, can bind to low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1 (LRP1) that controls ApoE uptake in the brain, we determined the extent to which different isoforms of ApoE affected Tat-mediated HIV-1 LTR transactivation. Methods Using U87MG glioblastoma cells expressing LTR-driven luciferase, we determined the extent to which LRP1 as well as ApoE2, ApoE3, and ApoE4 affected Tat-mediated HIV-1 LTR transactivation. Results A specific LRP1 antagonist and siRNA knockdown of LRP1 both restricted significantly Tat-mediated LTR transactivation. Of the three ApoEs, ApoE4 was the least potent and effective at preventing HIV-1 Tat internalization and at decreasing Tat-mediated HIV-1 LTR transactivation. Further, Tat-mediated LTR transactivation was attenuated by an ApoE mimetic peptide, and ApoE4-induced restriction of Tat-mediated LTR transactivation was potentiated by an ApoE4 structure modulator that changes ApoE4 into an ApoE3-like phenotype. Conclusions These findings help explain observed differential effects of ApoEs on HIV-1 infectivity and the prevalence of HAND in people living with HIV-1 infection and suggest that ApoE mimetic peptides and ApoE4 structure modulator might be used as a therapeutic strategy against HIV-1 infection and associated neurocognitive disorders. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12974-018-1129-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nabab Khan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, 504 Hamline Street, Grand Forks, ND, 58203, USA
| | - Gaurav Datta
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, 504 Hamline Street, Grand Forks, ND, 58203, USA
| | - Jonathan D Geiger
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, 504 Hamline Street, Grand Forks, ND, 58203, USA
| | - Xuesong Chen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, 504 Hamline Street, Grand Forks, ND, 58203, USA.
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166
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Martinez-Picado J, Zurakowski R, Buzón MJ, Stevenson M. Episomal HIV-1 DNA and its relationship to other markers of HIV-1 persistence. Retrovirology 2018; 15:15. [PMID: 29378611 PMCID: PMC5789633 DOI: 10.1186/s12977-018-0398-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2017] [Accepted: 01/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Reverse transcription of HIV-1 results in the generation of a linear cDNA that serves as the precursor to the integrated provirus. Other classes of extrachromosomal viral cDNA molecules can be found in acutely infected cells including the 1-LTR and 2-LTR circles of viral DNA, also referred as episomal HIV-1 DNA. Circulating CD4+ T-cells of treatment-naïve individuals contain significant levels of unintegrated forms of HIV-1 DNA. However, the importance of episomal HIV-1 DNA in the study of viral persistence during antiviral therapy (ART) is debatable. 2-LTR circles are preferentially observed in the effector memory CD4+ T cell subset of long-term treated subjects. Treatment intensification of standard regimens has been used to determine if more potent ART can impact viral reservoir activity. Adding a potent antiretroviral drug to a stable triple-drug regimen has no measurable impact on plasma HIV-1 RNA levels, suggesting that ongoing cycles of HIV-1 replication are not a major mechanism driving persistent plasma viremia during triple-drug ART. However, in randomized clinical trials of HIV-1-infected adults on apparently effective ART, the addition of an integrase inhibitor (raltegravir) to stable regimens resulted in a transient increase in 2-LTR circles in some patients, suggesting a pre-intensification steady-state in which the processes of virion generation and de novo infection were occurring. Mathematical modeling of 2-LTR production during integrase inhibitor intensification suggests the coexistence, at different levels, of ongoing de novo infection and de novo replication mechanisms, specifically in inflamed lymphoid drug sanctuaries. Most reports looking into potential changes in 2-LTR circles in interventional clinical studies have simultaneously assessed other potential surrogate markers of viral persistence. Transient increases in 2-LTR circles have been correlated to decreases in CD8+ T-cell activation, transient CD45RA−CD4+ T-cell redistribution, and decreases in the hypercoagulation biomarker D-dimer in ART-intensified individuals. It is difficult, however, to establish a systematic association because the level of correlation with different types of markers differs significantly among studies. In conclusion, despite suppressive ART, a steady-state of de novo infection may persist in some infected individuals and that this may drive immune activation and inflammation changes reflecting residual viral reservoir activity during otherwise apparently suppressive ART.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Martinez-Picado
- AIDS Research Institute IrsiCaixa, University Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Ctra. de Canyet s/n, Badalona, 08916, Barcelona, Spain. .,University of Vic-Central University of Catalonia (UVic-UCC), Vic, Spain. .,Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Ryan Zurakowski
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA
| | - María José Buzón
- Infectious Diseases Department, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mario Stevenson
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
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167
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Chen H, Lui WY, Mruk DD, Xiao X, Ge R, Lian Q, Lee WM, Silvestrini B, Cheng CY. Monitoring the Integrity of the Blood-Testis Barrier (BTB): An In Vivo Assay. Methods Mol Biol 2018; 1748:245-252. [PMID: 29453576 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-7698-0_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
The blood-testis barrier is a unique ultrastructure in the mammalian testis, located near the basement membrane of the seminiferous tubule that segregates the seminiferous epithelium into the basal and the adluminal (apical) compartment. Besides restricting paracellular and transcellular passage of biomolecules (e.g., paracrine factors, hormones), water, electrolytes, and other substances including toxicants and/or drugs to enter the adluminal compartment of the epithelium, the BTB is an important ultrastructure that supports spermatogenesis. As such, a sensitive and reliable assay to monitor its integrity in vivo is helpful for studying testis biology. This assay is based on the ability of an intact BTB to exclude the diffusion of a small molecule such as sulfo-NHS-LC-biotin (C20H29N4NaO9S2, Mr. 556.59, a water-soluble and membrane-impermeable biotinylation reagent) from the basal to the apical compartment of the seminiferous epithelium. Herein, we summarize the detailed procedures on performing the assay and to obtain semiquantitative data to assess the extent of BTB damage when compared to positive controls, such as treatment of rats with cadmium chloride (CdCl2) which is known to compromise the BTB integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiqi Chen
- The Mary M. Wohlford Laboratory for Male Contraceptive Research, Center for Biomedical Research, Population Council, New York, NY, USA
| | - Wing-Yee Lui
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
| | - Dolores D Mruk
- The Mary M. Wohlford Laboratory for Male Contraceptive Research, Center for Biomedical Research, Population Council, New York, NY, USA
| | - Xiang Xiao
- Department of Reproductive Physiology, Zhejiang Academy of Medical Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Renshan Ge
- Institute of Reproductive Biomedicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Qingquan Lian
- Institute of Reproductive Biomedicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Will M Lee
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
| | | | - C Yan Cheng
- The Mary M. Wohlford Laboratory for Male Contraceptive Research, Center for Biomedical Research, Population Council, New York, NY, USA.
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168
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Abstract
The introduction of combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) in the 1990s has dramatically changed the course of HIV infection, decreasing the risk for both AIDS- and non-AIDS-related events. Cancers, cardiovascular disease (CVD), liver and kidney disease, neurological disorders and frailty have become of great importance lately in the clinical management as they represent the principal cause of death in people living with HIV who receive cART (Kirk et al. in Clin Infect Dis 45(1):103-10, 2007; Strategies for Management of Antiretroviral Therapy Study et al. N Engl J Med 355(22):2283-2296, 2006; Ances et al. J Infect Dis 201(3):336-340, 2010; Desquilbet et al. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 62(11):1279-1286, 2007; Lifson et al. HIV Clin Trials 9(3):177-185, 2008). Despite the undeniable achievements of cART, we are now faced with its limitations: a considerable proportion of individuals, referred as to immunological non-responders, fails to reconstitute the immune system despite optimal treatment and viral suppression (Kelley et al. Clin Infect Dis 48(6):787-794, 2009; Robbins et al. Clin Infect Dis 48(3):350-361, 2009) and remains at high risk for opportunistic infections and non-AIDS-related events (Strategies for Management of Antiretroviral Therapy Study et al. N Engl J Med 355(22):2283-2296, 2006). Moreover, the generalized state of immune activation and inflammation, linked to serious non-AIDS events, persists despite successful HIV suppression with cART. Finally, the current strategies have so far failed to eradicate the virus, and inflammation appears a driving force in viral persistence. In the light of all this, it is of fundamental importance to investigate the pathophysiological processes that link incomplete immune recovery, immune activation and HIV persistence to design targeted therapies that could impact on the three.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Bruzzesi
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.,Department of Infectious Diseases, IRCCS, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Irini Sereti
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA. .,Department of Infectious Diseases, IRCCS, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy.
