151
|
Das NG, Rabha B, Talukdar PK, Goswami D, Dhiman S. Preliminary in vitro antiplasmodial activity of Aristolochia griffithii and Thalictrum foliolosum DC extracts against malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum. BMC Res Notes 2016; 9:51. [PMID: 26821745 PMCID: PMC4731913 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-016-1862-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2015] [Accepted: 01/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Resistance development in human malaria parasites against commonly used antimalarial drugs has necessitated the scientific exploration of traditionally used antimalarial plants. Plant derivatives have been used for curing malaria historically. The present study involves in vitro evaluation of two medicinally important plants Aristolochia griffithii and Thalictrum foliolosum DC used in antimalarial chemotherapy by the tribes of northeast India. Method Chloroform, ethyl acetate and n–butanol extracts of Aristolochia griffithii and Thalictrum foliolosum DC were evaluated in vitro against chloroquine sensitive (SS) and chloroquine resistance strains (RS) of P. falciparum. The tests were conducted following WHO standard method and the inhibition of parasite (IC50) was calculated. Results In A. griffithii, the IC50 value for ethyl acetate extracts against SS was 6.2 ± 0.02 μg/ml and found to be lower than chloroform extracts, which exhibited an IC50 value of 14.1 ± 0.1 μg/ml (t = 191.1; p < 0.0001). The IC50 values of both chloroform and ethyl acetate extracts for RS were higher as compared to the SS (p < 0.0001). In T. foliolosum DC the IC50 concentration of chloroform extracts for SS and RS were 0.5 ± 0.0 and 1.1 ± 0.0 μg/ml respectively (t = 54.2; p < 0.0001). Conclusion The present findings, although preliminary, but scientifically demonstrate that identification and isolation of active compounds of these two plant materials and testing against different Plasmodium species could lead to the development of potential antimalarial drugs for future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N G Das
- Defence Research Laboratory, Tezpur, Assam, 784001, India.
| | - Bipul Rabha
- Defence Research Laboratory, Tezpur, Assam, 784001, India.
| | - P K Talukdar
- Defence Research Laboratory, Tezpur, Assam, 784001, India.
| | | | - Sunil Dhiman
- Defence Research Laboratory, Tezpur, Assam, 784001, India.
| |
Collapse
|
152
|
Muthaura CN, Keriko JM, Mutai C, Yenesew A, Gathirwa JW, Irungu BN, Nyangacha R, Mungai GM, Derese S. Antiplasmodial potential of traditional phytotherapy of some remedies used in treatment of malaria in Meru-Tharaka Nithi County of Kenya. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2015; 175:315-23. [PMID: 26409181 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2015.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2015] [Revised: 09/11/2015] [Accepted: 09/14/2015] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Medicinal plants play a major role in many communities across the world, in the treatment and prevention of disease and the promotion of general health. The aim of the study was to escalate documentation from an earlier study of medicinal plants, traditionally used to combat malaria by the Ameru community of Imenti Forest area and Gatunga in Eastern Region of Kenya, and validate their ethnopharmacological claims by evaluating their antiplasmodial efficacies. MATERIALS AND METHODS The study was carried out in Meru County at Imenti Forest Game Reserve and in Tharaka Nithi County at Gatunga. Traditional health practitioners (THP) were interviewed with a standard questionnaire to obtain information on medicinal plants traditionally used for management of malaria. Group interviews were also held among THPs and members of the community. The antiplasmodial activities of the crude extracts against chloroquine sensitive (D6) and resistant (W2) Plasmodium falciparum were determined using the semi-automated micro-dilution technique that measures the ability of the extracts to inhibit the incorporation of (G-3H) hypoxanthine into the malaria parasite. RESULTS Ninety nine (99) species in eighty one (81) genera and forty five (45) families were documented and evaluated for in vitro antiplasmodial activity. Compositae, Fabaceae, Meliceae, Rubiaceae, Rutaceae and Verbenaceae had the highest number of species mentioned in treatment of malaria in Meru/Tharaka Nithi study area. Twenty four (24.2%) species showed antiplasmodial efficacy of IC50 ≤ 5 µg/ml and were considered to have potential for isolation of antimalarial compounds. Eight plant (8) species with moderate antiplasmodial activity namely; Cordia africana, Commiphora africana, Elaeodendron buchananii, Gomphocarpus semilunatus, Tarena graveolens, Plectranthus igniarius, Acacia senegal and Ziziphus abyssinica were documented from this region for the first time for the treatment of malaria. The antiplasmodial activity of MeOH root bark extract of Maytenus obtusifolia was very promising (IC50 < 1.9 µg/ml) and this is the first report on traditional use of M. obtusifolia for treatment of malaria and antimalarial activity. CONCLUSIONS The results seem to indicate that ethnopharmacological inquiry used in search for new herbal remedies as predictive and could be used as the basis for search of new active principles. Eight plant (8) species are documented from this region for the first time for the treatment of malaria. This is the first report on traditional use of M. obtusifolia for treatment of malaria and evaluation of its antiplasmodial activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C N Muthaura
- Kenya Medical Research Institute, P.O. Box 54840, 00200 Nairobi, Kenya.
| | - J M Keriko
- Department of Chemistry, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, P.O. Box 62000, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - C Mutai
- Kenya Medical Research Institute, P.O. Box 54840, 00200 Nairobi, Kenya; Masinde Muliro University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 190, 50100 Kakamega, Kenya
| | - Abiy Yenesew
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nairobi, P.O. Box 30197, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - J W Gathirwa
- Kenya Medical Research Institute, P.O. Box 54840, 00200 Nairobi, Kenya
| | - B N Irungu
- Kenya Medical Research Institute, P.O. Box 54840, 00200 Nairobi, Kenya
| | - R Nyangacha
- Kenya Medical Research Institute, P.O. Box 54840, 00200 Nairobi, Kenya
| | - G M Mungai
- East Africa Herbarium, National Museums of Kenya, P.O. Box 40658, 00100 Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Solomon Derese
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nairobi, P.O. Box 30197, Nairobi, Kenya
| |
Collapse
|
153
|
Bremer Christensen C, Soelberg J, Stensvold CR, Jäger AK. Activity of medicinal plants from Ghana against the parasitic gut protist Blastocystis. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2015; 174:569-575. [PMID: 25773490 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2015.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2015] [Revised: 03/01/2015] [Accepted: 03/03/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE The plants tested in this study were examples of plants historically used to treat or alleviate several types of stomach disorders manifested by e.g. stomachache, diarrhoea or dysentery. These plants have been consumed typically as a decoction, sometimes mixed with other flavourings. The aim of this study was to evaluate the anti-Blastocystis activity of 24 plant parts from 21 medicinal plants from Ghana. MATERIALS AND METHODS The medicinal plants were collected in the Greater Accra region of Ghana. Every plant part was tested in three different extracts; an ethanolic, a warm, and a cold water extract, at a final concentration of 1 mg/mL for the initial screening, and in a range from 0.0156 to 1mg/mL for determination of inhibitory concentrations. The obligate anaerobic parasitic gut protist Blastocystis (subtype 4) was used as a 48 h old subcultivated isolate in the final concentration of 10(6) cells/mL. Plant extracts inoculated with Blastocystis were incubated at 37 °C for 24 h and 48 h. Both MIC minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC90) assays and minimal lethal concentration (MLC) assays were performed after 24 h and 48 h. The half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) was derived after 24 h and 48 h. Antimicrobial activity was tested against two Gram-positive and two Gram-negative bacteria for all 24 plant parts at a final concentration of 1mg/mL. RESULTS Screening of the 24 different plant parts showed significant anti-Blastocystis activity of six of the ethanolic extracts: Mallotus oppositifolius, IC50, 24 h 27.8 µg/mL; Vemonia colorata, IC50, 24 h 117.9 µg/mL; Zanthoxylum zanthoxyloides, cortex IC50, 24 h 255.6 µg/mL; Clausena anisata, IC50, 24 h 314.0 µg/mL; Z. zanthoxyloides, radix IC50, 24 h 335.7 µg/mL and Eythrina senegalensis, IC50, 24 h 527.6 µg/mL. The reference anti-protozoal agent metronidazole (MTZ) had an IC50, 24 h of 7.6 µg/mL. Only C. anisata showed antimicrobial activity at a concentration of 800 µg/mL. CONCLUSION Six ethanolic plant extracts showed significant anti-parasitic activity against Blastocystis. M. oppositifolius showed nearly as good activity as the reference anti-protozoal drug MTZ. Historically, the active plants found in this study have been used against dysentery, diarrhoea or other stomach disorders. Nowadays they are not used specifically for dysentery, but they are being used as medicinal plants against various stomach disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Bremer Christensen
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark; Laboratory of Parasitology, Department of Microbiology and Infection Control, Statens Serum Institut, Artillerivej 5, DK-2300 Copenhagen S, Denmark
| | - Jens Soelberg
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark; Museum of Natural Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Christen R Stensvold
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Department of Microbiology and Infection Control, Statens Serum Institut, Artillerivej 5, DK-2300 Copenhagen S, Denmark
| | - Anna K Jäger
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
| |
Collapse
|
154
|
Lawal B, Shittu OK, Kabiru AY, Jigam AA, Umar MB, Berinyuy EB, Alozieuwa BU. Potential antimalarials from African natural products: A reviw. JOURNAL OF COMPLEMENTARY MEDICINE RESEARCH 2015; 4:318-43. [PMID: 26649238 PMCID: PMC4665028 DOI: 10.5455/jice.20150928102856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2015] [Accepted: 09/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Malaria remains an overwhelming infectious disease with significant health challenges in African and other endemic countries globally. Resistance to antimalarial drugs has become one of the most momentous challenges to human health, and thus has necessitated the hunt for new and effective drugs. Consequently, few decades have witnessed a surfeit of research geared to validate the effectiveness of commonly used traditionally medicines against malaria fever. The present review work focuses on documenting natural products from African whose activity has been reported in vivo or in vitro against malaria parasite. Literature was collected using electronic search of published articles (Google Scholar, PubMed, Medline, Sciencedirect, and Science domain) that report on antiplasmodial activity of natural products from differernts Africa region. A total of 652 plant taxa from 146 families, 134 isolated antimalarial compounds from 39 plants species, 2 herbal formulations and 4 insect/products were found to be reported in literature from 1996 to 2015. Plants species from family Asteraceae (11.04%), Fababceae (8.128%), Euphorbiaceae (5.52%), Rubiaceas (5.52%), and Apocyanaceae (5.214%), have received more scientific validation than others. African natural products possess remarkable healing properties as revealed in the various citations as promising antimalarial agents. Some of these natural products from Africa demonstrate high, promising or low activities against Plasmodium parasite. This study also shows that natural products from Africa have a huge amount of novel antimalarial compounds that could serve as a leads for the development of new and effective antiplasmodial drugs. However, in a view of bridging the gap in knowledge, clinical validation of these natural products are of paramount importance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bashir Lawal
- Department of Biochemistry, Tropical Disease Research Unit, Federal University of Technology, P.M.B. 65, Minna, Nigeria
