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Fukuchi M, Kanesaki K, Takasaki I, Tabuchi A, Tsuda M. Convergent effects of Ca(2+) and cAMP signals on the expression of immediate early genes in neurons. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2015; 466:572-7. [PMID: 26386156 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2015.09.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2015] [Accepted: 09/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
How the expression of immediate early genes (IEGs) is controlled in response to neurotransmissions is unknown. Using cultured rat cortical cells, we investigated the expression of IEGs regulated by Ca(2+) and/or cAMP signals. The expression of c-fos was transiently induced by treatment of cells with high potassium (high K(+)), which evoked depolarization, or forskolin, an adenylate cyclase activator. c-fos expression was persistently and synergistically induced by simultaneous treatment with high K(+) and forskolin via cAMP-response element (CRE). Microarray analysis indicated the expression profiles of IEGs caused by depolarization in the presence or absence of forskolin. When a novel index was included to investigate the profile of IEGs, we found that high K(+)-induced expression of IEGs was stimulatory or negatively changed in the presence of forskolin, suggesting distinct convergent effects of Ca(2+) and cAMP signals on the expression of IEGs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mamoru Fukuchi
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan.
| | - Kazufumi Kanesaki
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Ichiro Takasaki
- Division of Molecular Genetics Research, Life Science Research Center, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Akiko Tabuchi
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Masaaki Tsuda
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan.
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152
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New Insights on Retrieval-Induced and Ongoing Memory Consolidation: Lessons from Arc. Neural Plast 2015; 2015:184083. [PMID: 26380114 PMCID: PMC4561316 DOI: 10.1155/2015/184083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2014] [Revised: 02/26/2015] [Accepted: 03/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The mainstream view on the neurobiological mechanisms underlying memory formation states that memory traces reside on the network of cells activated during initial acquisition that becomes active again upon retrieval (reactivation). These activation and reactivation processes have been called "conjunctive trace." This process implies that singular molecular events must occur during acquisition, strengthening the connection between the implicated cells whose synchronous activity must underlie subsequent reactivations. The strongest experimental support for the conjunctive trace model comes from the study of immediate early genes such as c-fos, zif268, and activity-regulated cytoskeletal-associated protein. The expressions of these genes are reliably induced by behaviorally relevant neuronal activity and their products often play a central role in long-term memory formation. In this review, we propose that the peculiar characteristics of Arc protein, such as its optimal expression after ongoing experience or familiar behavior, together with its versatile and central functions in synaptic plasticity could explain how familiarization and recognition memories are stored and preserved in the mammalian brain.
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153
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Bastide MF, Meissner WG, Picconi B, Fasano S, Fernagut PO, Feyder M, Francardo V, Alcacer C, Ding Y, Brambilla R, Fisone G, Jon Stoessl A, Bourdenx M, Engeln M, Navailles S, De Deurwaerdère P, Ko WKD, Simola N, Morelli M, Groc L, Rodriguez MC, Gurevich EV, Quik M, Morari M, Mellone M, Gardoni F, Tronci E, Guehl D, Tison F, Crossman AR, Kang UJ, Steece-Collier K, Fox S, Carta M, Angela Cenci M, Bézard E. Pathophysiology of L-dopa-induced motor and non-motor complications in Parkinson's disease. Prog Neurobiol 2015. [PMID: 26209473 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2015.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 343] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Involuntary movements, or dyskinesia, represent a debilitating complication of levodopa (L-dopa) therapy for Parkinson's disease (PD). L-dopa-induced dyskinesia (LID) are ultimately experienced by the vast majority of patients. In addition, psychiatric conditions often manifested as compulsive behaviours, are emerging as a serious problem in the management of L-dopa therapy. The present review attempts to provide an overview of our current understanding of dyskinesia and other L-dopa-induced dysfunctions, a field that dramatically evolved in the past twenty years. In view of the extensive literature on LID, there appeared a critical need to re-frame the concepts, to highlight the most suitable models, to review the central nervous system (CNS) circuitry that may be involved, and to propose a pathophysiological framework was timely and necessary. An updated review to clarify our understanding of LID and other L-dopa-related side effects was therefore timely and necessary. This review should help in the development of novel therapeutic strategies aimed at preventing the generation of dyskinetic symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthieu F Bastide
- Univ. de Bordeaux, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, 33000 Bordeaux, France; CNRS, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, 33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Wassilios G Meissner
- Univ. de Bordeaux, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, 33000 Bordeaux, France; CNRS, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, 33000 Bordeaux, France; Department of Neurology, University Hospital Bordeaux, France
| | - Barbara Picconi
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology, Fondazione Santa Lucia, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Stefania Fasano
- Division of Neuroscience, Institute of Experimental Neurology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Pierre-Olivier Fernagut
- Univ. de Bordeaux, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, 33000 Bordeaux, France; CNRS, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, 33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Michael Feyder
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Veronica Francardo
- Basal Ganglia Pathophysiology Unit, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Cristina Alcacer
- Basal Ganglia Pathophysiology Unit, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Yunmin Ding
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University, New York, USA
| | - Riccardo Brambilla
- Division of Neuroscience, Institute of Experimental Neurology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Gilberto Fisone
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - A Jon Stoessl
- Pacific Parkinson's Research Centre and National Parkinson Foundation Centre of Excellence, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Mathieu Bourdenx
- Univ. de Bordeaux, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, 33000 Bordeaux, France; CNRS, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, 33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Michel Engeln
- Univ. de Bordeaux, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, 33000 Bordeaux, France; CNRS, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, 33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Sylvia Navailles
- Univ. de Bordeaux, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, 33000 Bordeaux, France; CNRS, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, 33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Philippe De Deurwaerdère
- Univ. de Bordeaux, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, 33000 Bordeaux, France; CNRS, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, 33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Wai Kin D Ko
- Univ. de Bordeaux, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, 33000 Bordeaux, France; CNRS, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, 33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Nicola Simola
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Section of Neuropsychopharmacology, Cagliari University, 09124 Cagliari, Italy
| | - Micaela Morelli
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Section of Neuropsychopharmacology, Cagliari University, 09124 Cagliari, Italy
| | - Laurent Groc
- Univ. de Bordeaux, Institut Interdisciplinaire de neurosciences, UMR 5297, 33000 Bordeaux, France; CNRS, Institut Interdisciplinaire de neurosciences, UMR 5297, 33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Maria-Cruz Rodriguez
- Department of Neurology, Hospital Universitario Donostia and Neuroscience Unit, Bio Donostia Research Institute, San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Eugenia V Gurevich
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Maryka Quik
- Center for Health Sciences, SRI International, CA 94025, USA
| | - Michele Morari
- Department of Medical Sciences, Section of Pharmacology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Manuela Mellone
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Gardoni
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Tronci
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Physiology Section, Cagliari University, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Dominique Guehl
- Univ. de Bordeaux, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, 33000 Bordeaux, France; CNRS, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, 33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - François Tison
- Univ. de Bordeaux, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, 33000 Bordeaux, France; CNRS, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, 33000 Bordeaux, France; Department of Neurology, University Hospital Bordeaux, France
| | | | - Un Jung Kang
- Basal Ganglia Pathophysiology Unit, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Kathy Steece-Collier
- Michigan State University, College of Human Medicine, Department of Translational Science and Molecular Medicine & The Udall Center of Excellence in Parkinson's Disease Research, 333 Bostwick Ave NE, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA
| | - Susan Fox
- Morton & Gloria Shulman Movement Disorders Center, Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto, Ontario M4T 2S8, Canada
| | - Manolo Carta
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Physiology Section, Cagliari University, Cagliari, Italy
| | - M Angela Cenci
- Basal Ganglia Pathophysiology Unit, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Erwan Bézard
- Univ. de Bordeaux, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, 33000 Bordeaux, France; CNRS, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, 33000 Bordeaux, France; Motac Neuroscience Ltd, Manchester, UK.