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169
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Abstract
Research over the past decade has resulted in a much-improved understanding of how and where HIV persists in patients on otherwise suppressive antiretroviral therapy (ART). It has become clear that the establishment of a latent infection in long-lived cells is the key barrier to curing HIV or allowing for sustained ART-free remission. Informed by in vitro and ex vivo studies, several therapeutic approaches aimed at depleting the pool of latently infected cells have been tested in small-scale experimental clinical trials including studies of ART intensification, genome editing, ART during acute/early infection and latency reversal. Many studies have focused on the use of latency-reversing agents (LRAs) to induce immune- or virus-mediated elimination of virus-producing cells. These trials have been instrumental in establishing safety and have shown that it is possible to impact the state HIV latency in patients on suppressive ART. However, administration of LRAs alone has thus far not demonstrated an effect on the frequency of latently infected cells or the time to virus rebound during analytical interruption of ART. More recently, there has been an enhanced focus on immune-based therapies in the onwards search for an HIV cure including therapeutic vaccines, toll-like receptor agonists, broadly neutralising antibodies, immune checkpoint inhibitors, interferon-α and interleukin therapy. In ongoing studies immunotherapy interventions are also tested in combination with latency reversal. In this chapter, the overall results of these clinical interventions ultimately aimed at a cure for HIV are presented and discussed.
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170
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Berger E, Breznan D, Stals S, Jasinghe VJ, Gonçalves D, Girard D, Faucher S, Vincent R, Thierry AR, Lavigne C. Cytotoxicity assessment, inflammatory properties, and cellular uptake of Neutraplex lipid-based nanoparticles in THP-1 monocyte-derived macrophages. Nanobiomedicine (Rij) 2017; 4:1849543517746259. [PMID: 29942393 PMCID: PMC6009795 DOI: 10.1177/1849543517746259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2017] [Accepted: 11/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Current antiretroviral drugs used to prevent or treat human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection are not able to eliminate the virus within tissues or cells where HIV establishes reservoirs. Hence, there is an urgent need to develop targeted delivery systems to enhance drug concentrations in these viral sanctuary sites. Macrophages are key players in HIV infection and contribute significantly to the cellular reservoirs of HIV because the virus can survive for prolonged periods in these cells. In the present work, we investigated the potential of the lipid-based Neutraplex nanosystem to deliver anti-HIV therapeutics in human macrophages using the human monocyte/macrophage cell line THP-1. Neutraplex nanoparticles as well as cationic and anionic Neutraplex nanolipoplexes (Neutraplex/small interfering RNA) were prepared and characterized by dynamic light scattering. Neutraplex nanoparticles showed low cytotoxicity in CellTiter-Blue reduction and lactate dehydrogenase release assays and were not found to have pro-inflammatory effects. In addition, confocal studies showed that the Neutraplex nanoparticles and nanolipoplexes are rapidly internalized into THP-1 macrophages and that they can escape the late endosome/lysosome compartment allowing the delivery of small interfering RNAs in the cytoplasm. Furthermore, HIV replication was inhibited in the in vitro TZM-bl infectivity assay when small interfering RNAs targeting CXCR4 co-receptor was delivered by Neutraplex nanoparticles compared to a random small interfering RNA sequence. This study demonstrates that the Neutraplex nanosystem has potential for further development as a delivery strategy to efficiently and safely enhance the transport of therapeutic molecules into human monocyte-derived macrophages in the aim of targeting HIV-1 in this cellular reservoir.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Berger
- National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Dalibor Breznan
- Inhalation Toxicology Laboratory, Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sandra Stals
- National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Viraj J Jasinghe
- National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - David Gonçalves
- INRS-Institut Armand Frappier Centre, University of Quebec, Laval, Quebec, Canada
| | - Denis Girard
- INRS-Institut Armand Frappier Centre, University of Quebec, Laval, Quebec, Canada
| | - Sylvie Faucher
- National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Renaud Vincent
- Inhalation Toxicology Laboratory, Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Alain R Thierry
- Institute of Cancer Research of Montpellier, French National Institute of Health and Medical Research U986, Montpellier, France
| | - Carole Lavigne
- National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.,INRS-Institut Armand Frappier Centre, University of Quebec, Laval, Quebec, Canada
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171
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Abstract
Antiretroviral therapy (ART) has rendered HIV-1 infection a treatable illness; however, ART is not curative owing to the persistence of replication-competent, latent proviruses in long-lived resting T cells. Strategies that target these latently infected cells and allow immune recognition and clearance of this reservoir will be necessary to eradicate HIV-1 in infected individuals. This review describes current pharmacologic approaches to reactivate the latent reservoir so that infected cells can be recognized and targeted, with the ultimate goal of achieving an HIV-1 cure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam M Spivak
- Department of Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112
| | - Vicente Planelles
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112;
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172
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Khan S, Telwatte S, Trapecar M, Yukl S, Sanjabi S. Differentiating Immune Cell Targets in Gut-Associated Lymphoid Tissue for HIV Cure. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2017; 33:S40-S58. [PMID: 28882067 PMCID: PMC5685216 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2017.0153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The single greatest challenge to an HIV cure is the persistence of latently infected cells containing inducible, replication-competent proviral genomes, which constitute only a small fraction of total or infected cells in the body. Although resting CD4+ T cells in the blood are a well-known source of viral rebound, more than 90% of the body's lymphocytes reside elsewhere. Many are in gut tissue, where HIV DNA levels per million CD4+ T cells are considerably higher than in the blood. Despite the significant contribution of gut tissue to viral replication and persistence, little is known about the cell types that support persistence of HIV in the gut; importantly, T cells in the gut have phenotypic, functional, and survival properties that are distinct from T cells in other tissues. The mechanisms by which latency is established and maintained will likely depend on the location and cytokine milieu surrounding the latently infected cells in each compartment. Therefore, successful HIV cure strategies require identification and characterization of the exact cell types that support viral persistence, particularly in the gut. In this review, we describe the seeding of the latent HIV reservoir in the gut mucosa; highlight the evidence for compartmentalization and depletion of T cells; summarize the immunologic consequences of HIV infection within the gut milieu; propose how the damaged gut environment may promote the latent HIV reservoir; and explore several immune cell targets in the gut and their place on the path toward HIV cure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahzada Khan
- Gladstone Institute of Virology and Immunology, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, California
| | - Sushama Telwatte
- San Francisco VA Health Care System and University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, California
| | - Martin Trapecar
- Gladstone Institute of Virology and Immunology, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, California
| | - Steven Yukl
- San Francisco VA Health Care System and University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, California
| | - Shomyseh Sanjabi
- Gladstone Institute of Virology and Immunology, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, California
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
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173
