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Tejería A, Pérez-Pertejo Y, Reguera RM, Carbajo-Andrés R, Balaña-Fouce R, Alonso C, Martin-Encinas E, Selas A, Rubiales G, Palacios F. Antileishmanial activity of new hybrid tetrahydroquinoline and quinoline derivatives with phosphorus substituents. Eur J Med Chem 2018; 162:18-31. [PMID: 30408746 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2018.10.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2018] [Revised: 10/24/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Heterocyclic compounds, such as hybrid tetrahydroquinoline and quinoline derivatives with phosphorated groups, have been prepared by multicomponent cycloaddition reaction between phosphorus-substituted anilines, aldehydes and styrenes. The antileishmanial activity of these compounds has been evaluated on both promastigotes and intramacrophagic amastigotes of Leishmania infantum. Good antileishmanial activity of functionalized tetrahydroquinolines 4a, 5a, 6b and quinoline 8b has been observed with similar activity than the standard drug amphotericin B and close selective index (SI between 43 and 57) towards L. infantum amastigotes to amphotericin B. Special interest shows tetrahydroquinolylphosphine sulfide 5a with an EC50 value (0.61 ± 0.18 μM) similar to the standard drug amphotericin B (0.32 ± 0.05 μM) and selective index (SI = 56.87). In addition, compound 4c shows remarkable inhibition on Leishmania topoisomerase IB. Parallel theoretical study of stereoelectronic properties, application of docking-based virtual screening methods, along with molecular electrostatic potential and predictive druggability analyses are also reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Tejería
- Departamento de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad de León, Campus de Vegazana s/n, 24071, León, Spain
| | - Yolanda Pérez-Pertejo
- Departamento de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad de León, Campus de Vegazana s/n, 24071, León, Spain
| | - Rosa M Reguera
- Departamento de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad de León, Campus de Vegazana s/n, 24071, León, Spain
| | - Rubén Carbajo-Andrés
- Departamento de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad de León, Campus de Vegazana s/n, 24071, León, Spain
| | - Rafael Balaña-Fouce
- Departamento de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad de León, Campus de Vegazana s/n, 24071, León, Spain
| | - Concepción Alonso
- Departamento de Química Orgánica I, Facultad de Farmacia and Centro de Investigación Lascaray (Lascaray Research Center), Universidad del País Vasco/Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea (UPV/EHU), Paseo de la Universidad 7, 01006, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Endika Martin-Encinas
- Departamento de Química Orgánica I, Facultad de Farmacia and Centro de Investigación Lascaray (Lascaray Research Center), Universidad del País Vasco/Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea (UPV/EHU), Paseo de la Universidad 7, 01006, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Asier Selas
- Departamento de Química Orgánica I, Facultad de Farmacia and Centro de Investigación Lascaray (Lascaray Research Center), Universidad del País Vasco/Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea (UPV/EHU), Paseo de la Universidad 7, 01006, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Gloria Rubiales
- Departamento de Química Orgánica I, Facultad de Farmacia and Centro de Investigación Lascaray (Lascaray Research Center), Universidad del País Vasco/Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea (UPV/EHU), Paseo de la Universidad 7, 01006, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Francisco Palacios
- Departamento de Química Orgánica I, Facultad de Farmacia and Centro de Investigación Lascaray (Lascaray Research Center), Universidad del País Vasco/Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea (UPV/EHU), Paseo de la Universidad 7, 01006, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain.
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152
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Heyde S, Philipsen L, Formaglio P, Fu Y, Baars I, Höbbel G, Kleinholz CL, Seiß EA, Stettin J, Gintschel P, Dudeck A, Bousso P, Schraven B, Müller AJ. CD11c-expressing Ly6C+CCR2+ monocytes constitute a reservoir for efficient Leishmania proliferation and cell-to-cell transmission. PLoS Pathog 2018; 14:e1007374. [PMID: 30346994 PMCID: PMC6211768 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Revised: 11/01/2018] [Accepted: 10/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The virulence of intracellular pathogens such as Leishmania major (L. major) relies largely on their ability to undergo cycles of replication within phagocytes, release, and uptake into new host cells. While all these steps are critical for successful establishment of infection, neither the cellular niche of efficient proliferation, nor the spread to new host cells have been characterized in vivo. Here, using a biosensor for measuring pathogen proliferation in the living tissue, we found that monocyte-derived Ly6C+CCR2+ phagocytes expressing CD11c constituted the main cell type harboring rapidly proliferating L. major in the ongoing infection. Synchronization of host cell recruitment and intravital 2-photon imaging showed that these high proliferating parasites preferentially underwent cell-to-cell spread. However, newly recruited host cells were infected irrespectively of their cell type or maturation state. We propose that among these cells, CD11c-expressing monocytes are most permissive for pathogen proliferation, and thus mainly fuel the cycle of intracellular proliferation and cell-to-cell transfer during the acute infection. Thus, besides the well-described function for priming and activating T cell effector functions against L. major, CD11c-expressing monocyte-derived cells provide a reservoir for rapidly proliferating parasites that disseminate at the site of infection. Infection with Leishmania parasites can result in chronic disease of several months duration, often accompanied with disfiguring and disabling pathologies. Central to Leishmania virulence is the capability to survive and multiply within professional phagocytes. While it is assumed that the parasites at some point have to exit the infected cell and infect new cells, the cycle of intracellular multiplication, release, and uptake into new host cells has never been studied in the ongoing infection. Therefore, it is unclear whether efficient growth of the pathogen takes place in a specific host cell type, or in a specific phase during the residency within, or during transfer to new cells. Here, we used a pathogen-encoded biosensor for measuring Leishmania proliferation in the ongoing infection, and in combination with a detailed analysis of the infected host cells involved. We could show that a monocyte-derived dendritic cell-like phagocyte subset, which is known for its role in inducing adaptive immune responses against Leishmania, represents a reservoir for efficient intracellular multiplication and spread to new host cells. These findings are important for our understanding of how the residency within a specific the cellular niche enables Leishmania parasites to efficiently multiply and persist at the site of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandrina Heyde
- Institute of Molecular and Clinical Immunology, Health Campus Immunology Infectiology and Inflammation (GC-I), Otto-von-Guericke-University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Lars Philipsen
- Institute of Molecular and Clinical Immunology, Health Campus Immunology Infectiology and Inflammation (GC-I), Otto-von-Guericke-University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Pauline Formaglio
- Institute of Molecular and Clinical Immunology, Health Campus Immunology Infectiology and Inflammation (GC-I), Otto-von-Guericke-University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Yan Fu
- Institute of Molecular and Clinical Immunology, Health Campus Immunology Infectiology and Inflammation (GC-I), Otto-von-Guericke-University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Iris Baars
- Institute of Molecular and Clinical Immunology, Health Campus Immunology Infectiology and Inflammation (GC-I), Otto-von-Guericke-University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Guido Höbbel
- Institute of Molecular and Clinical Immunology, Health Campus Immunology Infectiology and Inflammation (GC-I), Otto-von-Guericke-University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Corinna L. Kleinholz
- Institute of Molecular and Clinical Immunology, Health Campus Immunology Infectiology and Inflammation (GC-I), Otto-von-Guericke-University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Elena A. Seiß
- Institute of Molecular and Clinical Immunology, Health Campus Immunology Infectiology and Inflammation (GC-I), Otto-von-Guericke-University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Juliane Stettin
- Institute of Molecular and Clinical Immunology, Health Campus Immunology Infectiology and Inflammation (GC-I), Otto-von-Guericke-University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Patricia Gintschel
- Institute of Molecular and Clinical Immunology, Health Campus Immunology Infectiology and Inflammation (GC-I), Otto-von-Guericke-University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Anne Dudeck
- Institute of Molecular and Clinical Immunology, Health Campus Immunology Infectiology and Inflammation (GC-I), Otto-von-Guericke-University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Philippe Bousso
- Dynamics of Immune Responses Unit, Department of Immunology, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Burkhart Schraven
- Institute of Molecular and Clinical Immunology, Health Campus Immunology Infectiology and Inflammation (GC-I), Otto-von-Guericke-University, Magdeburg, Germany
- Department of Immune Control, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Inhoffenstrasse 7, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Andreas J. Müller
- Institute of Molecular and Clinical Immunology, Health Campus Immunology Infectiology and Inflammation (GC-I), Otto-von-Guericke-University, Magdeburg, Germany
- Research Group Intravital Microscopy of Infection and Immunity, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Inhoffenstrasse 7, Braunschweig, Germany
- * E-mail:
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153
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Pedron J, Boudot C, Bourgeade-Delmas S, Sournia-Saquet A, Paloque L, Rastegari M, Abdoulaye M, El-Kashef H, Bonduelle C, Pratviel G, Wyllie S, Fairlamb A, Courtioux B, Verhaeghe P, Valentin A. Antitrypanosomatid Pharmacomodulation at Position 3 of the 8-Nitroquinolin-2(1H)-one Scaffold Using Palladium-Catalysed Cross-Coupling Reactions. ChemMedChem 2018; 13:2217-2228. [PMID: 30221468 PMCID: PMC7089779 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201800456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2018] [Revised: 08/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
An antikinetoplastid pharmacomodulation study at position 3 of the recently described hit molecule 3-bromo-8-nitroquinolin-2(1H)-one was conducted. Twenty-four derivatives were synthesised using the Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling reaction and evaluated in vitro on both Leishmania infantum axenic amastigotes and Trypanosoma brucei brucei trypomastigotes. Introduction of a para-carboxyphenyl group at position 3 of the scaffold led to the selective antitrypanosomal hit molecule 3-(4-carboxyphenyl)-8-nitroquinolin-2(1H)-one (21) with a lower reduction potential (-0.56 V) than the initial hit (-0.45 V). Compound 21 displays micromolar antitrypanosomal activity (IC50 =1.5 μm) and low cytotoxicity on the human HepG2 cell line (CC50 =120 μm), having a higher selectivity index (SI=80) than the reference drug eflornithine. Contrary to results previously obtained in this series, hit compound 21 is inactive toward L. infantum and is not efficiently bioactivated by T. brucei brucei type I nitroreductase, which suggests the existence of an alternative mechanism of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Pedron
- LCC-CNRS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, 205 route de Narbonne, 31077 Toulouse, France
| | - Clotilde Boudot
- Université de Limoges, UMR INSERM 1094, Neuroépidémiologie Tropicale, Faculté de Pharmacie, 2 rue du Dr Marcland, 87025 Limoges, France
| | - Sandra Bourgeade-Delmas
- UMR 152 PharmaDev, Université de Toulouse, IRD, UPS, 35 Chemin des Maraîchers, 31400 Toulouse, France
| | - Alix Sournia-Saquet
- LCC-CNRS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, 205 route de Narbonne, 31077 Toulouse, France
| | - Lucie Paloque
- LCC-CNRS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, 205 route de Narbonne, 31077 Toulouse, France
| | - Maryam Rastegari
- LCC-CNRS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, 205 route de Narbonne, 31077 Toulouse, France
| | - Mansour Abdoulaye
- LCC-CNRS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, 205 route de Narbonne, 31077 Toulouse, France
| | - Hussein El-Kashef
- Assiut University, Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, 71516 Assiut, Egypt
| | - Colin Bonduelle
- LCC-CNRS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, 205 route de Narbonne, 31077 Toulouse, France
| | - Geneviève Pratviel
- LCC-CNRS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, 205 route de Narbonne, 31077 Toulouse, France
| | - Susan Wyllie
- University of Dundee, School of Life Sciences, Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, Dow Street, Dundee DD1 5EH, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Alan Fairlamb
- University of Dundee, School of Life Sciences, Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, Dow Street, Dundee DD1 5EH, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Bertrand Courtioux
- Université de Limoges, UMR INSERM 1094, Neuroépidémiologie Tropicale, Faculté de Pharmacie, 2 rue du Dr Marcland, 87025 Limoges, France
| | - Pierre Verhaeghe
- LCC-CNRS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, 205 route de Narbonne, 31077 Toulouse, France
| | - Alexis Valentin
- UMR 152 PharmaDev, Université de Toulouse, IRD, UPS, 35 Chemin des Maraîchers, 31400 Toulouse, France
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154
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Haque L, Villanueva M, Russo A, Yuan Y, Lee EJ, Topal J, Podoltsev N. A rare case of visceral leishmaniasis in an immunocompetent traveler returning to the United States from Europe. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2018; 12:e0006727. [PMID: 30286207 PMCID: PMC6171829 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0006727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
A young, healthy traveler returning to the United States presented with fever, night sweats, splenomegaly, and pancytopenia. Bone marrow biopsy revealed leishmaniasis (Leishmania infantum), likely acquired in southern France. Although many cases of endemic visceral leishmaniasis (VL) have been reported in Europe, this is a rare case of imported VL in a healthy traveler returning from Europe to the US. Despite successful initial treatment with liposomal amphotericin B (LamB), relapse occurred. Treatments for VL in immunocompetent individuals are highly effective, but relapse can occur. There is more extensive experience in endemic areas with treating relapse that may be lacking in North America. This case alerts physicians in the US that immunocompetent adults can acquire VL during brief visits to endemic areas in Europe. It is important that travelers be counseled on preventive measures. Patients should be monitored after treatment for relapse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lamia Haque
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Merceditas Villanueva
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Armand Russo
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Hematology and Oncology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Youzhong Yuan
- Department of Pathology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, United States of America
| | - Eun-Ju Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Hematology and Oncology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey Topal
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Nikolai Podoltsev
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Hematology and Oncology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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155