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154
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Abstract
Early growth response (Egr) is a member of the zinc finger family of transcription factors that reflects neuronal activity induced by various stimuli. Acute cocaine administration elicits rapid and transient induction of several immediate early genes in brain neurons. However, the mechanism regulating the degradation of the Egr-1 protein is not clearly understood. In this study, rats were injected with cocaine and the relationships among locomotor activity, Egr-1 protein level, phosphorylation of upstream kinase extracellular regulated kinase (ERK)1/2, Egr-1 mRNA expression, and ubiquitination of the Egr-1 protein were measured in the dorsal striatum and the frontal cortex. Locomotor activity reached a peak at about 15 min, and phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and Egr-1 mRNA level also increased at that time. However, the Egr-1 protein level decreased initially in the dorsal striatum, probably due to ubiquitination-mediated degradation. When locomotor activity decreased substantially at 30 min, the phosphorylation of ERKs and expression levels of Egr-1 mRNA and protein reached their peak levels and the protein level subsequently increased. These findings indicate that immediate early gene protein levels would not be a reliable indicator of increased regional activity in the brain. Thus, observations spanning multiple time periods or the examination of mRNA rather than protein would be recommended in these situations.
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155
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Wong RY, Lamm MS, Godwin J. Characterizing the neurotranscriptomic states in alternative stress coping styles. BMC Genomics 2015; 16:425. [PMID: 26032017 PMCID: PMC4450845 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-015-1626-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2015] [Accepted: 05/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Animals experience stress in many contexts and often successfully cope. Individuals exhibiting the proactive versus reactive stress coping styles display qualitatively different behavioral and neuroendocrine responses to stressors. The predisposition to exhibiting a particular coping style is due to genetic and environmental factors. In this study we explore the neurotranscriptomic and gene network biases that are associated with differences between zebrafish (Danio rerio) lines selected for proactive and reactive coping styles and reared in a common garden environment. RESULTS Using RNA-sequencing we quantified the basal transcriptomes from the brains of wild-derived zebrafish lines selectively bred to exhibit the proactive or reactive stress coping style. We identified 1953 genes that differed in baseline gene expression levels. Weighted gene coexpression network analyses identified one gene module associated with line differences. Together with our previous pharmacological experiment, we identified a core set of 62 genes associated with line differences. Gene ontology analyses reveal that many of these core genes are implicated in neurometabolism (e.g. organic acid biosynthetic and fatty acid metabolic processes). CONCLUSIONS Our results show that proactive and reactive stress coping individuals display distinct basal neurotranscriptomic states. Differences in baseline expression of select genes or regulation of specific gene modules are linked to the magnitude of the behavioral response and the display of a coping style, respectively. Our results expand the molecular mechanisms of stress coping from one focused on the neurotransmitter systems to a more complex system that involves an organism's capability to handle neurometabolic loads and allows for comparisons with other animal taxa to uncover potential conserved mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Y Wong
- Department of Biological Sciences, W.M. Keck Center for Behavioral Biology, North Carolina State University, Box 7614, Raleigh, NC 27695-7614, USA.
- Current Address: Department of Biology, University of Nebraska at Omaha, Omaha, NE 68182, USA.
| | - Melissa S Lamm
- Department of Biological Sciences, W.M. Keck Center for Behavioral Biology, North Carolina State University, Box 7614, Raleigh, NC 27695-7614, USA.
| | - John Godwin
- Department of Biological Sciences, W.M. Keck Center for Behavioral Biology, North Carolina State University, Box 7614, Raleigh, NC 27695-7614, USA.
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156
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McNeill MS, Robinson GE. Voxel-based analysis of the immediate early gene, c-jun, in the honey bee brain after a sucrose stimulus. INSECT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2015; 24:377-390. [PMID: 25773289 DOI: 10.1111/imb.12165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Immediate early genes (IEGs) have served as useful markers of brain neuronal activity in mammals, and more recently in insects. The mammalian canonical IEG, c-jun, is part of regulatory pathways conserved in insects and has been shown to be responsive to alarm pheromone in honey bees. We tested whether c-jun was responsive in honey bees to another behaviourally relevant stimulus, sucrose, in order to further identify the brain regions involved in sucrose processing. To identify responsive regions, we developed a new method of voxel-based analysis of c-jun mRNA expression. We found that c-jun is expressed in somata throughout the brain. It was rapidly induced in response to sucrose stimuli, and it responded in somata near the antennal and mechanosensory motor centre, mushroom body calices and lateral protocerebrum, which are known to be involved in sucrose processing. c-jun also responded to sucrose in somata near the lateral suboesophageal ganglion, dorsal optic lobe, ventral optic lobe and dorsal posterior protocerebrum, which had not been previously identified by other methods. These results demonstrate the utility of voxel-based analysis of mRNA expression in the insect brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S McNeill
- Department of Entomology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA; Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA; Neuroscience Program, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
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157
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Hall MH, Magalska A, Malinowska M, Ruszczycki B, Czaban I, Patel S, Ambrożek-Latecka M, Zołocińska E, Broszkiewicz H, Parobczak K, Nair RR, Rylski M, Pawlak R, Bramham CR, Wilczyński GM. Localization and regulation of PML bodies in the adult mouse brain. Brain Struct Funct 2015; 221:2511-25. [PMID: 25956166 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-015-1053-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2014] [Accepted: 04/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
PML is a tumor suppressor protein involved in the pathogenesis of promyelocytic leukemia. In non-neuronal cells, PML is a principal component of characteristic nuclear bodies. In the brain, PML has been implicated in the control of embryonic neurogenesis, and in certain physiological and pathological phenomena in the adult brain. Yet, the cellular and subcellular localization of the PML protein in the brain, including its presence in the nuclear bodies, has not been investigated comprehensively. Because the formation of PML bodies appears to be a key aspect in the function of the PML protein, we investigated the presence of these structures and their anatomical distribution, throughout the adult mouse brain. We found that PML is broadly expressed across the gray matter, with the highest levels in the cerebral and cerebellar cortices. In the cerebral cortex PML is present exclusively in neurons, in which it forms well-defined nuclear inclusions containing SUMO-1, SUMO 2/3, but not Daxx. At the ultrastructural level, the appearance of neuronal PML bodies differs from the classic one, i.e., the solitary structure with more or less distinctive capsule. Rather, neuronal PML bodies have the form of small PML protein aggregates located in the close vicinity of chromatin threads. The number, size, and signal intensity of neuronal PML bodies are dynamically influenced by immobilization stress and seizures. Our study indicates that PML bodies are broadly involved in activity-dependent nuclear phenomena in adult neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Małgorzata H Hall
- Laboratory of Molecular and Systemic Neuromorphology, Department of Neurophysiology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Pasteura 3, 02-093, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Adriana Magalska
- Laboratory of Molecular and Systemic Neuromorphology, Department of Neurophysiology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Pasteura 3, 02-093, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Monika Malinowska
- Laboratory of Molecular and Systemic Neuromorphology, Department of Neurophysiology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Pasteura 3, 02-093, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Błażej Ruszczycki
- Laboratory of Molecular and Systemic Neuromorphology, Department of Neurophysiology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Pasteura 3, 02-093, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Iwona Czaban
- Laboratory of Molecular and Systemic Neuromorphology, Department of Neurophysiology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Pasteura 3, 02-093, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Satyam Patel
- Department of Cell Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Leicester, University Road, Leicester, LE1 7RH, UK
| | - Magdalena Ambrożek-Latecka
- Department of Clinical Cytology, Center of Postgraduate Medical Education, Marymoncka 99/103, 01-813, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Ewa Zołocińska
- Laboratory of Molecular and Systemic Neuromorphology, Department of Neurophysiology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Pasteura 3, 02-093, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Hanna Broszkiewicz
- Laboratory of Molecular and Systemic Neuromorphology, Department of Neurophysiology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Pasteura 3, 02-093, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Kamil Parobczak
- Laboratory of Molecular and Systemic Neuromorphology, Department of Neurophysiology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Pasteura 3, 02-093, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Rajeevkumar R Nair
- Neuroscience Research Group, Department of Biomedicine and KG Jebsen Centre for Research on Neuropsychiatric Disorders, University of Bergen, Jonas Lies vei 91, 5009, Bergen, Norway
| | - Marcin Rylski
- Department of Clinical Cytology, Center of Postgraduate Medical Education, Marymoncka 99/103, 01-813, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Robert Pawlak
- Department of Cell Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Leicester, University Road, Leicester, LE1 7RH, UK.,Hatherley Laboratories, University of Exeter Medical School, Prince of Wales Road, Exeter, EX4 4PS, UK
| | - Clive R Bramham
- Neuroscience Research Group, Department of Biomedicine and KG Jebsen Centre for Research on Neuropsychiatric Disorders, University of Bergen, Jonas Lies vei 91, 5009, Bergen, Norway
| | - Grzegorz M Wilczyński
- Laboratory of Molecular and Systemic Neuromorphology, Department of Neurophysiology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Pasteura 3, 02-093, Warsaw, Poland.