| | - Oluwatosin Kudirat Shittu
- Department of Biochemistry, Tropical Disease Research Unit, Federal University of Technology, P.M.B. 65, Minna, Nigeria
| | - Adamu Yusuf Kabiru
- Department of Biochemistry, Tropical Disease Research Unit, Federal University of Technology, P.M.B. 65, Minna, Nigeria
| | - Ali Audu Jigam
- Department of Biochemistry, Tropical Disease Research Unit, Federal University of Technology, P.M.B. 65, Minna, Nigeria
| | - Maimuna Bello Umar
- Department of Biochemistry, Tropical Disease Research Unit, Federal University of Technology, P.M.B. 65, Minna, Nigeria
| | | | - Blessing Uchenna Alozieuwa
- Department of Biochemistry, Tropical Disease Research Unit, Federal University of Technology, P.M.B. 65, Minna, Nigeria
| |
Collapse
|
155
|
Oliveira DR, Krettli AU, Aguiar ACC, Leitão GG, Vieira MN, Martins KS, Leitão SG. Ethnopharmacological evaluation of medicinal plants used against malaria by quilombola communities from Oriximiná, Brazil. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2015; 173:424-34. [PMID: 26231451 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2015.07.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2015] [Revised: 07/10/2015] [Accepted: 07/24/2015] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Malaria is the most important parasitic disease in the world, including in the Amazon region, due to its high incidence. In addition, malaria is difficult to control because of the geographical characteristics of the endemic Amazon region. The quilombola communities of Oriximina, located in remote rainforest areas, have extensive experience with medicinal plants due to their close contact with and dependence on local biodiversity as a therapeutic resource. To search for active bioproducts against malaria, based on in vitro tests using blood culture-derived parasites and plants selected by an ethno-directed approach in traditional quilombola communities of Oriximiná, in the Amazon region of Brazil. MATERIALS AND METHODS Ethnobotanical data were collected from 35 informants in the quilombola communities of Oriximiná, Brazil, by a free-listing method for the survey of species locally indicated to be effective against malaria and related symptoms. Data were analyzed by salience index (S) and major use agreement. The activity of extracts from 11 plants, selected based on their Salience values (four plants with S>1; seven plants with S<0.1), was measured in vitro in cultures of W2 clone Plasmodium falciparum parasites resistant to chloroquine. RESULTS Thirty-five ethnospecies comprising 40 different plants belonging to 23 botanical families and 37 genera were listed as antimalarials by the ethno-directed approach. Among these, 11 species selected based on their S values were assayed against P. falciparum. The most active plant extracts, with an IC50 as low as 1.6μg/mL, were obtained from Aspidosperma rigidum (Apocynaceae), Bertholletia excelsa (Lecythidaceae) and Simaba cedron (Simaroubaceae), all of which displayed an S value>1. CONCLUSION A strong correlation between the consensus of the informants from quilombola communities living in a malaria endemic area and the salience index indicating antiplasmodial activity was observed, where the ethnospecies mostly cited to be effective against malaria produced the most active plant extracts in vitro. It was also evident from the data that these groups approached the treatment of malaria with an holistic view, making use of purgative, depurative, emetic and adaptogen plants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Danilo R Oliveira
- Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, CCS, Bloco A 2° andar, Ilha do Fundão, 21941-590 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
| | - Antoniana U Krettli
- Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, Laboratório de Malaria, FIOCRUZ, Av. Augusto de Lima, 1715, Barro Preto, 30190-002 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil; Faculty of Medicine, Av. Alfredo Balena, Pós Graduação em Medicina Molecular, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Anna Caroline C Aguiar
- Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, Laboratório de Malaria, FIOCRUZ, Av. Augusto de Lima, 1715, Barro Preto, 30190-002 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil; Faculty of Medicine, Av. Alfredo Balena, Pós Graduação em Medicina Molecular, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Gilda G Leitão
- Núcleo de Pesquisas de Produtos Naturais, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, CCS, Bloco H, Ilha do Fundão, 21941-590 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Mariana N Vieira
- Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, CCS, Bloco A 2° andar, Ilha do Fundão, 21941-590 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Karine S Martins
- Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, CCS, Bloco A 2° andar, Ilha do Fundão, 21941-590 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Suzana G Leitão
- Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, CCS, Bloco A 2° andar, Ilha do Fundão, 21941-590 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
156
|
Oliveira DM, Melo FG, Balogun SO, Flach A, de Souza ECA, de Souza GP, Rocha IDNA, da Costa LAMA, Soares IM, da Silva LI, Ascêncio SD, de Oliveira Martins DT. Antibacterial mode of action of the hydroethanolic extract of Leonotis nepetifolia (L.) R. Br. involves bacterial membrane perturbations. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2015; 172:356-363. [PMID: 26102550 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2015.06.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2015] [Revised: 06/04/2015] [Accepted: 06/14/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Leonotis nepetifolia (L) R. Br., Lamiaceae, a pantropical shrub, popularly known in Brazil as "cordão-de-frade", "rubim", is reportedly used in Brazilian ethnomedicine as well as in different countries in the treatments of ailments such as infections, inflammations, wounds, stomach disorders, among others. AIM OF THE STUDY To evaluate its potential cytotoxicity and antibacterial mode of action of the hydroethanolic extract of L. nepetifolia (HELn) leaves, including phytochemical analysis. MATERIALS AND METHODS The cytotoxicity of HELn was investigated by Alamar blue assay, using CHO-K1 cells. Antibacterial activity of HELn was tested by broth microdilution methods against a panel of bacteria of clinical interest. The mode of action of L. nepetifolia was studied by targeting bacterial membranes. Phytochemical analysis was performed by determining total secondary metabolites with spectrophotometric assays and HPLC. RESULTS HELn is not cytotoxic in the in vitro evaluation (IC50>200 μg/mL). It demonstrated a good spectrum of antibacterial activity with major activity against Shigella flexneri, Enterococcus faecalis, Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis with MIC=6.25 µg/mL, Helicobacter pylori with MIC of 25 µg/mL and Streptococcus pyogenes with MIC of 50 µg/mL. Its mode of action is associated, at least partly, with changes in the permeability of bacterial membranes, as evidenced by the increased entry of hydrophobic antibiotics in Shigella flexneri and intense efflux of K(+) and nucleotide leakage in E. faecalis and Shigella flexneri. In addition, the presence of phenols, flavonoids and carotenoids, described in the literature to possess antibacterial effects, were detected in the composition of HELn, with high phenol content (11.55%), especially the flavonoids (6.47%). CONCLUSION The results indicate that HELn has low cytotoxicity and potent antibacterial activity. It is bacteriostatic in nature, possibly acting at the level of bacterial membranes, especially on the cytoplasmic membrane and outer membrane, thus supporting its popular use in infectious processes. In addition, the presence of phenols, flavonoids, carotenoids, fatty acids and steroids, described in the literature as possessing antimicrobial activity, were detected in the composition of HELn.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Darley Maria Oliveira
- Area of Pharmacology, Department of Basic Sciences in Health, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Mato Grosso (UFMT), 78060-900 Cuiabá, MT, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Germano Melo
- Research Laboratory of Natural Products, Federal University of Tocantins, Faculty of Medicine, 7020-210 Palmas, TO Brazil
| | - Sikiru Olaitan Balogun
- Area of Pharmacology, Department of Basic Sciences in Health, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Mato Grosso (UFMT), 78060-900 Cuiabá, MT, Brazil
| | - Adriana Flach
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Roraima, 69304-000 Boa Vista, RR, Brazil
| | | | - Gilmar Prado de Souza
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Roraima, 69304-000 Boa Vista, RR, Brazil
| | | | - Luiz Antonio Mendonça Alves da Costa
- Area of Pharmacology, Department of Basic Sciences in Health, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Mato Grosso (UFMT), 78060-900 Cuiabá, MT, Brazil
| | - Ilsamar Mendes Soares
- Research Laboratory of Natural Products, Federal University of Tocantins, Faculty of Medicine, 7020-210 Palmas, TO Brazil
| | - Larissa Irene da Silva
- Area of Pharmacology, Department of Basic Sciences in Health, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Mato Grosso (UFMT), 78060-900 Cuiabá, MT, Brazil
| | - Sérgio Donizeti Ascêncio
- Research Laboratory of Natural Products, Federal University of Tocantins, Faculty of Medicine, 7020-210 Palmas, TO Brazil
| | - Domingos Tabajara de Oliveira Martins
- Area of Pharmacology, Department of Basic Sciences in Health, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Mato Grosso (UFMT), 78060-900 Cuiabá, MT, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
157
|
Muthaura CN, Keriko JM, Mutai C, Yenesew A, Gathirwa JW, Irungu BN, Nyangacha R, Mungai GM, Derese S. Antiplasmodial potential of traditional antimalarial phytotherapy remedies used by the Kwale community of the Kenyan Coast. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2015; 170:148-157. [PMID: 26002768 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2015.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2015] [Revised: 04/22/2015] [Accepted: 05/12/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE In Kenya, 22 million people are at risk of malaria, 70% of them are in rural areas and most of these people use traditional plant based medicines to treat malaria. The aim of the study was to escalate documentation, from an earlier study of medicinal plants, traditionally used to treat malaria by the Digo community of Kwale County, taking cognizance of their pharmacological information by evaluating their antiplasmodial efficacies. MATERIALS AND METHODS The study was carried out in Kwale County at Shimba Hills Game Reserve and adjoining part of Kinango. Traditional health practitioners (THP) were interviewed with a standard questionnaire to obtain information on medicinal plants traditionally used for management of malaria. Group interviews were also held among THPs and members of the community. The plant samples collected were tested for antiplasmodial activity against chloroquine sensitive (D6) and resistant (W2) Plasmodium falciparum using the ability of extracts, prepared from the plant species, to inhibit the incorporation of [G-3H] hypoxanthine into the malaria parasites. RESULTS Fifty seven (57) species in forty eight (48) genera and thirty (30) families were documented and evaluated for in vitro antiplasmodial activity. Apocynaceae, Euphorbiaceae, and Rubiaceae families had each about 12% of the plant species reported as antimalarial remedy and represented the species that are most commonly used. Twelve species (21.1%) showed antiplasmodial efficacy of IC50<5µg/ml and these were Boscia salicifolia, Cissampelos mucronata, Clerodendrum myricoides, Commiphora schimperi, Flueggea virosa, Maytenus undata, Maytenus senegalensis, Maytenus putterlickioides, Vernonia amygdalina, Warburgia stuhlmannii, Zanthoxylum chalybeum and Tabernaemontana pachysiphon. CONCLUSIONS These results seem to indicate that ethnopharmacological inquiry used in search for new herbal remedies as predictive and could form the basis of an ethnopharmacopoeia and search for new active principles. This is the first report on traditional use of T. pachysiphon for malaria and its antiplasmodial activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C N Muthaura
- Kenya Medical Research Institute, P.O. Box 54840, 00200 Nairobi, Kenya.