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Sebastián-Pérez V, Hendrickx S, Munday JC, Kalejaiye T, Martínez A, Campillo NE, de Koning H, Caljon G, Maes L, Gil C. Cyclic Nucleotide-Specific Phosphodiesterases as Potential Drug Targets for Anti-Leishmania Therapy. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2018; 62:e00603-18. [PMID: 30104270 PMCID: PMC6153811 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00603-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2018] [Accepted: 08/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The available treatments for leishmaniasis are less than optimal due to inadequate efficacy, toxic side effects, and the emergence of resistant strains, clearly endorsing the urgent need for discovery and development of novel drug candidates. Ideally, these should act via an alternative mechanism of action to avoid cross-resistance with the current drugs. As cyclic nucleotide-specific phosphodiesterases (PDEs) of Leishmania major have been postulated as putative drug targets, a series of potential inhibitors of Leishmania PDEs were explored. Several displayed potent and selective in vitro activity against L. infantum intracellular amastigotes. One imidazole derivative, compound 35, was shown to reduce the parasite loads in vivo and to increase the cellular cyclic AMP (cAMP) level at in a dose-dependent manner at just 2× and 5× the 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50), indicating a correlation between antileishmanial activity and increased cellular cAMP levels. Docking studies and molecular dynamics simulations pointed to imidazole 35 exerting its activity through PDE inhibition. This study establishes for the first time that inhibition of cAMP PDEs can potentially be exploited for new antileishmanial chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sarah Hendrickx
- Laboratory for Microbiology, Parasitology and Hygiene (LMPH), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Jane C Munday
- Institute of Infection, Inflammation and Immunity, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Titilola Kalejaiye
- Institute of Infection, Inflammation and Immunity, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Ana Martínez
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas (CIB, CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Harry de Koning
- Institute of Infection, Inflammation and Immunity, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Guy Caljon
- Laboratory for Microbiology, Parasitology and Hygiene (LMPH), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Louis Maes
- Laboratory for Microbiology, Parasitology and Hygiene (LMPH), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Carmen Gil
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas (CIB, CSIC), Madrid, Spain
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156
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Veillet-Lemay G, Kreviazuk C, Fahim S. An Unusual Presentation of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in 2 Canadian Patients: A Case Report. J Cutan Med Surg 2018; 23:108-110. [PMID: 30249118 DOI: 10.1177/1203475418803620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Cheryl Kreviazuk
- 2 Clinical Research Assistant, The Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Simone Fahim
- 3 Division of Dermatology, The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, ON, Canada
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157
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Fersing C, Boudot C, Pedron J, Hutter S, Primas N, Castera-Ducros C, Bourgeade-Delmas S, Sournia-Saquet A, Moreau A, Cohen A, Stigliani JL, Pratviel G, Crozet MD, Wyllie S, Fairlamb A, Valentin A, Rathelot P, Azas N, Courtioux B, Verhaeghe P, Vanelle P. 8-Aryl-6-chloro-3-nitro-2-(phenylsulfonylmethyl)imidazo[1,2-a]pyridines as potent antitrypanosomatid molecules bioactivated by type 1 nitroreductases. Eur J Med Chem 2018; 157:115-126. [PMID: 30092366 PMCID: PMC7089781 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2018.07.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2018] [Revised: 07/26/2018] [Accepted: 07/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Based on a previously identified antileishmanial 6,8-dibromo-3-nitroimidazo[1,2-a]pyridine derivative, a Suzuki-Miyaura coupling reaction at position 8 of the scaffold was studied and optimized from a 8-bromo-6-chloro-3-nitroimidazo[1,2-a]pyridine substrate. Twenty-one original derivatives were prepared, screened in vitro for activity against L. infantum axenic amastigotes and T. brucei brucei trypomastigotes and evaluated for their cytotoxicity on the HepG2 human cell line. Thus, 7 antileishmanial hit compounds were identified, displaying IC50 values in the 1.1-3 μM range. Compounds 13 and 23, the 2 most selective molecules (SI = >18 or >17) were additionally tested on both the promastigote and intramacrophage amastigote stages of L. donovani. The two molecules presented a good activity (IC50 = 1.2-1.3 μM) on the promastigote stage but only molecule 23, bearing a 4-pyridinyl substituent at position 8, was active on the intracellular amastigote stage, with a good IC50 value (2.3 μM), slightly lower than the one of miltefosine (IC50 = 4.3 μM). The antiparasitic screening also revealed 8 antitrypanosomal hit compounds, including 14 and 20, 2 very active (IC50 = 0.04-0.16 μM) and selective (SI = >313 to 550) molecules toward T. brucei brucei, in comparison with drug-candidate fexinidazole (IC50 = 0.6 & SI > 333) or reference drugs suramin and eflornithine (respective IC50 = 0.03 and 13.3 μM). Introducing an aryl moiety at position 8 of the scaffold quite significantly increased the antitrypanosomal activity of the pharmacophore. Antikinetoplastid molecules 13, 14, 20 and 23 were assessed for bioactivation by parasitic nitroreductases (either in L. donovani or in T. brucei brucei), using genetically modified parasite strains that over-express NTRs: all these molecules are substrates of type 1 nitroreductases (NTR1), such as those that are responsible for the bioactivation of fexinidazole. Reduction potentials measured for these 4 hit compounds were higher than that of fexinidazole (-0.83 V), ranging from -0.70 to -0.64 V.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cyril Fersing
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, ICR UMR 7273, Equipe Pharmaco-Chimie Radicalaire, FAC PHARM, 27 Boulevard Jean Moulin, CS30064, 13385, Marseille Cedex 05, France
| | - Clotilde Boudot
- Université de Limoges, UMR Inserm 1094, Neuroépidémiologie Tropicale, Faculté de Pharmacie, 2 rue du Dr Marcland, 87025, Limoges, France
| | - Julien Pedron
- LCC-CNRS Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Sébastien Hutter
- IHU Méditerranée Infection, Aix-Marseille Univ, UMR VITROME, 19-21 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13005, Marseille, France
| | - Nicolas Primas
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, ICR UMR 7273, Equipe Pharmaco-Chimie Radicalaire, FAC PHARM, 27 Boulevard Jean Moulin, CS30064, 13385, Marseille Cedex 05, France
| | - Caroline Castera-Ducros
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, ICR UMR 7273, Equipe Pharmaco-Chimie Radicalaire, FAC PHARM, 27 Boulevard Jean Moulin, CS30064, 13385, Marseille Cedex 05, France
| | | | | | - Alain Moreau
- LCC-CNRS Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Anita Cohen
- IHU Méditerranée Infection, Aix-Marseille Univ, UMR VITROME, 19-21 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13005, Marseille, France
| | | | | | - Maxime D Crozet
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, ICR UMR 7273, Equipe Pharmaco-Chimie Radicalaire, FAC PHARM, 27 Boulevard Jean Moulin, CS30064, 13385, Marseille Cedex 05, France
| | - Susan Wyllie
- University of Dundee, School of Life Sciences, Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, Dow Street, Dundee, DD1 5EH, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Alan Fairlamb
- University of Dundee, School of Life Sciences, Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, Dow Street, Dundee, DD1 5EH, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Alexis Valentin
- UMR 152 PHARMA-DEV, Université de Toulouse, IRD, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Pascal Rathelot
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, ICR UMR 7273, Equipe Pharmaco-Chimie Radicalaire, FAC PHARM, 27 Boulevard Jean Moulin, CS30064, 13385, Marseille Cedex 05, France
| | - Nadine Azas
- IHU Méditerranée Infection, Aix-Marseille Univ, UMR VITROME, 19-21 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13005, Marseille, France
| | - Bertrand Courtioux
- Université de Limoges, UMR Inserm 1094, Neuroépidémiologie Tropicale, Faculté de Pharmacie, 2 rue du Dr Marcland, 87025, Limoges, France
| | | | - Patrice Vanelle
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, ICR UMR 7273, Equipe Pharmaco-Chimie Radicalaire, FAC PHARM, 27 Boulevard Jean Moulin, CS30064, 13385, Marseille Cedex 05, France.
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158
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Calixto SL, Glanzmann N, Xavier Silveira MM, da Trindade Granato J, Gorza Scopel KK, Torres de Aguiar T, DaMatta RA, Macedo GC, da Silva AD, Coimbra ES. Novel organic salts based on quinoline derivatives: The in vitro activity trigger apoptosis inhibiting autophagy in Leishmania spp. Chem Biol Interact 2018; 293:141-151. [PMID: 30098941 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2018.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2018] [Revised: 07/09/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Leishmaniases are infectious diseases, caused by protozoa of the Leishmania genus. These drugs present high toxicity, long-term administration, many adverse effects and are expensive, besides the identification of resistant parasites. In this work, the antileishmanial activity of quinoline derivative salts (QDS) was evaluated, as well as the toxicity on mammalian cells and the mechanism of action of the most promising compound. Among the compound tested, only the compound QDS3 showed activity against promastigotes and amastigotes of Leishmania spp., being more active against the intracellular amastigotes of L. amazonensis-GFP (IC50 of 5.48 μM). This value is very close to the one observed for miltefosine (IC50 of 4.05 μM), used as control drug. Furthermore, the compound QDS3 exhibited a selective effect, being 40.35 times more toxic to the amastigote form than to the host cell. Additionally, promastigotes of L. amazonensis treated with this compound exhibited characteristics of cells in the process of apoptosis such as mitochondrial membrane depolarization, mitochondrial swelling, increase of ROS production, phosphatidylserine externalization, reduced and rounded shape, and cell cycle alteration. The integrity of the plasma membrane remained unaltered, excluding necrosis in treated promastigotes. The compound QDS3 inhibited the formation of autophagic vacuoles, which may have contributed to parasite death by preventing autophagic mechanisms in the removal of damaged organelles, intensifying the damage caused by the treatment, highlighting the antileishmanial effect of this compound. In addition, treatment with QDS3 induced increased ROS levels in L. amazonensis-infected macrophages, but not in uninfected host cell. These data reinforce that the induction of oxidative stress is one of the main toxic effects caused by the treatment with the compound QDS3 in L. amazonensis, causing irreversible damage and triggering a selective death of intracellular parasites. Data shown here confirm the biological activity of quinoline derivatives and encourage future in vivo studies with this compound in the murine model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephane Lima Calixto
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Microbiologia e Imunologia, I.C.B, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Campus Universitário, Juiz de Fora, MG, 36036-900, Brazil
| | - Nícolas Glanzmann
- Departamento de Química, I.C.E, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Campus Universitário, Juiz de Fora, MG, 36036-900, Brazil
| | - Michele Maria Xavier Silveira
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Microbiologia e Imunologia, I.C.B, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Campus Universitário, Juiz de Fora, MG, 36036-900, Brazil
| | - Juliana da Trindade Granato
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Microbiologia e Imunologia, I.C.B, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Campus Universitário, Juiz de Fora, MG, 36036-900, Brazil
| | - Kezia Katiani Gorza Scopel
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Microbiologia e Imunologia, I.C.B, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Campus Universitário, Juiz de Fora, MG, 36036-900, Brazil
| | - Thiago Torres de Aguiar
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular e Tecidual, CBB, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ, 28013-602, Brazil
| | - Renato Augusto DaMatta
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular e Tecidual, CBB, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ, 28013-602, Brazil
| | - Gilson Costa Macedo
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Microbiologia e Imunologia, I.C.B, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Campus Universitário, Juiz de Fora, MG, 36036-900, Brazil
| | - Adilson David da Silva
- Departamento de Química, I.C.E, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Campus Universitário, Juiz de Fora, MG, 36036-900, Brazil
| | - Elaine Soares Coimbra
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Microbiologia e Imunologia, I.C.B, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Campus Universitário, Juiz de Fora, MG, 36036-900, Brazil.
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da Rocha Pissurno AP, Santos FA, Candido ACBB, Magalhães LG, da Silva de Laurentiz R. In vitro leishmanicidal activity of lactone 1,4-dihydroquinoline derivatives against Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis. Med Chem Res 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-018-2231-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Casa DM, Scariot DB, Khalil NM, Nakamura CV, Mainardes RM. Bovine serum albumin nanoparticles containing amphotericin B were effective in treating murine cutaneous leishmaniasis and reduced the drug toxicity. Exp Parasitol 2018; 192:12-18. [PMID: 30026113 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2018.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2018] [Revised: 06/21/2018] [Accepted: 07/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Cutaneous leishmaniasis is the most common form of leishmaniasis and the available chemotherapy causes serious side effects, justifying the search for new therapies. This study investigated the antileishmanial activity of bovine serum albumin (BSA) nanoparticles containing amphotericin B (AmB) against Leishmania amazonensis. The antiproliferative activity against promastigotes and amastigotes was assessed and the cytotoxicity was determined and compared to commercial AmB-deoxycholate (AmB-D). In vivo antileishmania activity was evaluated in murine cutaneous leishmaniasis model. BSA nanoparticles showed spherical shape, mean size about 180 nm, zeta potential of ≈ -45 mV and AmB encapsulation efficiency >95%. AmB-D was effective in promastigote and amastigote forms, while AmB-loaded BSA nanoparticles were more effective against amastigotes than promastigotes. AmB-D was more effective than AmB-loaded BSA nanoparticles in both forms, however, the lowest cytotoxicity against macrophages was achieved by AmB-nanoparticles. BALB/c mice treated with AmB-D or AmB-loaded BSA nanoparticles showed a significant decrease in the lesion thickness at the infected footpad. Histopathological analysis after 3 weeks of treatment revealed AmB-D-related toxicity in heart, spleen, lung, liver and kidneys, while treatment with AmB-loaded BSA nanoparticles did not reveal tissue toxicity. The antileishmanial efficacy and the reduced toxicity become BSA nanoparticles containing AmB a potential candidate for treating cutaneous leishmaniasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- D M Casa
- Department of Pharmacy, Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Universidade Estadual do Centro-Oeste-UNICENTRO, Rua Simeão Camargo Varela de Sá 03, Guarapuava, 85040-080, Brazil
| | - D B Scariot
- Department of Pharmacy, Laboratory of Technological Innovation in the Development of Drugs and Cosmetics, Universidade Estadual de Maringá Maringá-UEM, Avenida Colombo 5790, Maringá, PR 87020-900, Brazil
| | - N M Khalil
- Department of Pharmacy, Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Universidade Estadual do Centro-Oeste-UNICENTRO, Rua Simeão Camargo Varela de Sá 03, Guarapuava, 85040-080, Brazil
| | - C V Nakamura
- Department of Pharmacy, Laboratory of Technological Innovation in the Development of Drugs and Cosmetics, Universidade Estadual de Maringá Maringá-UEM, Avenida Colombo 5790, Maringá, PR 87020-900, Brazil
| | - R M Mainardes
- Department of Pharmacy, Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Universidade Estadual do Centro-Oeste-UNICENTRO, Rua Simeão Camargo Varela de Sá 03, Guarapuava, 85040-080, Brazil.