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158
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Almaguer-Melian W, Mercerón-Martínez D, Pavón-Fuentes N, Alberti-Amador E, Leon-Martinez R, Ledón N, Delgado Ocaña S, Bergado Rosado JA. Erythropoietin Promotes Neural Plasticity and Spatial Memory Recovery in Fimbria-Fornix-Lesioned Rats. Neurorehabil Neural Repair 2015; 29:979-88. [PMID: 25847024 DOI: 10.1177/1545968315572389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Erythropoietin (EPO) upregulates the mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascade, a central signaling pathway in cellular plastic mechanisms, and is critical for normal brain development. OBJECTIVE We hypothesized that EPO could modulate the plasticity mechanisms supporting spatial memory recovery in fimbria-fornix-transected animals. METHODS Fimbria-fornix was transected in 3 groups of rats. Seven days later, EPO was injected daily for 4 consecutive days within 10 minutes after training on a water maze task. RESULTS Our results show that EPO injections 10 minutes after training produced a substantial spatial memory recovery in fimbria-fornix-lesioned animals. In contrast, an EPO injection shortly after fimbria-fornix lesion surgery does not promote spatial-memory recovery. Neither does daily EPO injection 5 hours after the water maze performance. EPO, on the other hand, induced the expression of plasticity-related genes like arc and bdnf, but this effect was independent of training or lesion. CONCLUSIONS This finding supports our working hypothesis that EPO can modulate transient neuroplastic mechanisms triggered by training in lesioned animals. Consequently, we propose that EPO administration can be a useful trophic factor to promote neural restoration when given in combination with training.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Nuris Ledón
- Centro de Inmunología Molecular, La Habana, Cuba
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159
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Alcoholic Extract of Ashwagandha Leaves Protects Against Amnesia by Regulation of Arc Function. Mol Neurobiol 2015; 53:1760-1769. [DOI: 10.1007/s12035-015-9117-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2014] [Accepted: 01/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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160
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Temporal and spatial transcriptional fingerprints by antipsychotic or propsychotic drugs in mouse brain. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0118510. [PMID: 25693194 PMCID: PMC4334909 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0118510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2014] [Accepted: 01/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Various types of antipsychotics have been developed for the treatment of schizophrenia since the accidental discovery of the antipsychotic activity of chlorpromazine. Although all clinically effective antipsychotic agents have common properties to interact with the dopamine D2 receptor (D2R) activation, their precise mechanisms of action remain elusive. Antipsychotics are well known to induce transcriptional changes of immediate early genes (IEGs), raising the possibility that gene expressions play an essential role to improve psychiatric symptoms. Here, we report that while different classes of antipsychotics have complex pharmacological profiles against D2R, they share common transcriptome fingerprint (TFP) profile of IEGs in the murine brain in vivo by quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR). Our data showed that various types of antipsychotics with a profound interaction of D2R including haloperidol (antagonist), olanzapine (antagonist), and aripiprazole (partial agonist) all share common spatial TFPs closely homologous to those of D2R antagonist sulpiride, and elicited greater transcriptional responses in the striatum than in the nucleus accumbens. Meanwhile, D2R agonist quinpirole and propsychotic NMDA antagonists such as MK-801 and phencyclidine (PCP) exhibited the contrasting TFP profiles. Clozapine and propsychotic drug methamphetamine (MAP) displayed peculiar TFPs that reflect their unique pharmacological property. Our results suggest that transcriptional responses are conserved across various types of antipsychotics clinically effective in positive symptoms of schizophrenia and also show that temporal and spatial TFPs may reflect the pharmacological features of the drugs. Thus, we propose that a TFP approach is beneficial to evaluate novel drug candidates for antipsychotic development.
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161
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Albani SH, Andrawis MM, Abella RJH, Fulghum JT, Vafamand N, Dumas TC. Behavior in the elevated plus maze is differentially affected by testing conditions in rats under and over three weeks of age. Front Behav Neurosci 2015; 9:31. [PMID: 25741257 PMCID: PMC4330883 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2015.00031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2014] [Accepted: 01/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
The late postnatal period in rats is marked by numerous changes in perceptual and cognitive abilities. As such, age-related variation in cognitive test performance might result in part from disparate sensitivities to environmental factors. To better understand how testing conditions might interact with age, we assessed anxiety behavior on an elevated plus maze (EPM) in juvenile rats around 3 weeks of age under diverse testing conditions. Plasma corticosterone and neuronal activation patterns in the forebrain were examined after maze exposure. We found that anxiety was differentially expressed during different stages of late postnatal development. Bright illumination and morning testing encouraged greatest open arm exploration on the EPM in younger animals, while older rats explored open areas more under dim illumination in the morning compared to bright illumination in the afternoon/evening. Older rats exhibited higher plasma corticosterone levels at baseline compared to younger rats; however, this trend was reversed for post-testing corticosterone. Additionally, post-testing corticosterone levels were inversely related to time of testing. Compared to testing in the morning, EPM exposure in the afternoon/evening elicited greater neuronal Arc expression in the amygdala. Arc expression in the amygdala after morning testing was greater at P22–24 than P17–19. In layer 2/3 of primary visual cortex, Arc expression was elevated in younger animals and age interacted with time of testing to produce opposing effects at P17–19 and P22–24. These data suggest that age-related differences in anxiety-associated behavior during the late postnatal period are due in part to changes in light sensitivity and emergence of a circadian cycle for corticosterone. The findings illustrate that late postnatal behavioral development in rodents is a complex orchestration of changes in neural systems involved in perception, cognition, affect and homeostatic regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah H Albani
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Krasnow Institute for Advanced Study, George Mason University Fairfax, VA, USA
| | - Marina M Andrawis
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Krasnow Institute for Advanced Study, George Mason University Fairfax, VA, USA
| | - Rio Jeane H Abella
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Krasnow Institute for Advanced Study, George Mason University Fairfax, VA, USA
| | - John T Fulghum
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Krasnow Institute for Advanced Study, George Mason University Fairfax, VA, USA
| | - Naghmeh Vafamand
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Krasnow Institute for Advanced Study, George Mason University Fairfax, VA, USA
| | - Theodore C Dumas
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Krasnow Institute for Advanced Study, George Mason University Fairfax, VA, USA
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162
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Hu SS, Mei L, Chen JY, Huang ZW, Wu H. Expression of immediate-early genes in the dorsal cochlear nucleus in salicylate-induced tinnitus. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2015; 273:325-32. [DOI: 10.1007/s00405-014-3479-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2014] [Accepted: 12/25/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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163
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Welcome MO, Mastorakis NE, Pereverzev VA. Sweet taste receptor signaling network: possible implication for cognitive functioning. Neurol Res Int 2015; 2015:606479. [PMID: 25653876 PMCID: PMC4306214 DOI: 10.1155/2015/606479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2014] [Accepted: 12/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Sweet taste receptors are transmembrane protein network specialized in the transmission of information from special "sweet" molecules into the intracellular domain. These receptors can sense the taste of a range of molecules and transmit the information downstream to several acceptors, modulate cell specific functions and metabolism, and mediate cell-to-cell coupling through paracrine mechanism. Recent reports indicate that sweet taste receptors are widely distributed in the body and serves specific function relative to their localization. Due to their pleiotropic signaling properties and multisubstrate ligand affinity, sweet taste receptors are able to cooperatively bind multiple substances and mediate signaling by other receptors. Based on increasing evidence about the role of these receptors in the initiation and control of absorption and metabolism, and the pivotal role of metabolic (glucose) regulation in the central nervous system functioning, we propose a possible implication of sweet taste receptor signaling in modulating cognitive functioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Menizibeya O. Welcome