| | - J M Keriko
- Department of Chemistry, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, P.O. Box 62000, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - C Mutai
- Kenya Medical Research Institute, P.O. Box 54840, 00200 Nairobi, Kenya
| | - A Yenesew
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nairobi, P.O. Box 30197, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - J W Gathirwa
- Kenya Medical Research Institute, P.O. Box 54840, 00200 Nairobi, Kenya
| | - B N Irungu
- Kenya Medical Research Institute, P.O. Box 54840, 00200 Nairobi, Kenya
| | - R Nyangacha
- Kenya Medical Research Institute, P.O. Box 54840, 00200 Nairobi, Kenya
| | - G M Mungai
- East Africa Herbarium, National Museums of Kenya, P.O. Box 40658, 00100 Nairobi, Kenya
| | - S Derese
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nairobi, P.O. Box 30197, Nairobi, Kenya
| |
Collapse
|
158
|
Hatherley R, Brown DK, Musyoka TM, Penkler DL, Faya N, Lobb KA, Tastan Bishop Ö. SANCDB: a South African natural compound database. J Cheminform 2015; 7:29. [PMID: 26097510 PMCID: PMC4471313 DOI: 10.1186/s13321-015-0080-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2015] [Accepted: 05/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Natural products (NPs) are important to the drug discovery process. NP research efforts are expanding world-wide and South Africa is no exception to this. While freely-accessible small molecule databases, containing compounds isolated from indigenous sources, have been established in a number of other countries, there is currently no such online database in South Africa. Description The current research presents a South African natural compound database, named SANCDB. This is a curated and fully-referenced database containing compound information for 600 natural products extracted directly from journal articles, book chapters and theses. There is a web interface to the database, which is simple and easy to use, while allowing for compounds to be searched by a number of different criteria. Being fully referenced, each compound page contains links to the original referenced work from which the information was obtained. Further, the website provides a submission pipeline, allowing researchers to deposit compounds from their own research into the database. Conclusions SANCDB is currently the only web-based NP database in Africa. It aims to provide a useful resource for the in silico screening of South African NPs for drug discovery purposes. The database is supported by a submission pipeline to allow growth by entries from researchers. As such, we currently present SANCDB the starting point of a platform for a community-driven, curated database to further natural products research in South Africa. SANCDB is freely available at https://sancdb.rubi.ru.ac.za/. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13321-015-0080-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rowan Hatherley
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Research Unit in Bioinformatics (RUBi), Rhodes University, Grahamstown, South Africa
| | - David K Brown
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Research Unit in Bioinformatics (RUBi), Rhodes University, Grahamstown, South Africa
| | - Thommas M Musyoka
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Research Unit in Bioinformatics (RUBi), Rhodes University, Grahamstown, South Africa
| | - David L Penkler
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Research Unit in Bioinformatics (RUBi), Rhodes University, Grahamstown, South Africa
| | - Ngonidzashe Faya
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Research Unit in Bioinformatics (RUBi), Rhodes University, Grahamstown, South Africa
| | - Kevin A Lobb
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Research Unit in Bioinformatics (RUBi), Rhodes University, Grahamstown, South Africa ; Department of Chemistry, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, South Africa
| | - Özlem Tastan Bishop
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Research Unit in Bioinformatics (RUBi), Rhodes University, Grahamstown, South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
159
|
Aro AO, Dzoyem JP, Hlokwe TM, Madoroba E, Eloff JN, McGaw LJ. Some South African Rubiaceae Tree Leaf Extracts Have Antimycobacterial Activity Against Pathogenic and Non-pathogenic Mycobacterium
Species. Phytother Res 2015; 29:1004-10. [DOI: 10.1002/ptr.5338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2014] [Revised: 02/10/2015] [Accepted: 03/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Abimbola O. Aro
- Phytomedicine Programme, Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Science; University of Pretoria; Private Bag X04 Onderstepoort 0110 South Africa
| | - Jean P. Dzoyem
- Phytomedicine Programme, Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Science; University of Pretoria; Private Bag X04 Onderstepoort 0110 South Africa
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science; University of Dschang; Dschang Cameroon
| | - Tiny M. Hlokwe
- Bacteriology Section; Agricultural Research Council-Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute; Private Bag X5 Onderstepoort 0110 South Africa
| | - Evelyn Madoroba
- Bacteriology Section; Agricultural Research Council-Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute; Private Bag X5 Onderstepoort 0110 South Africa
| | - Jacobus N. Eloff
- Phytomedicine Programme, Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Science; University of Pretoria; Private Bag X04 Onderstepoort 0110 South Africa
| | - Lyndy J. McGaw
- Phytomedicine Programme, Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Science; University of Pretoria; Private Bag X04 Onderstepoort 0110 South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
160
|
Ngwira KJ, Maharaj VJ, Mgani QA. In vitro antiplasmodial and HIV-1 neutralization activities of root and leaf extracts from Berberis holstii. J Herb Med 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.hermed.2014.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
161
|
Kaushik NK, Bagavan A, Rahuman AA, Zahir AA, Kamaraj C, Elango G, Jayaseelan C, Kirthi AV, Santhoshkumar T, Marimuthu S, Rajakumar G, Tiwari SK, Sahal D. Evaluation of antiplasmodial activity of medicinal plants from North Indian Buchpora and South Indian Eastern Ghats. Malar J 2015; 14:65. [PMID: 25879738 PMCID: PMC4340493 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-015-0564-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2014] [Accepted: 01/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Development of resistance against the frontline anti-malarial drugs has created an alarming situation, which requires intensive drug discovery to develop new, more effective, affordable and accessible anti-malarial agents. METHODS Inspired by their ethnobotanical reputation for being effective against febrile diseases, antiplasmodial potential of ethyl acetate extracts (EAE) and methanol extracts (ME) of 17 medicinal plants collected from the Eastern Ghats of South India and Buchpora, North India were explored against Plasmodium falciparum in vitro using the SYBR Green assay. The results were validated both by confirmation that the fall in fluorescence signal was not due to quenching effects mediated by phytochemical extracts and by Giemsa-stained microscopy. RESULTS Using EAE or ME, promising antiplasmodial activity (IC₅₀ Pf3D7 ≤ 20 μg/ml), was seen in Aerva lanata (Whole aerial parts-EAE), Anisomeles malabarica (Leaf-EAE), Anogeissus latifolia (bark-EAE), Cassia alata (leaves-EAE), Glycyrrhiza glabra (root-EAE), Juglans regia (seed-ME), Psidium guajava (leaf-ME and EAE) and Solanum xanthocarpum (Whole aerial parts-EAE). EAEs from leaves of Couroupita guianensis, Euphorbia hirta, Pergularia daemia, Tinospora cordifolia and Tridax procumbens as also ME from Ricinus communis (leaf and seed) showed good antiplasmodial activity (Pf 3D7 IC₅₀ 21 - 40 μg/ml). Moderate activity (Pf 3D7 IC₅₀: 40-60 μg/mL) was shown by the leaf EAEs of Cardiospermum halicacabum, Indigofera tinctoria and Ricinus communis while the remaining extracts showed marginal (Pf 3D7 IC₅₀ 60 to >100 μg/ml) activities. The promising extracts showed good resistance indices (0.41 - 1.4) against the chloroquine resistant INDO strain of P. falciparum and good selectivity indices (3 to > 22.2) when tested against the HeLa cell line. CONCLUSION These results provide validity to the traditional medicinal usage of some of these plants and further make a case for activity-guided purification of new pharmacophores against malaria.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Naveen K Kaushik
- Malaria Research Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110067, India. .,Department of Bioscience & Biotechnology, Banasthali University, P.O. Banasthali Vidyapith, Rajasthan, 304 022, India.
| | - Asokan Bagavan
- Unit of Nanotechnology and Bioactive Natural Products, Department of Zoology, C. Abdul Hakeem College, Melvisharam 632509, Vellore District, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - Abdul A Rahuman
- Unit of Nanotechnology and Bioactive Natural Products, Department of Zoology, C. Abdul Hakeem College, Melvisharam 632509, Vellore District, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - Abdul A Zahir
- Unit of Nanotechnology and Bioactive Natural Products, Department of Zoology, C. Abdul Hakeem College, Melvisharam 632509, Vellore District, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - Chinnaperumal Kamaraj
- Unit of Nanotechnology and Bioactive Natural Products, Department of Zoology, C. Abdul Hakeem College, Melvisharam 632509, Vellore District, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - Gandhi Elango
- Unit of Nanotechnology and Bioactive Natural Products, Department of Zoology, C. Abdul Hakeem College, Melvisharam 632509, Vellore District, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - Chidambaram Jayaseelan
- Unit of Nanotechnology and Bioactive Natural Products, Department of Zoology, C. Abdul Hakeem College, Melvisharam 632509, Vellore District, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - Arivarasan V Kirthi
- Unit of Nanotechnology and Bioactive Natural Products, Department of Zoology, C. Abdul Hakeem College, Melvisharam 632509, Vellore District, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - Thirunavukkarasu Santhoshkumar
- Unit of Nanotechnology and Bioactive Natural Products, Department of Zoology, C. Abdul Hakeem College, Melvisharam 632509, Vellore District, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - Sampath Marimuthu
- Unit of Nanotechnology and Bioactive Natural Products, Department of Zoology, C. Abdul Hakeem College, Melvisharam 632509, Vellore District, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - Govindasamy Rajakumar
- Unit of Nanotechnology and Bioactive Natural Products, Department of Zoology, C. Abdul Hakeem College, Melvisharam 632509, Vellore District, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - Santosh K Tiwari
- Department of Bioscience & Biotechnology, Banasthali University, P.O. Banasthali Vidyapith, Rajasthan, 304 022, India. .,Present address: Department of Genetics, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, Haryana, 124001, India.
| | - Dinkar Sahal
- Malaria Research Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110067, India.
| |
Collapse
|
162
|
|
163
|
Siddiqui NA, Alam P, Al-Rehaily AJ, Al-Oqail MM, Parvez MK. Simultaneous quantification of biomarkers bergenin and menisdaurin in the methanol extract of aerial parts of Flueggea virosa by validated HPTLC densitometric method. J Chromatogr Sci 2015; 53:824-9. [PMID: 25662964 DOI: 10.1093/chromsci/bmu231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
A simple, sensitive high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC) method was developed for the simultaneous quantification of biomarker bergenin and menisdaurin in the methanol extracts of aerial parts of Flueggea virosa (FVME). Chromatography was performed on glass-backed silica gel 60F254 HPTLC plates using dichloromethane: methanol as mobile phase. Scanning and quantification was done at UV absorption maxima of 260 nm. The system was found to give compact spot for bergenin and menisdaurin at Rf = 0.29 ± 0.01 and 0.16 ± 0.01, respectively. The linearity ranges for bergenin and menisdaurin were found to be the same (100-800 ng/spot) with correlation coefficients (R(2) values) of 0.997 and 0.999, respectively. The limit of detection for bergenin and menisdaurin was found to be 27 and 36.2 ng/band, respectively, while the limit of quantification was found to be 81 and 108 ng/band, respectively. Intra- and interday precisions (n = 6) for bergenin and menisdaurin were found to be 1.41-1.71 and 1.65-1.87%, and 1.68-1.89 and 1.75-1.93%, respectively. The percent recoveries were found to be 98.7-99.4 and 99.5-99.9%, respectively, for bergenin and menisdaurin. The percentage of bergenin and menisdaurin was found to be 15.25 and 4.22% (w/w), respectively, in FVME. The developed method permitted the simultaneous quantification of bergenin and menisdaurin and showed good resolution and separation from other constituents of extract; hence, the method can be used to standardize herbal formulations as well as bulk drugs for bergenin and menisdaurin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nasir A Siddiqui
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Perwez Alam
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Adnan J Al-Rehaily
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Mai M Al-Oqail
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammad Khalid Parvez
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| |
Collapse
|
164
|
Alam P, Al-Rehaily A, Siddiqui N, Al-Sheddi E, Shakeel F. A stability-indicating assay of biomarker bergenin in the aerial parts ofFlueggea virosaby a validated high-performance thin-layer chromatographic-densitometric method. JPC-J PLANAR CHROMAT 2015. [DOI: 10.1556/jpc.28.2015.1.9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
165
|
Ngarivhume T, Van't Klooster CIEA, de Jong JTVM, Van der Westhuizen JH. Medicinal plants used by traditional healers for the treatment of malaria in the Chipinge district in Zimbabwe. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2015; 159:224-37. [PMID: 25449454 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2014.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2014] [Revised: 10/23/2014] [Accepted: 11/07/2014] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Because about 50% of the Zimbabwean population is at risk of contracting malaria each year, the majority of people, especially in rural areas, use traditional plant-based medicines to combat malaria. This explorative ethnobotanical survey was undertaken to document how malaria is conceptualized and diagnosed by traditional healers, and to record the medicinal plants used in the prevention and treatment of malaria, their mode of preparation and administration. MATERIALS AND METHODS The research was conducted in three villages in Headman Muzite׳s area and in Chiriga village. These villages are located in the Chipinge district in the Manicaland Province in Zimbabwe.Traditional healers were selected with the assistance of the headman of the Muzite area and a representative of the Zimbabwe National Traditional Healers Association. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 14 traditional healers from four villages in the Chipinge district in Zimbabwe. RESULTS In total, 28 plants from 16 plant families are used by the healers who manage malaria with medicinal plants. The most cited plant is Cassia abbreviata Oliv. (Leguminosae) followed by Aristolochia albida Duch (Aristolociaceae) and Toddalia asiatica (L.) Lam. (Rutaceae). Roots (55.3%) are the most common part used. Most of the plant parts used to treat malaria are stored as dried powders in closed bottles. The powders are soaked in hot or cold water and the water extract is taken as the active medicine. The healers consider their medicinal knowledge as a spiritual family heritage. Only 25% of the healers refer the malaria patients that do not respond to their treatment to hospital - they believe evil spirits cause their remedies to failure and they would rather try a different plant or perform a cleansing ceremony. CONCLUSIONS Local knowledge of medicinal plants in the treatment of malaria still exists in all four villages surveyed and traditional healers appear to play an important role in primary health care services in this remote rural area in Zimbabwe. This explorative survey underscores the need to preserve and document traditional healing for managing malaria and for more future scientific research on the plants to determine their efficacy and their safety. This could improve their traditional anti-malarial recipes and might contribute to a better integration of Zimbabwean traditional medicine into the national health system in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Talkmore Ngarivhume
- Department of Chemistry, Walter Sisulu University, NMD campus, P.O. Bag X1, Mthatha 5117, South Africa; Department of Chemistry, University of the Free State, P.O. Box 339, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa
| | - Charlotte I E A Van't Klooster
- Amsterdam Institute for Social Science Research (AISSR), University of Amsterdam (UvA), P.O. Box 15718, 1001 NE Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Joop T V M de Jong
- Amsterdam Institute for Social Science Research (AISSR), University of Amsterdam (UvA), P.O. Box 15718, 1001 NE Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jan H Van der Westhuizen
- Directorate: Research Development, University of the Free State, P.O. Box 339, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa.
