151
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Endrass T, Schuermann B, Roepke S, Kessler-Scheil S, Kathmann N. Reduced risk avoidance and altered neural correlates of feedback processing in patients with borderline personality disorder. Psychiatry Res 2016; 243:14-22. [PMID: 27344588 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2016.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2015] [Revised: 06/10/2016] [Accepted: 06/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Patients with borderline personality disorder (BPD) show deficits in reward-guided decision making and learning. The present study examined risk-taking behavior in combination with feedback processing. Eighteen BPD patients and 18 healthy controls performed a probabilistic two-choice gambling task, while an electroencephalogram was recorded. Options differed in risk, but were identical in expected value and outcome probability. The feedback-related negativity (FRN) and the feedback-related P300 were analyzed. Healthy controls preferred low-risk over high-risk options, whereas BPD patients chose both option with equal probability. FRN amplitudes were reduced in BPD, but effects of feedback valence and risk did not differ between groups. This suggests attenuated outcome processing in the anterior cingulate cortex, but intact reward prediction error signaling. Furthermore, the modulation of the feedback-related P300 with feedback valence and risk was smaller in BPD patients, and decreased P300 amplitudes were associated with increased behavioral risk-taking behavior. These findings could relate to the reduced ability of BPD patients to learn and adequately adjust their behavior based on feedback information, possibly due to reduced significance of negative feedback.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanja Endrass
- Department of Psychology, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany; Institute of Psychology, Otto-von-Guericke Universität, Magdeburg, Germany.
| | - Beate Schuermann
- Department of Psychology, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany
| | - Stefan Roepke
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Norbert Kathmann
- Department of Psychology, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany
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152
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Cassimiro L, Fuentes D, Nitrini R, Yassuda MS. Decision-making in Cognitively Unimpaired Illiterate and Low-educated Older Women: Results on the Iowa Gambling Task. Arch Clin Neuropsychol 2016; 32:71-80. [PMID: 27680089 DOI: 10.1093/arclin/acw080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study investigated the pattern of decision-making (DM) on the Iowa Gambling Task (IGT) in a sample of Portuguese speaking healthy older women in Brazil with limited education: illiterate, 1-2 years, and 3-4 years of schooling. METHODS Around 164 non-demented community-dwelling women participated in the study. Among them 60 were illiterate, 52 had 1-2 years of schooling and 52 had 3-4 years of schooling. Participants completed the instruments: Brief Cognitive Screening Battery (BCSB), Mini-Mental State Examination, Verbal Fluency Test (animal category), Clock Drawing Test, Geriatric Depression Scale, Geriatric Anxiety Inventory, Digit Span Forward and Backward, Raven's Coloured Progressive Matrices, Wisconsin Card Sorting Test, and IGT. RESULTS The three education groups were equivalent as to age, number of diseases, medications taken daily, depression, and anxiety symptoms. In the IGT the literate older adults made more advantageous choices than the illiterate and IGT performance improved linearly with higher levels of education. IGT performance correlated significantly with all cognitive test scores with the exception of the memorization of the pictures on the BCSB. CONCLUSION The results suggested that education influences IGT performance, with worse scores among the illiterate. Results may be used by clinicians to interpret IGT performance among seniors with low literacy levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciana Cassimiro
- Cognitive Behavior Neurology Group (GNCC), Neurology Department, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Paulista Institute of Geriatrics and Gerontology , São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Daniel Fuentes
- Cognitive Behavior Neurology Group (GNCC), Neurology Department, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Nitrini
- Cognitive Behavior Neurology Group (GNCC), Neurology Department, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mônica Sanches Yassuda
- Cognitive Behavior Neurology Group (GNCC), Neurology Department, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil .,School of Arts, Sciences and Humanities, Gerontology, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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153
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Simonovic B, Stupple EJN, Gale M, Sheffield D. Stress and Risky Decision Making: Cognitive Reflection, Emotional Learning or Both. JOURNAL OF BEHAVIORAL DECISION MAKING 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/bdm.1980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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154
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Lackner RJ, Fresco DM. Interaction effect of brooding rumination and interoceptive awareness on depression and anxiety symptoms. Behav Res Ther 2016; 85:43-52. [PMID: 27567108 DOI: 10.1016/j.brat.2016.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2016] [Revised: 08/10/2016] [Accepted: 08/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Awareness of the body (i.e., interoceptive awareness) and self-referential thought represent two distinct, yet habitually integrated aspects of self. A recent neuroanatomical and processing model for depression and anxiety incorporates the connections between increased but low fidelity afferent interoceptive input with self-referential and belief-based states. A deeper understanding of how self-referential processes are integrated with interoceptive processes may ultimately aid in our understanding of altered, maladaptive views of the self - a shared experience of individuals with mood and anxiety disorders. Thus, the purpose of the current study was to examine how negative self-referential processing (i.e., brooding rumination) relates to interoception in the context of affective psychopathology. Undergraduate students (N = 82) completed an interoception task (heartbeat counting) in addition to self-reported measures of rumination and depression and anxiety symptoms. Results indicated an interaction effect of brooding rumination and interoceptive awareness on depression and anxiety-related distress. Specifically, high levels of brooding rumination coupled with low levels of interoceptive awareness were associated with the highest levels of depression and anxiety-related distress, whereas low levels of brooding rumination coupled with high levels of interoceptive awareness were associated with lower levels of depression and anxiety-related distress. The findings provide further support for the conceptualization of anxiety and depression as conditions involving the integration of interoceptive processes and negative self-referential processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan J Lackner
- Kent State University, Department of Psychological Sciences, Kent, OH, USA.
| | - David M Fresco
- Kent State University, Department of Psychological Sciences, Kent, OH, USA
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155
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Assessment of Executive Function in Patients With Substance Use Disorder: A Comparison of Inventory- and Performance-Based Assessment. J Subst Abuse Treat 2016; 66:1-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jsat.2016.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2015] [Revised: 02/15/2016] [Accepted: 02/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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156
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157
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Tian X, Wei D, Du X, Wang K, Yang J, Liu W, Meng J, Liu H, Liu G, Qiu J. Assessment of trait anxiety and prediction of changes in state anxiety using functional brain imaging: A test–retest study. Neuroimage 2016; 133:408-416. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2016.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2015] [Revised: 02/22/2016] [Accepted: 03/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
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158
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Fattore L, Diana M. Drug addiction: An affective-cognitive disorder in need of a cure. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2016; 65:341-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2015] [Revised: 03/24/2016] [Accepted: 04/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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159
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Broche-Pérez Y, Herrera Jiménez L, Omar-Martínez E. Bases neurales de la toma de decisiones. Neurologia 2016; 31:319-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nrl.2015.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2014] [Revised: 11/18/2014] [Accepted: 03/05/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
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160
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Abstract
The aim of this paper is to help clinicians better understand how erotomania originates in order to facilitate treatment and make it more effective. Data sources are the narratives of six women who spoke in detail about the beginnings of their delusional beliefs and about the nature of the evidence that convinced them that their beliefs were well-founded. In every case, low self-esteem and emotional arousal preceded the emergence of the delusion. Misperceptions and misattributions appeared responsible for keeping the delusion alive. Despite external disconfirmation, social isolation protected the delusional beliefs from revision and extinction. The erotomanic delusion provided a sense of well-being that probably contributed to its maintenance. As well, a delusion-induced boost in well-being delayed help-seeking. Recommendations for treatment include staged interventions, first establishing a therapeutic alliance with a focus on understanding the psychological factors contributing to the origin and maintenance of the delusion. The next stage is the provision of social support and strategies directed at the restoration of self-esteem. The third stage is the gradual introduction of techniques to correct cognitive biases. Medication and risk management form an integral part of overall management. Objective evidence for the effectiveness of this approach is, however, not yet available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary V Seeman
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Suite 2374, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A8, Canada.