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Murray JM, Zaunders J, Emery S, Cooper DA, Hey-Nguyen WJ, Koelsch KK, Kelleher AD. HIV dynamics linked to memory CD4+ T cell homeostasis. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0186101. [PMID: 29049331 PMCID: PMC5648138 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0186101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The dynamics of latent HIV is linked to infection and clearance of resting memory CD4+ T cells. Infection also resides within activated, non-dividing memory cells and can be impacted by antigen-driven and homeostatic proliferation despite suppressive antiretroviral therapy (ART). We investigated whether plasma viral level (pVL) and HIV DNA dynamics could be explained by HIV’s impact on memory CD4+ T cell homeostasis. Median total, 2-LTR and integrated HIV DNA levels per μL of peripheral blood, for 8 primary (PHI) and 8 chronic HIV infected (CHI) individuals enrolled on a raltegravir (RAL) based regimen, exhibited greatest changes over the 1st year of ART. Dynamics slowed over the following 2 years so that total HIV DNA levels were equivalent to reported values for individuals after 10 years of ART. The mathematical model reproduced the multiphasic dynamics of pVL, and levels of total, 2-LTR and integrated HIV DNA in both PHI and CHI over 3 years of ART. Under these simulations, residual viremia originated from reactivated latently infected cells where most of these cells arose from clonal expansion within the resting phenotype. Since virion production from clonally expanded cells will not be affected by antiretroviral drugs, simulations of ART intensification had little impact on pVL. HIV DNA decay over the first year of ART followed the loss of activated memory cells (120 day half-life) while the 5.9 year half-life of total HIV DNA after this point mirrored the slower decay of resting memory cells. Simulations had difficulty reproducing the fast early HIV DNA dynamics, including 2-LTR levels peaking at week 12, and the later slow loss of total and 2-LTR HIV DNA, suggesting some ongoing infection. In summary, our modelling indicates that much of the dynamical behavior of HIV can be explained by its impact on memory CD4+ T cell homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- John M. Murray
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, UNSW Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- * E-mail:
| | - John Zaunders
- St Vincent's Hospital, Sydney, Centre for Applied Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia
| | - Sean Emery
- The Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW Australia
| | - David A. Cooper
- The Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW Australia
| | | | - Kersten K. Koelsch
- The Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW Australia
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174
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Nicolás D, Ambrosioni J, Sued O, Brunet M, López-Diéguez M, Manzardo C, Agüero F, Tuset M, Plana M, Guardo AC, Mosquera MM, Muñoz-Fernández MÁ, Caballero M, Marcos MÁ, Gatell JM, de Lazzari E, Gallart T, Miró JM. Cyclosporine A in addition to standard ART during primary HIV-1 infection: pilot randomized clinical trial. J Antimicrob Chemother 2017; 72:829-836. [PMID: 27999018 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkw462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2016] [Accepted: 10/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Initiating ART during acute/recent HIV-1 infection reduces viral reservoir formation. It has been proposed that, during this phase, the size of the viral reservoir could be further reduced by the association of immunomodulatory therapy with ART. Contradictory results have emerged, however, from two trials evaluating the impact on immune recovery and the viral reservoir of adding cyclosporine A to ART during primary HIV-1 infection. Patients and methods Twenty patients with acute/recent HIV-1 infection were randomized to receive ART alone (tenofovir, emtricitabine and lopinavir/ritonavir) or associated with 8 weeks of cyclosporine A (0.3-0.6 mg/kg twice daily). The impact on viral load, immune response and integrated and non-integrated DNA viral reservoir at 0, 8 and 36 weeks of treatment was evaluated. Results The estimated median time from HIV-1 infection to ART onset was 63 days (IQR 53; 79.5) with 90% of patients at Fiebig V stage. No significant differences were observed in viral load decay, CD4 T cell recovery, immune response markers or the evolution of integrated DNA at week 8 (end of cyclosporine A) and week 36 between groups. However, non-integrated DNA significantly increased in the cyclosporine A arm between weeks 0 and 36. Cyclosporine A was well tolerated. Conclusions Adding cyclosporine A to ART during acute/recent infection did not improve immune recovery. However, unintegrated DNA increased in the cyclosporine A group, suggesting an anti-integration effect, a point warranting further research (ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT00979706).
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Affiliation(s)
- David Nicolás
- Infectious Diseases Service, Hospital Clinic-Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Juan Ambrosioni
- Infectious Diseases Service, Hospital Clinic-Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Omar Sued
- Infectious Diseases Service, Hospital Clinic-Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mercé Brunet
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Department, Biomedical Diagnostic Center, Hospital Clinic, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - María López-Diéguez
- Infectious Diseases Service, Hospital Clinic-Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Christian Manzardo
- Infectious Diseases Service, Hospital Clinic-Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Fernando Agüero
- Infectious Diseases Service, Hospital Clinic-Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Montserrat Tuset
- Pharmacy Department, Hospital Clinic Barcelona-Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Montserrat Plana
- Retrovirology and Viral Immunopathology Laboratory, AIDS Research Group, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Hospital Clínic, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alberto C Guardo
- Retrovirology and Viral Immunopathology Laboratory, AIDS Research Group, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Hospital Clínic, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - María Mar Mosquera
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Hospital Clínic, Barcelona, Spain/ISGlobal, Barcelona Centre for International Health Research (CRESIB), Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - M Ángeles Muñoz-Fernández
- Laboratorio InmunoBiología Molecular, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, Spanish HIV-HGM Biobank, Networking Research Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials & Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Madrid, Spain
| | - Miguel Caballero
- Otorhinolaryngology Department, Hospital Clinic-Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - M Ángeles Marcos
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Hospital Clínic, Barcelona, Spain/ISGlobal, Barcelona Centre for International Health Research (CRESIB), Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - José M Gatell
- Infectious Diseases Service, Hospital Clinic-Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Elisa de Lazzari
- Fundació Clinic per a la Recerca Biomèdica, Hospital Clinic-Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Teresa Gallart
- Immunology Department, Hospital Clinic-Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - José M Miró
- Infectious Diseases Service, Hospital Clinic-Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This study aimed to evaluate current barriers to HIV cure strategies and interventions for neurocognitive dysfunction with a particular focus on recent advancements over the last 3 years. RECENT FINDINGS Optimal anti-retroviral therapy (ART) poses challenges to minimise neurotoxicity, whilst ensuring blood-brain barrier penetration and minimising the risk of cerebrovascular disease. CSF biomarkers, BCL11B and neurofilament light chain may be implicated with a neuroinflammatory cascade leading to cognitive impairment. Diagnostic imaging with diffusion tensor imaging and resting-state fMRI show promise in future diagnosis and monitoring of HAND. The introduction of ART has resulted in a dramatic decline in HIV-associated dementia. Despite this reduction, milder forms of HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder (HAND) are still prevalent and are clinically significant. The central nervous system (CNS) has been recognised as a probable reservoir and sanctuary for HIV, representing a significant barrier to management interventions.