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161
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Müller KE, Zampieri RA, Aoki JI, Muxel SM, Nerland AH, Floeter-Winter LM. Amino acid permease 3 (aap3) coding sequence as a target for Leishmania identification and diagnosis of leishmaniases using high resolution melting analysis. Parasit Vectors 2018; 11:421. [PMID: 30012182 PMCID: PMC6048756 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-018-2989-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2018] [Accepted: 07/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The leishmaniases comprise a spectrum of clinical manifestations caused by different species of Leishmania. Identification of species is important for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up management. However, there is no gold standard for species identification. High resolution melting analysis (HRM) offers a possibility to differentiate Leishmania species without the need for processing of the PCR-product. The amino acid permease 3 (aap3) gene is an exclusive target for trypanosomatids and is conserved among Leishmania spp., thus it can be a valuable target for an HRM assay for diagnosis of the leishmaniases. Results The HRM dissociation profiles of three amplicons targeting the aap3-coding region allowed the discrimination of L. (Leishmania) donovani, L. (L.) infantum, L. (L.) major, L. (L.) tropica, L. (L.) mexicana, L. (L.) amazonensis, L. (Viannia) braziliensis, L. (V.) guyanensis, L. (V.) lainsoni, L. (V.) naiffi and L. (V.) shawi using DNA from promastigote cultures. The protocol was validated with DNA samples from clinical infection in humans and a cat, naturally infected sand flies, and experimentally infected mice. Conclusions HRM analysis using the aap3 coding sequence as target is a relatively cheap, fast and robust strategy to detect and discriminate Leishmania species from all the endemic regions worldwide. The target and method proved to be useful in clinical, field and experimental samples, thus it could be used as a tool in diagnosis as well as ecological and epidemiological studies. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13071-018-2989-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl Erik Müller
- Department of Clinical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bergen, Postboks 7804, 5020, Bergen, Norway.
| | - Ricardo Andrade Zampieri
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo, Rua do Matão Travessa 14 no. 101, São Paulo, SP, 05508900, Brazil
| | - Juliana Ide Aoki
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo, Rua do Matão Travessa 14 no. 101, São Paulo, SP, 05508900, Brazil
| | - Sandra Marcia Muxel
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo, Rua do Matão Travessa 14 no. 101, São Paulo, SP, 05508900, Brazil
| | - Audun Helge Nerland
- Department of Clinical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bergen, Postboks 7804, 5020, Bergen, Norway
| | - Lucile Maria Floeter-Winter
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo, Rua do Matão Travessa 14 no. 101, São Paulo, SP, 05508900, Brazil
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162
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González-Sánchez ME, Cuquerella M, Alunda JM. Superimposed visceral leishmanial infection aggravates response to Heligmosomoides polygyrus. Parasit Vectors 2018; 11:404. [PMID: 29996937 PMCID: PMC6042253 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-018-2987-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2018] [Accepted: 07/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Polyparasitism is the rule in all animal species, including humans, and has an important role in pathogenicity, diagnosis and control measures. Among them, co-infections by gastrointestinal helminths and protists are very prevalent under natural conditions but experimental infections are relatively scarce. Thus, despite the frequent association of visceral Leishmania infections and intestinal helminth parasitism the experimental co-infection has not been addressed. Heligmosomoides polygyrus, an intestinal nematode of mice, is related to other helminths causing important pathologies and is a model species for immunological studies. Mice are valuable experimental model for visceral leishmaniasis. Methods BALB/c mice infected with H. polygyrus (200 third-stage larvae, L3) were subsequently infected seven days later with Leishmania infantum (107 promastigotes) with the aim of determining the effect of the overinfection on the host response to the primary infection with the helminth. Results Overinfection with the protist did not affect the establishment rate of the nematode but induced a higher fecal egg output. Helminth burdens in co-infected animals were significant at the end of the experiment. Early unspecific immune suppression induced by the nematode in mesenteric lymph nodes was not switched by L. infantum infection. Co-infection elicited a higher serum antibody (IgG1) response against the helminth. Conclusions Visceral leishmanial overinfection aggravated the early host response against primary infections with the intestinal helminth. This effect was evidenced by an increased longevity and higher production of non-protective antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- M E González-Sánchez
- Department of Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040, Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Hospital Doce de Octubre, Avda. Andalucía s/n, 28041, Madrid, Spain
| | - M Cuquerella
- Department of Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040, Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Hospital Doce de Octubre, Avda. Andalucía s/n, 28041, Madrid, Spain
| | - J M Alunda
- Department of Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040, Madrid, Spain. .,Instituto de Investigación Hospital Doce de Octubre, Avda. Andalucía s/n, 28041, Madrid, Spain.
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163
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Valdivieso E, Mejías F, Torrealba C, Benaim G, Kouznetsov VV, Sojo F, Rojas-Ruiz FA, Arvelo F, Dagger F. In vitro 4-Aryloxy-7-chloroquinoline derivatives are effective in mono- and combined therapy against Leishmania donovani and induce mitocondrial membrane potential disruption. Acta Trop 2018; 183:36-42. [PMID: 29604246 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2018.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2018] [Revised: 02/27/2018] [Accepted: 03/24/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
The present study evaluates in vitro the effect of two synthetic compounds of the 7-chloro-4-aryloxyquinoline series, QI (C17H12ClNO3) and QII (C18H15ClN4O2S), on Leishmania donovani parasites. The results obtained demonstrate that these compounds are able to inhibit the proliferation of L. donovani promastigotes in a dose-dependent way (QI IC50 = 13.03 ± 3.4 and QII IC50 = 7.90 ± 0.6 μM). Likewise, these compounds significantly reduced the percentage of macrophage infection by amastigotesand the number of amastigotes within macrophage phagolysosomes, the clinical relevant phase of these parasites. Compound QI showed an IC50 value of 0.66 ± 0.2 μM, while for derivative QII, the corresponding IC50 was 1.02 ± 0.17 μM. Interestingly, the amastigotes were more susceptible to the drug treatment when compared to promastigotes. Furthermore, no cytotoxic effect of these compounds was observed on the macrophage cell line at the concentrations tested. The combination of these compounds with miltefosine and amphotericin B on both parasite morphotypes was evaluated. The isobolograms showed a synergistic effect for both combinations; with a Fractional Inhibitory Concentration (FIC) Index lower than 1 for promastigotes and less than 0.3 for intracellular amastigotes. The effect of QI and QII on mitochondrial membrane potential was also studied. The combination of quinolone derivatives compounds with miltefosine and amphotericin B showed 5-8-fold stronger depolarization of membrane mitochondrial potential when compared to drugs alone. The present work validates the combination of drugs as an effective alternative to potentiate the action of anti-Leishmania agents and points to the quinoline compounds studied here as possible leishmanicidal drugs.
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164
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Calegari-Silva TC, Vivarini ÁC, Pereira RDMS, Dias-Teixeira KL, Rath CT, Pacheco ASS, Silva GBL, Pinto CAS, Dos Santos JV, Saliba AM, Corbett CEP, de Castro Gomes CM, Fasel N, Lopes UG. Leishmania amazonensis downregulates macrophage iNOS expression via Histone Deacetylase 1 (HDAC1): a novel parasite evasion mechanism. Eur J Immunol 2018; 48:1188-1198. [PMID: 29645094 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201747257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Revised: 02/16/2018] [Accepted: 03/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The induced expression of nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) controls the intracellular growth of Leishmania in infected macrophages. Histones deacetylases (HDACs) negatively regulate gene expression through the formation of complexes containing transcription factors such as NF-κB p50/50. Herein, we demonstrated the occupancy of p50/p50_HDAC1 to iNOS promoter associated with reduced levels of H3K9Ac. Remarkably, we found increased levels of HDAC1 in L. amazonensis-infected macrophages. HDAC1 upregulation was not found in L. major-infected macrophages. The parasite intracellular load was reduced in HDAC1 knocked-down macrophages, which presented increased nitric oxide levels. HDAC1 silencing led to the occupancy of CBP/p300 to iNOS promoter and the rise of H3K9Ac modification. Importantly, the immunostaining of skin samples from hiporeactive cutaneous leishmaniasis patients infected with L. amazonensis, revealed high levels of HDAC1. In brief, L. amazonensis induces HDAC1 in infected macrophages, which contribute to parasite survival and is associated to hiporeactive stage found in L. amazonensis infected patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa C Calegari-Silva
- Laboratório de Parasitologia Molecular, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, CCS, UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Áislan C Vivarini
- Laboratório de Parasitologia Molecular, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, CCS, UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Renata de M S Pereira
- Laboratório de Parasitologia Molecular, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, CCS, UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Karina L Dias-Teixeira
- Laboratório de Parasitologia Molecular, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, CCS, UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Carolina T Rath
- Laboratório de Parasitologia Molecular, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, CCS, UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Amanda S S Pacheco
- Laboratório de Parasitologia Molecular, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, CCS, UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Gabrielle B L Silva
- Laboratório de Parasitologia Molecular, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, CCS, UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Charlene A S Pinto
- Laboratório de Parasitologia Molecular, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, CCS, UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - José V Dos Santos
- Laboratório de Parasitologia Molecular, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, CCS, UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Alessandra M Saliba
- Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Carlos E P Corbett
- Departamento de Patologia, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Nicolas Fasel
- Departamento of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Ulisses G Lopes
- Laboratório de Parasitologia Molecular, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, CCS, UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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165
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Depression of lymphocyte activity during cutaneous leishmaniasis: a case report. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2018; 92:230-234. [PMID: 29950279 DOI: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2018.05.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2018] [Revised: 05/09/2018] [Accepted: 05/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Skin leishmaniasis includes lesions of different appearance, shape, and severity, spanning from alarming diffuse lesions to an asymptomatic course. Moreover, aspecific presentation, as well as challenging differential diagnosis of cutaneous leishmaniasis, may request more in-depth investigations on the intriguing and complex pathogenesis of such infection. A 7-year case of worsening cutaneous leishmaniasis in the left frontoparietal region of the scalp, achieving omolateral eyebrow, in a 68-year-old male patient prompted us to address the immunity profile of peripheral blood lymphocytes. An increase of regulatory CD19+/CD38bright/CD24bright B cell lymphocytes was observed at the front of normal levels of other lymphocytes subpopulations, including CD4+/CD25bright T cells. The total IgG and IgM, as well as proinflammatory subclasses of IgG, were below the normal range. However, IgG4 subclass was found normal. In conclusion, our data may indicate inhibition of humoral immunity associated with an increase of lymphocyte B-regulatory subpopulation.
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In-Vitro Activity of Silybin and Related Flavonolignans against Leishmania infantum and L. donovani. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23071560. [PMID: 29954145 PMCID: PMC6100512 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23071560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2018] [Revised: 06/21/2018] [Accepted: 06/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Flavonolignans from the seeds of the milk thistle (Silybum marianum) have been extensively used in folk medicine for centuries. Confirmation of their properties as hepatoprotective, antioxidant and anticancer has been obtained using standardized extracts and purified flavonolignans. Information on their potential effect on Leishmania is very scarce. We have investigated the effect of silymarin, silybin and related flavonolignans on the multiplication of promastigotes in vitro and ex vivo on intracellular amastigotes of L. infantum (Li) and L. donovani (Ld), causative agents of human and canine visceral leishmaniasis (VL). In addition, the potential synergistic effect of the most active molecule and well-established antileishmanial drugs against promastigotes was explored. Dehydroisosilybin A elicited the highest inhibition against Ld and Li promastigotes with an approximate IC50 of 90.23 µM. This molecule showed a moderate synergism with amphotericin B (AmB) but not with SbIII or paromomycin, although it was ineffective against amastigotes. Antileishmanial activity on intracellular amastigotes of the two diastereoisomers of dehydrosilybin (10 µM) was comparable to that elicited by 0.1 µM AmB. Antiproliferative activity and safety of flavonolignans suggest the interest of exploring their potential value in combination therapy against VL.