- World Scientific and Engineering Academy and Society, Ag. Ioannou Theologou 17-23, Zografou, 15773 Athens, Greece
| | - Nikos E. Mastorakis
- World Scientific and Engineering Academy and Society, Ag. Ioannou Theologou 17-23, Zografou, 15773 Athens, Greece
- Department of Industrial Engineering, Technical University of Sofia, 8 Kl. Ohridski Boulevard, 1000 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Vladimir A. Pereverzev
- Department of Normal Physiology, Belarusian State Medical University, Dzerzhinsky Avenue 83, 220116 Minsk, Belarus
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164
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La Montanara P, Rusconi L, Locarno A, Forti L, Barbiero I, Tramarin M, Chandola C, Kilstrup-Nielsen C, Landsberger N. Synaptic synthesis, dephosphorylation, and degradation: a novel paradigm for an activity-dependent neuronal control of CDKL5. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:4512-27. [PMID: 25555910 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.589762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the X-linked CDKL5 (cyclin-dependent kinase-like 5) gene have been associated with several forms of neurodevelopmental disorders, including atypical Rett syndrome, autism spectrum disorders, and early infantile epileptic encephalopathy. Accordingly, loss of CDKL5 in mice results in autistic-like features and impaired neuronal communication. Although the biological functions of CDKL5 remain largely unknown, recent pieces of evidence suggest that CDKL5 is involved in neuronal plasticity. Herein, we show that, at all stages of development, neuronal depolarization induces a rapid increase in CDKL5 levels, mostly mediated by extrasomatic synthesis. In young neurons, this induction is prolonged, whereas in more mature neurons, NMDA receptor stimulation induces a protein phosphatase 1-dependent dephosphorylation of CDKL5 that is mandatory for its proteasome-dependent degradation. As a corollary, neuronal activity leads to a prolonged induction of CDKL5 levels in immature neurons but to a short lasting increase of the kinase in mature neurons. Recent results demonstrate that many genes associated with autism spectrum disorders are crucial components of the activity-dependent signaling networks regulating the composition, shape, and strength of the synapse. Thus, we speculate that CDKL5 deficiency disrupts activity-dependent signaling and the consequent synapse development, maturation, and refinement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo La Montanara
- From the Department of Theoretical and Applied Sciences, Section of Biomedical Research; University of Insubria, 21052 Busto Arsizio, Italy and
| | - Laura Rusconi
- From the Department of Theoretical and Applied Sciences, Section of Biomedical Research; University of Insubria, 21052 Busto Arsizio, Italy and
| | - Albina Locarno
- From the Department of Theoretical and Applied Sciences, Section of Biomedical Research; University of Insubria, 21052 Busto Arsizio, Italy and
| | - Lia Forti
- From the Department of Theoretical and Applied Sciences, Section of Biomedical Research; University of Insubria, 21052 Busto Arsizio, Italy and
| | - Isabella Barbiero
- From the Department of Theoretical and Applied Sciences, Section of Biomedical Research; University of Insubria, 21052 Busto Arsizio, Italy and
| | - Marco Tramarin
- From the Department of Theoretical and Applied Sciences, Section of Biomedical Research; University of Insubria, 21052 Busto Arsizio, Italy and
| | - Chetan Chandola
- From the Department of Theoretical and Applied Sciences, Section of Biomedical Research; University of Insubria, 21052 Busto Arsizio, Italy and
| | - Charlotte Kilstrup-Nielsen
- From the Department of Theoretical and Applied Sciences, Section of Biomedical Research; University of Insubria, 21052 Busto Arsizio, Italy and
| | - Nicoletta Landsberger
- From the Department of Theoretical and Applied Sciences, Section of Biomedical Research; University of Insubria, 21052 Busto Arsizio, Italy and the San Raffaele Rett Research Unit, Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy
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165
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Nonaka M, Kim R, Fukushima H, Sasaki K, Suzuki K, Okamura M, Ishii Y, Kawashima T, Kamijo S, Takemoto-Kimura S, Okuno H, Kida S, Bito H. Region-Specific Activation of CRTC1-CREB Signaling Mediates Long-Term Fear Memory. Neuron 2014; 84:92-106. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2014.08.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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166
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Nonaka M, Kim R, Sharry S, Matsushima A, Takemoto-Kimura S, Bito H. Towards a better understanding of cognitive behaviors regulated by gene expression downstream of activity-dependent transcription factors. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2014; 115:21-9. [PMID: 25173698 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2014.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2014] [Revised: 08/18/2014] [Accepted: 08/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In the field of molecular and cellular neuroscience, it is not a trivial task to see the forest for the trees, where numerous, and seemingly independent, molecules often work in concert to control critical steps of synaptic plasticity and signalling. Here, we will first summarize our current knowledge on essential activity-dependent transcription factors (TFs) such as CREB, MEF2, Npas4 and SRF, then examine how various transcription cofactors (TcoFs) also contribute to defining the transcriptional outputs during learning and memory. This review finally attempts a provisory synthesis that sheds new light on some of the emerging principles of neuronal circuit dynamics driven by activity-regulated gene transcription to help better understand the intricate relationship between activity-dependent gene expression and cognitive behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mio Nonaka
- Department of Neurochemistry, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan; Centre for Cognitive and Neural Systems, University of Edinburgh, 1 George Square, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, United Kingdom
| | - Ryang Kim
- Department of Neurochemistry, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan; CREST-Japan Science and Technology Agency, Tokyo 102-0076, Japan
| | - Stuart Sharry
- Department of Neurochemistry, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Ayano Matsushima
- Department of Neurochemistry, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan; CREST-Japan Science and Technology Agency, Tokyo 102-0076, Japan
| | - Sayaka Takemoto-Kimura
- Department of Neurochemistry, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Haruhiko Bito
- Department of Neurochemistry, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan; CREST-Japan Science and Technology Agency, Tokyo 102-0076, Japan.
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167
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Rudinskiy N, Hawkes JM, Wegmann S, Kuchibhotla KV, Muzikansky A, Betensky RA, Spires-Jones TL, Hyman BT. Tau pathology does not affect experience-driven single-neuron and network-wide Arc/Arg3.1 responses. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2014; 2:63. [PMID: 24915991 PMCID: PMC4229905 DOI: 10.1186/2051-5960-2-63] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2014] [Accepted: 05/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Intraneuronal neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) – a characteristic pathological feature of Alzheimer’s and several other neurodegenerative diseases – are considered a major target for drug development. Tangle load correlates well with the severity of cognitive symptoms and mouse models of tauopathy are behaviorally impaired. However, there is little evidence that NFTs directly impact physiological properties of host neurons. Here we used a transgenic mouse model of tauopathy to study how advanced tau pathology in different brain regions affects activity-driven expression of immediate-early gene Arc required for experience-dependent consolidation of long-term memories. We demonstrate in vivo that visual cortex neurons with tangles are as likely to express comparable amounts of Arc in response to structured visual stimulation as their neighbors without tangles. Probability of experience-dependent Arc response was not affected by tau tangles in both visual cortex and hippocampal pyramidal neurons as determined postmortem. Moreover, whole brain analysis showed that network-wide activity-driven Arc expression was not affected by tau pathology in any of the brain regions, including brain areas with the highest tangle load. Our findings suggest that intraneuronal NFTs do not affect signaling cascades leading to experience-dependent gene expression required for long-term synaptic plasticity.