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161
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Besnard J, Le Gall D, Chauviré V, Aubin G, Etcharry-Bouyx F, Allain P. Discrepancy between social and nonsocial decision-making under uncertainty following prefrontal lobe damage: the impact of an interactionist approach. Soc Neurosci 2016; 12:430-447. [PMID: 27109748 DOI: 10.1080/17470919.2016.1182066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Deficits in decision-making are thought to contribute significantly to socio-behavioral impairments of patients with frontal lobe damage. The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis of whether the inappropriate social behavior of patients with frontal lesions can be viewed as the product of a general failure of decision-making ability or as the result of socio-cognitive impairment. We studied a group of patients with prefrontal lesions (FL patients, n = 15) and a group of matched healthy controls (n = 30) on the Iowa Gambling task (IGT) of nonsocial decision-making, environmental dependency phenomena (EDP) during social interaction, and the "reading the mind in the eyes" and "character intention task" of theory of mind (TOM) tasks. The FL patients were impaired in both TOM and EDP protocols but, surprisingly, they behaved appropriately in the IGT. In addition, FL patients with EDP did not differ in executive functioning, IGT and TOM measures from those who did not demonstrate these behavioral disorders. The right orbitofrontal cortex was associated with social decision-making deficits. By adopting an interactionist approach, this study raises the possibility of identifying components of social and nonsocial decision-making, which could be helpful in understanding the behavioral disorders of FL patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Besnard
- a LUNAM Université, Laboratoire de Psychologie des Pays de la Loire (UPRES EA 4638) , University of Angers , Angers , France.,b Neuropsychological Unit, Department of Neurology , University Hospital of Angers , Angers , France
| | - D Le Gall
- a LUNAM Université, Laboratoire de Psychologie des Pays de la Loire (UPRES EA 4638) , University of Angers , Angers , France.,b Neuropsychological Unit, Department of Neurology , University Hospital of Angers , Angers , France
| | - V Chauviré
- a LUNAM Université, Laboratoire de Psychologie des Pays de la Loire (UPRES EA 4638) , University of Angers , Angers , France.,b Neuropsychological Unit, Department of Neurology , University Hospital of Angers , Angers , France
| | - G Aubin
- a LUNAM Université, Laboratoire de Psychologie des Pays de la Loire (UPRES EA 4638) , University of Angers , Angers , France.,b Neuropsychological Unit, Department of Neurology , University Hospital of Angers , Angers , France.,c Rehabilitation Unit , Regional Center for Functional Rehabilitation , Angers , France
| | - F Etcharry-Bouyx
- a LUNAM Université, Laboratoire de Psychologie des Pays de la Loire (UPRES EA 4638) , University of Angers , Angers , France.,b Neuropsychological Unit, Department of Neurology , University Hospital of Angers , Angers , France
| | - P Allain
- a LUNAM Université, Laboratoire de Psychologie des Pays de la Loire (UPRES EA 4638) , University of Angers , Angers , France.,b Neuropsychological Unit, Department of Neurology , University Hospital of Angers , Angers , France
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162
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Pisner DA, Smith R, Alkozei A, Klimova A, Killgore WDS. Highways of the emotional intellect: white matter microstructural correlates of an ability-based measure of emotional intelligence. Soc Neurosci 2016; 12:253-267. [PMID: 27072165 DOI: 10.1080/17470919.2016.1176600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Individuals differ in their ability to understand emotional information and apply that understanding to make decisions and solve problems effectively - a construct known as Emotional Intelligence (EI). While considerable evidence supports the importance of EI in social and occupational functioning, the neural underpinnings of this capacity are relatively unexplored. We used Tract-Based Spatial Statistics (TBSS) to determine the white matter correlates of EI as measured by the ability-based Mayer-Salovey-Caruso Emotional Intelligence Test (MSCEIT). Participants included 32 healthy adults (16 men; 16 women), aged 18-45 years. White matter integrity in key tracts was positively correlated with the Strategic Area branches of the MSCEIT (Understanding Emotions and Managing Emotions), but not the Experiential branches (Perceiving and Facilitating Emotions). Specifically, the Understanding Emotions branch was associated with greater fractional anisotropy (FA) within somatosensory and sensory-motor fiber bundles, particularly those of the left superior longitudinal fasciculus and corticospinal tract. Managing Emotions was associated with greater FA within frontal-affective association tracts including the anterior forceps and right uncinate fasciculus, along with frontal-parietal cingulum and interhemispheric corpus callosum tracts. These findings suggest that specific components of EI are directly related to the structural microarchitecture of major axonal pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek A Pisner
- a Social, Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience Laboratory , University of Arizona College of Medicine , Tucson , AZ , USA
| | - Ryan Smith
- a Social, Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience Laboratory , University of Arizona College of Medicine , Tucson , AZ , USA
| | - Anna Alkozei
- a Social, Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience Laboratory , University of Arizona College of Medicine , Tucson , AZ , USA
| | - Aleksandra Klimova
- a Social, Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience Laboratory , University of Arizona College of Medicine , Tucson , AZ , USA
| | - William D S Killgore
- a Social, Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience Laboratory , University of Arizona College of Medicine , Tucson , AZ , USA.,b Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience Laboratory, McLean Hospital , Harvard Medical School , Belmont , MA , USA
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163
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Augusto LM. Lost in dissociation: The main paradigms in unconscious cognition. Conscious Cogn 2016; 42:293-310. [PMID: 27107894 DOI: 10.1016/j.concog.2016.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2015] [Revised: 03/05/2016] [Accepted: 04/10/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Contemporary studies in unconscious cognition are essentially founded on dissociation, i.e., on how it dissociates with respect to conscious mental processes and representations. This is claimed to be in so many and diverse ways that one is often lost in dissociation. In order to reduce this state of confusion we here carry out two major tasks: based on the central distinction between cognitive processes and representations, we identify and isolate the main dissociation paradigms; we then critically analyze their key tenets and reported findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis M Augusto
- University of Barcelona (Visiting researcher), Barcelona, Spain.
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164
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Schiebener J, Brand M. Age-related variance in decisions under ambiguity is explained by changes in reasoning, executive functions, and decision-making under risk. Cogn Emot 2016; 31:816-824. [PMID: 27003192 DOI: 10.1080/02699931.2016.1159944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Previous literature has explained older individuals' disadvantageous decision-making under ambiguity in the Iowa Gambling Task (IGT) by reduced emotional warning signals preceding decisions. We argue that age-related reductions in IGT performance may also be explained by reductions in certain cognitive abilities (reasoning, executive functions). In 210 participants (18-86 years), we found that the age-related variance on IGT performance occurred only in the last 60 trials. The effect was mediated by cognitive abilities and their relation with decision-making performance under risk with explicit rules (Game of Dice Task). Thus, reductions in cognitive functions in older age may be associated with both a reduced ability to gain explicit insight into the rules of the ambiguous decision situation and with failure to choose the less risky options consequently after the rules have been understood explicitly. Previous literature may have underestimated the relevance of cognitive functions for age-related decline in decision-making performance under ambiguity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Schiebener
- a Department of General Psychology: Cognition , University of Duisburg-Essen , Duisburg , Germany
| | - Matthias Brand
- a Department of General Psychology: Cognition , University of Duisburg-Essen , Duisburg , Germany.,b Erwin L. Hahn Institute for Magnetic Resonance Imaging , Essen , Germany
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165
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On the generality of the effect of experiencing prior gains and losses on the Iowa Gambling Task: A study on young and old adults. JUDGMENT AND DECISION MAKING 2016. [DOI: 10.1017/s1930297500007294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
AbstractProspect Theory predicts that people tend to be more risk seeking if their reference point is perceived as a loss and more risk averse when the reference point is perceived as a gain. In line with this prediction, Franken, Georgieva, Muris and Dijksterhuis (2006) showed that young adults who had a prior experience of monetary gains make more safe choices on subsequent decisions than subjects who had an early experience of losses. There are no experimental studies on how experiencing prior gains and losses differently influences young and older adults on a subsequent decision-making task (the Iowa Gambling Task). Hence, in the current paper, adapting the methodology employed by Franken et al.’s (2006), we intended to test the generality of their effect across the life span. Overall, we found that subjects who experienced prior monetary gains or prior monetary losses did not display significant differences in safe/risky choices on subsequent performance in the Iowa Gambling task. Furthermore, the impact of prior gains and losses on risky/safe card selection did not significantly differ between young and older adults. These results showed that the effect found in the Franken et al.’s study (2006) is limited in its generality.