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Pedron J, Boudot C, Hutter S, Bourgeade-Delmas S, Stigliani JL, Sournia-Saquet A, Moreau A, Boutet-Robinet E, Paloque L, Mothes E, Laget M, Vendier L, Pratviel G, Wyllie S, Fairlamb A, Azas N, Courtioux B, Valentin A, Verhaeghe P. Novel 8-nitroquinolin-2(1H)-ones as NTR-bioactivated antikinetoplastid molecules: Synthesis, electrochemical and SAR study. Eur J Med Chem 2018; 155:135-152. [PMID: 29885575 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2018.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Revised: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 06/01/2018] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
To study the antiparasitic 8-nitroquinolin-2(1H)-one pharmacophore, a series of 31 derivatives was synthesized in 1-5 steps and evaluated in vitro against both Leishmania infantum and Trypanosoma brucei brucei. In parallel, the reduction potential of all molecules was measured by cyclic voltammetry. Structure-activity relationships first indicated that antileishmanial activity depends on an intramolecular hydrogen bond (described by X-ray diffraction) between the lactam function and the nitro group, which is responsible for an important shift of the redox potential (+0.3 V in comparison with 8-nitroquinoline). With the assistance of computational chemistry, a set of derivatives presenting a large range of redox potentials (from -1.1 to -0.45 V) was designed and provided a list of suitable molecules to be synthesized and tested. This approach highlighted that, in this series, only substrates with a redox potential above -0.6 V display activity toward L. infantum. Nevertheless, such relation between redox potentials and in vitro antiparasitic activities was not observed in T. b. brucei. Compound 22 is a new hit compound in the series, displaying both antileishmanial and antitrypanosomal activity along with a low cytotoxicity on the human HepG2 cell line. Compound 22 is selectively bioactivated by the type 1 nitroreductases (NTR1) of L. donovani and T. brucei brucei. Moreover, despite being mutagenic in the Ames test, as most of nitroaromatic derivatives, compound 22 was not genotoxic in the comet assay. Preliminary in vitro pharmacokinetic parameters were finally determined and pointed out a good in vitro microsomal stability (half-life > 40 min) and a 92% binding to human albumin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Pedron
- LCC-CNRS Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Clotilde Boudot
- Université de Limoges, UMR INSERM 1094, Neuroépidémiologie Tropicale, Faculté de Pharmacie, 2 rue du Dr Marcland, 87025, Limoges, France
| | - Sébastien Hutter
- IHU Méditerranée Infection, équipe VITROME « Vecteurs, Infections Tropicales et Méditerranéennes, 19-21 boulevard Jean Moulin, 13385, Marseille Cedex 05, France
| | | | | | | | - Alain Moreau
- LCC-CNRS Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Elisa Boutet-Robinet
- Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), Université de Toulouse, INRA, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Lucie Paloque
- LCC-CNRS Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | | | - Michèle Laget
- UMR MD1, U1261, AMU, INSERM, SSA, IRBA, MCT, Marseille, France
| | - Laure Vendier
- LCC-CNRS Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | | | - Susan Wyllie
- University of Dundee, School of Life Sciences, Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, Dow Street, Dundee, DD1 5EH, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Alan Fairlamb
- University of Dundee, School of Life Sciences, Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, Dow Street, Dundee, DD1 5EH, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Nadine Azas
- IHU Méditerranée Infection, équipe VITROME « Vecteurs, Infections Tropicales et Méditerranéennes, 19-21 boulevard Jean Moulin, 13385, Marseille Cedex 05, France
| | - Bertrand Courtioux
- Université de Limoges, UMR INSERM 1094, Neuroépidémiologie Tropicale, Faculté de Pharmacie, 2 rue du Dr Marcland, 87025, Limoges, France
| | - Alexis Valentin
- UMR 152 PharmaDev, Université de Toulouse, IRD, UPS, Toulouse, France
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Lamm R, Alves C, Perrotta G, Murphy M, Messina C, Sanchez JF, Perez E, Rosales LA, Lescano AG, Smith E, Valdivia H, Fuhrer J, Ballard SB. Prevalence of and Factors Associated with Negative Microscopic Diagnosis of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in Rural Peru. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2018; 99:331-337. [PMID: 29869605 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.17-0909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Cutaneous leishmaniasis is endemic to South America where diagnosis is most commonly conducted via microscopy. Patients with suspected leishmaniasis were referred for enrollment by the Ministry of Health (MoH) in Lima, Iquitos, Puerto Maldonado, and several rural areas of Peru. A 43-question survey requesting age, gender, occupation, characterization of the lesion(s), history of leishmaniasis, and insect-deterrent behaviors was administered. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was conducted on lesion materials at the Naval Medical Research Unit No. 6 in Lima, and the results were compared with those obtained by the MoH using microscopy. Factors associated with negative microscopy and positive PCR results were identified using χ2 test, t-test, and multivariate logistic regression analyses. Negative microscopy with positive PCR occurred in 31% (123/403) of the 403 cases. After adjusting for confounders, binary multivariate logistic regression analyses revealed that negative microscopy with positive PCR was associated with patients who were male (adjusted odds ration [OR] = 1.93 [1.06-3.53], P = 0.032), had previous leishmaniasis (adjusted OR = 2.93 [1.65-5.22], P < 0.0001), had larger lesions (adjusted OR = 1.02 [1.003-1.03], P = 0.016), and/or had a longer duration between lesion appearance and PCR testing (adjusted OR = 1.12 [1.02-1.22], P = 0.017). Future research should focus on further exploration of these underlying variables, discovery of other factors that may be associated with negative microscopy diagnosis, and the development and implementation of improved testing in endemic regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Lamm
- Stony Brook University School of Medicine, Stony Brook, New York.,Thomas Jefferson University Hospital, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,US Naval Medical Research Unit No. 6, Lima, Peru
| | | | - Grace Perrotta
- Stony Brook University School of Medicine, Stony Brook, New York
| | - Meagan Murphy
- Stony Brook University School of Medicine, Stony Brook, New York
| | | | - Juan F Sanchez
- Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru.,School of Medicine, Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas (UPC), Lima, Peru.,US Naval Medical Research Unit No. 6, Lima, Peru
| | - Erika Perez
- US Naval Medical Research Unit No. 6, Lima, Peru
| | | | - Andres G Lescano
- Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru.,US Naval Medical Research Unit No. 6, Lima, Peru
| | - Edward Smith
- US Naval Medical Research Unit No. 6, Lima, Peru
| | | | - Jack Fuhrer
- Stony Brook University School of Medicine, Stony Brook, New York
| | - Sarah-Blythe Ballard
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland.,US Naval Medical Research Unit No. 6, Lima, Peru
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169
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Jaegger CF, Negrão F, Assis DM, Belaz KRA, Angolini CFF, Fernandes AMAP, Santos VG, Pimentel A, Abánades DR, Giorgio S, Eberlin MN, Rocha DFO. MALDI MS imaging investigation of the host response to visceral leishmaniasis. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2018; 13:1946-1953. [PMID: 28758666 DOI: 10.1039/c7mb00306d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) of animal tissues has become an important tool for in situ molecular analyses and biomarker studies in several clinical areas, but there are few applications in parasitological studies. Leishmaniasis is a neglected tropical disease, and experimental mouse models have been essential to evaluate pathological and immunological processes and to develop diagnostic methods. Herein we have employed MALDI MSI to examine peptides and low molecular weight proteins (2 to 20 kDa) differentially expressed in the liver during visceral leishmaniasis in mice models. We analyzed liver sections of Balb/c mice infected with Leishmania infantum using the SCiLS Lab software for statistical analysis, which facilitated data interpretation and thus highlighted several key proteins and/or peptides. We proposed a decision tree classification for visceral leishmaniasis with distinct phases of the disease, which are named here as healthy, acute infection and chronic infection. Among others, the ion of m/z 4963 was the most important to identify acute infection and was tentatively identified as Thymosin β4. This peptide was previously established as a recovery factor in the human liver and might participate in the response of mice to Leishmania infection. This preliminary investigation shows the potential of MALDI MSI to complement classical compound selective imaging techniques and to explore new features not yet recognized by these approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- C F Jaegger
- ThoMSon Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, University of Campinas - UNICAMP, Campinas, SP, Brazil.
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170
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Martínez-López M, Soto M, Iborra S, Sancho D. Leishmania Hijacks Myeloid Cells for Immune Escape. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:883. [PMID: 29867798 PMCID: PMC5949370 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.00883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Protozoan parasites of the Leishmania genus are the causative agents of leishmaniasis, a group of neglected tropical diseases whose clinical manifestations vary depending on the infectious Leishmania species but also on host factors. Recognition of the parasite by host myeloid immune cells is a key to trigger an effective Leishmania-specific immunity. However, the parasite is able to persist in host myeloid cells by evading, delaying and manipulating host immunity in order to escape host resistance and ensure its transmission. Neutrophils are first in infiltrating infection sites and could act either favoring or protecting against infection, depending on factors such as the genetic background of the host or the parasite species. Macrophages are the main host cells where the parasites grow and divide. However, macrophages are also the main effector population involved in parasite clearance. Parasite elimination by macrophages requires the priming and development of an effector Th1 adaptive immunity driven by specific subtypes of dendritic cells. Herein, we will provide a comprehensive outline of how myeloid cells regulate innate and adaptive immunity against Leishmania, and the mechanisms used by the parasites to promote their evasion and sabotage. Understanding the interactions between Leishmania and the host myeloid cells may lead to the development of new therapeutic approaches and improved vaccination to leishmaniases, an important worldwide health problem in which current therapeutic or preventive approaches are limited.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Martínez-López
- Immunobiology Laboratory, Fundación Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares "Carlos III", Madrid, Spain
| | - Manuel Soto
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa - Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Salvador Iborra
- Immunobiology Laboratory, Fundación Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares "Carlos III", Madrid, Spain.,Department of Immunology, Complutense University School of Medicine and 12 de Octubre Health Research Institute (imas12), Madrid, Spain
| | - David Sancho
- Immunobiology Laboratory, Fundación Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares "Carlos III", Madrid, Spain
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171
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Ortalli M, Ilari A, Colotti G, De Ionna I, Battista T, Bisi A, Gobbi S, Rampa A, Di Martino RMC, Gentilomi GA, Varani S, Belluti F. Identification of chalcone-based antileishmanial agents targeting trypanothione reductase. Eur J Med Chem 2018; 152:527-541. [PMID: 29758517 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2018.04.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2018] [Revised: 04/27/2018] [Accepted: 04/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
All currently used first-line and second-line drugs for the treatment of leishmaniasis exhibit several drawbacks including toxicity, high costs and route of administration. Furthermore, some drugs are associated with the emergence of drug resistance. Thus, the development of new treatments for leishmaniasis is a priority in the field of neglected tropical diseases. The present work highlights the use of natural derived products, i.e. chalcones, as potential source of antileishmanial agents. Thirty-one novel chalcone compounds have been synthesized and their activity has been evaluated against promastigotes of Leishmania donovani; 16 compounds resulted active against L. donovani in a range from 3.0 to 21.5 μM, showing low toxicity against mammalian cells. Among these molecules, 6 and 16 showed good inhibitory activity on both promastigotes and intracellular amastigotes, coupled with an high selectivity index. Furthermore, compounds 6 and 16 inhibited the promastigote growth of other leishmanial species, including L. tropica, L. major and L. infantum. Finally, 6 and 16 interacted with high affinity with trypanothione reductase (TR), an essential enzyme for the leishmanial parasite and compound 6 inhibited TR with sub-micromolar potency. Thus, the effective inhibitory activity against Leishmania, the lack of toxicity on mammalian cells and the ability to block a crucial parasite's enzyme, highlight the potential for compound 6 to be optimized as novel drug candidate against leishmaniasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margherita Ortalli
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Andrea Ilari
- CNR-Institute of Molecular Biology and Pathology, Rome, Italy
| | - Gianni Colotti
- CNR-Institute of Molecular Biology and Pathology, Rome, Italy
| | - Ilenia De Ionna
- Department of Biochemical Sciences "A. Rossi Fanelli", Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Theo Battista
- Department of Biochemical Sciences "A. Rossi Fanelli", Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandra Bisi
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Silvia Gobbi
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Angela Rampa
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Rita M C Di Martino
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Giovanna A Gentilomi
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Stefania Varani
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy; Unit of Clinical Microbiology, Regional Reference Centre for Microbiological Emergencies (CRREM), St. Orsola-Malpighi University Hospital, Bologna, Italy
| | - Federica Belluti
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.
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172
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Koval T, Dohnálek J. Characteristics and application of S1–P1 nucleases in biotechnology and medicine. Biotechnol Adv 2018; 36:603-612. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2017.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2017] [Revised: 12/08/2017] [Accepted: 12/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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173
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Souza GS, de Carvalho LP, de Melo EJT, Gomes VM, Carvalho ADO. The toxic effect of Vu-Defr, a defensin from Vigna unguiculata seeds, on Leishmania amazonensis is associated with reactive oxygen species production, mitochondrial dysfunction, and plasma membrane perturbation. Can J Microbiol 2018; 64:455-464. [PMID: 29586486 DOI: 10.1139/cjm-2018-0095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Plant defensins are plant antimicrobial peptides that present diverse biological activities in vitro, including the elimination of Leishmania amazonensis. Plant defensins are considered promising candidates for the development of new drugs. This protozoan genus has great epidemiological importance and the mechanism behind the protozoan death by defensins is unknown, thus, we chose L. amazonensis for this study. The aim of the work was to analyze the possible toxic mechanisms of Vu-Defr against L. amazonensis. For analyses, the antimicrobial assay was repeated as previously described, and after 24 h, an aliquot of the culture was tested for viability, membrane perturbation, mitochondrial membrane potential, reactive oxygen species (ROS) and nitric oxide (NO) inductions. The results of these analyses indicated that after interaction with L. amazonensis, the Vu-Defr causes elimination of promastigotes from culture, membrane perturbation, mitochondrial membrane collapse, and ROS induction. Our analysis demonstrated that NO is not produced after Vu-Defr and L. amazonensis interaction. In conclusion, our work strives to help to fill the gap relating to effects caused by plant defensins on protozoan and thus better understand the mechanism of action of this peptide against L. amazonensis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Géssika Silva Souza
- a Laboratório de Fisiologia e Bioquímica de Micro-organismos, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Campos dos Goytacazes, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Lais Pessanha de Carvalho
- b Laboratório de Biologia Celular e Tecidual, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Campos dos Goytacazes, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Edésio José Tenório de Melo
- b Laboratório de Biologia Celular e Tecidual, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Campos dos Goytacazes, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Valdirene Moreira Gomes
- a Laboratório de Fisiologia e Bioquímica de Micro-organismos, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Campos dos Goytacazes, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - André de Oliveira Carvalho
- a Laboratório de Fisiologia e Bioquímica de Micro-organismos, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Campos dos Goytacazes, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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174
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Dhorm Pimentel de Moraes AR, Tavares GD, Soares Rocha FJ, de Paula E, Giorgio S. Effects of nanoemulsions prepared with essential oils of copaiba- and andiroba against Leishmania infantum and Leishmania amazonensis infections. Exp Parasitol 2018. [PMID: 29518448 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2018.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Plant products are an important source of bioactive agents against parasitic diseases, including leishmaniasis. Among these products, vegetable oils have gained ground in the pharmaceutical field. Here we report the development of nanoemulsions as a delivery system for copaiba and andiroba oils (nanocopa and nanoandi) in order to test their effects on Leishmania infantum and L. amazonensis. The nanocopa and nanoandi had an average particle size of 76.1 and 88.1, respectively with polydispersity index 0.14 to 0.16 and potential zeta -2.54 to -3.9. The data indicated toxic activity of nanocopa and nanoandi against promastigotes of both Leishmania species ultrastructural analyses by scanning electron microscopy revealed that exposition to nanoemulsions induced oval cell shape and retracted flagella. The treatment with nanocopa and nanoandi led to a reduction in L. infantum and L. amazonensis infection levels in macrophage cultures. The nanoemulsions treatment have significant beneficial effects on all the parameters evaluated in lesions induced by L. amazonensis (lesion size, parasite burden and histopathology) on BALB/c mice. The treatment of L. infantum-infected BALB/c mice with nanoemulsions also showed promising results reducing parasite burden in spleen and liver and improving histopathological features.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Eneida de Paula
- Departamento de Bioquimica e Biologia Estrutural, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Selma Giorgio
- Departamento de Biologia Animal, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil.
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175
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Costa SS, Fornazim MC, Nowill AE, Giorgio S. Leishmania amazonensisinduces modulation of costimulatory and surface marker molecules in human macrophages. Parasite Immunol 2018; 40:e12519. [DOI: 10.1111/pim.12519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2017] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. S. Costa
- Department of Animal Biology; Biology Institute; Campinas State University; Campinas São Paulo Brazil
| | - M. C. Fornazim
- Faculty of Medical Sciences; Campinas State University; Campinas São Paulo Brazil
| | - A. E. Nowill
- Faculty of Medical Sciences; Campinas State University; Campinas São Paulo Brazil
| | - S. Giorgio
- Department of Animal Biology; Biology Institute; Campinas State University; Campinas São Paulo Brazil
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176
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Abstract
AbstractThe protozoan parasiteLeishmaniais endemic in large parts of the world which causes leishmaniasis. Its visceral form is fatal if not treated and is caused mostly byLeishmania donovani,Leishmania infantumandLeishmania chagasi. Given the difficulties linked to vector (sandfly) control and the lack of an effective vaccine, the control of leishmaniasis relies mostly on chemotherapy. Unfortunately, the prevalence of parasites becoming resistant to the first-line drug pentavalent antimony (SbV) is increasing worldwide. Few alternative drugs are available that includes amphotericin B, pentamidine and miltefosine (oral). Already, decreases in efficacy, resistance and toxicity have been noted against these drugs. Dry antileishmanial pipeline further indicates the slow pace of drug discovery in this field where resistance as a major barrier. Full understanding of the genetic and molecular basis of the parasite is lagging. Since leishmaniasis is a neglected disease and occurs predominantly in the developing world largely, therefore, it is unaddressed. The pharma industry argues that development of the new drug is too costly and risky to invest in low return neglected diseases is very high. Research is also needed to identify new and effective drug targets. The lack of drug research and development for neglected diseases will require some new strategies. We have discussed the various cause of slow pace of antileishmanial drug discovery in this review to pay attention of researchers and also take the public and private initiative to make the process fast for new antileishmanial drug development.