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168
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Persson A, Sim SC, Virding S, Onishchenko N, Schulte G, Ingelman-Sundberg M. Decreased hippocampal volume and increased anxiety in a transgenic mouse model expressing the human CYP2C19 gene. Mol Psychiatry 2014; 19:733-41. [PMID: 23877834 PMCID: PMC4031638 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2013.89] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2013] [Revised: 05/03/2013] [Accepted: 05/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, tricyclic antidepressants, various psychoactive drugs, as well as endogenous steroids and cannabinoid-like compounds are metabolized by the polymorphic cytochrome P450 2C19 (CYP2C19). Absence of this enzyme has been recently shown to associate with lower levels of depressive symptoms in human subjects. To investigate endogenous functions of CYP2C19 and its potential role in brain function, we have used a transgenic mouse model carrying the human CYP2C19 gene. Here, CYP2C19 was expressed in the developing fetal, but not adult brain and was associated with altered fetal brain morphology, where mice homozygous for the CYP2C19 transgenic insert had severely underdeveloped hippocampus and complete callosal agenesis and high neonatal lethality. CYP2C19 expression was also found in human fetal brain. In adult hemizygous mice we observed besides decreased hippocampal volume, an altered neuronal composition in the hippocampal dentate gyrus. Reduced hippocampal volumes have been reported in several psychiatric disorders, supporting the relevance of this model. Here we found that adult hemizygous CYP2C19 transgenic mice demonstrate behavior indicative of increased stress and anxiety based on four different tests. We hypothesize that expression of the CYP2C19 enzyme prenatally may affect brain development by metabolizing endogenous compounds influencing this development. Furthermore, CYP2C19 polymorphism may have a role in interindividual susceptibility for psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Persson
- Section of Pharmacogenetics, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - S C Sim
- Section of Pharmacogenetics, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - S Virding
- Section of Pharmacogenetics, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - N Onishchenko
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - G Schulte
- Section of Receptor Biology and Signaling, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - M Ingelman-Sundberg
- Section of Pharmacogenetics, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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169
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Srimontri P, Hirota H, Kanno H, Okada T, Hirabayashi Y, Kato K. Infusion of growth hormone into the hippocampus induces molecular and behavioral responses in mice. Exp Brain Res 2014; 232:2957-66. [DOI: 10.1007/s00221-014-3977-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2013] [Accepted: 04/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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170
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Vousden DA, Epp J, Okuno H, Nieman BJ, van Eede M, Dazai J, Ragan T, Bito H, Frankland PW, Lerch JP, Henkelman RM. Whole-brain mapping of behaviourally induced neural activation in mice. Brain Struct Funct 2014; 220:2043-57. [PMID: 24760545 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-014-0774-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2013] [Accepted: 04/03/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The ability to visualize behaviourally evoked neural activity patterns across the rodent brain is essential for understanding the distributed brain networks mediating particular behaviours. However, current imaging methods are limited in their spatial resolution and/or ability to obtain brain-wide coverage of functional activity. Here, we describe a new automated method for obtaining cellular-level, whole-brain maps of behaviourally induced neural activity in the mouse. This method combines the use of transgenic immediate-early gene reporter mice to visualize neural activity; serial two-photon tomography to image the entire brain at cellular resolution; advanced image processing algorithms to count the activated neurons and align the datasets to the Allen Mouse Brain Atlas; and statistical analysis to identify the network of activated brain regions evoked by behaviour. We demonstrate the use of this approach to determine the whole-brain networks activated during the retrieval of fear memories. Consistent with previous studies, we identified a large network of amygdalar, hippocampal, and neocortical brain regions implicated in fear memory retrieval. Our proposed methods can thus be used to map cellular networks involved in the expression of normal behaviours as well as to investigate in depth circuit dysfunction in mouse models of neurobiological disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dulcie A Vousden
- Mouse Imaging Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, 25 Orde St., Toronto, ON M5T 3H7, Canada,
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171
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Kawashima T, Okuno H, Bito H. A new era for functional labeling of neurons: activity-dependent promoters have come of age. Front Neural Circuits 2014; 8:37. [PMID: 24795570 PMCID: PMC4005930 DOI: 10.3389/fncir.2014.00037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2014] [Accepted: 04/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic labeling of neurons with a specific response feature is an emerging technology for precise dissection of brain circuits that are functionally heterogeneous at the single-cell level. While immediate early gene mapping has been widely used for decades to identify brain regions which are activated by external stimuli, recent characterization of the promoter and enhancer elements responsible for neuronal activity-dependent transcription have opened new avenues for live imaging of active neurons. Indeed, these advancements provided the basis for a growing repertoire of novel experiments to address the role of active neuronal networks in cognitive behaviors. In this review, we summarize the current literature on the usage and development of activity-dependent promoters and discuss the future directions of this expanding new field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Kawashima
- Department of Neurochemistry, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of TokyoTokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Okuno
- Department of Neurochemistry, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of TokyoTokyo, Japan
| | - Haruhiko Bito
- Department of Neurochemistry, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of TokyoTokyo, Japan
- Core Research for Evolutionary Science and Technology, Japan Science and Technology AgencySaitama, Japan
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172
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Hu SS, Mei L, Chen JY, Huang ZW, Wu H. Expression of immediate-early genes in the inferior colliculus and auditory cortex in salicylate-induced tinnitus in rat. Eur J Histochem 2014; 58:2294. [PMID: 24704997 PMCID: PMC3980210 DOI: 10.4081/ejh.2014.2294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2013] [Revised: 01/31/2014] [Accepted: 01/31/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Tinnitus could be associated with neuronal hyperactivity in the auditory center. As a neuronal activity marker, immediate-early gene (IEG) expression is considered part of a general neuronal response to natural stimuli. Some IEGs, especially the activity-dependent cytoskeletal protein (Arc) and the early growth response gene-1 (Egr-1), appear to be highly correlated with sensory-evoked neuronal activity. We hypothesize, therefore, an increase of Arc and Egr-1 will be observed in a tinnitus model. In our study, we used the gap prepulse inhibition of acoustic startle (GPIAS) paradigm to confirm that salicylate induces tinnitus-like behavior in rats. However, expression of the Arc gene and Egr-1 gene were decreased in the inferior colliculus (IC) and auditory cortex (AC), in contradiction of our hypothesis. Expression of N-methyl d-aspartate receptor subunit 2B (NR2B) was increased and all of these changes returned to normal 14 days after treatment with salicylate ceased. These data revealed long-time administration of salicylate induced tinnitus markedly but reversibly and caused neural plasticity changes in the IC and the AC. Decreased expression of Arc and Egr-1 might be involved with instability of synaptic plasticity in tinnitus.
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173
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Bermudez-Rattoni F. The forgotten insular cortex: Its role on recognition memory formation. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2014; 109:207-16. [PMID: 24406466 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2014.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2013] [Revised: 12/21/2013] [Accepted: 01/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Federico Bermudez-Rattoni
- División de Neurociencias, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, A.P. 70-253, México, DF 04510, Mexico.