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176
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Spitsin S, Tebas P, Barrett JS, Pappa V, Kim D, Taylor D, Evans DL, Douglas SD. Antiinflammatory effects of aprepitant coadministration with cART regimen containing ritonavir in HIV-infected adults. JCI Insight 2017; 2:95893. [PMID: 28978797 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.95893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2017] [Accepted: 09/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND HIV-infected individuals, even well controlled with combined antiretroviral therapy (cART), have systemic inflammation and comorbidities. Substance P (SP) is an undecapeptide, which mediates neurotransmission and inflammation through its cognate neurokinin 1 receptor (NK1R). Plasma SP levels are elevated in HIV-infected individuals. The FDA-approved antiemetic aprepitant, an NK1R antagonist, has anti-HIV effects and antiinflammatory actions. We evaluated the safety, pharmacokinetics, and antiinflammatory properties of aprepitant in HIV-positive individuals receiving cART. METHODS We conducted a phase 1B study of 12 HIV-positive individuals on a ritonavir-containing regimen (HIV viral load less than 40 copies/ml and CD4 > 400 cells/μl). Participants received open-label aprepitant 375 mg per day for 28 days and were followed for an additional 30 days. Changes in plasma levels of proinflammatory markers were assessed using flow cytometry, ELISA, luminex, and SOMAscan assays. RESULTS The mean peak aprepitant plasma concentration was 30.7 ± 15.3 μg/ml at day 14 and 23.3 ± 12.3 μg/ml at day 28. Aprepitant treatment resulted in decreased plasma SP levels and affected 176 plasma proteins (56 after FDR) and several metabolic pathways, including inflammation and lipid metabolism. No change in soluble CD163 was observed. Aprepitant treatment was associated with a moderate increases in total and HDL cholesterol and affected select hematologic and metabolic markers, which returned to baseline levels 30 days after aprepitant treatment was stopped. There were 12 mild and 10 moderate adverse events (AE). CONCLUSIONS Aprepitant is safe and well tolerated. The antiinflammatory properties of aprepitant make it a possible adjunctive therapy for comorbid conditions associated with HIV infection. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT02154360). FUNDING This research was funded by NIH UO1 MH090325, P30 MH097488, and PO1 MH105303.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergei Spitsin
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Pablo Tebas
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jeffrey S Barrett
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Vasiliki Pappa
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Deborah Kim
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Deanne Taylor
- Department of Biomedical and Health Informatics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Dwight L Evans
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Steven D Douglas
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.,Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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178
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Frattari G, Aagaard L, Denton PW. The role of miR-29a in HIV-1 replication and latency. J Virus Erad 2017; 3:185-191. [PMID: 29057080 PMCID: PMC5632543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of an effective HIV-1 eradication strategy relies upon a clear understanding of the cellular mechanisms involved in HIV-1 latency. Among such cellular processes, microRNA activities affect HIV-1 production by regulating viral transcripts as well as host cell HIV-1 dependency factors. miR-29a stands apart from other relevant microRNAs as a potential therapeutic target in HIV-1 eradication. In vitro experiments have shown that miR-29a binds to a sequence in the 3'UTR of viral transcripts and inhibits their expression. In vivo data revealed the existence of a cytokine-microRNA (i.e. IL-21/miR-29a) pathway that significantly impacts HIV-1 replication. Here we present and discuss evidence supporting the role of miR-29a in HIV-1 replication and latency. We also discuss potential clinical applications of miR-29a inhibitors and enhancers in HIV-1 eradication strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giacomo Frattari
- Department of Infectious Diseases,
Aarhus University Hospital Skejby,
Aarhus,
Denmark,Corresponding author: Giacomo Frattari,
Department of Infectious Diseases (Q),
Aarhus University Hospital,
Skejby, Palle Juul-Jensens Boulevard 99,
8200Aarhus N,
Denmark
| | - Lars Aagaard
- Department of Biomedicine,
Aarhus University,
Aarhus,
Denmark
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179
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Maedi-visna virus persistence: Antigenic variation and latency. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2017; 55:6-12. [PMID: 29127994 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2017.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2017] [Revised: 08/14/2017] [Accepted: 08/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Maedi-visna virus (MVV), a lentivirus of sheep, shares with other lentiviruses the ability to establish a lifelong infection. In this study five sheep were infected intravenously with MVV and housed together with a number of uninfected sheep for natural transmission. All virus isolates from ten sheep that had been infected naturally had multiple mutations in the principal neutralization domain in Env and were antigenic variants, while three of four isolates from the carrier sheep had identical sequences to the infecting strain and were not antigenic variants. There was evidence of positive selection in the gene, particularly in amino acids comprising the neutralization epitope and some adjacent glycosylation sites. Together these results suggest that virus persistence is acquired by a reservoir of latent viruses, and that there is selection for antigenic variants of virus that is transmitted naturally.
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180
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Hernandez-Vargas EA. Modeling Kick-Kill Strategies toward HIV Cure. Front Immunol 2017; 8:995. [PMID: 28894444 PMCID: PMC5581319 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2017] [Accepted: 08/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Although combinatorial antiretroviral therapy (cART) potently suppresses the virus, a sterile or functional cure still remains one of the greatest therapeutic challenges worldwide. Reservoirs are infected cells that can maintain HIV persistence for several years in patients with optimal cART, which is a leading obstacle to eradicate the virus. Despite the significant progress that has been made in our understanding of the diversity of cells that promote HIV persistence, many aspects that are critical to the development of effective therapeutic approaches able to purge the latent CD4+ T cell reservoir are poorly understood. Simultaneous purging strategies known as “kick-kill” have been pointed out as promising therapeutic approaches to eliminate the viral reservoir. However, long-term outcomes of purging strategies as well as the effect on the HIV reservoir are still largely fragmented. In this context, mathematical modeling can provide a rationale not only to evaluate the impact on the HIV reservoir but also to facilitate the formulation of hypotheses about potential therapeutic strategies. This review aims to discuss briefly the most recent mathematical modeling contributions, harnessing our knowledge toward the uncharted territory of HIV eradication. In addition, problems associated with current models are discussed, in particular, mathematical models consider only T cell responses but HIV control may also depend on other cell responses as well as chemokines and cytokines dynamics.
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181
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May ME, Kwaa AK, Blankson JN. HIV-1 reservoirs in elite controllers: clues for developing a functional cure? Future Microbiol 2017; 12:1019-1022. [PMID: 28836451 DOI: 10.2217/fmb-2017-0163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Megan E May
- Center for AIDS Research, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 855 N Wolfe Street, Rangos 552, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Abena K Kwaa
- Center for AIDS Research, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 855 N Wolfe Street, Rangos 552, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Joel N Blankson
- Center for AIDS Research, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 855 N Wolfe Street, Rangos 552, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
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182
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The persistence of HIV within long-lived HIV-infected CD4 T cells is the primary obstacle towards HIV eradication and numerous strategies are currently being evaluated to target and kill HIV-infected cells to ultimately find a cure. HIV reservoirs are classically quantified by standard methods such as integrated HIV DNA (Alu PCR) and/or quantitative viral outgrowth assay; however, recent technical advances may offer new opportunities to comprehensively assess the impact of clinical interventions. RECENT FINDINGS Digital droplet PCR, tat/rev-induced limiting dilution analysis, enhanced quantitative viral outgrowth assay, and whole genome sequencing technologies offer increased precision and/or higher sensitivity to quantify and characterize HIV reservoirs in antiretroviral therapy-treated HIV-infected patients. SUMMARY The objective of this review is to highlight the characteristics and limits of recent technical advances that may help to monitor the impact of clinical interventions in antiretroviral therapy-treated patients.