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166
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Delazer M, Zamarian L, Frauscher B, Mitterling T, Stefani A, Heidbreder A, Högl B. Oxygen desaturation during night sleep affects decision-making in patients with obstructive sleep apnea. J Sleep Res 2016; 25:395-403. [DOI: 10.1111/jsr.12396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2015] [Accepted: 01/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Margarete Delazer
- Department of Neurology; Medical University of Innsbruck; Innsbruck Austria
| | - Laura Zamarian
- Department of Neurology; Medical University of Innsbruck; Innsbruck Austria
| | - Birgit Frauscher
- Department of Neurology; Medical University of Innsbruck; Innsbruck Austria
| | - Thomas Mitterling
- Department of Neurology; Medical University of Innsbruck; Innsbruck Austria
| | - Ambra Stefani
- Department of Neurology; Medical University of Innsbruck; Innsbruck Austria
| | - Anna Heidbreder
- Department of Neurology; Medical University of Innsbruck; Innsbruck Austria
| | - Birgit Högl
- Department of Neurology; Medical University of Innsbruck; Innsbruck Austria
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167
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Living in the Now: Decision-Making and Delay Discounting in Adolescent Gamblers. J Gambl Stud 2016; 32:1191-1202. [DOI: 10.1007/s10899-016-9595-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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168
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Langridge N, Roberts L, Pope C. The role of clinician emotion in clinical reasoning: Balancing the analytical process. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 21:277-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.math.2015.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2014] [Revised: 05/26/2015] [Accepted: 06/12/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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169
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Okdie BM, Buelow MT, Bevelhymer-Rangel K. It's All in How You Think About It: Construal Level and the Iowa Gambling Task. Front Neurosci 2016; 10:2. [PMID: 26834531 PMCID: PMC4722111 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2016.00002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2015] [Accepted: 01/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent research has identified a number of factors that can influence performance on the Iowa Gambling Task (IGT) when it is used in clinical or research settings. The current studies examine the effects of construal level theory (CLT) on the IGT. Study 1 suggests that when primed with a high construal mindset (i.e., thinking abstractly vs. concretely), individuals learned to avoid Deck A more than those primed with a low construal mindset. Study 2 suggests that when construal level is manipulated through psychological distance (i.e., selecting for a close vs. distant friend), individuals in a high construal mindset instead showed a preference for Deck A compared to individuals in a low construal mindset or a control group. Taken together, these studies suggest that IGT performance is impacted by the manner in which one construes the task. Implications for decision making research and use of the IGT as a clinical and research instrument are discussed.
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170
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171
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Verweij M, Senior TJ, Domínguez D JF, Turner R. Emotion, rationality, and decision-making: how to link affective and social neuroscience with social theory. Front Neurosci 2015; 9:332. [PMID: 26441506 PMCID: PMC4585257 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2015.00332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2015] [Accepted: 09/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In this paper, we argue for a stronger engagement between concepts in affective and social neuroscience on the one hand, and theories from the fields of anthropology, economics, political science, and sociology on the other. Affective and social neuroscience could provide an additional assessment of social theories. We argue that some of the most influential social theories of the last four decades-rational choice theory, behavioral economics, and post-structuralism-contain assumptions that are inconsistent with key findings in affective and social neuroscience. We also show that another approach from the social sciences-plural rationality theory-shows greater compatibility with these findings. We further claim that, in their turn, social theories can strengthen affective and social neuroscience. The former can provide more precise formulations of the social phenomena that neuroscientific models have targeted, can help neuroscientists who build these models become more aware of their social and cultural biases, and can even improve the models themselves. To illustrate, we show how plural rationality theory can be used to further specify and test the somatic marker hypothesis. Thus, we aim to accelerate the much-needed merger of social theories with affective and social neuroscience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Verweij
- Department of Social Sciences and Humanities, Jacobs University Bremen Bremen, Germany
| | - Timothy J Senior
- Digital Cultures Research Centre, University of the West of England Bristol, UK
| | - Juan F Domínguez D
- Social Neuroscience Lab, School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Robert Turner
- Department of Neurophysics, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences Leipzig, Germany
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172
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Trotzke P, Starcke K, Pedersen A, Müller A, Brand M. Impaired decision making under ambiguity but not under risk in individuals with pathological buying-behavioral and psychophysiological evidence. Psychiatry Res 2015; 229:551-8. [PMID: 26165961 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2015.05.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2014] [Revised: 03/29/2015] [Accepted: 05/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Pathological buying (PB) is described as dysfunctional buying behavior, associated with harmful consequences. It is discussed whether decision-making deficits are related to PB, because affected individuals often choose the short-term rewarding option of buying despite persistent negative long-term consequences. We investigated 30 patients suffering from PB and 30 matched control participants with two different decision-making tasks: the Iowa Gambling Task (IGT) measures decisions under ambiguity and involves emotional feedback processing, whereas the Game of Dice Task (GDT) measures decisions under risk and can be solved strategically. Potential emotional and cognitive correlates of decision making were investigated by assessing skin conductance response (SCR) and executive functioning. In comparison to the control participants, the patients showed more disadvantageous decisions under ambiguity in the IGT. These data were supported by the SCR results: patients failed to generate SCRs that usually occur before disadvantageous decisions. The physiological and behavioral performance on decisions under risk and executive functioning did not differ between groups. Thus, deficits in emotional feedback processing might be one potential factor in etiology and pathogenesis of PB and should be considered in theory and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Trotzke
- Department of General Psychology: Cognition, University of Duisburg-Essen, Duisburg, Germany.
| | - Katrin Starcke
- Department of General Psychology: Cognition, University of Duisburg-Essen, Duisburg, Germany.
| | - Anya Pedersen
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, University of Kiel, Germany.
| | - Astrid Müller
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Hannover Medical School, Germany.
| | - Matthias Brand
- Department of General Psychology: Cognition, University of Duisburg-Essen, Duisburg, Germany; Erwin L. Hahn Institute for Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Essen, Germany.