| |
Collapse
|
166
|
Babiaka SB, Ntie-Kang F, Lifongo LL, Ndingkokhar B, Mbah JA, Yong JN. The chemistry and bioactivity of Southern African flora I: a bioactivity versus ethnobotanical survey of alkaloid and terpenoid classes. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra01912e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
As a whole, the African continent is highly endowed with a huge floral biodiversity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Smith B. Babiaka
- Department of Chemistry
- Chemical and Bioactivity Information Centre
- Faculty of Science
- University of Buea
- Buea
| | - Fidele Ntie-Kang
- Department of Chemistry
- Chemical and Bioactivity Information Centre
- Faculty of Science
- University of Buea
- Buea
| | - Lydia L. Lifongo
- Department of Chemistry
- Chemical and Bioactivity Information Centre
- Faculty of Science
- University of Buea
- Buea
| | - Bakoh Ndingkokhar
- Department of Chemistry
- Chemical and Bioactivity Information Centre
- Faculty of Science
- University of Buea
- Buea
| | - James A. Mbah
- Department of Chemistry
- Faculty of Science
- University of Buea
- Buea
- Cameroon
| | - Joseph N. Yong
- Department of Chemistry
- Faculty of Science
- University of Buea
- Buea
- Cameroon
| |
Collapse
|
167
|
Jovanova B, Kadifkova Panovska T, Kulevanova S. Brine shrimp cytotoxic activity of methanolic extracts of Juniperus communis L. berries. MAKEDONSKO FARMACEVTSKI BILTEN 2015. [DOI: 10.33320/maced.pharm.bull.2015.61.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Methanolic extracts from Juniperus communis L. berries collected from five different localities in the Republic of Macedonia were evaluated for their cytotoxicity by Brine shrimp lethality assay. The obtained cytotoxic activity is descending as follows: Pelister (128 μg/ mL) > Jakupica (221 μg/mL) > Prilep (662 μg/mL) > Demir Hisar (863 μg/mL) > Makedonski Brod (969 μg/mL). Berries collected from mountain areas (Pelister and Jakupica) demonstrated prominent cytotoxic effects, while berries collected from localities near urban areas exhibited lower cytotoxicity. Variations in their bioactivity are probably due to their complex phytochemical composition, which may vary
with different ecological and geographical conditions.
Collapse
|
168
|
Chigayo K, Mojapelo PEL, Bessong P, Gumbo JR. The preliminary assessment of anti-microbial activity of HPLC separated components of Kirkia wilmsii. AFRICAN JOURNAL OF TRADITIONAL, COMPLEMENTARY, AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINES 2014; 11:275-81. [PMID: 25371593 DOI: 10.4314/ajtcam.v11i3.38] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Most communities in developing countries rely on traditional medicines for the treatment of diseases. In South Africa, the Limpopo province, within the Lebowakgomo district, uses tuberous roots of Kirkia wilmsii, after infusion in water for the treatment of a wide range of diseases by Sotho communities. MATERIALS AND METHODS The main objective of the study was to assess the anti-microbial activity of separated aqueous components of the Kirkia wilmsii tuberous roots. The clear aqueous extracts that were obtained after a 0.45 µm membrane filtration (Millipore Millex-HV Hydrophillic PVDF filter), were then injected into a preparative high performance liquid chromatography instrument in which pure components, as shown by peaks, were collected and evaluated for anti-microbial activity against a range of microorganisms. RESULTS The eight separated components were obtained, out of which four components showed anti-microbial activity (AMA). The freeze dried components were re-dissolved in deionised water and then evaluated for AMA against Vibrio cholerae, Shigella dysenteriae, Aeromonas hydrophilia, Salmonella typhi Proteus mirabilis, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Candida albicans and Enterobacter aerogenes. Component one exhibited antimicrobial activity against Shigella dysenteriae, Aeromonas hydrophilia, Salmonella typhi, Proteus mirabilis, Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus with a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), of 3.445 mg/ml. Component five was only active against Proteus mirabilis with a MIC of 0.08 mg/ml. Component 7, was active against Shigella dysenteriae, Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli with a MIC of 0.365 mg/ml against both Shigella dysenteriae and Staphylococcus aureus and 0.091 mg/ml against Escherichia coli. Component 8, was active against Shigella, Aeromonas hydrophilia, Salmonella, Proteus mirabilis, Escherichia coli with a MIC of 155 mg/ml. CONCLUSION Only four out of eight aqueous extracts showed AMA against both gram negative and positive bacteria and showed no AMA against Candida albicans, Enterobacter aerogenes and Vibrio cholerae. Therefore the Kirkia wilmsii plant root may be used as a broad spectrum antibiotic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K Chigayo
- Department of Chemistry; University of Venda, P/Bag x5050, Thohoyandou, 0950, South Africa
| | - P E L Mojapelo
- Department of Chemistry; University of Venda, P/Bag x5050, Thohoyandou, 0950, South Africa
| | - P Bessong
- Department of Microbiology; University of Venda, P/Bag x5050, Thohoyandou, 0950, South Africa
| | - J R Gumbo
- Department of Hydrology and Water Resources; University of Venda, P/Bag x5050, Thohoyandou, 0950, South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
169
|
Vermaak I, Enslin GM, Idowu TO, Viljoen AM. Xysmalobium undulatum (uzara) - review of an antidiarrhoeal traditional medicine. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2014; 156:135-146. [PMID: 25193007 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2014.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2014] [Revised: 08/14/2014] [Accepted: 08/15/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Xysmalobium undulatum, commonly known as uzara, is traditionally used as an antidiarrhoeal and to treat stomach cramps, dysmenorrhoea and afterbirth cramps. In addition, it was reportedly used to treat anxiety and other conditions relating to mental health. AIM OF THE REVIEW To unite the botanical aspects, ethnopharmacology, phytochemistry, biological activity, pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic data, toxicity and commercial aspects of the scientific literature available on uzara. METHOD An extensive review of the literature covering 1917-2014 was carried out. Electronic databases including Scopus, Pubmed, Google Scholar and Google were used to assemble the data. All abstracts, full-text articles and books written in English and German were examined and included. RESULTS The phytochemistry of uzara has been comprehensively investigated and at least 18 compounds have been isolated and characterised. Uzara contains mainly cardenolide glycosides such as uzarin and xysmalorin and cardenolide aglycones such as uzarigenin and xysmalogenin. Limited scientific studies on the biological activity of uzara have been done. In vitro antisecretory antidiarrhoeal action was confirmed. Central nervous system activity was conflicting, in vitro and in vivo (animals) studies were inconclusive and no clinical studies have been performed. No antimutagenic effects have been reported and no toxicity up to date has been associated with uzara consumption. Significant cross-reactivity of uzara compounds with commercial digoxin and digitoxin assays may interfere with therapeutic drug monitoring. CONCLUSIONS The key traditional uses associated with uzara have been investigated in vitro and in vivo (animal), but clinical trial data is lacking.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ilze Vermaak
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Tshwane University of Technology, Private Bag X680, Pretoria 0001, South Africa
| | - Gill M Enslin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Tshwane University of Technology, Private Bag X680, Pretoria 0001, South Africa
| | - Thomas O Idowu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Tshwane University of Technology, Private Bag X680, Pretoria 0001, South Africa
| | - Alvaro M Viljoen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Tshwane University of Technology, Private Bag X680, Pretoria 0001, South Africa.
| |
Collapse
|
170
|
Bapela MJ, Meyer JJM, Kaiser M. In vitro antiplasmodial screening of ethnopharmacologically selected South African plant species used for the treatment of malaria. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2014; 156:370-3. [PMID: 25245771 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2014.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2014] [Revised: 08/16/2014] [Accepted: 09/10/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Plant species used by Venda people of South Africa in the treatment of malaria and associated symptoms were evaluated for their antiplasmodial efficacy as well as cytotoxic properties and some showed significant activity. MATERIALS AND METHODS In vitro antiplasmodial activity and cytotoxic properties were evaluated on 20 indigenous plant species. Ground plant material was extracted in dichloromethane: 50% methanol (1:1). Antiplasmodial activity was evaluated against the chloroquine-sensitive strain of Plasmodium falciparum (NF54). The cytotoxicity of the plant extracts were assessed against mammalian L-6 rat skeletal myoblast cells and the selectivity index (SI) calculated. RESULTS Of the 43 plant extracts evaluated, 10 exhibited pronounced antiplasmodial activity (IC₅₀ ≤ 5 μg/ml) with good therapeutic indices (SI ≥ 10). Lipophilic plant extracts were relatively more potent than polar extracts. Tabernaemontana elegans Stapf. (Apocynaceae) and Vangueria infausta Burch. subsp. infausta (Rubiaceae) extracts displayed significant antiplasmodial activity (IC₅₀ < 2 μg/ml). CONCLUSION Findings of this study partly support the ethnomedical use of the investigated plant species by Venda people as antimalarial remedies. The study also highlights some of the knowledge gaps that require further phytochemical studies on the specified plant species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Johanna Bapela
- Department of Plant Science, Plant Sciences Complex, University of Pretoria, Hatfield 0083, South Africa.
| | - J J Marion Meyer
- Department of Plant Science, Plant Sciences Complex, University of Pretoria, Hatfield 0083, South Africa
| | - Marcel Kaiser
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Socinstrasse 57, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
171
|
Okoye FBC, Agbo MO, Nworu CS, Nwodo NJ, Esimone CO, Osadebe PO, Proksch P. New neolignan glycoside and an unusual benzoyl malic acid derivative from Maytenus senegalensis leaves. Nat Prod Res 2014; 29:109-15. [PMID: 25230985 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2014.959948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Further investigation of the methanol leaf extract of Maytenus senegalensis led to the isolation of six compounds, including mayselignoside (1) and an unusual benzoyl malic acid derivative, benzoyl R-(+)-malic acid (2). Two known lignan derivatives (+)-lyoniresinol (3) and (-)-isolariciresinol (4), a known neolignan derivative dihydrodehydrodiconiferyl alcohol (5) and the triterpenoid, β-amyrin (6) were also isolated. The structures of these compounds were elucidated by a combination of 1D and 2D NMR and mass spectroscopy. All compounds were tested for cytotoxicity against mouse lymphoma cell line (L5178Y) and for antimicrobial activity against strains of bacteria and fungi. None of the compounds showed promising cytotoxic and/or antimicrobial activities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Festus Basden Chiedu Okoye
- a Institut für Pharmazeutische Biologie und Biotechnologie, Universität Düsseldorf , Düsseldorf , Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
172
|
Alepidea amatymbica Eckl. & Zeyh.: A Review of Its Traditional Uses, Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, and Toxicology. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2014; 2014:284517. [PMID: 25202331 PMCID: PMC4150506 DOI: 10.1155/2014/284517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2014] [Accepted: 07/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Alepidea amatymbica is an important medicinal plant in Southern Africa with a long history of traditional use for the management of conditions like colds, coughs, sore throat, influenza, asthma, and abdominal cramps. Despite the much acclaimed traditional uses of the plant, there is a dearth of scientific information on the review of this plant. Hence, this review is aimed at providing information on the botany, phytochemistry, pharmacology, and toxicology of A. amatymbica. This review uses all the synonyms of the plant obtained from the plant list. Google scholar, Science Direct, PubMed, and Scopus were made use of in addition to the University of Fort Hare's online databases. All the phytochemical studies on Alepidea amatymbica obtained from the literature reported the presence of kaurene-type diterpenoids and their derivatives. Pharmacological areas identified on A. amatymbica fresh and dried extract include antibacterial, antifungal, sedative, astringent, antimalarial, anti-inflammatory, antihelminthes, antihypertensive, anti-HIV, and diuretic activities. Literature search on A. amatymbica revealed the use of cell line, brine shrimps, and rats for the determination of the toxicity in the plant. Clinical trials and product development to fully exploit the medicinal value are also required to validate its folklore use in traditional medicine.