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183
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Ren XX, Ma L, Sun WW, Kuang WD, Li TS, Jin X, Wang JH. Dendritic cells maturated by co-culturing with HIV-1 latently infected Jurkat T cells or stimulating with AIDS-associated pathogens secrete TNF-α to reactivate HIV-1 from latency. Virulence 2017; 8:1732-1743. [PMID: 28762863 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2017.1356535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Elucidation of mechanisms underlying the establishment, maintenance of and reactivation from HIV-1 latency is essential for the development of therapeutic strategies aimed at eliminating HIV-1 reservoirs. Microbial translocation, as a consequence of HIV-1-induced deterioration of host immune system, is known to result in a systemic immune activation and transient outbursts of HIV-1 viremia in chronic HIV-1 infection. How these microbes cause the robust HIV-1 reactivation remains elusive. Dendritic cells (DCs) have previously been shown to reactivate HIV-1 from latency; however, the precise role of DCs in reactivating HIV-1 from latently infected T-cell remains obscure. In this study, by using HIV-1 latently infected Jurkat T cells, we demonstrated that AIDS-associated pathogens as represented by Mycobacterium bovis (M. bovis) Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) and bacterial component lipopolysaccharide (LPS) were unable to directly reactivate HIV-1 from Jurkat T cells; instead, they mature DCs to secrete TNF-α to accomplish this goal. Moreover, we found that HIV-1 latently infected Jurkat T cells could also mature DCs and enhance their TNF-α production during co-culture in a CD40-CD40L-signaling-dependent manner. This in turn led to viral reactivation from Jurkat T cells. Our results reveal how DCs help AIDS-associated pathogens to trigger HIV-1 reactivation from latency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Xin Ren
- a Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity , Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University , Suzhou , China.,b Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology , Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shanghai , China
| | - Li Ma
- a Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity , Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University , Suzhou , China.,b Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology , Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shanghai , China
| | - Wei-Wei Sun
- b Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology , Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shanghai , China.,c University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing , China
| | - Wen-Dong Kuang
- b Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology , Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shanghai , China.,c University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing , China
| | - Tai-Sheng Li
- d Department of Infectious Diseases , Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College , Beijing , China
| | - Xia Jin
- b Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology , Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shanghai , China
| | - Jian-Hua Wang
- b Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology , Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shanghai , China.,c University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing , China
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184
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Deruaz M, Tager AM. Humanized mouse models of latent HIV infection. Curr Opin Virol 2017; 25:97-104. [PMID: 28810166 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2017.07.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2017] [Revised: 07/16/2017] [Accepted: 07/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Antiretroviral therapy can efficiently control HIV viral replication, resulting in low viral loads and sustained CD4+ T cell counts in HIV-infected persons. However, fast viral rebound occurs in most infected persons when therapy is interrupted. The principal component of persistent infection is a latent but replication-competent HIV reservoir. The long half-life of this reservoir is a major barrier to cure, and its elimination is the target of important research efforts. Animal models that can recapitulate this aspect of human infection are needed to examine the HIV reservoir in tissues in vivo, and to test eradication strategies. In this review, we will summarize recent studies using humanized mouse models to examine different aspects of the viral reservoir.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maud Deruaz
- Human Immune System Mouse Program, Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology, USA
| | - Andrew M Tager
- Human Immune System Mouse Program, Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology, USA; Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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185
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Datta PK, Kaminski R, Hu W, Pirrone V, Sullivan NT, Nonnemacher MR, Dampier W, Wigdahl B, Khalili K. HIV-1 Latency and Eradication: Past, Present and Future. Curr HIV Res 2017; 14:431-441. [PMID: 27009094 DOI: 10.2174/1570162x14666160324125536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2015] [Revised: 12/04/2015] [Accepted: 01/16/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND It is well established that antiretroviral therapy (ART), while highly effective in controlling HIV replication, cannot eliminate virus from the body. Therefore, the majority of HIV-1-infected individuals remain at risk for developing AIDS due to persistence of infected reservoir cells serving as a source of virus re-emergence. Several reservoirs containing replication competent HIV-1 have been identified, most notably CD4+ T cells. Cells of the myeloid lineage, which are the first line of defense against pathogens and participate in HIV dissemination into sanctuary organs, also serve as cellular reservoirs of HIV-1. In latently infected resting CD4+ T cells, the integrated copies of proviral DNA remain in a dormant state, yet possess the ability to produce replication competent virus after cellular activation. Studies have demonstrated that modification of chromatin structure plays a role in establishing persistence, in part suggesting that latency is, controlled epigenetically. CONCLUSION Current efforts to eradicate HIV-1 from this cell population focus primarily on a "shock and kill" approach through cellular reactivation to trigger elimination of virus producing cells by cytolysis or host immune responses. However, studies revealed several limitations to this approach that require more investigation to assess its clinical application. Recent advances in gene editing technology prompted use of this approach for inactivating integrated proviral DNA in the genome of latently infected cells. This technology, which requires a detailed understanding of the viral genetics and robust delivery, may serve as a powerful strategy to eliminate the latent reservoir in the host leading to a sterile cure of AIDS.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Kamel Khalili
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Neurovirology and Comprehensive NeuroAIDS Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, 3500 N. Broad Street, 7th Floor, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA.
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186
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Murray AJ, Kwon KJ, Farber DL, Siliciano RF. The Latent Reservoir for HIV-1: How Immunologic Memory and Clonal Expansion Contribute to HIV-1 Persistence. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 197:407-17. [PMID: 27382129 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1600343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2016] [Accepted: 04/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Combination antiretroviral therapy (ART) for HIV-1 infection reduces plasma virus levels to below the limit of detection of clinical assays. However, even with prolonged suppression of viral replication with ART, viremia rebounds rapidly after treatment interruption. Thus, ART is not curative. The principal barrier to cure is a remarkably stable reservoir of latent HIV-1 in resting memory CD4(+) T cells. In this review, we consider explanations for the remarkable stability of the latent reservoir. Stability does not appear to reflect replenishment from new infection events but rather normal physiologic processes that provide for immunologic memory. Of particular importance are proliferative processes that drive clonal expansion of infected cells. Recent evidence suggests that in some infected cells, proliferation is a consequence of proviral integration into host genes associated with cell growth. Efforts to cure HIV-1 infection by targeting the latent reservoir may need to consider the potential of latently infected cells to proliferate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra J Murray
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205
| | - Kyungyoon J Kwon
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205
| | - Donna L Farber
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032; Department of Surgery, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032; and
| | - Robert F Siliciano
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Baltimore MD 21250
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187
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Eckstrand CD, Sparger EE, Murphy BG. Central and peripheral reservoirs of feline immunodeficiency virus in cats: a review. J Gen Virol 2017; 98:1985-1996. [DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.000866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Chrissy D. Eckstrand
- Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, 4003 Animal Disease Biotechnology Facility, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99163, USA
| | - Ellen E. Sparger
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, 3115 Tupper Hall, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Brian G. Murphy
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, 4206 Vet Med 3A, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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188