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174
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Kageyama K, Itoi K, Iwasaki Y, Niioka K, Watanuki Y, Yamagata S, Nakada Y, Das G, Suda T, Daimon M. Stimulation of corticotropin-releasing factor gene expression by FosB in rat hypothalamic 4B cells. Peptides 2014; 51:59-64. [PMID: 24246425 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2013.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2013] [Revised: 11/07/2013] [Accepted: 11/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The Fos- and Jun family proteins are immediate-early gene products, and the Fos/Jun heterodimer, activator protein-1 (AP-1), may be involved in the regulation of corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) gene expression. FosB is a member of the Fos family proteins that is expressed in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus upon stress exposure, but it has not been clear whether FosB participates in the regulation of CRF gene expression. This study aimed to explore the effect of the FosB and cJun proteins on CRF gene expression in rat hypothalamic 4B cells. The levels of FosB mRNA and cJun mRNA increased following treatment with forskolin, phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate (PMA), or A23187 in the hypothalamic cells. Overexpression of FosB or cJun potently increased CRF mRNA levels. Furthermore, downregulation of FosB or cJun suppressed the CRF gene expression induced by forskolin, PMA, or A23187. In addition, the basal CRF mRNA levels were partially reduced by cJun downregulation. These findings suggest that FosB, together with cJun, may mediate CRF gene expression in the hypothalamic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazunori Kageyama
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki 036-8562, Japan; Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Infectious Diseases, Hirosaki University School of Medicine & Hospital, Hirosaki 036-8563, Japan.
| | - Keiichi Itoi
- Laboratory of Information Biology, Graduate School of Information Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8579, Japan
| | | | - Kanako Niioka
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki 036-8562, Japan
| | - Yutaka Watanuki
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki 036-8562, Japan
| | - Satoshi Yamagata
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki 036-8562, Japan
| | - Yuki Nakada
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki 036-8562, Japan
| | - Gopal Das
- Laboratory of Information Biology, Graduate School of Information Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8579, Japan
| | - Toshihiro Suda
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki 036-8562, Japan
| | - Makoto Daimon
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki 036-8562, Japan
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175
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Osterlund CD, Thompson V, Hinds L, Spencer RL. Absence of glucocorticoids augments stress-induced Mkp1 mRNA expression within the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. J Endocrinol 2014; 220:1-11. [PMID: 24287620 PMCID: PMC3869093 DOI: 10.1530/joe-13-0365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Stress-induced activation of hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN) corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) neurons trigger CRH release and synthesis. Recent findings have suggested that this process depends on the intracellular activation (phosphorylation) of ERK1/2 within CRH neurons. We have recently shown that the presence of glucocorticoids constrains stress-stimulated phosphorylation of PVN ERK1/2. In some peripheral cell types, dephosphorylation of ERK has been shown to be promoted by direct glucocorticoid upregulation of the MAP kinase phosphatase 1 (Mkp1) gene. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that glucocorticoids regulate Mkp1 mRNA expression in the neural forebrain (medial prefrontal cortex, mPFC, and PVN) and endocrine tissue (anterior pituitary) by subjecting young adult male Sprague-Dawley rats to various glucocorticoid manipulations with or without acute psychological stress (restraint). Restraint led to a rapid increase in Mkp1 mRNA within the mPFC, PVN, and anterior pituitary, and this increase did not require glucocorticoid activity. In contrast to glucocorticoid upregulation of Mkp1 gene expression in the peripheral tissues, we found that the absence of glucocorticoids (as a result of adrenalectomy) augmented basal mPFC and stress-induced PVN and anterior pituitary Mkp1 gene expression. Taken together, this study indicates that the presence of glucocorticoids may constrain Mkp1 gene expression in the neural forebrain and endocrine tissues. This possible constraint may be an indirect consequence of the inhibitory influence of glucocorticoids on stress-induced activation of ERK1/2, a known upstream positive regulator of Mkp1 gene transcription.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chad D Osterlund
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado, UCB 345, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
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176
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Zhan PY, Peng CX, Zhang LH. Berberine rescues D-galactose-induced synaptic/memory impairment by regulating the levels of Arc. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2013; 117:47-51. [PMID: 24342459 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2013.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2013] [Revised: 11/29/2013] [Accepted: 12/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Synaptic communication forms the basis of learning and memory. Disruptions of synaptic function and memory have been widely reported in many neurological diseases, such as dementia. Thus, restoration of impaired synaptic communication is a potential therapeutic approach for these diseases. In this study, we demonstrated that supplementation with berberine, a plant alkaloid with a long history of medicinal usage in Chinese medicine, effectively reverses the synaptic deficits induced by D-galactose. We also found that berberine rescued D-galactose-induced memory impairment and additionally rescued the mRNA and protein levels of Arc/Arg3.1, an important immediate early gene that is crucial for maintaining normal synaptic plasticity. Our study provides the first piece of evidence supporting the potential use of berberine in the treatment of neural diseases with synaptic/memory impairments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Yan Zhan
- Department of Neurology, Central Hospital of Wuhan, Wuhan 430014, China.
| | - Cai-Xia Peng
- Department of Neurology, Central Hospital of Wuhan, Wuhan 430014, China
| | - Lin-Hong Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Central Hospital of Wuhan, Wuhan 430014, China.
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177
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Nona CN, Li R, Nobrega JN. Altered NMDA receptor subunit gene expression in brains of mice showing high vs. low sensitization to ethanol. Behav Brain Res 2013; 260:58-66. [PMID: 24315834 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2013.11.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2013] [Revised: 11/16/2013] [Accepted: 11/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Repeated administration of ethanol (EtOH) in mice leads to behavioural sensitization, a progressive increase in locomotor activity. Since not all mice sensitize equally to EtOH, the objective of the present study was to determine whether variability in this response is associated with altered subunit gene expression of the N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor (NMDAR), a primary target of EtOH. We examined NR1, NR2A, and NR2B expression throughout the brain during the development phase of EtOH sensitization, as well as after a 14 day withdrawal period. Male DBA/2J mice received 5-6 injections of EtOH (2.2g/kg, i.p.) or saline (SAL) and were categorized as high- (HS) or low-sensitized (LS) on the basis of locomotor activity scores after the final injection. NMDAR subunits were analyzed by in situ hybridization in brains removed either immediately following the final EtOH injection or 14 days thereafter. At the end of development phase, LS mice showed increased NR2A expression in several brain areas compared to saline controls. LS animals also had greater NR1 expression in the nucleus accumbens core (+11%, p=0.05) and shell (+14%, p=0.04) compared to HS mice, and increased NR2B expression in hippocampal CA1 (+20%, p=0.05) relative to saline-treated animals. High-sensitized mice showed increased NR2A expression in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis when compared to controls (+54%, p=0.02). No differences in gene expression between the treatment groups were seen 14 days after the final injection. These findings suggest that region-specific NMDAR subunits may play an important role in the variability associated with the induction of EtOH sensitization. Low-sensitized mice may be more sensitive to the NMDAR inhibitory effects of EtOH, with the NR1 and NR2A subunits potentially playing a key role in the failure to sensitize upon repeated EtOH exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina N Nona
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Behavioural Neurobiology Laboratory, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Rui Li
- Behavioural Neurobiology Laboratory, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - José N Nobrega
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Behavioural Neurobiology Laboratory, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
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178
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Nonaka M, Fujii H, Kim R, Kawashima T, Okuno H, Bito H. Untangling the two-way signalling route from synapses to the nucleus, and from the nucleus back to the synapses. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2013; 369:20130150. [PMID: 24298152 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2013.0150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
During learning and memory, it has been suggested that the coordinated electrical activity of hippocampal neurons translates information about the external environment into internal neuronal representations, which then are stored initially within the hippocampus and subsequently into other areas of the brain. A widely held hypothesis posits that synaptic plasticity is a key feature that critically modulates the triggering and the maintenance of such representations, some of which are thought to persist over time as traces or tags. However, the molecular and cell biological basis for these traces and tags has remained elusive. Here, we review recent findings that help clarify some of the molecular and cellular mechanisms critical for these events, by untangling a two-way signalling crosstalk route between the synapses and the neuronal soma. In particular, a detailed interrogation of the soma-to-synapse delivery of immediate early gene product Arc/Arg3.1, whose induction is triggered by heightened synaptic activity in many brain areas, teases apart an unsuspected 'inverse' synaptic tagging mechanism that likely contributes to maintaining the contrast of synaptic weight between strengthened and weak synapses within an active ensemble.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mio Nonaka
- Department of Neurochemistry, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, , Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
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179
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Trouche S, Sasaki JM, Tu T, Reijmers LG. Fear extinction causes target-specific remodeling of perisomatic inhibitory synapses. Neuron 2013; 80:1054-65. [PMID: 24183705 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2013.07.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/28/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
A more complete understanding of how fear extinction alters neuronal activity and connectivity within fear circuits may aid in the development of strategies to treat human fear disorders. Using a c-fos-based transgenic mouse, we found that contextual fear extinction silenced basal amygdala (BA) excitatory neurons that had been previously activated during fear conditioning. We hypothesized that the silencing of BA fear neurons was caused by an action of extinction on BA inhibitory synapses. In support of this hypothesis, we found extinction-induced target-specific remodeling of BA perisomatic inhibitory synapses originating from parvalbumin and cholecystokinin-positive interneurons. Interestingly, the predicted changes in the balance of perisomatic inhibition matched the silent and active states of the target BA fear neurons. These observations suggest that target-specific changes in perisomatic inhibitory synapses represent a mechanism through which experience can sculpt the activation patterns within a neural circuit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphanie Trouche
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Tufts University, Boston, MA 02111, USA.