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177
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Zimara N, Chanyalew M, Aseffa A, van Zandbergen G, Lepenies B, Schmid M, Weiss R, Rascle A, Wege AK, Jantsch J, Schatz V, Brown GD, Ritter U. Dectin-1 Positive Dendritic Cells Expand after Infection with Leishmania major Parasites and Represent Promising Targets for Vaccine Development. Front Immunol 2018; 9:263. [PMID: 29535708 PMCID: PMC5834765 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2017] [Accepted: 01/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Resistant mouse strains mount a protective T cell-mediated immune response upon infection with Leishmania (L.) parasites. Healing correlates with a T helper (Th) cell-type 1 response characterized by a pronounced IFN-γ production, while susceptibility is associated with an IL-4-dependent Th2-type response. It has been shown that dermal dendritic cells are crucial for inducing protective Th1-mediated immunity. Additionally, there is growing evidence that C-type lectin receptor (CLR)-mediated signaling is involved in directing adaptive immunity against pathogens. However, little is known about the function of the CLR Dectin-1 in modulating Th1- or Th2-type immune responses by DC subsets in leishmaniasis. We characterized the expression of Dectin-1 on CD11c+ DCs in peripheral blood, at the site of infection, and skin-draining lymph nodes of L. major-infected C57BL/6 and BALB/c mice and in peripheral blood of patients suffering from cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL). Both mouse strains responded with an expansion of Dectin-1+ DCs within the analyzed tissues. In accordance with the experimental model, Dectin-1+ DCs expanded as well in the peripheral blood of CL patients. To study the role of Dectin-1+ DCs in adaptive immunity against L. major, we analyzed the T cell stimulating potential of bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (BMDCs) in the presence of the Dectin-1 agonist Curdlan. These experiments revealed that Curdlan induces the maturation of BMDCs and the expansion of Leishmania-specific CD4+ T cells. Based on these findings, we evaluated the impact of Curdlan/Dectin-1 interactions in experimental leishmaniasis and were able to demonstrate that the presence of Curdlan at the site of infection modulates the course of disease in BALB/c mice: wild-type BALB/c mice treated intradermally with Curdlan developed a protective immune response against L. major whereas Dectin-1-/- BALB/c mice still developed the fatal course of disease after Curdlan treatment. Furthermore, the vaccination of BALB/c mice with a combination of soluble L. major antigens and Curdlan was able to provide a partial protection from severe leishmaniasis. These findings indicate that the ligation of Dectin-1 on DCs acts as an important checkpoint in adaptive immunity against L. major and should therefore be considered in future whole-organism vaccination strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Zimara
- Regensburg Center for Interventional Immunology (RCI), Institute of Immunology, University Medical Center Regensburg, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Menberework Chanyalew
- Armauer Hansen Research Institute, Leishmaniasis Research Laboratory, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Abraham Aseffa
- Armauer Hansen Research Institute, Leishmaniasis Research Laboratory, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Ger van Zandbergen
- Federal Institute for Vaccines and Biomedicines, Division of Immunology, Paul Ehrlich Institute, Langen, Germany
| | - Bernd Lepenies
- University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Immunology Unit, Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses (RIZ), Hannover, Germany
| | - Maximilian Schmid
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Richard Weiss
- Department of Molecular Biology, Division of Allergy and Immunology, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Anne Rascle
- Regensburg Center for Interventional Immunology (RCI), Institute of Immunology, University Medical Center Regensburg, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Anja Kathrin Wege
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Medical Center Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Jonathan Jantsch
- Institute of Clinical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Hospital of Regensburg, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Valentin Schatz
- Institute of Clinical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Hospital of Regensburg, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Gordon D. Brown
- MRC Centre for Medical Mycology, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Uwe Ritter
- Regensburg Center for Interventional Immunology (RCI), Institute of Immunology, University Medical Center Regensburg, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
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178
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Patiño-Márquez IA, Patiño-González E, Hernández-Villa L, Ortíz-Reyes B, Manrique-Moreno M. Identification and evaluation of Galleria mellonella peptides with antileishmanial activity. Anal Biochem 2018; 546:35-42. [PMID: 29409865 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2018.01.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2017] [Revised: 01/17/2018] [Accepted: 01/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is a neglected disease, World Health Organization (WHO) declared it as high priority worldwide. Colombia is one of the 98 countries in which the disease caused more than 17.000 cases per year. There is a need to explore novel therapies to reduce the side effects of the current treatments. For this reason, this study was aimed to evaluate Galleria mellonella hemolymph for potential peptides with anti-parasitic activity. Larvae were challenged with Leishmania (V) panamensis promastigotes and hemolymph was analyzed using sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE), reversed-phase chromatography (RP-HPLC), two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and liquid chromatography-mass spectroscopy (LC/MS). The immunological response of Galleria mellonella was followed by SDS-PAGE, immunized hemolymph was fractionated by RP-HPLC where fractions 5 and 11 showed the highest antileishmanial activity. From these fractions 15 spots were isolated by 2D gel electrophoresis and evaluated by LC/MS to identify the peptides present in the spots. After the analysis Moricin-B, Moricin-C4, Cecropin-D and Anionic Peptide 2 were identified due to the immune challenge with Leishmania promastigotes. Anionic peptide 2 and Cecropin-D were synthesized and evaluated for antileishmanial activity. The results showed that Anionic peptide 2 presented more anti-parasitic activity. This study showed for the first time the anti-parasitic potential of peptides derived from hemolymph of Galleria mellonella.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel A Patiño-Márquez
- Faculty of Exact and Natural Sciences, University of Antioquia, A.A. 1226, Medellin, Colombia
| | - Edwin Patiño-González
- Faculty of Exact and Natural Sciences, University of Antioquia, A.A. 1226, Medellin, Colombia
| | - Laura Hernández-Villa
- Faculty of Exact and Natural Sciences, University of Antioquia, A.A. 1226, Medellin, Colombia
| | - Blanca Ortíz-Reyes
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Antioquia, A.A. 1226, Medellin, Colombia
| | - Marcela Manrique-Moreno
- Faculty of Exact and Natural Sciences, University of Antioquia, A.A. 1226, Medellin, Colombia.
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179
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Thein vitroantileishmanial activity of essential oil fromAloysia gratissimaand guaiol, its major sesquiterpene againstLeishmania amazonensis. Parasitology 2018; 145:1219-1227. [DOI: 10.1017/s0031182017002335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
AbstractLeishmaniases is a tropical disease caused by protozoa of the genusLeishmaniafor which the current treatment is expensive, besides increasing reports of parasite resistance. This study investigated the anti-Leishmania amazonensisactivity of the essential oil fromAloysia gratissima(AgEO) and guaiol, the major sesquiterpene constituent in the oil. Our results showed that AgEO killed promastigotes and intracellular amastigotes at an IC50of 25 and 0·16µg mL−1, respectively, while guaiol killed amastigotes at an IC50of 0·01µg mL−1. Both AgEO and guaiol were safe for macrophages up to 100µg mL−1, as evaluated by the dehydrogenase activity, membrane integrity and phagocytic capacity. AgEO and guaiol did not induce nitrite oxide (NO) in resting macrophages and inhibited the production of NO in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated macrophages. The ultrastructural analysis suggested that AgEO and guaiol act directly on parasites, affecting promastigotes kinetoplast, mitochondrial matrix and plasma membrane. Together, these results pointed out that AgEO and guaiol could be promising candidates to develop anti-Leishmaniadrugs.
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180
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Laverde-Paz MJ, Echeverry MC, Patarroyo MA, Bello FJ. Evaluating the anti-leishmania activity of Lucilia sericata and Sarconesiopsis magellanica blowfly larval excretions/secretions in an in vitro model. Acta Trop 2018; 177:44-50. [PMID: 28982577 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2017.09.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2017] [Revised: 09/29/2017] [Accepted: 09/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is a vector-borne disease caused by infection by parasites from the genus Leishmania. Clinical manifestations can be visceral or cutaneous, the latter mainly being chronic ulcers. This work was aimed at evaluating Calliphoridae Lucilia sericata- and Sarconesiopsis magellanica-derived larval excretions and secretions' (ES) in vitro anti-leishmanial activity against Leishmania panamensis. Different larval-ES concentrations from both blowfly species were tested against either L. panamensis promastigotes or intracellular amastigotes using U937-macrophages as host cells. The Alamar Blue method was used for assessing parasite half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) and macrophage cytotoxicity (LC50). The effect of larval-ES on L. panamensis intracellular parasite forms was evaluated by calculating the percentage of infected macrophages, parasite load and toxicity. L. sericata-derived larval-ES L. panamensis macrophage LC50 was 72.57μg/mL (65.35-80.58μg/mL) and promastigote IC50 was 41.44μg/mL (38.57-44.52μg/mL), compared to 34.93μg/mL (31.65-38.55μg/mL) LC50 and 23.42μg/mL (22.48-24.39μg/mL) IC50 for S. magellanica. Microscope evaluation of intracellular parasite forms showed that treatment with 10μg/mL L. sericata ES and 5μg/mL S. magellanica ES led to a decrease in the percentage of infected macrophages and the amount of intracellular amastigotes. This study produced in vitro evidence of the antileishmanial activity of larval ES from both blowfly species on different parasitic stages and showed that the parasite was more susceptible to the ES than it's host cells. The antileishmanial effect on L. panamensis was more evident from S. magellanica ES.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayra Juliana Laverde-Paz
- Medical and Forensic Entomology Research Group, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá DC, Colombia; Public Health Department, Medicine Faculty, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá DC, Colombia.
| | - María Clara Echeverry
- Public Health Department, Medicine Faculty, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá DC, Colombia.
| | - Manuel Alfonso Patarroyo
- Molecular Biology and Immunology Department, Fundación Instituto de Inmunología de Colombia (FIDIC), Bogotá DC, Colombia; Basic Sciences Department, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá DC, Colombia.
| | - Felio Jesús Bello
- Medical and Forensic Entomology Research Group, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá DC, Colombia; Medicine Faculty, Universidad Antonio Nariño, Bogotá DC, Colombia; Faculty of Agricultural and Livestock Sciences, Universidad de La Salle, Bogotá DC, Colombia.
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181
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Soulat D, Bogdan C. Function of Macrophage and Parasite Phosphatases in Leishmaniasis. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1838. [PMID: 29312331 PMCID: PMC5743797 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2017] [Accepted: 12/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The kinetoplastid protozoan parasites belonging to the genus Leishmania are the causative agents of different clinical forms of leishmaniasis, a vector-borne infectious disease with worldwide prevalence. The protective host immune response against Leishmania parasites relies on myeloid cells such as dendritic cells and macrophages in which upon stimulation by cytokines (e.g., interferon-γ) a complex network of signaling pathways is switched on leading to strong antimicrobial activities directed against the intracellular parasite stage. The regulation of these pathways classically depends on post-translational modifications of proteins, with phosphorylation events playing a cardinal role. Leishmania parasites deactivate their phagocytic host cells by inducing specific mammalian phosphatases that are capable to impede signaling. On the other hand, there is now also evidence that Leishmania spp. themselves express phosphatases that might target host cell molecules and thereby facilitate the intracellular survival of the parasite. This review will present an overview on the modulation of host phosphatases by Leishmania parasites as well as on the known families of Leishmania phosphatases and their possible function as virulence factors. A more detailed understanding of the role of phosphatases in Leishmania–host cell interactions might open new avenues for the treatment of non-healing, progressive forms of leishmaniasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Didier Soulat
- Mikrobiologisches Institut - Klinische Mikrobiologie, Immunologie und Hygiene, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany.,Medical Immunology Campus Erlangen, Interdisciplinary Center of the FAU, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Christian Bogdan
- Mikrobiologisches Institut - Klinische Mikrobiologie, Immunologie und Hygiene, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany.,Medical Immunology Campus Erlangen, Interdisciplinary Center of the FAU, Erlangen, Germany
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Heras‐Mosteiro J, Monge‐Maillo B, Pinart M, Lopez Pereira P, Reveiz L, Garcia‐Carrasco E, Campuzano Cuadrado P, Royuela A, Mendez Roman I, López‐Vélez R. Interventions for Old World cutaneous leishmaniasis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2017; 12:CD005067. [PMID: 29192424 PMCID: PMC6485999 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd005067.pub5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cutaneous leishmaniasis, caused by a parasitic infection, is considered one of the most serious skin diseases in many low- and middle-income countries. Old World cutaneous leishmaniasis (OWCL) is caused by species found in Africa, Asia, the Middle East, the Mediterranean, and India. The most commonly prescribed treatments are antimonials, but other drugs have been used with varying success. As OWCL tends to heal spontaneously, it is necessary to justify the use of systemic and topical treatments. This is an update of a Cochrane Review first published in 2008. OBJECTIVES To assess the effects of therapeutic interventions for the localised form of Old World cutaneous leishmaniasis. SEARCH METHODS We updated our searches of the following databases to November 2016: the Cochrane Skin Specialised Register, CENTRAL, MEDLINE, Embase, and LILACS. We also searched five trials registers and checked the reference lists of included studies for further references to relevant randomised controlled trials (RCTs). We wrote to national programme managers, general co-ordinators, directors, clinicians, WHO-EMRO regional officers of endemic countries, pharmaceutical companies, tropical medicine centres, and authors of relevant papers for further information about relevant unpublished and ongoing trials. We undertook a separate search for adverse effects of interventions for Old World cutaneous leishmaniasis in September 2015 using MEDLINE. SELECTION CRITERIA Randomised controlled trials of either single or combination treatments in immunocompetent people with OWCL confirmed by smear, histology, culture, or polymerase chain reaction. The comparators were either no treatment, placebo/vehicle, and/or another active compound. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Two review authors independently assessed trials for inclusion and risk of bias and extracted data. We only synthesised data when we were able to identify at least two studies investigating similar treatments and reporting data amenable to pooling. We also recorded data about adverse effects from the corresponding search. MAIN RESULTS We included 89 studies (of which 40 were new to this update) in 10,583 people with OWCL. The studies included were conducted mainly in the Far or Middle East at regional hospitals, local healthcare clinics, and skin disease research centres. Women accounted for 41.5% of the participants (range: 23% to 80%). The overall mean age of participants was 25 years (range 12 to 56). Most studies lasted between two to six months, with the longest lasting two years; average duration was four months. Most studies were at unclear or high risk for most bias domains. A lack of blinding and reporting bias were present in almost 40% of studies. Two trials were at low risk of bias for all domains. Trials reported the causative species poorly.Here we provide results for the two main comparisons identified: itraconazole (200 mg for six to eight weeks) versus placebo; and paromomycin ointment (15% plus 10% urea, twice daily for 14 days) versus vehicle.In the comparison of oral itraconazole versus placebo, at 2.5 months' follow up, 85/125 participants in the itraconazole group achieved complete cure compared to 54/119 in the placebo group (RR 3.70, 95% CI 0.35 to 38.99; 3 studies; 244 participants). In one study, microbiological or histopathological cure of skin lesions only occurred in the itraconazole group after a mean follow-up of 2.5 months (RR 17.00, 95% CI 0.47 to 612.21; 20 participants). However, although the analyses favour oral itraconazole for these outcomes, we cannot be confident in the results due to the very low certainty evidence. More side effects of mild abdominal pain and nausea (RR 2.36, 95% CI 0.74 to 7.47; 3 studies; 204 participants) and mild abnormal liver function (RR 3.08, 95% CI 0.53 to 17.98; 3 studies; 84 participants) occurred in the itraconazole group (as well as reports of headaches and dizziness), compared with the placebo group, but again we rated the certainty of evidence as very low so are unsure of the results.When comparing paromomycin with vehicle, there was no difference in the number of participants who achieved complete cure (RR of 1.00, 95% CI 0.86, 1.17; 383 participants, 2 studies) and microbiological or histopathological cure of skin lesions after a mean follow-up of 2.5 months (RR 1.03, CI 0.88 to 1.20; 383 participants, 2 studies), but the paromomycin group had more skin/local reactions (such as inflammation, vesiculation, pain, redness, or itch) (RR 1.42, 95% CI 0.67 to 3.01; 4 studies; 713 participants). For all of these outcomes, the certainty of evidence was very low, meaning we are unsure about these results.Trial authors did not report the percentage of lesions cured after the end of treatment or speed of healing for either of these key comparisons. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS There was very low-certainty evidence to support the effectiveness of itraconazole and paromomycin ointment for OWCL in terms of cure (i.e. microbiological or histopathological cure and percentage of participants completely cured). Both of these interventions incited more adverse effects, which were mild in nature, than their comparisons, but we could draw no conclusions regarding safety due to the very low certainty of the evidence for this outcome.We downgraded the key outcomes in these two comparisons due to high risk of bias, inconsistency between the results, and imprecision. There is a need for large, well-designed international studies that evaluate long-term effects of current therapies and enable a reliable conclusion about treatments. Future trials should specify the species of leishmaniasis; trials on types caused by Leishmania infantum, L aethiopica, andL donovani are lacking. Research into the effects of treating women of childbearing age, children, people with comorbid conditions, and those who are immunocompromised would also be helpful.It was difficult to evaluate the overall efficacy of any of the numerous treatments due to the variable treatment regimens examined and because RCTs evaluated different Leishmania species and took place in different geographical areas. Some outcomes we looked for but did not find were degree of functional and aesthetic impairment, change in ability to detect Leishmania, quality of life, and emergence of resistance. There were only limited data on prevention of scarring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julio Heras‐Mosteiro
- Rey Juan Carlos UniversityDepartment of Preventive Medicine and Public Health & Immunology and MicrobiologyAvda. Atenas s/nAlcorcónMadridSpain28922
- Ramón y Cajal University HospitalDepartment of Preventive Medicine and Public HealthMadridSpain
| | - Begoña Monge‐Maillo
- Ramón y Cajal University HospitalTropical Medicine & Clinical Parasitology, Infectious Diseases DepartmentCarretera de Colmenar Viejo km. 9,100MadridSpain28034
| | - Mariona Pinart
- c/o Cochrane Skin Group, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UKNottinghamUK
| | - Patricia Lopez Pereira
- Ramón y Cajal University HospitalDepartment of Preventive Medicine and Public HealthMadridSpain
| | | | - Emely Garcia‐Carrasco
- National Referral Centre for Tropical DiseasesInfectious Diseases DepartmentCtra Colmenar, Km 9,100.MadridSpain28034
| | - Pedro Campuzano Cuadrado
- Rey Juan Carlos UniversityDepartment of Preventive Medicine and Public Health & Immunology and MicrobiologyAvda. Atenas s/nAlcorcónMadridSpain28922
| | - Ana Royuela
- Biomedical Sciences Research Institute,Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro‐MajadahondaDepartment of BiostatisticsMajadahondaSpain28222
| | - Irene Mendez Roman
- The University of Nottinghamc/o Cochrane Skin GroupA103, King's Meadow CampusLenton LaneNottinghamSpainNG7 2NR
| | - Rogelio López‐Vélez
- Ramón y Cajal University HospitalTropical Medicine & Clinical Parasitology, Infectious Diseases DepartmentCarretera de Colmenar Viejo km. 9,100MadridSpain28034
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Das A, Das MC, Das N, Bhattacharjee S. Evaluation of the antileishmanial potency, toxicity and phytochemical constituents of methanol bark extract of Sterculia villosa. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2017; 55:998-1009. [PMID: 28173714 PMCID: PMC6130613 DOI: 10.1080/13880209.2017.1285946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2016] [Revised: 12/06/2016] [Accepted: 01/19/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Visceral leishmaniasis is a protozoan disease caused by Leishmania donovani parasite. The genus Sterculia (Malvaceae) possesses ethnobotanical potential against this protozoan infection. OBJECTIVE Determining the potential role of methanol bark extracts from Sterculia villosa Roxb (SVE) and its phytoconstituents against Leishmania donovani promastigotes. MATERIALS AND METHODS SVE was analysed by TLC, UV-Vis, IR spectroscopy and biochemical assays. Antileishmanial potential of SVE (0.5-130 μg/mL for 72 h) was characterized by MTT assay. Fluorescent microscopy was performed to validate the IC50 dose. To determine the effect of SVE on promastigotes, reactive oxygen species (ROS) and superoxide generation, lipid peroxidation and DNA fragmentation assays were performed. Molecular aggregation of compounds was determined by atomic force microscopy (AFM). Extent of cytotoxicity of SVE at IC50 dose was determined against RAW 264.7 macrophages, peritoneal macrophages and murine RBCs. In vivo cytotoxicity of SVE was evaluated in BALB/c mice. RESULT SVE exhibited reverse dose dependent antileishmanial activity when 130-0 μg/mL doses were tested against promastigotes. The IC50 and IC70 values were found to be 17.5 and 10 μg/mL, respectively. SVE at IC50 dose demonstrated elevated level of ROS, superoxide, lipid peroxidation and DNA fragmentation against promastigotes with no cytotoxicity. AFM analysis suggested increasing size of molecular aggregation (31.3 nm < 35.2 nm < 2.93 μm) with increase in concentration (10 μg < 17.5 μg < 130 μg). DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS The study elucidates the antileishmanial potential of SVE against Leishmania donovani promastigotes by exerting oxidative stress and DNA damage. In sum, SVE can be explored as an immunotherapeutic candidate against leishmaniasis and other infectious diseases.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antiprotozoal Agents/isolation & purification
- Antiprotozoal Agents/pharmacology
- Antiprotozoal Agents/toxicity
- Chromatography, Thin Layer
- DNA Fragmentation
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Leishmania donovani/drug effects
- Leishmania donovani/genetics
- Leishmania donovani/growth & development
- Leishmania donovani/metabolism
- Leishmaniasis, Visceral/drug therapy
- Leishmaniasis, Visceral/metabolism
- Leishmaniasis, Visceral/parasitology
- Lethal Dose 50
- Lipid Peroxidation/drug effects
- Macrophages, Peritoneal/drug effects
- Macrophages, Peritoneal/pathology
- Methanol/chemistry
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Microscopy, Fluorescence
- Oxidative Stress/drug effects
- Parasitic Sensitivity Tests
- Phytochemicals/isolation & purification
- Phytochemicals/pharmacology
- Phytochemicals/toxicity
- Phytotherapy
- Plant Bark/chemistry
- Plant Extracts/isolation & purification
- Plant Extracts/pharmacology
- Plant Extracts/toxicity
- Plants, Medicinal
- RAW 264.7 Cells
- Solvents/chemistry
- Spectrophotometry, Ultraviolet
- Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared
- Sterculia/chemistry
- Superoxides/metabolism
- Time Factors
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Affiliation(s)
- Antu Das
- Department of Molecular Biology & Bioinformatics, Tripura University (A Central University), Suryamaninagar, India
| | - Manash C. Das
- Department of Molecular Biology & Bioinformatics, Tripura University (A Central University), Suryamaninagar, India
| | - Niranjan Das
- Department of Chemistry, Netaji Shubhas Mahavidyalaya, Udaipur, India
| | - Surajit Bhattacharjee
- Department of Molecular Biology & Bioinformatics, Tripura University (A Central University), Suryamaninagar, India
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Characterisation of Casein Kinase 1.1 in Leishmania donovani Using the CRISPR Cas9 Toolkit. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 2017:4635605. [PMID: 29333442 PMCID: PMC5733176 DOI: 10.1155/2017/4635605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2017] [Revised: 09/22/2017] [Accepted: 10/12/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The recent adaptation of CRISPR Cas9 genome editing to Leishmania spp. has opened a new era in deciphering Leishmania biology. The method was recently improved using a PCR-based CRISPR Cas9 approach, which eliminated the need for cloning. This new approach, which allows high-throughput gene deletion, was successfully validated in L. mexicana and L. major. In this study, we validated the toolkit in Leishmania donovani targeting the flagellar protein PF16, confirming that the tagged protein localizes to the flagellum and that null mutants lose their motility. We then used the technique to characterise CK1.1, a member of the casein kinase 1 family, which is involved in the regulation of many cellular processes. We showed that CK1.1 is a low-abundance protein present in promastigotes and in amastigotes. We demonstrated that CK1.1 is not essential for promastigote and axenic amastigote survival or for axenic amastigote differentiation, although it may have a role during stationary phase. Altogether, our data validate the use of PCR-based CRISPR Cas9 toolkit in L. donovani, which will be crucial for genetic modification of hamster-derived, disease-relevant parasites.
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185
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Heras‐Mosteiro J, Monge‐Maillo B, Pinart M, Lopez Pereira P, Garcia‐Carrasco E, Campuzano Cuadrado P, Royuela A, Mendez Roman I, López‐Vélez R. Interventions for Old World cutaneous leishmaniasis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2017; 11:CD005067. [PMID: 29149474 PMCID: PMC6486265 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd005067.pub4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cutaneous leishmaniasis, caused by a parasitic infection, is considered one of the most serious skin diseases in many low- and middle-income countries. Old World cutaneous leishmaniasis (OWCL) is caused by species found in Africa, Asia, the Middle East, the Mediterranean, and India. The most commonly prescribed treatments are antimonials, but other drugs have been used with varying success. As OWCL tends to heal spontaneously, it is necessary to justify the use of systemic and topical treatments. This is an update of a Cochrane Review first published in 2008. OBJECTIVES To assess the effects of therapeutic interventions for the localised form of Old World cutaneous leishmaniasis. SEARCH METHODS We updated our searches of the following databases to November 2016: the Cochrane Skin Specialised Register, CENTRAL, MEDLINE, Embase, and LILACS. We also searched five trials registers and checked the reference lists of included studies for further references to relevant randomised controlled trials (RCTs). We wrote to national programme managers, general co-ordinators, directors, clinicians, WHO-EMRO regional officers of endemic countries, pharmaceutical companies, tropical medicine centres, and authors of relevant papers for further information about relevant unpublished and ongoing trials. We undertook a separate search for adverse effects of interventions for Old World cutaneous leishmaniasis in September 2015 using MEDLINE. SELECTION CRITERIA Randomised controlled trials of either single or combination treatments in immunocompetent people with OWCL confirmed by smear, histology, culture, or polymerase chain reaction. The comparators were either no treatment, placebo/vehicle, and/or another active compound. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Two review authors independently assessed trials for inclusion and risk of bias and extracted data. We only synthesised data when we were able to identify at least two studies investigating similar treatments and reporting data amenable to pooling. We also recorded data about adverse effects from the corresponding search. MAIN RESULTS We included 89 studies (of which 40 were new to this update) in 10,583 people with OWCL. The studies included were conducted mainly in the Far or Middle East at regional hospitals, local healthcare clinics, and skin disease research centres. Women accounted for 41.5% of the participants (range: 23% to 80%). The overall mean age of participants was 25 years (range 12 to 56). Most studies lasted between two to six months, with the longest lasting two years; average duration was four months. Most studies were at unclear or high risk for most bias domains. A lack of blinding and reporting bias were present in almost 40% of studies. Two trials were at low risk of bias for all domains. Trials reported the causative species poorly.Here we provide results for the two main comparisons identified: itraconazole (200 mg for six to eight weeks) versus placebo; and paromomycin ointment (15% plus 10% urea, twice daily for 14 days) versus vehicle.In the comparison of oral itraconazole versus placebo, at 2.5 months' follow up, 85/125 participants in the itraconazole group achieved complete cure compared to 54/119 in the placebo group (RR 3.70, 95% CI 0.35 to 38.99; 3 studies; 244 participants). In one study, microbiological or histopathological cure of skin lesions only occurred in the itraconazole group after a mean follow-up of 2.5 months (RR 17.00, 95% CI 0.47 to 612.21; 20 participants). However, although the analyses favour oral itraconazole for these outcomes, we cannot be confident in the results due to the very low certainty evidence. More side effects of mild abdominal pain and nausea (RR 2.36, 95% CI 0.74 to 7.47; 3 studies; 204 participants) and mild abnormal liver function (RR 3.08, 95% CI 0.53 to 17.98; 3 studies; 84 participants) occurred in the itraconazole group (as well as reports of headaches and dizziness), compared with the placebo group, but again we rated the certainty of evidence as very low so are unsure of the results.When comparing paromomycin with vehicle, there was no difference in the number of participants who achieved complete cure (RR of 1.00, 95% CI 0.86, 1.17; 383 participants, 2 studies) and microbiological or histopathological cure of skin lesions after a mean follow-up of 2.5 months (RR 1.03, CI 0.88 to 1.20; 383 participants, 2 studies), but the paromomycin group had more skin/local reactions (such as inflammation, vesiculation, pain, redness, or itch) (RR 1.42, 95% CI 0.67 to 3.01; 4 studies; 713 participants). For all of these outcomes, the certainty of evidence was very low, meaning we are unsure about these results.Trial authors did not report the percentage of lesions cured after the end of treatment or speed of healing for either of these key comparisons. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS There was very low-certainty evidence to support the effectiveness of itraconazole and paromomycin ointment for OWCL in terms of cure (i.e. microbiological or histopathological cure and percentage of participants completely cured). Both of these interventions incited more adverse effects, which were mild in nature, than their comparisons, but we could draw no conclusions regarding safety due to the very low certainty of the evidence for this outcome.We downgraded the key outcomes in these two comparisons due to high risk of bias, inconsistency between the results, and imprecision. There is a need for large, well-designed international studies that evaluate long-term effects of current therapies and enable a reliable conclusion about treatments. Future trials should specify the species of leishmaniasis; trials on types caused by Leishmania infantum, L aethiopica, andL donovani are lacking. Research into the effects of treating women of childbearing age, children, people with comorbid conditions, and those who are immunocompromised would also be helpful.It was difficult to evaluate the overall efficacy of any of the numerous treatments due to the variable treatment regimens examined and because RCTs evaluated different Leishmania species and took place in different geographical areas. Some outcomes we looked for but did not find were degree of functional and aesthetic impairment, change in ability to detect Leishmania, quality of life, and emergence of resistance. There were only limited data on prevention of scarring.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Begoña Monge‐Maillo