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173
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Marsh AA. Understanding amygdala responsiveness to fearful expressions through the lens of psychopathy and altruism. J Neurosci Res 2015; 94:513-25. [PMID: 26366635 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.23668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2015] [Revised: 08/24/2015] [Accepted: 08/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Because the face is the central focus of human social interactions, emotional facial expressions provide a unique window into the emotional lives of others. They play a particularly important role in fostering empathy, which entails understanding and responding to others' emotions, especially distress-related emotions such as fear. This Review considers how fearful facial as well as vocal and postural expressions are interpreted, with an emphasis on the role of the amygdala. The amygdala may be best known for its role in the acquisition and expression of conditioned fear, but it also supports the perception and recognition of others' fear. Various explanations have been supplied for the amygdala's role in interpreting and responding to fearful expressions. They include theories that amygdala responses to fearful expressions 1) reflect heightened vigilance in response to uncertain danger, 2) promote heightened attention to the eye region of faces, 3) represent a response to an unconditioned aversive stimulus, or 4) reflect the generation of an empathic fear response. Among these, only empathic fear explains why amygdala lesions would impair fear recognition across modalities. Supporting the possibility of a link between fundamental empathic processes and amygdala responses to fear is evidence that impaired fear recognition in psychopathic individuals results from amygdala dysfunction, whereas enhanced fear recognition in altruistic individuals results from enhanced amygdala function. Empathic concern and caring behaviors may be fostered by sensitivity to signs of acute distress in others, which relies on intact functioning of the amygdala.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abigail A Marsh
- Department of Psychology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC
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174
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Brunell AB, Buelow MT. Narcissism and Performance on Behavioral Decision-making Tasks. JOURNAL OF BEHAVIORAL DECISION MAKING 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/bdm.1900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Amy B. Brunell
- The Ohio State University at Mansfield; Mansfield OH USA
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175
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Buelow MT, Barnhart WR. The Influence of Math Anxiety, Math Performance, Worry, and Test Anxiety on the Iowa Gambling Task and Balloon Analogue Risk Task. Assessment 2015; 24:127-137. [PMID: 26310960 DOI: 10.1177/1073191115602554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Multiple studies have shown that performance on behavioral decision-making tasks, such as the Iowa Gambling Task (IGT) and Balloon Analogue Risk Task (BART), is influenced by external factors, such as mood. However, the research regarding the influence of worry is mixed, and no research has examined the effect of math or test anxiety on these tasks. The present study investigated the effects of anxiety (including math anxiety) and math performance on the IGT and BART in a sample of 137 undergraduate students. Math performance and worry were not correlated with performance on the IGT, and no variables were correlated with BART performance. Linear regressions indicated math anxiety, physiological anxiety, social concerns/stress, and test anxiety significantly predicted disadvantageous selections on the IGT during the transition from decision making under ambiguity to decision making under risk. Implications for clinical evaluation of decision making are discussed.
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176
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Self-reported strategies in decisions under risk: role of feedback, reasoning abilities, executive functions, short-term-memory, and working memory. Cogn Process 2015; 16:401-16. [DOI: 10.1007/s10339-015-0665-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2015] [Accepted: 07/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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177
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Gonzalez-Gadea ML, Scheres A, Tobon CA, Damm J, Baez S, Huepe D, Marino J, Marder S, Manes F, Abrevaya S, Ibanez A. Stop Saying That It Is Wrong! Psychophysiological, Cognitive, and Metacognitive Markers of Children's Sensitivity to Punishment. PLoS One 2015. [PMID: 26218584 PMCID: PMC4517808 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0133683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurodevelopmental evidence suggests that children’s main decision-making strategy is to avoid options likely to induce punishment. However, the cognitive and affective factors contributing to children’s avoidance to high punishment frequency remain unknown. The present study explored psychophysiological, cognitive, and metacognitive processes associated with sensitivity to punishment frequency. We evaluated 54 participants (between 8 and 15 years old) with a modified Iowa Gambling Task for children (IGT-C) which included options with varying long-term profit and punishment frequencies. Skin conductance responses (SCRs) were recorded during this task. Additionally, we assessed IGT-C metacognitive knowledge, fluid intelligence, and executive functions. Participants exhibited behavioral avoidance and high anticipatory SCRs to options with high frequency of punishment. Moreover, age, IGT-C metacognitive knowledge, and inhibitory control were associated with individual differences in sensitivity to punishment frequency. Our results suggest that children’s preference for infrequently punished decisions is partially explained by psychophysiological signals as well as task complexity and development of cognitive control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Luz Gonzalez-Gadea
- Institute of Cognitive Neurology (INECO), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- UDP-INECO Foundation Core on Neuroscience (UIFCoN), Faculty of Psychology, Diego Portales University, Santiago, Chile
| | - Anouk Scheres
- Behavioural Science Institute, Developmental Psychology, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Carlos Andres Tobon
- Grupo de Neurociencias de Antioquia, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellin, Colombia
- Grupo de Neuropsicología y Conducta, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellin, Colombia
| | | | - Sandra Baez
- Institute of Cognitive Neurology (INECO), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- UDP-INECO Foundation Core on Neuroscience (UIFCoN), Faculty of Psychology, Diego Portales University, Santiago, Chile
| | - David Huepe
- UDP-INECO Foundation Core on Neuroscience (UIFCoN), Faculty of Psychology, Diego Portales University, Santiago, Chile
- Laboratory of Cognitive and Social Neurosciences, Universidad Diego Portales, Santiago, Chile
| | - Julian Marino
- Laboratorio de Neuroimágenes, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Cordoba, Argentina
| | - Sandra Marder
- Comisión de Investigaciones Científicas de la Provincia de Buenos Aires y Facultad de Psicología (UNLP), La Plata, Argentina
| | - Facundo Manes
- Institute of Cognitive Neurology (INECO), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- UDP-INECO Foundation Core on Neuroscience (UIFCoN), Faculty of Psychology, Diego Portales University, Santiago, Chile
- Centre of Excellence in Cognition and its Disorders, Australian Research Council (ACR), Randwick, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Sofia Abrevaya
- Institute of Cognitive Neurology (INECO), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Agustin Ibanez
- Institute of Cognitive Neurology (INECO), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- UDP-INECO Foundation Core on Neuroscience (UIFCoN), Faculty of Psychology, Diego Portales University, Santiago, Chile
- Centre of Excellence in Cognition and its Disorders, Australian Research Council (ACR), Randwick, New South Wales, Australia
- Universidad Autónoma del Caribe, Barranquilla, Colombia
- * E-mail:
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178
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Fujiwara E, Tomlinson SE, Purdon SE, Gill MJ, Power C. Decision making under explicit risk is impaired in individuals with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). J Clin Exp Neuropsychol 2015. [PMID: 26207583 DOI: 10.1080/13803395.2015.1057481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) can affect the frontal-striatal brain regions, which are known to subserve decision-making functions. Previous studies have reported impaired decision making among HIV+ individuals using the Iowa Gambling Task, a task that assesses decision making under ambiguity. Previous study populations often had significant comorbidities such as past or present substance use disorders and/or hepatitis C virus coinfection, complicating conclusions about the unique contributions of HIV-infection to decision making. Decision making under explicit risk has very rarely been examined in HIV+ individuals and was tested here using the Game of Dice Task (GDT). METHOD We examined decision making under explicit risk in the GDT in 20 HIV+ individuals without substance use disorder or HCV coinfection, including a demographically matched healthy control group (n = 20). Groups were characterized on a standard neuropsychological test battery. For the HIV+ group, several disease-related parameters (viral load, current and nadir CD4 T-cell count) were included. Analyses focused on the GDT and spanned between-group (t-tests; analysis of covariance, ANCOVA) as well as within-group comparisons (Pearson/Spearman correlations). RESULTS HIV+ individuals were impaired in the GDT, compared to healthy controls (p = .02). Their decision-making impairments were characterized by less advantageous choices and more random choice strategies, especially towards the end of the task. Deficits in the GDT in the HIV+ group were related to executive dysfunctions, slowed processing/motor speed, and current immune system status (CD4+ T-cell levels, ps < .05). CONCLUSIONS Decision making under explicit risk in the GDT can occur in HIV-infected individuals without comorbidities. The correlational patterns may point to underlying fronto-subcortical dysfunctions in HIV+ individuals. The GDT provides a useful measure to assess risky decision making in this population and should be tested in larger studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther Fujiwara