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Sebastian NT, Zaikos TD, Terry V, Taschuk F, McNamara LA, Onafuwa-Nuga A, Yucha R, Signer RAJ, Riddell IV J, Bixby D, Markowitz N, Morrison SJ, Collins KL. CD4 is expressed on a heterogeneous subset of hematopoietic progenitors, which persistently harbor CXCR4 and CCR5-tropic HIV proviral genomes in vivo. PLoS Pathog 2017; 13:e1006509. [PMID: 28732051 PMCID: PMC5540617 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2017] [Revised: 08/02/2017] [Accepted: 07/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Latent HIV infection of long-lived cells is a barrier to viral clearance. Hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells are a heterogeneous population of cells, some of which are long-lived. CXCR4-tropic HIVs infect a broad range of HSPC subtypes, including hematopoietic stem cells, which are multi-potent and long-lived. However, CCR5-tropic HIV infection is limited to more differentiated progenitor cells with life spans that are less well understood. Consistent with emerging data that restricted progenitor cells can be long-lived, we detected persistent HIV in restricted HSPC populations from optimally treated people. Further, genotypic and phenotypic analysis of amplified env alleles from donor samples indicated that both CXCR4- and CCR5-tropic viruses persisted in HSPCs. RNA profiling confirmed expression of HIV receptor RNA in a pattern that was consistent with in vitro and in vivo results. In addition, we characterized a CD4high HSPC sub-population that was preferentially targeted by a variety of CXCR4- and CCR5-tropic HIVs in vitro. Finally, we present strong evidence that HIV proviral genomes of both tropisms can be transmitted to CD4-negative daughter cells of multiple lineages in vivo. In some cases, the transmitted proviral genomes contained signature deletions that inactivated the virus, eliminating the possibility that coincidental infection explains the results. These data support a model in which both stem and non-stem cell progenitors serve as persistent reservoirs for CXCR4- and CCR5-tropic HIV proviral genomes that can be passed to daughter cells. People who are effectively treated with antiretroviral medication harbor persistent forms of HIV that are integrated into the cellular genome. While HIV is cytopathic to most cells, transcriptionally silent, latent forms do not express toxic HIV gene products and can survive in the host for years. When conditions change, the latent virus can be activated to reinitiate infection. Because of the capacity for virus to spread, cure of HIV will require that we identify and eradicate all cells harboring functional HIV provirus. CD4+ T cells are abundant and easily identified as harboring proviral genomes. However, rare cell types that express HIV receptors, such as bone marrow hematopoietic progenitor and stem cells can also be infected by the virus potentially serving as barriers to cure strategies. We found that HIV can infect and persist in progenitor sub-types that were previously thought to be short lived, which expands the types of cells that can support reservoir formation. In addition, we found that HIV can spread by proliferation and cellular differentiation without the need for viral gene expression and virion production that could reveal the infection to the immune system. A deeper understanding of viral reservoirs is critically important for developing strategies that will succeed in viral eradication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia T. Sebastian
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Thomas D. Zaikos
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Valeri Terry
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Internal Medicine University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Frances Taschuk
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Internal Medicine University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Lucy A. McNamara
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Adewunmi Onafuwa-Nuga
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Internal Medicine University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Ryan Yucha
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Internal Medicine University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Robert A. J. Signer
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
- Children’s Research Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - James Riddell IV
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Internal Medicine University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Dale Bixby
- Division of Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Norman Markowitz
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Sean J. Morrison
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
- Children’s Research Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Kathleen L. Collins
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Internal Medicine University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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189
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Oteiza A, Mechti N. FoxO4 negatively controls Tat-mediated HIV-1 transcription through the post-transcriptional suppression of Tat encoding mRNA. J Gen Virol 2017; 98:1864-1878. [PMID: 28699853 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.000837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The connection between the repression of human immunodeficiency virus type 1(HIV-1) transcription and the resting CD4+ T cell state suggests that the host transcription factors involved in the active maintenance of lymphocyte quiescence are likely to repress the viral transactivator, Tat, thereby restricting HIV-1 transcription. In this study, we analysed the interplay between Tat and the forkhead box transcription factors, FoxO1 and FoxO4. We show that FoxO1 and FoxO4 antagonize Tat-mediated transactivation of HIV-1 promoter through the repression of Tat protein expression. No effect was observed on the expression of two HIV-1 accessory proteins, Vif and Vpr. Unexpectedly, we found that FoxO1 and FoxO4 expression causes a strong dose-dependent post-transcriptional suppression of Tat mRNA, indicating that FoxO should effectively inhibit HIV-1 replication by destabilizing Tat mRNA and suppressing Tat-mediated HIV-1 transcription. In accordance with this, we observed that the Tat mRNA half-life is reduced by FoxO4 expression. The physiological relevance of our findings was validated using the J-Lat 10.6 model of latently infected cells. We demonstrated that the overexpression of a constitutively active FoxO4-TM mutant antagonized HIV-1 transcription reactivation in response to T cell activators, such as TNF-α or PMA. Altogether, our findings demonstrate that FoxO factors can control HIV-1 transcription and provide new insights into their potential role during the establishment of HIV-1 latency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Oteiza
- CNRS UMR5235, DIMNP, Université de Montpellier, Bat 24, CC107, Place Eugène Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Nadir Mechti
- CNRS UMR5235, DIMNP, Université de Montpellier, Bat 24, CC107, Place Eugène Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
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190
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Ferrari G, Pollara J, Tomaras GD, Haynes BF. Humoral and Innate Antiviral Immunity as Tools to Clear Persistent HIV Infection. J Infect Dis 2017; 215:S152-S159. [PMID: 28520963 PMCID: PMC5410976 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiw555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) type 1 uses the CD4 molecule as its principal receptor to infect T cells. HIV-1 integrates its viral genome into the host cell, leading to persistent infection wherein HIV-1 can remain transcriptionally silent in latently infected CD4+ T cells. On reactivation of replication-competent provirus, HIV-1 envelope glycoproteins (Env) are expressed and accumulate on the cell surface, allowing infected cells to be detected and targeted by endogenous immune responses or immune interventions. HIV-1 Env-specific antibodies have the potential to bind HIV-1 cell surface Env and promote elimination of infected CD4+ T cells by recruiting cytotoxic effector cells, such as natural killer cells, monocytes, and polymorphonuclear cells. Harnessing humoral and innate cellular responses has become one focus of research to develop innovative strategies to recruit and redirect cytotoxic effector cells to eliminate the HIV-1 latently infected CD4+ T-cell reservoir.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guido Ferrari
- Departments of Surgery.,Molecular Genetics and Microbiology and.,Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Justin Pollara
- Departments of Surgery.,Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Georgia D Tomaras
- Departments of Surgery.,Immunology, and.,Molecular Genetics and Microbiology and.,Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Barton F Haynes
- Medicine.,Immunology, and.,Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
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191
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Evaluation of the Aptima HIV-1 Quant Dx Assay for HIV-1 RNA Quantitation in Different Biological Specimen Types. J Clin Microbiol 2017; 55:2544-2553. [PMID: 28592548 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.00425-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2017] [Accepted: 05/31/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The search for a cure for HIV infection has highlighted the need for increasingly sensitive and precise assays to measure viral burden in various tissues and body fluids. We describe the application of a standardized assay for HIV-1 RNA in multiple specimen types. The fully automated Aptima HIV-1 Quant Dx assay (Aptima assay) is FDA cleared for blood plasma HIV-1 RNA quantitation. In this study, the Aptima assay was applied for the quantitation of HIV RNA in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs; n = 72), seminal plasma (n = 20), cerebrospinal fluid (CSF; n = 36), dried blood spots (DBS; n = 104), and dried plasma spots (DPS; n = 104). The Aptima assay was equivalent to or better than commercial assays or validated in-house assays for the quantitation of HIV RNA in CSF and seminal plasma. For PBMC specimens, the sensitivity of the Aptima assay in the detection of HIV RNA decayed as background uninfected PBMC counts increased; proteinase K treatment demonstrated some benefit in restoring signal at higher levels of background PBMCs. Finally, the Aptima assay yielded 100% detection rates of DBS in participants with plasma HIV RNA levels of ≥35 copies/ml and 100% detection rates of DPS in participants with plasma HIV RNA levels of ≥394 copies/ml. The Aptima assay can be applied to a variety of specimens from HIV-infected subjects to measure HIV RNA for studies of viral persistence and cure strategies. It can also detect HIV in dried blood and plasma specimens, which may be of benefit in resource-limited settings.