Collapse
|
173
|
Soysa P, De Silva IS, Wijayabandara J. Evaluation of antioxidant and antiproliferative activity of Flueggea leucopyrus Willd (katupila). BMC COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2014; 14:274. [PMID: 25074702 PMCID: PMC4129101 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6882-14-274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2014] [Accepted: 07/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Flueggea leucopyrus Willd is a shrub grown in many parts of the dry zones in Sri Lanka. The leaves of F. leucopyrus has been used for treating cancer in the traditional system of medicine in Sri Lanka. Hence, this study was performed to analyze the antioxidant and antiproliferative properties of the aqueous extract of the leaves of F. leucopyrus on HEp-2 cells. METHOD The aqueous extract of F. leucopyrus leaves (AEFLL) was freeze dried. Total phenolic content was assayed using Folin Ciocalteu reagent. Antioxidant activities of the extracts were evaluated using in vitro assays: inhibition of DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) radical scavenging and 2-deoxy-D-ribose degradation assay. Nitric oxide radical scavenging activity was determined by using Griess reagent. The MTT, LDH assays and protein synthesis were used to study antiproliferative and cytotoxic activities against the Hep-2 cell after 24 hour exposure. DNA fragmentation and microscopic examination of cells stained with a mixture of ethidium bromide/acridine orange were used to visualize apoptosis in HEp-2 cells treated with the AEFLL. RESULTS The total phenolic content of the extract was 22.15 ± 1.65 (w/w) % of gallic acid equivalent. The values for EC50 were 11.16 ± 0.37, 4.82 ± 1.82 and 23.77 ± 3.16 μg/mL for DPPH radical scavenging, nitric oxide radical scavenging activity and 2-deoxy-D-ribose degradation assay respectively. The EC50 with MTT and LDH assays were 506.8 ± 63.16 and 254.52 ± 42.92 μg/mL respectively. A dose dependent decrease in protein synthesis in HEp-2 cells was shown with an EC50 value of 305.84 ± 12.40 μg/mL. DNA fragmentation and ethidium bromide/acridine assays showed that the AEFLL induces apoptosis in HEp-2 cells. These results were in conformity with the morphological changes observed in the cells treated with the AEFLL. The brine shrimp bioassay showed that the AEFLL had no lethality over the concentration range of 50-500 μg/mL. CONCLUSIONS Aqueous extract of the leaves of F. leucopyrus extract demonstrated antioxidant activity in vitro. Further it showed antiproliferative properties and induced apoptosis in HEp-2 cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Preethi Soysa
- />Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Colombo, Colombo-08, Sri Lanka
| | - Irushi Shamalika De Silva
- />Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Colombo, Colombo-08, Sri Lanka
| | | |
Collapse
|
174
|
Amenya HZ, Gathumbi PK, Mbaria JM, Thaiyah AG, Thoithi GN. Sub-acute toxicity of the chloroformic extract of Rapanea melanophloeos (L.) Mez in rats. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2014; 154:593-599. [PMID: 24735862 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2014.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2014] [Revised: 03/27/2014] [Accepted: 04/01/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Cape beech (Rapanea melanophloeos) is an important medicinal plant that is widely used in most of Africa. Currently, little toxicological information is available on its safety following prolonged use. AIM OF THE STUDY In this study, we sought to evaluate the oral sub-acute toxicity of Rapanea melanophloeos stem bark chloroformic extract using Sprague Dawley rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS Six-week old rats were orally administered with the extract at dosage levels of 100 mg/kg, 300 mg/kg and 1000 mg/kg for 28 days. Clinical signs, hematological and clinical chemistry parameters were monitored, while organ weights and organ pathology were evaluated at the end of the study. RESULTS The extract caused a significant reduction in bodyweight at 1000 mg/kg. The hematological profiles of animals at this dose showed an increase in the erythrocyte count and the hematocrit that were accompanied by decrease in the mean corpuscular hemoglobin and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration. Biochemical parameters were not altered in a dose-related manner when compared to the controls. There were time associated alterations on both hematological and biochemical parameters, but pathological examination did not reveal any treatment related changes in any of the organs. CONCLUSION Our results demonstrate that the chloroformic stem bark extract of Rapanea melanophloeos may be of no toxicological concern at dosage levels up to 1000mg/kg. Rapanea melanophloeos can therefore be used confidently in African traditional medicine at these or lower dosage levels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hesbon Z Amenya
- Department of Public Health, Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Nairobi, P.O. Box 29053-00625, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Peter K Gathumbi
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Nairobi, P.O. Box 29053-00625, Nairobi, Kenya.
| | - James M Mbaria
- Department of Public Health, Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Nairobi, P.O. Box 29053-00625, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Andrew G Thaiyah
- Department of Clinical Studies, University of Nairobi, P.O. Box 29053-00625, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Grace N Thoithi
- School of Pharmacy, University of Nairobi, P.O. Box 19676-00202, Nairobi, Kenya
| |
Collapse
|
175
|
Okoye FBC, Debbab A, Wray V, Esimone CO, Osadebe PO, Proksch P. A phenyldilactone, bisnorsesquiterpene, and cytotoxic phenolics from Maytenus senegalensis leaves. Tetrahedron Lett 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2014.05.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
|
176
|
Amoo SO, Aremu AO, Van Staden J. Unraveling the medicinal potential of South African Aloe species. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2014; 153:19-41. [PMID: 24509153 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2014.01.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2013] [Revised: 01/28/2014] [Accepted: 01/29/2014] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Aloe species (family: Xanthorrhoeaceae) are widely used in ethnomedicine for treating various ailments. Approximately 125 Aloe taxa are documented as indigenous to South Africa. This review was aimed at critically evaluating the available data on the ethnomedicinal uses, pharmacological activities, safety and conservation status of the documented South African Aloe species. MATERIALS AND METHODS A detailed search using major electronic search engines (such as Google Scholar, Scopus and Scirus) and ethnobotanical literature was undertaken. Search terms used included 'medicinal properties of Aloe species', 'biological activity of South African Aloe species' and 'safety and toxicological evaluation of aloes'. RESULTS Although Aloe species are widely used as laxatives and for treating wound and skin-related ailments, only about 20% of South African Aloe species have been clearly documented for their medicinal uses. The pharmacological potential including the antimicrobial, antiinflammatory, antiplasmodial and anthelmintic activities of some of the species has been established, providing a rationale for their use in traditional medicine. Successful micropropagation protocols have been developed as a conservation strategy, but only for a few species. CONCLUSIONS The highlighted medicinal activities of some Aloe species indicate their therapeutic potential. Nonetheless, further research especially on the understudied species is required to properly document their ethnomedicinal uses and fully explore their pharmacological value.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephen O Amoo
- Research Centre for Plant Growth and Development, School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal Pietermaritzburg, Private Bag X01, Scottsville 3209, South Africa
| | - Adeyemi O Aremu
- Research Centre for Plant Growth and Development, School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal Pietermaritzburg, Private Bag X01, Scottsville 3209, South Africa
| | - Johannes Van Staden
- Research Centre for Plant Growth and Development, School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal Pietermaritzburg, Private Bag X01, Scottsville 3209, South Africa.
| |
Collapse
|
177
|
Lall N, Kishore N. Are plants used for skin care in South Africa fully explored? JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2014; 153:61-84. [PMID: 24566124 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2014.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2013] [Revised: 02/10/2014] [Accepted: 02/12/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE South Africa is an important focal point of botanical diversity, and although many plant species have been used since ancient times in ethnomedicine, only a few species have hitherto been fully investigated scientifically. A large proportion of the South African population use traditional medicines for their physical and psychological health needs. Many medicinal plants have recently gained popularity as ingredient in cosmetic formulations based on their ethnomedicinal values and many cosmetic products sold in stores are of natural origin. The present review discusses the ethnopharmacological values, pharmacological and toxicological evidence of 117 plant species grown in South Africa, which are used traditionally for skin care purposes. Special focus was on their traditional use for many skin disorders in order to identify their therapeutic potential, the state of ethnopharmacological knowledge and special emphasis has been on areas which require further research. MATERIALS AND METHODS The information regarding all 117 plant species mentioned was extracted from Sci-Finder, Science direct, Medline and Google Scholar. All the available relevant data for medicinal plants was collated from literature review articles from the 19th century to early 2013. RESULTS The extracts from different parts of plants exhibited significant pharmacological properties, proving significant skin care potentials. Special emphasis was on those plant species which still need further exploration and these have been documented separately. CONCLUSIONS Despite the immense use of plants in ethnomedicine for skin care, limited research has been done on the activity of the crude extracts and very little on the active constituents. Consequently, almost 35 out of the 117 species are totally unexplored in the area of skin care. This investigation would be of interest to a broad readership including those researchers working in this field. The plant species namely: Greyia flanaganii, Sideroxylon inerme, Sclerocarya birrea, Calodendrum capense, Hyaenanche globosa, Harpephyllum caffrum, Ximenia americana, Leucosidea sericea Artemisia afra, and six Aloe species have been scientifically validated by our research group for skin hyperpigmentation problems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Namrita Lall
- Department of Plant Science, Plant Science Complex, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa.
| | - Navneet Kishore
- Department of Plant Science, Plant Science Complex, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa.
| |
Collapse
|
178
|
R. Hamidi M, Jovanova B, Kadifkova Panovska T. Toxicological evaluation of the plant products using Brine Shrimp (Artemia salina L.) model. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.33320/maced.pharm.bull.2014.60.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Many natural products could serve as the starting point in the development of modern medicines because of their numerous biological and pharmacological activities. However, some of them are known to carry toxicological properties as well. In order to achieve a safe treatment with plant products, numerous research studies have recently been focused on both pharmacology and toxicity of medicinal plants. Moreover, these studies employed efforts for alternative biological assays. Brine Shrimp Lethality Assay is the most convenient system for monitoring biological activities of various plant species. This method is very useful for preliminary assessment of toxicity of the plant extracts. Rapidness, simplicity and low requirements are several advantages of this assay. However, several conditions need to be completed, especially in the means of standardized experimental conditions (temperature, pH of the medium, salinity, aeration and light). The toxicity of herbal extracts using this assay has been determined in a concentration range of 10, 100 and 1000 µg/ml of the examined herbal extract. Most toxicity studies which use the Brine Shrimp Lethality Assay determine the toxicity after 24 hours of exposure to the tested sample. The median lethal concentration (LC50) of the test samples is obtained by a plot of percentage of the dead shrimps against the logarithm of the sample concentration. LC50 values are estimated using a probit regression analysis and compared with either Meyer’s or Clarkson’s toxicity criteria. Furthermore, the positive correlation between Meyer’s toxicity scale for Artemia salina and Gosselin, Smith and Hodge’s toxicity scale for higher animal models confirmed that the Brine Shrimp Lethality Assay is an excellent predictive tool for the toxic potential of plant extracts in humans.