- a Department of Psychiatry , University of Alberta , Edmonton , AB , Canada
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179
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Abstract
Afferent neural signals are continuously transmitted from visceral organs to the brain. Interoception refers to the processing of visceral-afferent neural signals by the central nervous system, which can finally result in the conscious perception of bodily processes. Interoception can, therefore, be described as a prominent example of information processing on the ascending branch of the brain–body axis. Stress responses involve a complex neuro-behavioral cascade, which is elicited when the organism is confronted with a potentially harmful stimulus. As this stress cascade comprises a range of neural and endocrine pathways, stress can be conceptualized as a communication process on the descending branch of the brain–body axis. Interoception and stress are, therefore, associated via the bi-directional transmission of information on the brain–body axis. It could be argued that excessive and/or enduring activation (e.g., by acute or chronic stress) of neural circuits, which are responsible for successful communication on the brain–body axis, induces malfunction and dysregulation of these information processes. As a consequence, interoceptive signal processing may be altered, resulting in physical symptoms contributing to the development and/or maintenance of body-related mental disorders, which are associated with stress. In the current paper, we summarize findings on psychobiological processes underlying acute and chronic stress and their interaction with interoception. While focusing on the role of the physiological stress axes (hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical axis and autonomic nervous system), psychological factors in acute and chronic stress are also discussed. We propose a positive feedback model involving stress (in particular early life or chronic stress, as well as major adverse events), the dysregulation of physiological stress axes, altered perception of bodily sensations, and the generation of physical symptoms, which may in turn facilitate stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- André Schulz
- Institute for Health and Behaviour, Integrative Research Unit on Social and Individual Development, University of Luxembourg Walferdange, Luxembourg
| | - Claus Vögele
- Institute for Health and Behaviour, Integrative Research Unit on Social and Individual Development, University of Luxembourg Walferdange, Luxembourg
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180
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Olsen VV, Lugo RG, Sütterlin S. The somatic marker theory in the context of addiction: contributions to understanding development and maintenance. Psychol Res Behav Manag 2015; 8:187-200. [PMID: 26185474 PMCID: PMC4501162 DOI: 10.2147/prbm.s68695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent theoretical accounts of addiction have acknowledged that addiction to substances and behaviors share inherent similarities (eg, insensitivity to future consequences and self-regulatory deficits). This recognition is corroborated by inquiries into the neurobiological correlates of addiction, which has indicated that different manifestations of addictive pathology share common neural mechanisms. This review of the literature will explore the feasibility of the somatic marker hypothesis as a unifying explanatory framework of the decision-making deficits that are believed to be involved in addiction development and maintenance. The somatic marker hypothesis provides a neuroanatomical and cognitive framework of decision making, which posits that decisional processes are biased toward long-term prospects by emotional marker signals engendered by a neuronal architecture comprising both cortical and subcortical circuits. Addicts display markedly impulsive and compulsive behavioral patterns that might be understood as manifestations of decision-making processes that fail to take into account the long-term consequences of actions. Evidence demonstrates that substance dependence, pathological gambling, and Internet addiction are characterized by structural and functional abnormalities in neural regions, as outlined by the somatic marker hypothesis. Furthermore, both substance dependents and behavioral addicts show similar impairments on a measure of decision making that is sensitive to somatic marker functioning. The decision-making deficits that characterize addiction might exist a priori to addiction development; however, they may be worsened by ingestion of substances with neurotoxic properties. It is concluded that the somatic marker model of addiction contributes a plausible account of the underlying neurobiology of decision-making deficits in addictive disorders that is supported by the current neuroimaging and behavioral evidence. Implications for future research are outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vegard V Olsen
- Section of Psychology, Lillehammer University College, Lillehammer, Norway
| | - Ricardo G Lugo
- Section of Psychology, Lillehammer University College, Lillehammer, Norway
| | - Stefan Sütterlin
- Section of Psychology, Lillehammer University College, Lillehammer, Norway ; Department of Psychosomatic Medicine, Division of Surgery and Clinical Neuroscience, Oslo University Hospital - Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
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181
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Rahimi-Golkhandan S, Steenbergen B, Piek J, Wilson P. Reprint of "Deficits of hot executive function in developmental coordination disorder: Sensitivity to positive social cues". Hum Mov Sci 2015; 42:352-67. [PMID: 26091734 DOI: 10.1016/j.humov.2015.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Recent research shows that children with motor coordination problems (or developmental coordination disorder--DCD) show deficits in not only cool executive function (EF), but also hot EF. We aimed to determine whether this deficit of hot EF is due to heightened sensitivity to rewarding stimuli, specifically, or to a general deficit of cognitive control, like inhibition. Using two versions of a go/no-go task, one with neutral facial expressions and the other with happy and fearful faces, we compared 12 children with DCD with 28 typically-developing children, aged 7-12 years. Like earlier studies, children responded faster to happy faces. Both groups showed comparable accuracy in response to go targets, and also had similar commission errors, except when the no-go stimulus was a happy face. Importantly, the DCD group made significantly more commission errors to happy faces failing to suppress their response on more than half of the no-go trials. These results suggest a heightened sensitivity to emotionally significant distractors in DCD; this type of impulsivity may undermine self-regulation in DCD, with possible implications for adaptive function and emotional well-being. We argue that the interaction of cognitive control and emotion processing networks may be disrupted in DCD or delayed in development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bert Steenbergen
- School of Psychology, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Australia; Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Jan Piek
- School of Psychology and Speech Pathology, Curtin University, Perth, Australia
| | - Peter Wilson
- School of Psychology, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Australia.
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182
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Giustiniani J, Gabriel D, Nicolier M, Monnin J, Haffen E. Neural Correlates of Successful and Unsuccessful Strategical Mechanisms Involved in Uncertain Decision-Making. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0130871. [PMID: 26086196 PMCID: PMC4472228 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0130871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2014] [Accepted: 05/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability to develop successful long-term strategies in uncertain situations relies on complex neural mechanisms. Although lesion studies have shown some of the mechanisms involved, it is still unknown why some healthy subjects are able to make the right decision whereas others are not. The aim of our study was to investigate neurophysiological differences underlying this ability to develop a successful strategy in a group of healthy subjects playing a monetary card game called the Iowa Gambling Task (IGT). In this task, subjects have to win and earn money by choosing between four decks of cards, two were advantageous in the long term and two disadvantageous. Twenty healthy right-handed subjects performed the IGT while their cerebral activity was recorded by electroencephalography. Based on their behavioral performances, two groups of subjects could clearly be distinguished: one who selected the good decks and thus succeeded in developing a Favorable strategy (9 subjects) and one who remained Undecided (11 subjects). No neural difference was found between each group before the selection of a deck, but in both groups a greater negativity was found emerging from the right superior frontal gyrus 600 ms before a disadvantageous selection. During the processing of the feedback, an attenuation of the P200 and P300 waveforms was found for the Undecided group, and a P300 originating from the medial frontal gyrus was found in response to a loss only in the Favorable group. Our results suggest that undecided subjects are hyposensitive to the valence of the cards during gambling, which affects the feedback processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Giustiniani
- Department of Clinical Psychiatry, University Hospital, Besançon, France
- CIC-1431 Inserm, University Hospital, Besançon, France
| | - Damien Gabriel
- EA 481, Laboratory of Neurosciences, University of Franche-Comté, Besançon, France
- CIC-1431 Inserm, University Hospital, Besançon, France
- * E-mail:
| | - Magali Nicolier
- Department of Clinical Psychiatry, University Hospital, Besançon, France
- EA 481, Laboratory of Neurosciences, University of Franche-Comté, Besançon, France