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180
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Bastide MF, Dovero S, Charron G, Porras G, Gross CE, Fernagut PO, Bézard E. Immediate-early gene expression in structures outside the basal ganglia is associated to l-DOPA-induced dyskinesia. Neurobiol Dis 2013; 62:179-92. [PMID: 24103779 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2013.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2013] [Accepted: 09/27/2013] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Long-term l-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (l-DOPA) treatment in Parkinson's disease (PD) leads to l-DOPA-induced dyskinesia (LID), a condition thought to primarily involve the dopamine D1 receptor-expressing striatal medium spiny neurons. Activation of the D1 receptor results in increased expression of several molecular markers, in particular the members of the immediate-early gene (IEG) family, a class of genes rapidly transcribed in response to an external stimulus. However, several dopaminoceptive structures in the brain that are likely to be affected by the exogenously produced DA have received little attention although they might play a key role in mediating those l-DOPA-induced abnormal behaviours. ΔFosB, ARC, FRA2 and Zif268 IEGs expression patterns were thus characterised, using unbiased stereological methods, in the whole brain of dyskinetic and non-dyskinetic rats to identify brain nuclei displaying a transcriptional response specifically related to LID. Within the basal ganglia, the striatum and the substantia nigra pars reticulata showed an increased expression of all four IEGs in dyskinetic compared to non-dyskinetic rats. Outside the basal ganglia, there was a striking increased expression of the four IEGs in the motor cortex, the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, the dorsal hippocampus, the pontine nuclei, the cuneiform nucleus and the pedunculopontine nuclei. Moreover, the zona incerta and the lateral habenula displayed an overexpression of ΔFosB, ARC and Zif268. Among these structures, the IEG expression in the striatum, the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, the lateral habenula, the pontine nuclei and the cuneiform nucleus correlate with LID severity. These results illustrate a global transcriptional response to a dyskinetic state in the whole brain suggesting the possible involvement of these structures in LID.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthieu F Bastide
- Univ. de Bordeaux, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, 33000 Bordeaux, France; CNRS, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, 33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Sandra Dovero
- Univ. de Bordeaux, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, 33000 Bordeaux, France; CNRS, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, 33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Giselle Charron
- Univ. de Bordeaux, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, 33000 Bordeaux, France; CNRS, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, 33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Gregory Porras
- Univ. de Bordeaux, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, 33000 Bordeaux, France; CNRS, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, 33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Christian E Gross
- Univ. de Bordeaux, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, 33000 Bordeaux, France; CNRS, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, 33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Pierre-Olivier Fernagut
- Univ. de Bordeaux, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, 33000 Bordeaux, France; CNRS, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, 33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Erwan Bézard
- Univ. de Bordeaux, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, 33000 Bordeaux, France; CNRS, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, 33000 Bordeaux, France.
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181
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Mapping memory function in the medial temporal lobe with the immediate-early gene Arc. Behav Brain Res 2013; 254:22-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2013.04.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2013] [Accepted: 04/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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182
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Abstract
Biochemical, electrophysiological, and imaging studies suggest that the anterior part of the insular cortex (IC) serves as primary taste cortex, whereas fMRI studies in human propose that the anterior IC is also involved in processing of general novelty or saliency information. Here, we compared activity regulated cytoskeleton associated protein (Arc)/Arg3.1 protein levels in the rat IC following administration of familiar versus novel tastes. Surprisingly, there was no correlation between novel taste and Arc/Arg3.1 levels when measured as the sum of both left and right insular cortices. However, when left and right IC were examined separately, Arc/Arg3.1 level was lateralized following novel taste learning. Moreover, Arc/Arg3.1 lateralization was inversely correlated with taste familiarity, whereas the high lateralization of Arc/Arg3.1 expression observed following novel taste learning is reduced proportionally to the increment in taste familiarity. In addition, unilateral inhibition of protein synthesis in the IC had asymmetrical effect on memory, inducing strong memory impairment similarly to bilateral inhibition or memory preservation, indicating that hemispheric lateralization is central for processing taste saliency information. These results provide indications, at the gene level of expression, for the role of IC lateralization in processing novel taste information and for the asymmetrical contribution of protein synthesis in each hemisphere during memory consolidation.
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183
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Kim R, Okuno H, Bito H. Deciphering the molecular rules governing synaptic targeting of the memory-related protein Arc. Commun Integr Biol 2013; 5:496-8. [PMID: 23739267 PMCID: PMC3502215 DOI: 10.4161/cib.20853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurons express new gene transcripts and proteins upon receiving synaptic inputs, and these events are essential for achieving proper neuronal wiring, adequate synaptic plasticity, and updatable memory. However, the biological impact of new gene expression on input-specific synaptic potentiation remains largely elusive, in part because the cell biological and biochemical mechanisms for synaptic targeting of newly synthesized proteins has remained obscure. A new study investigating the targeting of the memory related protein Arc from the soma to the synapses teases apart a novel “inverse” synaptic tagging mechanism that enables Arc to specifically target the un-potentiated synapses, thereby helping to maintain the contrast of synaptic weight between strengthened and weak synapses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryang Kim
- Department of Neurochemistry; The University of Tokyo Graduate School of Medicine; Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo Japan
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184
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Ljubimova JY, Kleinman MT, Karabalin NM, Inoue S, Konda B, Gangalum P, Markman JL, Ljubimov AV, Black KL. Gene expression changes in rat brain after short and long exposures to particulate matter in Los Angeles basin air: Comparison with human brain tumors. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 65:1063-71. [PMID: 23688656 DOI: 10.1016/j.etp.2013.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2013] [Revised: 04/13/2013] [Accepted: 04/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Air pollution negatively impacts pulmonary, cardiovascular, and central nervous systems. Although its influence on brain cancer is unclear, toxic pollutants can cause blood-brain barrier disruption, enabling them to reach the brain and cause alterations leading to tumor development. By gene microarray analysis validated by quantitative RT-PCR and immunostaining we examined whether rat (n=104) inhalation exposure to air pollution particulate matter (PM) resulted in brain molecular changes similar to those associated with human brain tumors. Global brain gene expression was analyzed after exposure to PM (coarse, 2.5-10μm; fine, <2.5μm; or ultrafine, <0.15μm) and purified air for different times, short (0.5, 1, and 3 months) and chronic (10 months), for 5h per day, four days per week. Expression of select gene products was also studied in human brain (n=7) and in tumors (n=83). Arc/Arg3.1 and Rac1 genes, and their protein products were selected for further examination. Arc was elevated upon two-week to three-month exposure to coarse PM and declined after 10-month exposure. Rac1 was significantly elevated upon 10-month coarse PM exposure. On human brain tumor sections, Arc was expressed in benign meningiomas and low-grade gliomas but was much lower in high-grade tumors. Conversely, Rac1 was elevated in high-grade vs. low-grade gliomas. Arc is thus associated with early brain changes and low-grade tumors, whereas Rac1 is associated with long-term PM exposure and highly aggressive tumors. In summary, exposure to air PM leads to distinct changes in rodent brain gene expression similar to those observed in human brain tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Y Ljubimova
- Department of Neurosurgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, United States.