Collapse
|
179
|
Olasehinde GI, Ojurongbe O, Adeyeba AO, Fagade OE, Valecha N, Ayanda IO, Ajayi AA, Egwari LO. In vitro studies on the sensitivity pattern of Plasmodium falciparum to anti-malarial drugs and local herbal extracts. Malar J 2014; 13:63. [PMID: 24555525 PMCID: PMC3996087 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2875-13-63] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2013] [Accepted: 09/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The resistance of human malaria parasites to anti-malarial compounds has become considerable concern, particularly in view of the shortage of novel classes of anti-malarial drugs. One way to prevent resistance is by using new compounds that are not based on existing synthetic antimicrobial agents. RESULTS Sensitivity of 100 Plasmodium falciparum isolates to chloroquine, quinine, amodiaquine, mefloquine, sulphadoxine/pyrimethamine, artemisinin, Momordica charantia ('Ejirin') Diospyros monbuttensis ('Egun eja') and Morinda lucida ('Oruwo') was determined using the in vitro microtest (Mark III) technique to determine the IC50 of the drugs. All the isolates tested were sensitive to quinine, mefloquine and artesunate. Fifty-one percent of the isolates were resistant to chloroquine, 13% to amodiaquine and 5% to sulphadoxine/pyrimethamine. Highest resistance to chloroquine (68.9%) was recorded among isolates from Yewa zone while highest resistance to amodiaquine (30%) was observed in Ijebu zone. Highest resistance to sulphadoxine/pyrimethamine was recorded in Yewa and Egba zones, respectively. A positive correlation was observed between the responses to artemisinin and mefloquine (P<0.05), artemisinin and quinine (P<0.05) and quinine and mefloquine (P<0.05). A negative correlation was observed between the responses to chloroquine and mefloquine (P>0.05). Highest anti-plasmodial activity was obtained with the ethanolic extract of D. monbuttensis (IC50 = 3.2 nM) while the lowest was obtained from M. lucida (IC50 = 25 nM). CONCLUSIONS Natural products isolated from plants used in traditional medicine, which have potent anti-plasmodial action in vitro, represent potential sources of new anti-malarial drugs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Grace I Olasehinde
- Department of Biological Sciences, Covenant University, Ota, Ogun State, Nigeria
| | - Olusola Ojurongbe
- Department of Medical Parasitology, LAUTECH Teaching Hospital, Osogbo, Osun State, Nigeria
| | - Adegboyega O Adeyeba
- Department of Medical Parasitology, LAUTECH Teaching Hospital, Osogbo, Osun State, Nigeria
| | - Obasola E Fagade
- Department of Botany, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria
| | - Neena Valecha
- National Institute of Malaria Research, New Delhi, India
| | - Isaac O Ayanda
- Department of Biological Sciences, Covenant University, Ota, Ogun State, Nigeria
| | - Adesola A Ajayi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Covenant University, Ota, Ogun State, Nigeria
| | - Louis O Egwari
- Department of Biological Sciences, Covenant University, Ota, Ogun State, Nigeria
| |
Collapse
|
180
|
Vyas A, Kumar Sonker A, Gidwani B. Carrier-based drug delivery system for treatment of acne. ScientificWorldJournal 2014; 2014:276260. [PMID: 24688376 PMCID: PMC3934386 DOI: 10.1155/2014/276260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2013] [Accepted: 12/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Approximately 95% of the population suffers at some point in their lifetime from acne vulgaris. Acne is a multifactorial disease of the pilosebaceous unit. This inflammatory skin disorder is most common in adolescents but also affects neonates, prepubescent children, and adults. Topical conventional systems are associated with various side effects. Novel drug delivery systems have been used to reduce the side effect of drugs commonly used in the topical treatment of acne. Topical treatment of acne with active pharmaceutical ingredients (API) makes direct contact with the target site before entering the systemic circulation which reduces the systemic side effect of the parenteral or oral administration of drug. The objective of the present review is to discuss the conventional delivery systems available for acne, their drawbacks, and limitations. The advantages, disadvantages, and outcome of using various carrier-based delivery systems like liposomes, niosomes, solid lipid nanoparticles, and so forth, are explained. This paper emphasizes approaches to overcome the drawbacks and limitations associated with the conventional system and the advances and application that are poised to further enhance the efficacy of topical acne formulations, offering the possibility of simplified dosing regimen that may improve treatment outcomes using novel delivery system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amber Vyas
- University Institute of Pharmacy, Pandit Ravishankar Shukla University, Raipur 492 010, India
| | - Avinesh Kumar Sonker
- University Institute of Pharmacy, Pandit Ravishankar Shukla University, Raipur 492 010, India
| | - Bina Gidwani
- University Institute of Pharmacy, Pandit Ravishankar Shukla University, Raipur 492 010, India
| |
Collapse
|
181
|
Suganthy N, Karthikeyan K, Archunan G, Karutha Pandian S, Pandima Devi K. Safety and toxicological evaluation of Rhizopora mucronata (a mangrove from Vellar estuary, India): assessment of mutagenicity, genotoxicity and in vivo acute toxicity. Mol Biol Rep 2014; 41:1355-71. [DOI: 10.1007/s11033-013-2981-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2012] [Accepted: 12/24/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
|
182
|
Ntie-Kang F, Lifongo LL, Simoben CV, Babiaka SB, Sippl W, Mbaze LM. The uniqueness and therapeutic value of natural products from West African medicinal plants. Part I: uniqueness and chemotaxonomy. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra03038a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
This review gives an in depth coverage of the natural products derived from West African medicinal plants with diverse biological activities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fidele Ntie-Kang
- Chemical and Bioactivity Information Centre
- Department of Chemistry
- Faculty of Science
- University of Buea
- Buea, Cameroon
| | - Lydia L. Lifongo
- Chemical and Bioactivity Information Centre
- Department of Chemistry
- Faculty of Science
- University of Buea
- Buea, Cameroon
| | - Conrad V. Simoben
- Chemical and Bioactivity Information Centre
- Department of Chemistry
- Faculty of Science
- University of Buea
- Buea, Cameroon
| | - Smith B. Babiaka
- Chemical and Bioactivity Information Centre
- Department of Chemistry
- Faculty of Science
- University of Buea
- Buea, Cameroon
| | - Wolfgang Sippl
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Martin-Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg
- Halle, Germany
| | - Luc Meva'a Mbaze
- Department of Chemistry
- Faculty of Science
- University of Douala
- Douala, Cameroon
| |
Collapse
|
183
|
Shosan LO, Fawibe OO, Ajiboye AA, Abeegunrin TA, Agboola DA. Ethnobotanical Survey of Medicinal Plants Used in Curing Some Diseases in Infants in Abeokuta South Local Government Area of Ogun State, Nigeria. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.4236/ajps.2014.521340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
184
|
The genus spilanthes ethnopharmacology, phytochemistry, and pharmacological properties: a review. Adv Pharmacol Sci 2013; 2013:510298. [PMID: 24454346 PMCID: PMC3888711 DOI: 10.1155/2013/510298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2013] [Accepted: 09/23/2013] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Spilanthes spp. are popular, over-the-counter remedies; they are sold over the internet under various names and are widely used in traditional medicine in various cultures. This review will summarize the important reports on the ethnopharmacology, botany, phytochemistry, and pharmacological properties as described in the literature from recent years (1920 to 2013). Spilanthes spp. are used for more than 60 types of disorders. They are reported to contain a number of biologically active phytochemicals, although a large number of ethnopharmacological uses have been documented; only a few of these species have been investigated for their chemical and biological activities. The studies are carried out mainly on Spilanthes extracts and a few metabolites substantiate the uses of these plants in traditional medicine. Well-conducted pharmacological studies are still needed for several traditional indications, and the mechanisms of action by which the plant extracts and the active compounds exert their pharmacological effects remain to be studied. They are predominantly used as extracts in personal care products, traditional medicines, and the pharmaceutical and culinary areas. Suggestions are made regarding some of the possible mechanisms of action as to how the known compounds may exert their biological activity.
Collapse
|
185
|
Masondo NA, Finnie JF, Van Staden J. Pharmacological potential and conservation prospect of the genus Eucomis (Hyacinthaceae) endemic to southern Africa. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2013; 151:44-53. [PMID: 24247080 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2013.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2013] [Revised: 10/15/2013] [Accepted: 11/04/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE The genus Eucomis (Hyacinthaceae) consists of 10 species that are extensively used in African traditional medicine. This review is an appraisal of current information on the distribution and morphology, traditional uses, pharmacology, toxicology and approaches devised to enhance the conservation of the genus. METHODS A systematic and comprehensive literature search using electronic searches such as Scopus, Google Scholar, Web of Science and ethnobotanical books was conducted. RESULTS Evidence from traditional medicine usage shows wide utilization of this genus for ailments such as respiratory, venereal diseases, rheumatism as well as kidney and bladder infections. Pharmacological screening reported antimicrobial, antiplasmodial, antitumor, cytotoxic, phytotoxic and anti-inflammatory properties. CONCLUSIONS The potential of the genus Eucomis especially in terms of pharmacology cannot be overemphasized. Apart from the anti-inflammatory properties, the antifungal activity of Eucomis remains a valuable reservoir with potential application in the agriculture sector as a source of an affordable biocontrol agent. Based on the speculated toxic constituents in the genus Eucomis, it will be valuable to conduct detailed toxicological studies. Extensive utilization of members of the genus Eucomis is causing severe strain on wild populations. Although conventional propagation has been relatively effective in the alleviation of the declining status, micropropagation of members may be vital to guarantee the conservation of wild populations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nqobile A Masondo
- Research Centre for Plant Growth and Development, School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal Pietermaritzburg, Private Bag X01, Scottsville 3209, South Africa
| | - Jeffrey F Finnie
- Research Centre for Plant Growth and Development, School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal Pietermaritzburg, Private Bag X01, Scottsville 3209, South Africa
| | - Johannes Van Staden
- Research Centre for Plant Growth and Development, School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal Pietermaritzburg, Private Bag X01, Scottsville 3209, South Africa.