- Ramón y Cajal University HospitalTropical Medicine & Clinical Parasitology, Infectious Diseases DepartmentCarretera de Colmenar Viejo km. 9,100MadridSpain28034
| | - Mariona Pinart
- c/o Cochrane Skin Group, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UKNottinghamUK
| | - Patricia Lopez Pereira
- Ramón y Cajal University HospitalDepartment of Preventive Medicine and Public HealthMadridSpain
| | - Emely Garcia‐Carrasco
- National Referral Centre for Tropical DiseasesInfectious Diseases DepartmentCtra Colmenar, Km 9,100.MadridSpain28034
| | - Pedro Campuzano Cuadrado
- Rey Juan Carlos UniversityDepartment of Preventive Medicine and Public Health & Immunology and MicrobiologyAvda. Atenas s/nAlcorcónMadridSpain28922
| | - Ana Royuela
- Biomedical Sciences Research Institute,Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro‐MajadahondaDepartment of BiostatisticsMajadahondaSpain28222
| | - Irene Mendez Roman
- The University of Nottinghamc/o Cochrane Skin GroupA103, King's Meadow CampusLenton LaneNottinghamSpainNG7 2NR
| | - Rogelio López‐Vélez
- Ramón y Cajal University HospitalTropical Medicine & Clinical Parasitology, Infectious Diseases DepartmentCarretera de Colmenar Viejo km. 9,100MadridSpain28034
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Yadav SP, Singh PK, Sharma P, Iqbal N, Kaur P, Sharma S, Singh TP. Structure and binding studies of proliferating cell nuclear antigen from Leishmania donovani. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2017; 1865:1395-1405. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2017.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2017] [Revised: 08/07/2017] [Accepted: 08/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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187
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Al-Ghazaly J, Al-Dubai W, Abdullah M, Al-Gharasi L. Hematological Characteristics of Yemeni Adults and Children with Visceral Leishmaniasis. Could Eosinopenia be a Suspicion Index? Mediterr J Hematol Infect Dis 2017; 9:e2017056. [PMID: 28894565 PMCID: PMC5584771 DOI: 10.4084/mjhid.2017.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2017] [Accepted: 08/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Delay in the diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis (VL) particularly in non-endemic areas is associated with higher mortality. In our experience, we found that marked bone marrow eosinopenia was a very frequent accompaniment of VL and might be a useful clue for the diagnosis, which indicates the opportunity for further morphological assessment. The aim of this study was to describe the hematological characteristics including peripheral blood and bone marrow findings of Yemeni adults and children with VL. METHODS We conducted a descriptive analytic study to evaluate systematically peripheral blood and bone marrow findings of Yemeni adults and children with VL. Peripheral blood and bone marrow aspiration of patients with bone marrow aspirate confirmed VL were examined. Forty-seven patients with the main age (±SD) of 17.34±11.37 years (Range: 1-60) were included in the study. Fifty-one non-VL subjects with splenomegaly and pancytopenia or bicytopenia served as control group. RESULTS All patients with VL had anemia, 41 (87%) leukopenia, 42 (89%) neutropenia, 44 (94%) thrombocytopenia, 42 (89%) eosinopenia, 34 (72%) pancytopenia and 13 (28%) had bicytopenia. In bone marrow examination 40 (85%) showed hypercellularity, 44 (94%) eosinopenia, 24 (51%) dyserythropoiesis, 22 (47%) lymphocytosis, 8 (17%) plasmacytosis, 27 (57%) decreased iron stores and 20 (43%) showed decreased sideroblasts. Comparison of VL patients with the control group showed significantly more frequent peripheral blood eosinopenia and lymphopenia and marrow eosinopenia. There was no significant difference between adults and children in any of the hematological features. CONCLUSION Anemia, leukopenia, neutropenia, thrombocytopenia, eosinopenia, pancytopenia and marked bone marrow eosinopenia were the most common findings. The finding of marked bone marrow eosinopenia is a significant clue for the diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis in patients who present with splenomegaly associated with cytopenias. This finding is particularly valuable in non-endemic areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jameel Al-Ghazaly
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sana’a University, Sana’a, Yemen
- Department of Medicine, Hematology Unit, Al-Jomhori Teaching Hospital, Sana’a, Yemen
| | - Waled Al-Dubai
- Department of Biochemistry and cytogenetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sana’a University, Sana’a, Yemen
| | | | - Leila Al-Gharasi
- Department of Medicine, Hematology Unit, Al-Jomhori Teaching Hospital, Sana’a, Yemen
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188
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Bastos MSE, Souza LÂD, Onofre TS, Silva A, Almeida MRD, Bressan GC, Fietto JLR. Achievement of constitutive fluorescent pLEXSY-egfp Leishmania braziliensis and its application as an alternative method for drug screening in vitro. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2017; 112:155-159. [PMID: 28177050 PMCID: PMC5293125 DOI: 10.1590/0074-02760160237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2016] [Accepted: 10/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gene reporter-fluorescent cells have emerged as alternative method for drug screening. OBJECTIVE Achievement of constitutive expression of fluorescent protein GFP by Leishmania braziliensis as alternative method for drug screening. METHODS L. braziliensis-GFP was generated using Leishmania tarentolae pLEXSY-egfp for constitutive expression of GFP. Fluorescent cells were selected and subjected to standardisation tests of anti-promastigote and anti-intracellular amastigote assays. FINDINGS Our results showed that L. braziliensis-GFP method is faster and more sensitive than Allamar Blue-resazurin. MAIN CONCLUSION Transfected parasites maintained stable fluorescence after successive in vitro passages and pLEXSY system can be used to achieve non-L. tarentolae fluorescent cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matheus Silva E Bastos
- Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Viçosa, MG, Brasil
| | - Luciana Ângelo de Souza
- Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Viçosa, MG, Brasil
| | - Thiago Souza Onofre
- Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Viçosa, MG, Brasil
| | - Abelardo Silva
- Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Departamento de Veterinária, Viçosa, MG, Brasil
| | | | - Gustavo Costa Bressan
- Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Viçosa, MG, Brasil
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Ozlu E, Baykan A, Yaman O, Ertas R, Atasoy M, Ozyurt K, Turasan A, Taslıdere N. Case Report: Lupoid cutaneous leishmaniasis mimicking verruca plana. F1000Res 2017; 6:947. [PMID: 28713561 PMCID: PMC5490479 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.11591.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is an infectious disease caused by various species of leishmania protozoan parasites. Lupoid CL is a rare form of CL that has a stunning similarity to other granulomatous cutaneous conditions of infectious or inflammatory origin. Verruca plana, also known as a "flat wart", is a benign proliferation of the skin resulting from infection with human papilloma virus (HPV). Herein, we presented a case of lupoid CL mimicking verruca plana on the face.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emin Ozlu
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, Duzce University, Duzce, Turkey
| | - Aysegul Baykan
- Department of Dermatology, Kayseri Tekden Hospital, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Ozan Yaman
- Department of Microbiology, Kayseri Training and Research Hospital, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Ragıp Ertas
- Department of Dermatology, Kayseri Training and Research Hospital, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Mustafa Atasoy
- Department of Dermatology, Kayseri Training and Research Hospital, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Kemal Ozyurt
- Department of Dermatology, Kayseri Training and Research Hospital, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Abdullah Turasan
- Department of Dermatology, Kayseri Training and Research Hospital, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Nazan Taslıdere
- Department of Dermatology, Kayseri Training and Research Hospital, Kayseri, Turkey
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190
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Parasite Killing of Leishmania (V) braziliensis by Standardized Propolis Extracts. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2017; 2017:6067172. [PMID: 28690662 PMCID: PMC5485350 DOI: 10.1155/2017/6067172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2017] [Revised: 04/10/2017] [Accepted: 04/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Treatments based on antimonials to cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) entail a range of toxic side effects. Propolis, a natural compound widely used in traditional medical applications, exhibits a range of biological effects, including activity against infectious agents. The aim of this study was to test the potential leishmanicidal effects of different propolis extracts against Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis promastigotes and intracellular amastigotes in vitro. Stationary-phase L. (V) braziliensis promastigotes were incubated with medium alone or treated with dry, alcoholic, or glycolic propolis extract (10, 50, or 100 μg/mL) for 96 h. Our data showed that all extracts exhibited a dose-dependent effect on the viability of L. (V) braziliensis promastigotes, while controlling the parasite burden inside infected macrophages. Dry propolis extract significantly modified the inflammatory profile of murine macrophages by downmodulating TGF-β and IL-10 production, while upmodulating TNF-α. All three types of propolis extract were found to reduce nitric oxide and superoxide levels in activated L. braziliensis-infected macrophages. Altogether, our results showed that propolis extracts exhibited a leishmanicidal effect against both stages of L. (V) braziliensis. The low cell toxicity and efficient microbicidal effect of alcoholic or glycolic propolis extracts make them candidates to an additive treatment for cutaneous leishmaniasis.
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Gaspari V, Ortalli M, Foschini M, Baldovini C, Lanzoni A, Cagarelli R, Gaibani P, Rossini G, Vocale C, Tigani R, Gentilomi G, Misciali C, Pesci S, Patrizi A, Landini M, Varani S. New evidence of cutaneous leishmaniasis in north-eastern Italy. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2017; 31:1534-1540. [DOI: 10.1111/jdv.14309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2016] [Accepted: 04/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- V. Gaspari
- Unit of Dermatology; Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine; University of Bologna; St. Orsola Malpighi University Hospital; Bologna Italy
| | - M. Ortalli
- Unit of Microbiology; Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine; University of Bologna; Bologna Italy
| | - M.P. Foschini
- Department of Biomedical and Neuro Motor Sciences; Anatomic Pathology “M.Malpighi” at Bellaria Hospital; University of Bologna; Bologna Italy
| | - C. Baldovini
- Department of Biomedical and Neuro Motor Sciences; Anatomic Pathology “M.Malpighi” at Bellaria Hospital; University of Bologna; Bologna Italy
| | - A. Lanzoni
- Unit of Dermatology; Bellaria Hospital; Bologna Italy
| | - R. Cagarelli
- Public Health Authority; Emilia-Romagna Region Italy
| | - P. Gaibani
- Unit of Microbiology; Regional Reference Center for Microbiological Emergencies (CRREM); St. Orsola Malpighi University Hospital; Bologna Italy
| | - G. Rossini
- Unit of Microbiology; Regional Reference Center for Microbiological Emergencies (CRREM); St. Orsola Malpighi University Hospital; Bologna Italy
| | - C. Vocale
- Unit of Microbiology; Regional Reference Center for Microbiological Emergencies (CRREM); St. Orsola Malpighi University Hospital; Bologna Italy
| | - R. Tigani
- Unit of Microbiology; Regional Reference Center for Microbiological Emergencies (CRREM); St. Orsola Malpighi University Hospital; Bologna Italy
| | - G.A. Gentilomi
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology; University of Bologna; Bologna Italy
| | - C. Misciali
- Unit of Dermatology; Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine; University of Bologna; St. Orsola Malpighi University Hospital; Bologna Italy
| | - S. Pesci
- Unit of Dermatology; Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine; University of Bologna; St. Orsola Malpighi University Hospital; Bologna Italy
| | - A. Patrizi
- Unit of Dermatology; Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine; University of Bologna; St. Orsola Malpighi University Hospital; Bologna Italy
| | - M.P. Landini
- Unit of Microbiology; Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine; University of Bologna; Bologna Italy
- Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a carattere scientifico; Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli; Bologna Italy
| | - S. Varani
- Unit of Microbiology; Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine; University of Bologna; Bologna Italy
- Unit of Microbiology; Regional Reference Center for Microbiological Emergencies (CRREM); St. Orsola Malpighi University Hospital; Bologna Italy
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GHATEE MA, KANANNEJAD Z, SHARIFI I, ASKARI A, BAMOROVAT M. Survey of False-positive Reactivity of Latex Agglutination Test for Kala-azar (Katex) without Urine Sample Boiling Process in Autoimmune Patients. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH 2017; 46:804-810. [PMID: 28828323 PMCID: PMC5558074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Latex agglutination test for Kala-azar (KAtex) is an easy, inexpensive, and field-applicable antigen detection test. However, the main drawback of this method is the boiling step applied to remove false positivity of the test. This study was conducted to survey false positivity results of latex agglutination test for KAtex without boiling process in urine of some autoimmune patients. METHODS Ninety-two urine samples from autoimmune patients including systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), rheumatoid arthritis (RA), scleroderma, autoimmune vasculitis, vitiligo, pemphigus and Wagner cases and 20 urine samples from healthy individuals were collected from Kerman Province in Southeastern Iran in 2010-2011. All urine samples were checked by KAtex after boiling for 5 min false positivity rate of the test was surveyed in different healthy and patients groups while boiling process was removed. Rheumatoid factor (RF) then was checked in sera of all cases to evaluate the relationship between RF and KAtex false positivity. RESULTS All samples represented negative results with KAtex when boiling was performed (100% specificity). Then, 20% positivity was evident in healthy cases. False-positive reactivity was more prominent observed in patient groups than healthy individuals, except in vitiligo. However, a significant difference was only observed in RA group (P<0.05). RF was related to KAtex false positivity. CONCLUSION RA was described as the autoimmune disease in which KAtex false positivity was higher than normal population. RF or its metabolic products may have role in false positivity of KAtex but this finding needs to be confirmed by more reliable and improved experiments. Overall, immune system products should be considered in attempts for modification of KAtex for boiling process removal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Amin GHATEE
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Yasuj University of Medical Sciences, Yasuj, Iran
| | - Zahra KANANNEJAD
- Dept. of Immunology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Iraj SHARIFI
- Leishmaniasis Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran,Corresponding Author:
| | - Asma ASKARI
- Dept. of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran
| | - Mehdi BAMOROVAT
- Leishmaniasis Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