- CIC-1431 Inserm, University Hospital, Besançon, France
| | - Julie Monnin
- Department of Clinical Psychiatry, University Hospital, Besançon, France
- EA 481, Laboratory of Neurosciences, University of Franche-Comté, Besançon, France
- CIC-1431 Inserm, University Hospital, Besançon, France
| | - Emmanuel Haffen
- Department of Clinical Psychiatry, University Hospital, Besançon, France
- EA 481, Laboratory of Neurosciences, University of Franche-Comté, Besançon, France
- CIC-1431 Inserm, University Hospital, Besançon, France
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183
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Besnard J, Allain P, Aubin G, Chauviré V, Etcharry-Bouyx F, Le Gall D. Decision-making of Prefrontal Patients with the Iowa Gambling Task: Unexpected Spared Performances and Preliminary Evidence for the Need of Alternative Measures. Clin Neuropsychol 2015; 29:509-21. [PMID: 26053240 DOI: 10.1080/13854046.2015.1050458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Human decision-making is a growing area of research most commonly associated with the Iowa Gambling Task (IGT), which was first developed to assess patients with prefrontal cortex (PFC) damage. The IGT is now considered an appropriate task to predict behavioral disorders in various clinical populations. However, several studies have questioned the validity and reliability of the task, arguing that its particular payoff scheme may influence the decision-making process in terms of sensitivity to gain-loss frequency (GLF) rather than long-term outcome (the basic assumption of IGT). Despite the potential significance of this assertion for the diagnosis of decision-making deficits, few studies have addressed the influence of GLF on IGT performances in clinical populations, and there is no study to date that involves patients with prefrontal lobe damage. METHOD We tested 17 patients with PFC damage and 17 matched healthy controls with the IGT to analyze influence in choice behavior of both long-term outcomes and GLF. RESULTS There was a difference between groups in the GLF score, but none between groups in the long-term outcome variable (the traditional measure). Our findings demonstrate that only control subjects seemed able to consider both long-term outcome and GLF. CONCLUSIONS The discussion focuses on the contribution of empirical data, which may have implications for the clinical assessment of decision-making ability with the IGT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jérémy Besnard
- a Laboratoire de Psychologie des Pays de la Loire (UPRES EA 4638), LUNAM Université , University of Angers , Angers , France
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184
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Oswald LM, Wand GS, Wong DF, Brown CH, Kuwabara H, Brašić JR. Risky decision-making and ventral striatal dopamine responses to amphetamine: a positron emission tomography [(11)C]raclopride study in healthy adults. Neuroimage 2015; 113:26-36. [PMID: 25795343 PMCID: PMC4433778 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2015.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2014] [Revised: 02/05/2015] [Accepted: 03/10/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies have provided compelling evidence that corticolimbic brain regions are integrally involved in human decision-making. Although much less is known about molecular mechanisms, there is growing evidence that the mesolimbic dopamine (DA) neurotransmitter system may be an important neural substrate. Thus far, direct examination of DA signaling in human risk-taking has centered on gambling disorder. Findings from several positron emission tomography (PET) studies suggest that dysfunctions in mesolimbic DA circuits may play an important role in gambling behavior. Nevertheless, interpretation of these findings is currently hampered by a need for better understanding of how individual differences in regional DA function influence normative decision-making in humans. To further our understanding of these processes, we used [(11)C]raclopride PET to examine associations between ventral striatal (VS) DA responses to amphetamine (AMPH) and risky decision-making in a sample of healthy young adults with no history of psychiatric disorder, Forty-five male and female subjects, ages 18-29 years, completed a computerized version of the Iowa Gambling Task. Participants then underwent two 90-minute PET studies with high specific activity [(11)C]raclopride. The first scan was preceded by intravenous saline; the second, by intravenous AMPH (0.3mg/kg). Findings of primary analyses showed that less advantageous decision-making was associated with greater right VS DA release; the relationship did not differ as a function of gender. No associations were observed between risk-taking and left VS DA release or baseline D2/D3 receptor availability in either hemisphere. Overall, the results support notions that variability in striatal DA function may mediate inter-individual differences in risky decision-making in healthy adults, further suggesting that hypersensitive DA circuits may represent a risk pathway in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynn M Oswald
- Department of Family and Community Health, University of Maryland School of Nursing, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; Department of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
| | - Gary S Wand
- Department of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Dean F Wong
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Department of Neuroscience, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Department of Environmental Health Sciences, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Clayton H Brown
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Hiroto Kuwabara
- The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - James R Brašić
- The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
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Briggs Z, O'Connor M, Jollans EK, O'Halloran L, Dymond S, Whelan R. Flexible emotion-based decision-making behavior varies in current and former smokers. Addict Behav 2015; 45:269-75. [PMID: 25746360 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2015.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2014] [Revised: 01/20/2015] [Accepted: 02/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Suboptimal decision-making is a feature in the initiation and maintenance of substance use, often manifested in choosing for short-term benefits rather than long-term gain, and the failure to display cognitive flexibility, respectively. Studies of nicotine users typically focus on characterizing those who are already addicted; less is known about decision-making in former smokers. METHODS Non- (n=21), former daily- (n=23) and current daily smokers (n=24), completed the contingency-shifting variant Iowa Gambling Task (csIGT), in which the reward and punishment contingencies of the decks are systematically varied after 100 trials of the 'standard' IGT. Scores on the standard blocks of the csIGT provided an index of emotion-based decision-making, while the contingency-shifting blocks assessed flexible decision-making. Subjective ratings were also recorded at 20-trial intervals. RESULTS Both current and former smokers showed significantly impaired performance relative to non-smokers when making decisions during the standard blocks of the csIGT. Both former and non-smokers' awareness of the reward/punishment contingencies was significantly higher than those of current smokers at the end of the standard IGT. Both former and non-smokers had significantly better performance on the contingency shifting blocks, relative to current smokers. CONCLUSIONS The findings indicate that both current and former smokers display a suboptimal pattern of decision-making than non-smokers during the standard IGT. However, with respect to the ability to change behavior following reversed contingencies, former smokers are more similar to non-smokers than to current smokers. Former smokers were also more aware of the contingencies than current smokers.
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186
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Garcia-Barrera MA, Davidow JH. Anticipation in stuttering: A theoretical model of the nature of stutter prediction. JOURNAL OF FLUENCY DISORDERS 2015; 44:1-15. [PMID: 25841698 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfludis.2015.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2014] [Revised: 03/18/2015] [Accepted: 03/19/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The fact that some people who stutter have the ability to anticipate a stuttering moment is essential for several theories of stuttering and important for maximum effectiveness of many currently used treatment techniques. The "anticipation effect," however, is poorly understood despite much investigation into this phenomenon. In the present paper, we combine (1) behavioral evidence from the stuttering-anticipation literature, (2) speech production models, and (3) models of error detection to propose a theoretical model of anticipation. Integrating evidence from theories such as Damasio's Somatic Marker Hypothesis, Levelt's Perceptual Monitoring Theory, Guenther's The Directions Into Velocities of Articulators (DIVA) model, Postma's Covert Repair Hypothesis, among others, our central thesis is that the anticipation of a stuttering moment occurs as an outcome of the interactions between previous learning experiences (i.e., learnt associations between stuttered utterances and any self-experienced or environmental consequence) and error monitoring. Possible neurological mechanisms involved in generating conscious anticipation are also discussed, along with directions for future research. EDUCATIONAL OBJECTIVES The reader will be able to: (a) describe historical theories that explain how PWS may learn to anticipate stuttering; (b) state some traditional sources of evidence of anticipation in stuttering; (c) describe how PWS may be sensitive to the detection of a stuttering; (d) state some of the neural correlates that may underlie anticipation in stuttering; and (e) describe some of the possible utilities of incorporating anticipation into stuttering interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauricio A Garcia-Barrera
- Department of Psychology, University of Victoria, PO Box 1700 STN CSC, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada V8W 2Y2.
| | - Jason H Davidow
- Department of Speech-Language-Hearing Sciences, Hofstra University, 110 Hofstra University, Hempstead, NY 11549, United States.