| |
Collapse
|
186
|
Naidoo D, van Vuuren SF, van Zyl RL, de Wet H. Plants traditionally used individually and in combination to treat sexually transmitted infections in northern Maputaland, South Africa: antimicrobial activity and cytotoxicity. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2013; 149:656-667. [PMID: 23880127 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2013.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2013] [Revised: 07/06/2013] [Accepted: 07/11/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Although medicinal plants are used extensively to treat sexually transmitted infections (STIs) in rural northern Maputaland, KwaZulu-Natal, the efficacy and safety of these plants have not previously been evaluated. AIM OF STUDY A study was designed to investigate the in vitro antimicrobial activity and cytotoxicity profiles of a selection (individual plants and selected combinations) of traditionally used plants in this study area. MATERIALS AND METHODS Aqueous and organic (dichloromethane: methanol, 1:1) extracts were prepared. Antimicrobial activity was assessed using the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) assay against the STI associated pathogens; Candida albicans ATCC 10231, Ureaplasma urealyticum clinical strain, Oligella ureolytica ATCC 43534, Trichomonas vaginalis clinical strain, Gardnerella vaginalis ATCC 14018 and Neisseria gonorrhoeae ATCC 19424. For the combination study, interactions were assessed using the fractional inhibitory concentration (ΣFIC). The plant species were assessed for safety using the 3-[4,5-dimethyl-2-thiazol-yl]-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) cellular viability assay on the human embryonic kidney epithelial (Graham, HEK-293) cell line. RESULTS For the antimicrobial studies, U. urealyticum was the most sensitive of the six test organisms, with the aqueous extract of Ranunculus multifidus (0.02mg/ml) and the organic extract of Peltophorum africanum (0.04mg/ml) being the most antimicrobially active plant species studied. Sclerocarya birrea was found to have the broadest spectrum of activity (mean MIC of 0.89mg/ml). The only plant species to exhibit some degree of cytotoxicity against the kidney epithelial cell line was Kigelia africana (100µg/ml), with 22% and 16% cell death for the aqueous and organic extracts, respectively. Of the 13 combinations studied, several synergistic combinations were evident, the most prominent being the combination of Albizia adianthifolia and Trichilia dregeana (aqueous extract) with an ΣFIC value of 0.15 against O. ureolytica. Synergistic interactions were observed regardless of the ratio of the aqueous mixtures of the two plants. Syzygium cordatum and S. birrea (aqueous extract) was also a combination of interest, demonstrating synergistic (ΣFIC=0.42) interactions against O. ureolytica. This combination, however, also displayed some cytotoxicity towards the human epithelial cell line. CONCLUSION This study demonstrated that anecdotal evidence of plant use does not always correlate with in vitro activity. Furthermore, the toxicological profiling is of utmost importance as if not combined in its correct ratio can lead to potential adverse effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D Naidoo
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, 7 York Road, Parktown, 2193, South Africa
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
187
|
Nyongbela KD, Lannang AM, Ayimele GA, Ngemenya MN, Bickle Q, Efange S. Isolation and identification of an antiparasitic triterpenoid estersaponin from the stem bark of Pittosporum mannii (Pittosporaceae). ASIAN PACIFIC JOURNAL OF TROPICAL DISEASE 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/s2222-1808(13)60089-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
|
188
|
Ndhlala AR, Ncube B, Okem A, Mulaudzi RB, Van Staden J. Toxicology of some important medicinal plants in southern Africa. Food Chem Toxicol 2013; 62:609-21. [PMID: 24075916 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2013.09.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2013] [Revised: 08/30/2013] [Accepted: 09/19/2013] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Africa is home to two major floral kingdoms: the Paleotropical kingdom of central Africa and the Capensis kingdom of the Western Cape province of South Africa, the latter of which consists of approximately 10,000 species, representing about 20% of Africa's floral 'gold mine', better known as the Cape herbal medicine. Needless to say, such rich flora comes with numerous plants with a potential to cause poisoning to humans. This review document reports important toxic medicinal plants and their toxic ingredients for plant species resident in the southern African region. These include important medicinal uses and pharmacological properties ranging from antimicrobial, antiviral, anticancer, anti-inflammatory as well as those that are used as aphrodisiacs and for maternal health care.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ashwell R Ndhlala
- Research Centre for Plant Growth and Development, School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal Pietermaritzburg, Private Bag X01, Scottsville 3201, South Africa
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
189
|
Induli M, Gebru M, Abdissa N, Akala H, Wekesa I, Byamukama R, Heydenreich M, Murunga S, Dagne E, Yenesew A. Antiplasmodial Quinones from the Rhizomes of Kniphofia Foliosa. Nat Prod Commun 2013. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x1300800920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracts of the rhizomes of Kniphofia foliosa exhibited antiplasmodial activities against the chloroquine-sensitive (D6) and chloroquine-resistant (W2) strains of Plasmodium falciparum with IC50 values of 3–5 μg/mL. A phenyloxanthrone, named 10-acetonylknipholone cyclooxanthrone (1) and an anthraquinone-anthrone dimer, chryslandicin 10-methyl ether (2), were isolated from the rhizomes, along with known quinones, including the rare phenylanthraquinone dimers, joziknipholones A and B. The structures of these compounds were determined based on spectroscopic data. This is the second report on the occurrence of the dimeric phenylanthraquinones in nature. In an in vitro antiplasmodial assay of the isolated compounds, activity was observed for phenylanthraquinones, anthraquinone-anthrone dimers and dimeric phenylanthraquinones, with joziknipholone A being the most active. The new compound, 10-acetonylknipholone cyclooxanthrone, also showed anti-plasmodial activity. In an in vivo assay, knipholone anthrone displayed marginal antimalarial activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martha Induli
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nairobi, P.O. Box 30197-00100, Nairobi, Kenya
- Department of Chemistry, Makerere University, P.O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda
- Kenya Industrial Research and Development Institute, P.O. Box 30650-00100, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Meron Gebru
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nairobi, P.O. Box 30197-00100, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Negera Abdissa
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nairobi, P.O. Box 30197-00100, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Hosea Akala
- United States Army Medical Research Unit-Kenya, Walter Reed Project, MRU 64109, APO, Kisumu AE 09831-4109, USA
| | - Ingrid Wekesa
- Kenya Industrial Research and Development Institute, P.O. Box 30650-00100, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Robert Byamukama
- Department of Chemistry, Makerere University, P.O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Matthias Heydenreich
- Institut für Chemie, Universität Potsdam, P.O. Box 60 15 53, D-14415 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Sylvia Murunga
- Kenya Industrial Research and Development Institute, P.O. Box 30650-00100, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Ermias Dagne
- Department of Chemistry, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, P.O. Box 30270, Ethiopia
| | - Abiy Yenesew
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nairobi, P.O. Box 30197-00100, Nairobi, Kenya
| |
Collapse
|
190
|
Ilboudo DP, Basilico N, Parapini S, Corbett Y, D'Alessandro S, Dell'Agli M, Coghi P, Karou SD, Sawadogo R, Gnoula C, Simpore J, Nikiema JB, Monti D, Bosisio E, Taramelli D. Antiplasmodial and anti-inflammatory activities of Canthium henriquesianum (K. Schum), a plant used in traditional medicine in Burkina Faso. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2013; 148:763-769. [PMID: 23680158 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2013.04.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2013] [Revised: 03/27/2013] [Accepted: 04/26/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Canthium henriquesianum (K. Schum) is traditionally used in Burkina Faso for the treatment of malaria, but has not been properly investigated, yet. The aim of this study was to characterize in vitro the antiplasmodial and the anti-inflammatory activity of extracts from Canthium henriquesianum (K. Schum). In parallel, extracts of Gardenia sokotensis (Hutch) and Vernonia colorata (Willd), also traditionally used together in Burkina Faso and already reported with antimalarial activity, were compared. MATERIALS AND METHODS Plant extracts were tested in vitro for antimalarial activity against chloroquine susceptible (D10) and resistant (W2) strains of Plasmodium falciparum using the lactate dehydrogenase assay. Cell cytotoxicity was assessed on human dermal fibroblast (HDF) by the MTT assay. The selectivity index (SI) was used as the ratio of the activity against the parasites compared to the toxicity of the plant extract against HDF. In vitro cytokine production was assessed by ELISA technique. RESULTS Canthium henriquesianum aqueous extract had a moderate antimalarial activity (IC50<50 µg/ml) with a good selectivity index (SI=HDF/D10>7). Canthium henriquesianum diisopropyl ether extract was the most potent inhibitor of parasite growth with an IC50 9.5 µg/ml on W2 and 8.8 µg/ml on D10 and limited toxicity (SI>2). Gardenia sokotensis and Vernonia colorata aqueous extracts were shown to be significantly less active (IC50≥50 µg/ml) with substantial toxicity. In addition, when the production of IL-1β and TNFα by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or hemozoin (malaria pigment) stimulated human THP-1 monocytes was assayed, it was found that the extract of Canthium henriquesianum induced a dose-dependent inhibition of IL-1β, but not of TNFα production, thus confirming its traditional use as antipyretic. By NMR analysis, the chromone was identified as the mostly represented compound in the diisopropyl ether extract of Canthium henriquesianum. Chromone however, was less active as antimalarial than the crude extract and it did not inhibit cytokine production at not toxic doses, indicating that other molecules in the total extracts contribute to the antiplasmodial and anti-inflammatory activity. CONCLUSION Canthium henriquesianum seems to possess antimalarial activity in vitro and the ability to inhibit the production of the pyrogenic cytokine IL-1β.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Denise P Ilboudo
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Pascal 36, 20133 Milan, Italy.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
191
|
Lee SI, Yang HD, Son IH, Moon HI. Antimalarial activity of a stilbene glycoside fromPleuropterus ciliinervis. ANNALS OF TROPICAL MEDICINE AND PARASITOLOGY 2013; 102:181-4. [DOI: 10.1179/136485908x252359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
|
192
|
Moon HI, Sim J. Antimalarial activity in mice of resveratrol derivative fromPleuropterus ciliinervis. ANNALS OF TROPICAL MEDICINE AND PARASITOLOGY 2013; 102:447-50. [DOI: 10.1179/136485908x300832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
|
193
|
Mesia GK, Tona GL, Penge O, Lusakibanza M, Nanga TM, Cimanga RK, Apers S, Van Miert S, Totte J, Pieters L, Vlietinck AJ. Antimalarial activities and toxicities of three plants used as traditional remedies for malaria in the Democratic Republic of Congo:Croton mubango , Nauclea pobeguiniiandPyrenacantha staudtii. ANNALS OF TROPICAL MEDICINE AND PARASITOLOGY 2013; 99:345-57. [PMID: 15949182 DOI: 10.1179/136485905x36325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The antimalarial activities of crude extracts and 17 fractions from the partition of 80%-methanolic extracts of three plants (the stem bark of Croton mubango, the stem bark of Nauclea pobeguinii and the leaves of Pyrenacantha staudtii) used as antimalarial remedies in the Democratic Republic of Congo were studied both in vitro (against Plasmodium falciparum) and in mice infected with Pl. berghei berghei. The toxic effects of dried aqueous extracts of the plants were also investigated, in uninfected mice. The most active crude extracts in vitro, with median inhibitory concentrations (IC(50)) of <1 microg/ml, were found to be the methanolic and dichloromethane extracts of C. mubango, and the dichloromethane extracts of N. pobeguinii and Py. staudtii. The aqueous extract with the most antimalarial activity in vitro was that of C. mubango (IC(50) = 3.2 microg/ml), followed by that of N. probeguinii (IC(50) = 5.3 microg/ml) and then that of Py. staudii (IC(50) = 15.2 microg/ml). Results from the in-vivo tests of antimalarial activity showed that, at a daily oral dose of 200 mg/kg, all the dichloromethane extracts, the petroleum-ether, chloroformic, ethyl-acetate and residual water-soluble fractions from C. mubango, and the chloroformic, ethyl-acetate and n-butanolic fractions from Py. staudtii produced >80% chemosuppression of the parasitaemias by day 4. The aqueous extracts of C. mubango and N. probeguinii produced a slightly lower but still significant inhibition of parasitaemia (60%-80%) whereas that of Py. staudtii only suppressed the day-4 parasitaemias by 37%. The dried aqueous extract of the stem bark of C. mubango showed some signs of toxicity in mice, with median lethal doses (LD(50)) of 350 mg/kg in the female mice and 900 mg/kg in the male. The extract significantly increased the serum concentrations of glutamate-oxaloacetate transaminase (GOT) and glutamate-pyruvate transaminase (GPT) in mice of both sexes, but had no effect on the blood levels of creatinine or urea. No significant toxic effect was observed for the dried aqueous extracts of N. pobeguinii and Py. staudtii (LD(50) >5 g/kg). Neither of these extracts affected the serum concentrations of GPT or the blood concentrations of creatinine and urea, although the N. pobeguinii extract did increase the serum concentration of GOT.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G K Mesia
- University of Kinshasa, Faculty of Pharmacy, Democratic Republic of Congo.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
194
|