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192
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Leong YA, Atnerkar A, Yu D. Human Immunodeficiency Virus Playing Hide-and-Seek: Understanding the T FH Cell Reservoir and Proposing Strategies to Overcome the Follicle Sanctuary. Front Immunol 2017; 8:622. [PMID: 28620380 PMCID: PMC5449969 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2016] [Accepted: 05/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infects millions of people worldwide, and new cases continue to emerge. Once infected, the virus cannot be cleared by the immune system and causes acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Combination antiretroviral therapeutic regimen effectively suppresses viral replication and halts disease progression. The treatment, however, does not eliminate the virus-infected cells, and interruption of treatment inevitably leads to viral rebound. The rebound virus originates from a group of virus-infected cells referred to as the cellular reservoir of HIV. Identifying and eliminating the HIV reservoir will prevent viral rebound and cure HIV infection. In this review, we focus on a recently discovered HIV reservoir in a subset of CD4+ T cells called the follicular helper T (TFH) cells. We describe the potential mechanisms for the emergence of reservoir in TFH cells, and the strategies to target and eliminate this viral reservoir.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yew Ann Leong
- Infection and Immunity Program, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Anurag Atnerkar
- Infection and Immunity Program, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Di Yu
- Infection and Immunity Program, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia.,Department of Immunology and Infectious Disease, John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
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193
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Kobayashi Y, Gélinas C, Dougherty JP. Histone deacetylase inhibitors containing a benzamide functional group and a pyridyl cap are preferentially effective human immunodeficiency virus-1 latency-reversing agents in primary resting CD4+ T cells. J Gen Virol 2017; 98:799-809. [PMID: 28113052 PMCID: PMC5657027 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.000716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Antiretroviral therapy (ART) can control human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) replication in infected individuals. Unfortunately, patients remain persistently infected owing to the establishment of latent infection requiring that ART be maintained indefinitely. One strategy being pursued involves the development of latency-reversing agents (LRAs) to eliminate the latent arm of the infection. One class of molecules that has been tested for LRA activity is the epigenetic modulating compounds histone deacetylases inhibitors (HDACis). Previously, initial screening of these molecules typically commenced using established cell models of viral latency, and although certain drugs such as the HDACi suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid demonstrated strong activity in these models, it did not translate to comparable activity with patient samples. Here we developed a primary cell model of viral latency using primary resting CD4+ T cells infected with Vpx-complemented HIV-1 and found that the activation profile using previously described LRAs mimicked that obtained with patient samples. This primary cell model was used to evaluate 94 epigenetic compounds. Not surprisingly, HDACis were found to be the strongest activators. However, within the HDACi class, the most active LRAs with the least pronounced toxicity contained a benzamide functional moiety with a pyridyl cap group, as exemplified by the HDACi chidamide. The results indicate that HDACis with a benzamide moiety and pyridyl cap group should be considered for further drug development in the pursuit of a successful viral clearance strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshifumi Kobayashi
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Céline Gélinas
- Center for Advanced Biotechnology and Medicine and the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Joseph P Dougherty
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
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194
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195
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Kuzmichev YV, Veenhuis RT, Pohlmeyer CW, Garliss CC, Walker-Sperling VEK, Blankson JN. A CD3/CD28 microbead-based HIV-1 viral outgrowth assay. J Virus Erad 2017; 3:85-89. [PMID: 28435692 PMCID: PMC5384271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Latently infected resting CD4 T cells represent a major barrier to HIV-1 eradication efforts. The standard assays used for measuring this reservoir induce activation of resting CD4 T cells with either phytohaemagglutinin (PHA) with irradiated feeder cells, or with anti-CD3 antibodies. We designed a study to compare the sensitivity of a new assay (based on the stimulation of CD4 T cells with anti-CD3 and anti-CD28 coated microbeads) with that of the traditional PHA- and feeder-based viral outgrowth assay. METHODS Resting CD4 T cells from 10 HIV-1-infected patients on suppressive combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) regimens were cultured in the traditional PHA/feeders viral outgrowth assay and the new CD3/CD28 bead-based assay. Flow cytometry was used to assess the kinetics of activation of resting CD4 T cells in the two different assays. RESULTS There was no significant difference in the sensitivity of the two assays. The median frequency of latently infected cells was 0.83 infectious units per million (IUPM) for the PHA/feeders assay and 0.54 IUPM with the CD3/CD28 bead-based assay. However, while virus was obtained from all 10 patients with the traditional PHA/feeders outgrowth assay, no virus was obtained from two of 10 patients with the novel anti-CD3/CD28 bead-based viral outgrowth assay (IUPM < 0.02). CONCLUSION The new CD3/CD28 bead-based assay has comparable sensitivity to the PHA/feeders assay and does not require the addition of feeders, making it a simpler and less labour-intensive alternative to the standard PHA/feeders-based assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yury V Kuzmichev
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology,
Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health,
Baltimore,
MD,
USA
| | - Rebecca T Veenhuis
- Center for AIDS Research, Department of Medicine,
Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine,
Baltimore,
MD,
USA
| | - Christopher W Pohlmeyer
- Center for AIDS Research, Department of Medicine,
Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine,
Baltimore,
MD,
USA
| | - Caroline C Garliss
- Center for AIDS Research, Department of Medicine,
Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine,
Baltimore,
MD,
USA
| | - Victoria EK Walker-Sperling
- Center for AIDS Research, Department of Medicine,
Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine,
Baltimore,
MD,
USA
| | - Joel N Blankson
- Center for AIDS Research, Department of Medicine,
Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine,
Baltimore,
MD,
USA,Corresponding author: Joel N. Blankson,
Department of Medicine,
Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine,
855 N Wolfe Street, Rangos 552,
Baltimore,
MD21205,
USA
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196
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HIVed, a knowledgebase for differentially expressed human genes and proteins during HIV infection, replication and latency. Sci Rep 2017; 7:45509. [PMID: 28358052 PMCID: PMC5371986 DOI: 10.1038/srep45509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2016] [Accepted: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Measuring the altered gene expression level and identifying differentially expressed genes/proteins during HIV infection, replication and latency is fundamental for broadening our understanding of the mechanisms of HIV infection and T-cell dysfunction. Such studies are crucial for developing effective strategies for virus eradication from the body. Inspired by the availability and enrichment of gene expression data during HIV infection, replication and latency, in this study, we proposed a novel compendium termed HIVed (HIV expression database; http://hivlatency.erc.monash.edu/) that harbours comprehensive functional annotations of proteins, whose genes have been shown to be dysregulated during HIV infection, replication and latency using different experimental designs and measurements. We manually curated a variety of third-party databases for structural and functional annotations of the protein entries in HIVed. With the goal of benefiting HIV related research, we collected a number of biological annotations for all the entries in HIVed besides their expression profile, including basic protein information, Gene Ontology terms, secondary structure, HIV-1 interaction and pathway information. We hope this comprehensive protein-centric knowledgebase can bridge the gap between the understanding of differentially expressed genes and the functions of their protein products, facilitating the generation of novel hypotheses and treatment strategies to fight against the HIV pandemic.