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Saheki MN, Lyra MR, Bedoya-Pacheco SJ, Antônio LDF, Pimentel MIF, Salgueiro MDM, Vasconcellos ÉDCFE, Passos SRL, dos Santos GPL, Ribeiro MN, Fagundes A, Madeira MDF, Mouta-Confort E, Marzochi MCDA, Valete-Rosalino CM, Schubach ADO. Low versus high dose of antimony for American cutaneous leishmaniasis: A randomized controlled blind non-inferiority trial in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0178592. [PMID: 28558061 PMCID: PMC5448803 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0178592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2016] [Accepted: 05/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Although high dose of antimony is the mainstay for treatment of American cutaneous leishmaniasis (ACL), ongoing major concerns remain over its toxicity. Whether or not low dose antimony regimens provide non-inferior effectiveness and lower toxicity has long been a question of dispute. Methods A single-blind, non-inferiority, randomized controlled trial was conducted comparing high dose with low dose of antimony in subjects with ACL treated at a referral center in Rio de Janeiro, an endemic area of Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis transmission. The primary outcome was clinical cure at 360 days of follow-up in the modified-intention-to-treat (mITT) and per-protocol (PP) populations. Non-inferiority margin was 15%. Secondary objectives included occurrence of epithelialization, adverse events and drug discontinuations. This study was registered in ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT01301924. Results Overall, 72 patients were randomly assigned to one of the two treatment arms during October 2008 to July 2014. In mITT, clinical cure was observed in 77.8% of subjects in the low dose antimony group and 94.4% in the high dose antimony group after one series of treatment (risk difference 16.7%; 90% CI, 3.7–29.7). The results were confirmed in PP analysis, with 77.8% of subjects with clinical cure in the low dose antimony group and 97.1% in the high dose antimony group (risk difference 19.4%; 90% CI, 7.1–31.7). The upper limit of the confidence interval exceeded the 15% threshold and was also above zero supporting the hypothesis that low dose is inferior to high dose of antimony after one series of treatment. Nevertheless, more major adverse events, a greater number of adverse events and major adverse events per subject, and more drug discontinuations were observed in the high dose antimony group (all p<0.05). Interestingly, of all the subjects who were originally allocated to the low dose antimony group and were followed up after clinical failure, 85.7% achieved cure after a further treatment with local therapy or low dose of antimony. Conclusions Compared with high dose, low dose of antimony was inferior at the pre-specified margin after one series of treatment of ACL, but was associated with a significantly lower toxicity. While high dose of antimony should remain the standard treatment for ACL, low dose antimony treatment might be preferred when toxicity is a primary concern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauricio Naoto Saheki
- Laboratory for Leishmaniasis Surveillance, Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil
- * E-mail:
| | - Marcelo Rosandiski Lyra
- Laboratory for Leishmaniasis Surveillance, Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil
| | - Sandro Javier Bedoya-Pacheco
- Laboratory for Leishmaniasis Surveillance, Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil
- Department of Epidemiology and Quantitative Methods in Health, Sergio Arouca National School of Public Health, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil
| | - Liliane de Fátima Antônio
- Laboratory for Leishmaniasis Surveillance, Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil
| | - Maria Inês Fernandes Pimentel
- Laboratory for Leishmaniasis Surveillance, Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil
| | - Mariza de Matos Salgueiro
- Laboratory for Leishmaniasis Surveillance, Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil
| | - Érica de Camargo Ferreira e Vasconcellos
- Laboratory for Leishmaniasis Surveillance, Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil
| | - Sonia Regina Lambert Passos
- Clinical Epidemiology Laboratory, Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil
| | - Ginelza Peres Lima dos Santos
- Laboratory for Leishmaniasis Surveillance, Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil
| | - Madelon Novato Ribeiro
- Laboratory for Leishmaniasis Surveillance, Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil
| | - Aline Fagundes
- Laboratory for Leishmaniasis Surveillance, Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil
| | - Maria de Fátima Madeira
- Laboratory for Leishmaniasis Surveillance, Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil
| | - Eliame Mouta-Confort
- Laboratory for Leishmaniasis Surveillance, Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil
| | - Mauro Célio de Almeida Marzochi
- Laboratory for Leishmaniasis Surveillance, Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil
| | - Cláudia Maria Valete-Rosalino
- Laboratory for Leishmaniasis Surveillance, Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Armando de Oliveira Schubach
- Laboratory for Leishmaniasis Surveillance, Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil
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Mendes TM, Roma EH, Costal-Oliveira F, Dhom-Lemos LDC, Toledo-Machado CM, Bruna-Romero O, Bartholomeu DC, Fujiwara RT, Chávez-Olórtegui C. Epitope mapping of recombinant Leishmania donovani virulence factor A2 (recLdVFA2) and canine leishmaniasis diagnosis using a derived synthetic bi-epitope. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2017; 11:e0005562. [PMID: 28557986 PMCID: PMC5466330 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0005562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2016] [Revised: 06/09/2017] [Accepted: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Leishmaniasis is one of the most important zoonotic diseases spread in Latin America. Since many species are involved in dog infection with different clinical manifestations, the development of specific diagnostic tests is mandatory for more accurate disease control and vaccine strategies. Methodology/Principal findings Seventy-five 15-mer peptides covering the sequence of recombinant Leishmania donovani virulence factor A2 (recLdVFA2) protein were prepared by Spot synthesis. Membrane-bound peptides immunoreactivity with sera from dogs immunized with recLdVFA2 and with a specific anti-recLdVFA2 monoclonal antibody allowed mapping of continuous B-cell epitopes. Five epitopes corresponding to the N-terminal region of recLdVFA2 (MKIRSVRPLVVLLVC, RSVRPLVVLLVCVAA, RPLVVLLVCVAAVLA, VVLLVCVAAVLALSA and LVCVAAVLALSASAE, region 1–28) and one located within the repetitive units (PLSVGPQAVGLSVG, regions 67–81 and 122–135) were identified. A 34-mer recLdVFA2-derived bi-epitope containing the sequence MKIRSVRPLVVLLVC linked to PLSVGPQAVGLSVG by a Gly-Gly spacer was chemically synthesized in its soluble form. The synthetic bi-epitope was used as antigen to coat ELISA plates and assayed with dog sera for in vitro diagnosis of canine visceral leishmaniasis (CVL). The assay proved to be highly sensitive (98%) and specific (99%). Conclusions/Significance Our work suggests that synthetic peptide-based ELISA strategy may be useful for the development of a sensitive and highly specific serodiagnosis for CVL or other parasitic diseases. Leishmaniasis is a neglected tropical disease being among the six endemic prioritized diseases in the world. Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is caused by Leishmania infantum and represents a serious public health problem in Brazil. Dogs are the main source of infection in the urban area and, in Brazil, the main strategies of the Visceral Leishmaniasis Control Program are directed to control the canine reservoir (serological survey and euthanasia of dogs which present reactive serum). In general, diagnosis of canine visceral leishmaniasis (CVL) has been presented as a problem for Brazilian public health services. The issue should be attributed mainly to the following factors: 1- range of similar clinical signs observed in other infectious diseases that affect dogs; 2- large percentage of asymptomatic or oligosymptomatic dogs; 3- nonspecific histopathological changes; 4- nonexistence of a diagnostic test 100% specific and sensitive. In this work, we developed a synthetic bi-epitope peptide as an antigen for immunodiagnostic ELISA to detect CVL. The biepitope used for ELISA assay accurately distinguish (98% sensitivity and 99% specificity) CVL dogs sera from non-infected dogs sera.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thais Melo Mendes
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, UFMG, Belo Horizonte—Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Eric Henrique Roma
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, UFMG, Belo Horizonte—Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Costal-Oliveira
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, UFMG, Belo Horizonte—Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | | | - Oscar Bruna-Romero
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, CCB, UFSC, Florianópolis–Santa Catarian, Brazil
| | | | - Ricardo Toshio Fujiwara
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, UFMG, Belo Horizonte—Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Carlos Chávez-Olórtegui
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, UFMG, Belo Horizonte—Minas Gerais, Brazil
- * E-mail:
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Ravinder R, Goyal N. Cloning, characterization and subcellular localization of Nuclear LIM interactor interacting factor gene from Leishmania donovani. Gene 2017; 611:1-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2017.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2016] [Revised: 02/04/2017] [Accepted: 02/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Pinto JG, Martins JFDS, Pereira AHC, Mittmann J, Raniero LJ, Ferreira-Strixino J. Evaluation of methylene blue as photosensitizer in promastigotes of Leishmania major and Leishmania braziliensis. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2017; 18:325-330. [PMID: 28457848 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2017.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2016] [Revised: 03/05/2017] [Accepted: 04/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The cutaneous leishmaniasis is caused by the protozoan of the genus Leishmania. It is considered by WHO as a public health issue and a neglected disease, which affects rural workers and it is also a risk to travelers in endemic areas. The conventional treatment is toxic and leads to severe side effects. The photodynamic therapy has been studied as an alternative treatment to cutaneous leishmaniasis. This study aimed to evaluate the methylene blue internalization and the impact of the PDT in the viability and morphology of Leishmania major and Leishmania braziliensis promastigote in culture medium. The fluorescence microscopy was used to determine the MB localization. To evaluate the mitochondrial activity (MTT), viability (Trypan blue test) and the morphological alterations both species were incubated with the MB in concentrations starting in 500μg/ml, in serial dilution, until 7,8μg/ml. The fluorescence microscopy demonstrated that the MB is internalized by both species after one hour of incubation. The MB presented low toxicity at the dark and the PDT was capable of decreasing the viability in more than 70% in the higher concentrations tested. The PDT also triggered significant morphological alterations in the Leishmania promastigotes. The results presented in this study are an indicative that the MB is a photosensitizer with promising potential to clinical application, besides its low cost.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana Guerra Pinto
- Laboratório de Terapia Fotodinâmica-Instituto de Pesquisa e desenvolvimento, Univap-Universidade do Vale do Paraíba, Av. Shishima Hifumi, 2911, 12244-000 São José dos Campos, SP, Brazil.
| | - Jaciara Fagundes de Souza Martins
- Laboratório de Terapia Fotodinâmica-Instituto de Pesquisa e desenvolvimento, Univap-Universidade do Vale do Paraíba, Av. Shishima Hifumi, 2911, 12244-000 São José dos Campos, SP, Brazil
| | - André Henrique Correia Pereira
- Laboratório de Terapia Fotodinâmica-Instituto de Pesquisa e desenvolvimento, Univap-Universidade do Vale do Paraíba, Av. Shishima Hifumi, 2911, 12244-000 São José dos Campos, SP, Brazil
| | - Josane Mittmann
- Laboratório de Protozoologia, Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia-Centro de Ciências Biológicas (CCB)-Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC), Setor F, bloco A, Florianópolis, SC, 88.040-970, Brazil
| | - Leandro José Raniero
- Laboratório de Nanossensores-Instituto de Pesquisa e desenvolvimento, Univap-Universidade do Vale do Paraíba, Av. Shishima Hifumi, 2911, 12244-000 São José dos Campos, SP, Brazil
| | - Juliana Ferreira-Strixino
- Laboratório de Terapia Fotodinâmica-Instituto de Pesquisa e desenvolvimento, Univap-Universidade do Vale do Paraíba, Av. Shishima Hifumi, 2911, 12244-000 São José dos Campos, SP, Brazil
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197
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Ni ZX, Cui JM, Zhang NZ, Fu BQ. Structural and evolutionary divergence of aquaporins in parasites (Review). Mol Med Rep 2017; 15:3943-3948. [PMID: 28440467 PMCID: PMC5436202 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2017.6505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2016] [Accepted: 02/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Aquaporins are ubiquitous proteins that belong to the major intrinsic protein family. Previous studies have indicated that aquaporins are involved in multiple physiological processes in parasites, such as nutrient absorption and end product efflux, and thus, would be promising pharmacological agents in the fight against parasite infection. In the present paper, the authors analyzed the evolutionary relationship of parasitic aquaporins by re‑constructing of a phylogenic tree using neighbor‑joining and maximum likelihood methods. In addition, the authors discussed the variation of the conserved functional sites impacting on the transportation of water molecules. The protein was concluded to be a potential drug target in parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zi-Xin Ni
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, P.R. China
| | - Jian-Min Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu 730046, P.R. China
| | - Nian-Zhang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu 730046, P.R. China
| | - Bao-Quan Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu 730046, P.R. China
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Kollipara R, Peranteau AJ, Nawas ZY, Tong Y, Woc-Colburn L, Yan AC, Lupi O, Tyring SK. Emerging infectious diseases with cutaneous manifestations: Fungal, helminthic, protozoan and ectoparasitic infections. J Am Acad Dermatol 2017; 75:19-30. [PMID: 27317513 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2016.04.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2015] [Revised: 04/11/2016] [Accepted: 04/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Given increased international travel, immigration, changing climate conditions, and the increased incidence of iatrogenic immunosuppression, fungal, protozoan, helminthic, and ectoparasitic infections that were once uncommon are being seeing more frequently in the Western hemisphere. However, the diagnosis and management of these infections is fraught with a lack of consistency because there is a dearth of dermatology literature on the cutaneous manifestations of these infections. In addition, delays in the diagnosis and treatment of these diseases can lead to significant patient morbidity and mortality. We review the epidemiology, cutaneous manifestations, diagnostic modalities, and treatment options for emerging fungal, protozoan, helminthic, and ectoparasitic infections. It should be noted, however, that throughout this review we cite statistics documenting their increased incidence to back-up these infections as emerging, and although some of the diagnoses are clinical, others rely on newer laboratory tests, and the possibility exists that the increased incidence could be caused by better detection methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramya Kollipara
- Department of Dermatology, Texas Tech Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, Texas
| | | | | | - Yun Tong
- Center for Clinical Studies, Houston, Texas
| | - Laila Woc-Colburn
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, National School of Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Albert C Yan
- Section of Dermatology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Omar Lupi
- Federal University of the State of Rio de Janeiro and Policlinica Geral do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janerio, Brazil
| | - Stephen K Tyring
- Center for Clinical Studies, Houston, Texas; Department of Dermatology, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas
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199
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Hailu GS, Robaa D, Forgione M, Sippl W, Rotili D, Mai A. Lysine Deacetylase Inhibitors in Parasites: Past, Present, and Future Perspectives. J Med Chem 2017; 60:4780-4804. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.6b01595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gebremedhin S. Hailu
- Dipartimento
di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco “Sapienza” Università di Roma, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Dina Robaa
- Institute of Pharmacy, Martin-Luther-Universitat Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - Mariantonietta Forgione
- Dipartimento
di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco “Sapienza” Università di Roma, 00185 Rome, Italy
- Center
for Life Nano Science@Sapienza, Italian Institute of Technology, Viale Regina Elena 291, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Wolfgang Sippl
- Institute of Pharmacy, Martin-Luther-Universitat Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - Dante Rotili
- Dipartimento
di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco “Sapienza” Università di Roma, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Antonello Mai
- Dipartimento
di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco “Sapienza” Università di Roma, 00185 Rome, Italy
- Istituto
Pasteur, Fondazione Cenci-Bolognetti, “Sapienza” Università di Roma, 00185 Rome, Italy
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200
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Sreedharan V, Bhaskara Rao K. Efficacy of protease inhibitor from marine Streptomyces sp. VITBVK2 against Leishmania donovani – An in vitro study. Exp Parasitol 2017; 174:45-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2017.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2016] [Revised: 12/29/2016] [Accepted: 02/03/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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