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187
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Hawthorne MJ, Pierce BH. Disadvantageous Deck Selection in the Iowa Gambling Task: The Effect of Cognitive Load. EUROPES JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY 2015; 11:335-48. [PMID: 27247661 PMCID: PMC4873115 DOI: 10.5964/ejop.v11i2.931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2014] [Accepted: 02/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Research has shown that cognitive load affects overall Iowa Gambling Task (IGT) performance, but it is unknown whether such load impacts the selection of the individual decks that correspond to gains or losses. Here, participants performed the IGT either in a full attention condition or while engaged in a number monitoring task to divide attention. Results showed that the full attention group was more aware of the magnitude of gains or losses for each draw (i.e., payoff awareness) than was the divided attention group. However, the divided attention group was more sensitive to the frequency of the losses (i.e., frequency awareness), as evidenced by their increased preference for Deck B, which is the large but infrequent loss deck. An analysis across blocks showed that the number monitoring group was consistently more aware of loss frequency, whereas the full attention group shifted between awareness of loss frequency and awareness of payoff amount. Furthermore, the full attention group was better able to weigh loss frequency and payoff amount when making deck selections. These findings support the notion that diminished cognitive resources may result in greater selection of Deck B, otherwise known as the prominent Deck B phenomenon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa J. Hawthorne
- Department of Psychology, Counseling, and Special Education, Texas A&M University-Commerce, Commerce, TX, USA
| | - Benton H. Pierce
- Department of Psychology, Counseling, and Special Education, Texas A&M University-Commerce, Commerce, TX, USA
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188
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Bull PN, Tippett LJ, Addis DR. Decision making in healthy participants on the Iowa Gambling Task: new insights from an operant approach. Front Psychol 2015; 6:391. [PMID: 25904884 PMCID: PMC4387474 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2014] [Accepted: 03/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The Iowa Gambling Task (IGT) has contributed greatly to the study of affective decision making. However, researchers have observed high inter-study and inter-individual variability in IGT performance in healthy participants, and many are classified as impaired using standard criteria. Additionally, while decision-making deficits are often attributed to atypical sensitivity to reward and/or punishment, the IGT lacks an integrated sensitivity measure. Adopting an operant perspective, two experiments were conducted to explore these issues. In Experiment 1, 50 healthy participants completed a 200-trial version of the IGT which otherwise closely emulated Bechara et al.'s (1999) original computer task. Group data for Trials 1–100 closely replicated Bechara et al.'s original findings of high net scores and preferences for advantageous decks, suggesting that implementations that depart significantly from Bechara's standard IGT contribute to inter-study variability. During Trials 101–200, mean net scores improved significantly and the percentage of participants meeting the “impaired” criterion was halved. An operant-style stability criterion applied to individual data revealed this was likely related to individual differences in learning rate. Experiment 2 used a novel operant card task—the Auckland Card Task (ACT)—to derive quantitative estimates of sensitivity using the generalized matching law. Relative to individuals who mastered the IGT, persistent poor performers on the IGT exhibited significantly lower sensitivity to magnitudes (but not frequencies) of rewards and punishers on the ACT. Overall, our findings demonstrate the utility of operant-style analysis of IGT data and the potential of applying operant concurrent-schedule procedures to the study of human decision making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter N Bull
- School of Psychology, The University of Auckland Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Lynette J Tippett
- School of Psychology, The University of Auckland Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Donna Rose Addis
- School of Psychology, The University of Auckland Auckland, New Zealand
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189
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Dai J, Kerestes R, Upton DJ, Busemeyer JR, Stout JC. An improved cognitive model of the Iowa and Soochow Gambling Tasks with regard to model fitting performance and tests of parameter consistency. Front Psychol 2015; 6:229. [PMID: 25814963 PMCID: PMC4357250 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2014] [Accepted: 02/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The Iowa Gambling Task (IGT) and the Soochow Gambling Task (SGT) are two experience-based risky decision-making tasks for examining decision-making deficits in clinical populations. Several cognitive models, including the expectancy-valence learning (EVL) model and the prospect valence learning (PVL) model, have been developed to disentangle the motivational, cognitive, and response processes underlying the explicit choices in these tasks. The purpose of the current study was to develop an improved model that can fit empirical data better than the EVL and PVL models and, in addition, produce more consistent parameter estimates across the IGT and SGT. Twenty-six opiate users (mean age 34.23; SD 8.79) and 27 control participants (mean age 35; SD 10.44) completed both tasks. Eighteen cognitive models varying in evaluation, updating, and choice rules were fit to individual data and their performances were compared to that of a statistical baseline model to find a best fitting model. The results showed that the model combining the prospect utility function treating gains and losses separately, the decay-reinforcement updating rule, and the trial-independent choice rule performed the best in both tasks. Furthermore, the winning model produced more consistent individual parameter estimates across the two tasks than any of the other models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junyi Dai
- Decision Research Laboratory, Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University , Bloomington, IN, USA ; Center for Adaptive Rationality, Max Planck Institute for Human Development Berlin, Germany
| | - Rebecca Kerestes
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Daniel J Upton
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Monash University Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Jerome R Busemeyer
- Decision Research Laboratory, Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University , Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - Julie C Stout
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Monash University Clayton, VIC, Australia
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190
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Lai VT, Willems RM, Hagoort P. Feel between the lines: implied emotion in sentence comprehension. J Cogn Neurosci 2015; 27:1528-41. [PMID: 25761002 DOI: 10.1162/jocn_a_00798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the brain regions for the comprehension of implied emotion in sentences. Participants read negative sentences without negative words, for example, "The boy fell asleep and never woke up again," and their neutral counterparts "The boy stood up and grabbed his bag." This kind of negative sentence allows us to examine implied emotion derived at the sentence level, without associative emotion coming from word retrieval. We found that implied emotion in sentences, relative to neutral sentences, led to activation in some emotion-related areas, including the medial prefrontal cortex, the amygdala, and the insula, as well as certain language-related areas, including the inferior frontal gyrus, which has been implicated in combinatorial processing. These results suggest that the emotional network involved in implied emotion is intricately related to the network for combinatorial processing in language, supporting the view that sentence meaning is more than simply concatenating the meanings of its lexical building blocks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vicky Tzuyin Lai
- Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.,University of South Carolina
| | - Roel M Willems
- Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.,Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Peter Hagoort
- Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.,Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
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191
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Cui JF, Wang Y, Shi HS, Liu LL, Chen XJ, Chen YH. Effects of working memory load on uncertain decision-making: evidence from the Iowa Gambling Task. Front Psychol 2015; 6:162. [PMID: 25745409 PMCID: PMC4333774 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2014] [Accepted: 02/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The Iowa Gambling Task (IGT) simulates uncertain gains and losses in real life situations and thus is a good measure of uncertain decision-making. The role of working memory (WM) in IGT performance still remains unclear. The present study aimed to examine the effect of WM on IGT performance. Three groups of participants matched on gender ratio were randomly assigned to no WM load, low WM load, and high WM load conditions. Initially the three groups did not show significant difference in WM capacity. They finished a modified version of IGT and then their implicit learning effect and explicit cognition on IGT were assessed. Results indicated a linear increasing trend of IGT performance among high WM load, low WM load and no WM load groups; participants in the no WM load and low WM load groups revealed implicit learning effect, while participants in the high WM load group did not; all participants showed explicit cognition on IGT to the same level. These results suggested that participants in the high WM load group showed good explicit cognition to IGT but showed poor performance. This pattern is similar to frontal patients. Further studies should be conducted to explore this issue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Fang Cui
- National Institute of Education SciencesBeijing, China
- Institute of Developmental Psychology and School of Psychology, Beijing Normal UniversityBeijing, China
| | - Ya Wang
- Neuropsychology and Applied Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing, China
| | - Hai-Song Shi
- Neuropsychology and Applied Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing, China
- North China Electric Power UniversityBeijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing, China
| | - Lu-Lu Liu
- Neuropsychology and Applied Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing, China
| | - Xing-Jie Chen
- Neuropsychology and Applied Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing, China