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197
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Nixon CC, Mavigner M, Silvestri G, Garcia JV. In Vivo Models of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Persistence and Cure Strategies. J Infect Dis 2017; 215:S142-S151. [PMID: 28520967 PMCID: PMC5410984 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiw637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Current HIV therapy is not curative regardless of how soon after infection it is initiated or how long it is administered, and therapy interruption almost invariably results in robust viral rebound. Human immunodeficiency virus persistence is therefore the major obstacle to a cure for AIDS. The testing and implementation of novel yet unproven approaches to HIV eradication that could compromise the health status of HIV-infected individuals might not be ethically warranted. Therefore, adequate in vitro and in vivo evidence of efficacy is needed to facilitate the clinical implementation of promising strategies for an HIV cure. Animal models of HIV infection have a strong and well-documented history of bridging the gap between laboratory discoveries and eventual clinical implementation. More recently, animal models have been developed and implemented for the in vivo evaluation of novel HIV cure strategies. In this article, we review the recent progress in this rapidly moving area of research, focusing on the two most promising model systems: humanized mice and nonhuman primates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher C Nixon
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Center for AIDS Research, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine
| | - Maud Mavigner
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, and
| | - Guido Silvestri
- Emory Vaccine Center and Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - J Victor Garcia
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Center for AIDS Research, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine
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198
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Matteucci C, Grelli S, Balestrieri E, Minutolo A, Argaw-Denboba A, Macchi B, Sinibaldi-Vallebona P, Perno CF, Mastino A, Garaci E. Thymosin alpha 1 and HIV-1: recent advances and future perspectives. Future Microbiol 2017; 12:141-155. [PMID: 28106477 DOI: 10.2217/fmb-2016-0125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In spite of the consistent benefits for HIV-1 infected patients undergoing antiretroviral therapy, a complete immune reconstitution is usually not achieved. Actually, antiretroviral therapy may be frequently accompanied by immunological unresponsiveness, persistent inflammatory conditions and inefficient cytotoxic T-cell response. Thymosin alpha 1 is a thymic peptide that demonstrates a peculiar ability to restore immune system homeostasis in different physiological and pathological conditions (i.e., infections, cancer, immunodeficiency, vaccination and aging) acting as multitasking protein depending on the host state of inflammation or immune dysfunction. This review reports the present knowledge on the in vitro and in vivo studies concerning the use of thymosin alpha 1 in HIV-1 infection. Recent findings and future perspectives of therapeutic intervention are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Matteucci
- Department of Experimental Medicine & Surgery, University of Rome 'Tor Vergata', Via Montepellier, 1, Rome 00133, Italy
| | - Sandro Grelli
- Department of Experimental Medicine & Surgery, University of Rome 'Tor Vergata', Via Montepellier, 1, Rome 00133, Italy
| | - Emanuela Balestrieri
- Department of Experimental Medicine & Surgery, University of Rome 'Tor Vergata', Via Montepellier, 1, Rome 00133, Italy
| | - Antonella Minutolo
- Department of Experimental Medicine & Surgery, University of Rome 'Tor Vergata', Via Montepellier, 1, Rome 00133, Italy
| | - Ayele Argaw-Denboba
- Department of Experimental Medicine & Surgery, University of Rome 'Tor Vergata', Via Montepellier, 1, Rome 00133, Italy
| | - Beatrice Macchi
- Department of System Medicine, University of Rome 'Tor Vergata', Via Montepellier, 1, Rome 00133, Italy
| | - Paola Sinibaldi-Vallebona
- Department of Experimental Medicine & Surgery, University of Rome 'Tor Vergata', Via Montepellier, 1, Rome 00133, Italy.,Institute of Translational Pharmacology, National Research Council, Via Fosso del Cavaliere, 100, Rome 00133, Italy
| | - Carlo Federico Perno
- Department of Experimental Medicine & Surgery, University of Rome 'Tor Vergata', Via Montepellier, 1, Rome 00133, Italy
| | - Antonio Mastino
- Institute of Translational Pharmacology, National Research Council, Via Fosso del Cavaliere, 100, Rome 00133, Italy.,Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical & Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Via F. Stagno d'Alcontres 31, Messina 98166, Italy
| | - Enrico Garaci
- Department of Experimental Medicine & Surgery, University of Rome 'Tor Vergata', Via Montepellier, 1, Rome 00133, Italy.,IRCSS San Raffaele Pisana, Scientific Institute for Research, Hospitalization & Health Care, Via di Val Cannuta, 247, Roma 00166, Italy
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199
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Gosselin A, Wiche Salinas TR, Planas D, Wacleche VS, Zhang Y, Fromentin R, Chomont N, Cohen ÉA, Shacklett B, Mehraj V, Ghali MP, Routy JP, Ancuta P. HIV persists in CCR6+CD4+ T cells from colon and blood during antiretroviral therapy. AIDS 2017; 31:35-48. [PMID: 27835617 PMCID: PMC5131694 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0000000000001309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2016] [Revised: 09/07/2016] [Accepted: 10/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The objective of this article is to investigate the contribution of colon and blood CD4 T-cell subsets expressing the chemokine receptor CCR6 to HIV persistence during antiretroviral therapy. DESIGN Matched sigmoid biopsies and blood samples (n = 13) as well as leukapheresis (n = 20) were collected from chronically HIV-infected individuals receiving antiretroviral therapy. Subsets of CD4 T cells with distinct differentiation/polarization profiles were identified using surface markers as follows: memory (TM, CD45RA), central memory (TCM; CD45RACCR7), effector (TEM/TM; CD45RACCR7), Th17 (CCR6CCR4), Th1Th17 (CCR6CXCR3), Th1 (CCR6CXCR3), and Th2 (CCR6CCR4). METHODS We used polychromatic flow cytometry for cell sorting, nested real-time PCR for HIV DNA quantification, ELISA and flow cytometry for HIV p24 quantification. HIV reactivation was induced by TCR triggering in the presence/absence of all-trans retinoic acid. RESULTS Compared with blood, the frequency of CCR6 TM was higher in the colon. In both colon and blood compartments, CCR6 TM were significantly enriched in HIV DNA when compared with their CCR6 counterparts (n = 13). In blood, integrated HIV DNA levels were significantly enriched in CCR6 versus CCR6 TCM of four of five individuals and CCR6 versus CCR6 TEM of three of five individuals. Among blood TCM, Th17 and Th1Th17 contributed the most to the pool of cells harboring integrated HIV DNA despite their reduced frequency compared with Th2, which were infected the least. HIV reactivation was induced by TCR triggering and/or retinoic acid exposure at higher levels in CCR6 versus CCR6 TM, TCM, and TEM. CONCLUSION CCR6 is a marker for colon and blood CD4 T cells enriched for replication-competent HIV DNA. Novel eradication strategies should target HIV persistence in CCR6CD4 T cells from various anatomic sites.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tomas Raul Wiche Salinas
- CHUM-Research Centre
- Department of Microbiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal
| | - Delphine Planas
- CHUM-Research Centre
- Department of Microbiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal
| | - Vanessa S. Wacleche
- CHUM-Research Centre
- Department of Microbiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal
| | - Yuwei Zhang
- CHUM-Research Centre
- Department of Microbiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal
| | | | - Nicolas Chomont
- CHUM-Research Centre
- Department of Microbiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal
| | - Éric A. Cohen
- Department of Microbiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal
- Institut de Recherche Clinique de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | | | - Vikram Mehraj
- Chronic Viral Illness Service and Research Institute
| | | | - Jean-Pierre Routy
- Chronic Viral Illness Service and Research Institute
- Division of Hematology, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - Petronela Ancuta
- CHUM-Research Centre
- Department of Microbiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal
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200
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Siliciano JD, Siliciano RF. Assays to Measure Latency, Reservoirs, and Reactivation. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2017; 417:23-41. [PMID: 29071475 DOI: 10.1007/82_2017_75] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
HIV-1 persists even in patients who are successfully treated with combination antiretroviral therapy. The major barrier to cure is a small pool of latently infected resting CD4+ T cells carrying an integrated copy of the viral genome that is not expressed while the cells remain in a resting state. Targeting this latent reservoir is a major focus of HIV-1 cure research, and the development of a rapid and scalable assay for the reservoir is a rate-limiting step in the search for a cure. The most commonly used assays are standard PCR assays targeting conserved regions of the HIV-1 genome. However, because the vast majority of HIV-1 proviruses are defective, such assays may not accurately capture changes in the minor subset of proviruses that are replication-competent and that pose a barrier to cure. On the other hand, the viral outgrowth assay that was used to initially define the latent reservoir may underestimate reservoir size because not all replication-competent proviruses are induced by a single round of T cell activation in this assay. Therefore, this assay is best regarded as a definitive minimal estimate of reservoir size. The best approach may be to measure all of the proviruses with the potential to cause viral rebound. A variety of novel assays have recently been described. Ultimately, the assay that best predicts time to viral rebound will be the most useful to the cure effort.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janet D Siliciano
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Robert F Siliciano
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.
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