Zongo F, Ribuot C, Boumendjel A, Guissou I. Botany, traditional uses, phytochemistry and pharmacology of Waltheria indica L. (syn. Waltheria americana): a review. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2013; 148:14-26. [PMID: 23608240 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2013.03.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2013] [Revised: 03/22/2013] [Accepted: 03/24/2013] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Waltheria indica L. (syn. Waltheria americana) is commonly used in traditional medicine in Africa, South America and Hawaii, mainly against pain, inflammation, conditions of inflammation, diarrhea, dysentery, conjunctivitis, wounds, abscess, epilepsy, convulsions, anemia, erectile dysfunctions, bladder ailments and asthma. Aim of the review to provide an up-to-date overview of the botany, phytochemistry, traditional uses, pharmacological activities and toxicity data of Waltheria indica. Additionally, studies providing an evidence for local and traditional uses of Waltheria indica are discussed. Further phytochemical and pharmacological potential of this species are suggested for future investigations. MATERIALS AND METHODS The information was collected from scientific journals, books, theses and reports via academic libraries and electronic search. These sources include Pubmed, Web of Science, Portal de Portales-Latindex, Science Research.com and Google scholar. These studies about the medical botanical, traditional uses, chemical, pharmacological and toxicological data on Waltheria indica were published in English, Portuguese, Spanish, German and French. RESULTS Crude extracts and isolated compounds from Waltheria indica were investigated and showed analgesic, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antifungal, antimalarial, anti-anemic, anti-oxidant, sedative and anticonvulsant activities. The phytochemical investigations showed the presence of cyclopeptid alkaloids, flavonoids (e.g., (-)-epicatechin, quercetin, kaempferol, kaempferol-3-O-β-d-(6″-E-p-coumaryl)-glucopyranoside), tannins, sterols, terpenes, saponins, anthraquinones. Studies of acute toxicity in animal indicated that Waltheria indica can be toxic. CONCLUSION Waltheria indica possess therapeutic potential in the treatment of inflammation, malaria, infectious diseases (e.g., lungs infection due to Klebsiella pneumoniae, diarrhea due to Candida albicans or Escherichia coli) and prevention of oxidative stress. Further studies are necessary to explore pure compounds responsible for the pharmacological effects and the mechanisms of action. Further investigations are also needed to provide an evidence base for traditional uses of this species against pain, anemia, convulsions and epilepsy. In addition, there is a pressing need to investigate the other traditional uses such as dysentery, syphilis, erectile dysfunctions and asthma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- F Zongo
- Laboratoire HP2-U1042, Inserm, Grenoble, France, Joseph Fourier University, Grenoble, France.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
195
|
Kaushik NK, Bagavan A, Rahuman AA, Mohanakrishnan D, Kamaraj C, Elango G, Zahir AA, Sahal D. Antiplasmodial potential of selected medicinal plants from eastern Ghats of South India. Exp Parasitol 2013; 134:26-32. [PMID: 23399920 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2013.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2012] [Revised: 01/19/2013] [Accepted: 01/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Malaria caused by the protozoan parasite Plasmodium falciparum, is a major health problem of the developing world. In the present study medicinal plants from Eastern Ghats of South India have been extracted with ethyl acetate and assayed for growth inhibition of asexual erythrocytic stages of chloroquine (CQ)-sensitive (3D7) and (CQ)-resistant (INDO) strains of P. falciparum in culture using the fluorescence-based SYBR Green I assay. Studied extracts showed a spectrum of antiplasmodial activities ranging from (a) very good (IC(50)<10-10 μg/mL: Cyperus rotundus and Zingiber officinale); (b) good (IC(50), >10-15 μg/mL: Ficus religiosa and Murraya koenigii); (c) moderate (IC(50)>15-25 μg/mL: Ficus benghalensis); (d) poor activity (IC(50)>25-60 μg/mL) and (e) inactive (IC(50)>60 μg/mL). Resistance indices ranging from 0.78 to 1.28 suggest that some of these extracts had equal promise against the CQ resistant INDO strain of P. falciparum. Cytotoxicity assessment of the extracts against HeLa cell line using MTT assay revealed that the selectivity indices in the range of 3-15 suggesting a good margin of safety.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Naveen Kumar Kaushik
- Malaria Research Laboratory, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110067, India
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
196
|
Toyang NJ, Verpoorte R. A review of the medicinal potentials of plants of the genus Vernonia (Asteraceae). JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2013; 146:681-723. [PMID: 23395623 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2013.01.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2012] [Revised: 01/22/2013] [Accepted: 01/22/2013] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE The Vernonia genus has about one thousand species and members of the genus are widely used as food and medicine. The aim of this review is to analyze published data on the ethnomedicinal, ethnoveterinary and zoopharmacognostic uses of plants of the Vernonia genus. This will help to identify the state of ethnopharmacological knowledge in regard to this genus and to propose future research priorities. MATERIALS AND METHODS The major scientific databases including SciFinder, Sciencedirect, Medline and Google Scholar were queried for information on Vernonia genus using various keyword combinations. The International Plant Name Index was also used to verify the names of species and authors. RESULTS A total of 109 Vernonia species were reported in the literature to have medicinal properties. One hundred and five (105) plants were linked to the treatment or management of 44 human diseases or health conditions. Plants of the genus also feature in ethnoveterinary and zoopharmacognostic practices. A total of 12 vernonia species were identified to be used in ethnoveterinary medicine while 2 species are used in self medication practices by chimpanzees and gorillas. In vitro and in vivo research studies reporting the validation of the medicinal properties of some species were also reviewed. One hundred and three bioactive compounds isolated from various Vernonia species were also identified. Vernonia amygdalina was identified as the most frequently used member of the Vernonia genus. The Vernolides, a class of sesquiterpene lactone were identified as the most studied compounds from the genus and show interesting bioactivity in antiplasmodial, antileishmanial, antischistosomial, cytotoxicity, antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory assays. CONCLUSION On the basis of results from a combination of in vitro and in vivo efficacy and toxicity studies reported, Vernonia amygdalina holds the most promise for development into a nutraceutical against diabetes and malaria while Vernonia cinerea has potential against cancer and inflammatory conditions. Vernolide A is so far the most promising single agent from a Vernonia species that has potential for development into an anticancer agent. The other Vernonia species and isolated compounds require further studies to ascertain their medicinal potentials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ngeh J Toyang
- Virgin Botanicals & Biotech Inc. Columbia, MD, USA; Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
197
|
Semenya S, Potgieter M, Tshisikhawe M, Shava S, Maroyi A. Medicinal utilization of exotic plants by Bapedi traditional healers to treat human ailments in Limpopo province, South Africa. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2012; 144:646-55. [PMID: 23069942 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2012.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2012] [Revised: 10/02/2012] [Accepted: 10/03/2012] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Most exotic plants are usually labelled as alien invasives and targeted for eradication. However, some of these exotic plants play an important role in the traditional primary healthcare sector of the Bapedi culture in the Limpopo Province of South Africa. The medicinal uses of most of these species have neither been documented nor their biological activity evaluated. AIM OF THE STUDY To make an inventory of exotic species employed by Bapedi traditional healers to treat different human ailments in the Limpopo Province, South Africa. MATERIALS AND METHODS Semi-structured interviews, observation and guided field walks with 52 traditional healers were employed to obtain ethnobotanical data during first half of 2011 on the use of exotic plant species by Bapedi healers to treat human ailments. Based on ethnobotanical information provided by these healers, specimens were collected, numbered, pressed, and dried for identification. RESULTS A total of 35 exotics species belonging to 21 families and 34 genera, mostly from the Fabaceae and Solanaceae (11.4% for each), Apocynaceae and Asteraceae (8.5% for each) were used by Bapedi healers to treat 20 human ailments. Trees (45.7%) and herbs (37.1%) are the primary source of medicinal plants. Species most frequently reported were used for the treatment of hypertension (35%), diabetes mellitus, erectile dysfunction and gonorrhoea (25% for each). The highest consensus from individual accounts of the traditional healers on the use of exotic plant remedies in this study was noted for the three ailments. These were for Catharanthus roseus (gonorrhoea, 60%), Punica granatum (diarrhoea, 38.4%) and Ricinus communis (sores, 21.5%). Of the 35 exotic plant species recorded, 34.2% are regulated by the Conservation of Agricultural Resources Act (1983) (CARA) No. 43 of 1983 either as worst weeds or invaders. CONCLUSION The present study demonstrated that exotic plant species play an important part as medicinal remedies employed by Bapedi healers to treat different human diseases in the Limpopo Province. The use of these species as alternative sources of medicinal remedies could alleviate harvesting pressure of wild indigenous plants, thereby enhance biodiversity's region. However, there is a need to formulate an appropriate policy to retain some of the useful medicinal exotics (listed under CARA No. 43 of 1983) within the environment before their medicinal value vanishes as they are eradicated through management strategies adopted by the South African government.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sebua Semenya
- Department of Biodiversity, University of Limpopo, Private Bag X1106, Sovenga 0727, South Africa.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
198
|
Maharaj R, Maharaj V, Crouch NR, Bhagwandin N, Folb PI, Pillay P, Gayaram R. Screening of selected ethnomedicinal plants from South Africa for larvicidal activity against the mosquito Anopheles arabiensis. Malar J 2012; 11:320. [PMID: 22963538 PMCID: PMC3472289 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2875-11-320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2012] [Accepted: 08/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background This study was initiated to establish whether any South African ethnomedicinal plants (indigenous or exotic), that have been reported to be used traditionally to repel or kill mosquitoes, exhibit effective mosquito larvicidal properties. Methods Extracts of a selection of plant taxa sourced in South Africa were tested for larvicidal properties in an applicable assay. Thirty 3rd instar Anopheles arabiensis larvae were exposed to various extract types (dichloromethane, dichloromethane/methanol) (1:1), methanol and purified water) of each species investigated. Mortality was evaluated relative to the positive control Temephos (Mostop; Agrivo), an effective emulsifiable concentrate larvicide. Results Preliminary screening of crude extracts revealed substantial variation in toxicity with 24 of the 381 samples displaying 100% larval mortality within the seven day exposure period. Four of the high activity plants were selected and subjected to bioassay guided fractionation. The results of the testing of the fractions generated identified one fraction of the plant, Toddalia asiatica as being very potent against the An. arabiensis larvae. Conclusion The present study has successfully identified a plant with superior larvicidal activity at both the crude and semi pure fractions generated through bio-assay guided fractionation. These results have initiated further research into isolating the active compound and developing a malaria vector control tool.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rajendra Maharaj
- South African Medical Research Council, 491 Ridge Road, Overport, Durban 4001, South Africa.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
199
|
Bioactivities of the genus Combretum (Combretaceae): a review. Molecules 2012; 17:9142-206. [PMID: 22858840 PMCID: PMC6268318 DOI: 10.3390/molecules17089142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2012] [Revised: 07/23/2012] [Accepted: 07/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The Combretaceae is a large family of herbs, shrubs and trees, comprising about 20 genera and 600 species with tropical distribution around the globe and centers of diversity in Africa and Asia. Some Combretum species are extensively used in traditional medicine against inflammation, infections, diabetes, malaria, bleeding, diarrhea and digestive disorders and others as a diuretic. The present work is a literature survey of Combretum species that have been evaluated for their ability to exert biological activities. A total number of 36 Combretum species are discussed with regard to plant parts used, component tested and bioassay models. This review is of fundamental importance to promoting studies on Combretum species, thereby contributing to the development of new therapeutic alternatives that may improve the health of people suffering from various health problems.
Collapse
|
200
|
Abouzid SF, Wahba HM, Elshamy A, Cos P, Maes L, Apers S, Pieters L, Shahat AA. Antimicrobial activity of some Clerodendrum species from Egypt. Nat Prod Res 2012; 27:1032-6. [PMID: 22594542 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2012.686905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Chloroformic and methanolic extracts of four Clerodendrum species cultivated in Egypt were screened for antimicrobial activities. Chloroformic extracts of the flowers of Clerodendrum chinense and Clerodendrum splendens were active against Plasmodium falciparum (IC50 < 10 µg mL(-1)). Chloroformic extracts of the stem and flowers of C. chinense were active against Trypanosoma cruzi (IC50 = 1.21 and 1.12 µg mL(-1), respectively) with marginal cytotoxicity. Chloroformic extracts of the leaves of C. chinense and C. splendens showed promising activities against T. cruzi (IC50 = 3.39 and 1.98 µg mL(-1), respectively) without cytotoxic effect on a human cell line. None of the selected plants showed significant activity against Gram-negative or Gram-positive bacteria or Candida albicans. Verbascoside, a phenyl propanoid glycoside isolated from the leaves of C. chinense, showed marginal activity against T. cruzi. Rengyolone, a cyclohexyl ethanoid isolated from the leaves of C. chinense, showed a broad but not specific activity against the tested organisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sameh F Abouzid
- Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|