| | - Ying-He Chen
- Institute of Developmental Psychology and School of Psychology, Beijing Normal UniversityBeijing, China
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192
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Ohira H, Hirao N. Analysis of skin conductance response during evaluation of preferences for cosmetic products. Front Psychol 2015; 6:103. [PMID: 25709593 PMCID: PMC4321331 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2014] [Accepted: 01/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
We analyzed skin conductance response (SCR) as a psychophysiological index to evaluate affective aspects of consumer preferences for cosmetic products. To examine the test-retest reliability of association between preferences and SCR, we asked 33 female volunteers to complete two experimental sessions approximately 1 year apart. The participants indicated their preferences in a typical paired comparison task by choosing the better option from a combination of two products among four products. We measured anticipatory SCR prior to expressions of the preferences. We found that the mean amplitude of the SCR elicited by the preferred products was significantly larger than that elicited by the non-preferred products. The participants' preferences and corresponding SCR patterns were well preserved at the second session 1 year later. Our results supported cumulating findings that SCR is a useful index of consumer preferences that has future potential, both in laboratory and marketing settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideki Ohira
- Department of Psychology, Nagoya University Nagoya, Japan
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193
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Jankowska-Mihułowicz M. Affective Automatic Processes as Determinants of Managers’ Decision-making. PROBLEMY ZARZADZANIA 2015. [DOI: 10.7172/1644-9584.51.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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194
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Stevens T, Brevers D, Chambers CD, Lavric A, McLaren IPL, Mertens M, Noël X, Verbruggen F. How does response inhibition influence decision making when gambling? J Exp Psychol Appl 2015; 21:15-36. [PMID: 25559481 PMCID: PMC4353260 DOI: 10.1037/xap0000039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Recent research suggests that response inhibition training can alter impulsive and compulsive behavior. When stop signals are introduced in a gambling task, people not only become more cautious when executing their choice responses, they also prefer lower bets when gambling. Here, we examined how stopping motor responses influences gambling. Experiment 1 showed that the reduced betting in stop-signal blocks was not caused by changes in information sampling styles or changes in arousal. In Experiments 2a and 2b, people preferred lower bets when they occasionally had to stop their response in a secondary decision-making task but not when they were instructed to respond as accurately as possible. Experiment 3 showed that merely introducing trials on which subjects could not gamble did not influence gambling preferences. Experiment 4 demonstrated that the effect of stopping on gambling generalized to different populations. Further, 2 combined analyses suggested that the effect of stopping on gambling preferences was reliable but small. Finally, Experiment 5 showed that the effect of stopping on gambling generalized to a different task. On the basis of our findings and earlier research, we propose that the presence of stop signals influences gambling by reducing approach behavior and altering the motivational value of the gambling outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Damien Brevers
- Laboratoire de Psychologie Médicale et d'Addictologie, Université Libre de Bruxelles
| | | | | | | | | | - Xavier Noël
- Laboratoire de Psychologie Médicale et d'Addictologie, Université Libre de Bruxelles
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195
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Abstract
This study empirically estimated the role played by attitudes toward risk in insurance decision-making. Four hundred forty-five participants underwent the Iowa Gambling Task (IGT) coupled with skin conductance recording and demographic/socio-economic questionnaires. The multiple regression model showed a higher probability of holding health insurance for people who are more risk seeking (bad performance at the IGT) but are adaptively able to feel the risk (normal anticipatory skin conductance responses to disadvantageous decks). The role played by traditional socio-economic explanatory variables (age and work status) was confirmed. Results are discussed in light of the need for interdisciplinary research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Daniela Vandone
- Department of Economics, Business and Statistics, University of Milan, Italy
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196
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Reward-based decision making in pathological gambling: The roles of risk and delay. Neurosci Res 2015; 90:3-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2014.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2014] [Revised: 08/26/2014] [Accepted: 08/26/2014] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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197
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Cogo MG, Rota S, Fusco ML, Mapelli C, Ferri F, Appollonio IM, Isella V. Cognitive correlates of under-ambiguity and under-risk decision making in high-functioning patients with relapsing remitting multiple sclerosis. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol 2014; 36:1066-75. [PMID: 25486588 DOI: 10.1080/13803395.2014.971718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Impairment of decision making in relapsing remitting multiple sclerosis is still controversial, and its neuropsychological correlates have never been explored thoroughly, especially in patients with minimal physical and cognitive deficits. In the present study we investigated the cognitive underpinnings of decision making under ambiguous and explicit conditions in patients with very mild relapsing remitting multiple sclerosis, using a dice and a card gambling game. METHOD The study sample included 60 patients and 35 healthy subjects. In the Game of Dice Task, winning and losing probabilities are obvious to the subject, while in the Iowa Gambling Task they are initially ambiguous and have to be gradually identified. Performance at the two tasks was correlated with scores obtained at tests investigating cognitive processing speed, memory, language and executive functions. RESULTS Patients' performance did not differ from that of controls at either gambling task. There was only a trend for them to be significantly slower than healthy subjects in progressively recognizing advantageous decks in the Iowa Gambling Task. While the Game of Dice was unrelated to neuropsychological tests, predictors of performance at the Iowa task were Letter Fluency and the Symbol Digit Modalities Test for the initial, under-ambiguity, trials and the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test for the last, purely under-risk, trials. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that high-functioning patients with relapsing remitting multiple sclerosis are substantially capable of making advantageous decisions, even if they may be slower in processing options and shifting strategy when selection criteria are not explicit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Gaia Cogo
- a Neuroimmunology Clinic, Department of Neurology , S. Gerardo Hospital, University of Milan Bicocca , Monza , Italy
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198
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Bystritsky A, Kronemyer D. Stress and anxiety: counterpart elements of the stress/anxiety complex. Psychiatr Clin North Am 2014; 37:489-518. [PMID: 25455062 DOI: 10.1016/j.psc.2014.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The relationship between stress and anxiety is complicated. Stress initially arises from one's environment; anxiety overlays physiological arousal, cognitive appraisals, emotional states, and behavioral responses. Both are components of a stress-anxiety complex, which has evolved to enable individuals to adapt to their environment and achieve equilibrium. Anxiety disorders, which result when this mechanism goes awry, occur along a spectrum. One of the main variables affecting anxiety disorders is the extent of stress. Each anxiety disorder should be evaluated along a stress axis, leading to improved case conceptualization and intervention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Bystritsky
- UCLA Anxiety and Related Disorders Program, Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, 300 UCLA Medical Plaza, Room 2335, Los Angeles, CA 90095-6968, USA.
| | - David Kronemyer
- UCLA Anxiety and Related Disorders Program, Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, 300 UCLA Medical Plaza, Room 2330, Los Angeles, CA 90095-6968, USA
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199
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Deficits of hot executive function in developmental coordination disorder: Sensitivity to positive social cues. Hum Mov Sci 2014; 38:209-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.humov.2014.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2014] [Revised: 08/17/2014] [Accepted: 09/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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200
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Failure to utilize feedback causes decision-making deficits among excessive Internet gamers. Psychiatry Res 2014; 219:583-8. [PMID: 25024056 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2014.06.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2013] [Revised: 05/06/2014] [Accepted: 06/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Internet gaming addiction (IGA) is an increasing mental health issue worldwide. Previous studies have revealed decision-making impairments in excessive Internet gamers (EIGs) with high symptoms of IGA. However, the role of feedback processing in decision-making deficits among EIGs remains unknown. The present study aimed to investigate the effect of feedback processing on decision-making deficits under risk among EIGs, using the Game of Dice Task (GDT) and a modified version of the GDT in which no feedback was provided. Twenty-six EIGs and 26 matched occasional Internet gamers (OIGs) were recruited. The results showed: (a) OIGs performed better on the original GDT than on the modified GDT (no feedback condition); however, EIGs performed similarly on both tasks; (b) EIGs and OIGs performed equally on the modified GDT; however, EIGs chose more disadvantageous options than OIGs on the original GDT; (c) EIGs utilized feedback less frequently on the original GDT relative to OIGs. These results suggest that EIGs are not able to utilize feedback to optimize their decisions, which could underlie their poor decision-making under risk.
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