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185
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Emerging roles for chromatin as a signal integration and storage platform. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2013; 14:211-24. [PMID: 23524488 DOI: 10.1038/nrm3545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 210] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cells of a multicellular organism, all containing nearly identical genetic information, respond to differentiation cues in variable ways. In addition, cells are plastic, able to execute their specialized function while maintaining the ability to adapt to environmental changes. This is achieved through multiple mechanisms, including the direct regulation of chromatin-based processes in response to stimuli. How signal transduction pathways directly communicate with chromatin to change the epigenetic landscape is poorly understood. The preponderance of covalent modifications on histone tails coupled with a relatively small number of functional outputs raises the possibility that chromatin acts as a site of signal integration and storage.
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186
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Wisniewska MB. Physiological role of β-catenin/TCF signaling in neurons of the adult brain. Neurochem Res 2013; 38:1144-55. [PMID: 23377854 PMCID: PMC3653035 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-013-0980-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2012] [Revised: 12/21/2012] [Accepted: 01/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Wnt/β-catenin pathway, the effectors of which are transcription factors of the LEF1/TCF family, is primarily associated with development. Strikingly, however, some of the genes of the pathway are schizophrenia susceptibility genes, and the proteins that are often mutated in neurodegenerative diseases have the ability to regulate β-catenin levels. If impairment of this pathway indeed leads to these pathologies, then it likely plays a physiological role in the adult brain. This review provides an overview of the current knowledge on this subject. The involvement of β-catenin and LEF1/TCF factors in adult neurogenesis, synaptic plasticity, and the function of thalamic neurons are discussed. The data are still very preliminary and often based on circumstantial or indirect evidence. Further research might help to understand the etiology of the aforementioned pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta B Wisniewska
- Laboratory of Neurodegeneration, International Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, ul. Ks. Trojdena 4, 02-109 Warsaw, Poland.
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187
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Differential expression analysis throughout the weaning period in the mouse cerebral cortex. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2013; 431:437-43. [PMID: 23333325 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2012.12.150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2012] [Accepted: 12/22/2012] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
At weaning, mammals switch from drinking mother's milk to eating foods of environmental origin. These foods contain natural compounds with novel tastes and textures, which are provided to the young for the first time following the termination of breastfeeding. This novel eating experience may alter the cognitive brain function of mammalian babies, increasing their reactions to their food environments. Because the cerebral cortex is a central organ for cognition and learning, we investigated differences in whole-gene expression profiles in the mouse cerebral cortex using microarray analysis before and after weaning. Of 45,037 murine genes, 35 genes were upregulated and 31 genes were downregulated, in response to weaning. In particular, immediate early genes, molecular chaperones, and myelin-related genes were upregulated. In situ hybridization analysis revealed that the mRNA for an immediate early gene, Egr-2/KROX-20, was transported from the nucleus to the cell body at layer 5/6 of the somatosensory cortex during weaning. In contrast, in animals without any food supply other than mother's milk, Egr-2/KROX-20 mRNA was retained within the nucleus at the somatosensory cortex. These data suggest that the novel experience of food intake modulates gene expression profiles in the murine cerebral cortex at the weaning stage.
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188
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Wong RY, Ramsey ME, Cummings ME. Localizing brain regions associated with female mate preference behavior in a swordtail. PLoS One 2012; 7:e50355. [PMID: 23209722 PMCID: PMC3510203 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0050355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2012] [Accepted: 10/23/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Female mate choice behavior is a critical component of sexual selection, yet identifying the neural basis of this behavior is largely unresolved. Previous studies have implicated sensory processing and hypothalamic brain regions during female mate choice and there is a conserved network of brain regions (Social Behavior Network, SBN) that underlies sexual behaviors. However, we are only beginning to understand the role this network has in pre-copulatory female mate choice. Using in situ hybridization, we identify brain regions associated with mate preference in female Xiphophorus nigrensis, a swordtail species with a female choice mating system. We measure gene expression in 10 brain regions (linked to sexual behavior, reward, sensory integration or other processes) and find significant correlations between female preference behavior and gene expression in two telencephalic areas associated with reward, learning and multi-sensory processing (medial and lateral zones of the dorsal telencephalon) as well as an SBN region traditionally associated with sexual response (preoptic area). Network analysis shows that these brain regions may also be important in mate preference and that correlated patterns of neuroserpin expression between regions co-vary with differential compositions of the mate choice environment. Our results expand the emerging network for female preference from one that focused on sensory processing and midbrain sexual response centers to a more complex coordination involving forebrain areas that integrate primary sensory processing and reward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Y Wong
- Section of Integrative Biology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, United States of America.
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189
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Bepari AK, Watanabe K, Yamaguchi M, Tamamaki N, Takebayashi H. Visualization of odor-induced neuronal activity by immediate early gene expression. BMC Neurosci 2012; 13:140. [PMID: 23126335 PMCID: PMC3538715 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2202-13-140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2012] [Accepted: 10/31/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Sensitive detection of sensory-evoked neuronal activation is a key to mechanistic understanding of brain functions. Since immediate early genes (IEGs) are readily induced in the brain by environmental changes, tracing IEG expression provides a convenient tool to identify brain activity. In this study we used in situ hybridization to detect odor-evoked induction of ten IEGs in the mouse olfactory system. We then analyzed IEG induction in the cyclic nucleotide-gated channel subunit A2 (Cnga2)-null mice to visualize residual neuronal activity following odorant exposure since CNGA2 is a key component of the olfactory signal transduction pathway in the main olfactory system. Results We observed rapid induction of as many as ten IEGs in the mouse olfactory bulb (OB) after olfactory stimulation by a non-biological odorant amyl acetate. A robust increase in expression of several IEGs like c-fos and Egr1 was evident in the glomerular layer, the mitral/tufted cell layer and the granule cell layer. Additionally, the neuronal IEG Npas4 showed steep induction from a very low basal expression level predominantly in the granule cell layer. In Cnga2-null mice, which are usually anosmic and sexually unresponsive, glomerular activation was insignificant in response to either ambient odorants or female stimuli. However, a subtle induction of c-fos took place in the OB of a few Cnga2-mutants which exhibited sexual arousal. Interestingly, very strong glomerular activation was observed in the OB of Cnga2-null male mice after stimulation with either the neutral odor amyl acetate or the predator odor 2, 3, 5-trimethyl-3-thiazoline (TMT). Conclusions This study shows for the first time that in vivo olfactory stimulation can robustly induce the neuronal IEG Npas4 in the mouse OB and confirms the odor-evoked induction of a number of IEGs. As shown in previous studies, our results indicate that a CNGA2-independent signaling pathway(s) may activate the olfactory circuit in Cnga2-null mice and that neuronal activation which correlates to behavioral difference in individual mice is detectable by in situ hybridization of IEGs. Thus, the in situ hybridization probe set we established for IEG tracing can be very useful to visualize neuronal activity at the cellular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asim K Bepari
- Department of Morphological Neural Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
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190
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Hayashi Y, Okamoto KI, Bosch M, Futai K. Roles of neuronal activity-induced gene products in Hebbian and homeostatic synaptic plasticity, tagging, and capture. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2012; 970:335-54. [PMID: 22351063 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-7091-0932-8_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The efficiency of synaptic transmission undergoes plastic modification in response to changes in input activity. This phenomenon is most commonly referred to as synaptic plasticity and can involve different cellular mechanisms over time. In the short term, typically in the order of minutes to 1 h, synaptic plasticity is mediated by the actions of locally existing proteins. In the longer term, the synthesis of new proteins from existing or newly synthesized mRNAs is required to maintain the changes in synaptic transmission. Many studies have attempted to identify genes induced by neuronal activity and to elucidate the functions of the encoded proteins. In this chapter, we describe our current understanding of how activity can regulate the synthesis of new proteins, how the distribution of the newly synthesized protein is regulated in relation to the synapses undergoing plasticity and the function of these proteins in both Hebbian and homeostatic synaptic plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasunori Hayashi
- Brain Science Institute, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan.
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191
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Korb E, Finkbeiner S. Arc in synaptic plasticity: from gene to behavior. Trends Neurosci 2011; 34:591-8. [PMID: 21963089 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2011.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 267] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2011] [Revised: 08/26/2011] [Accepted: 08/30/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
The activity-regulated cytoskeletal (Arc) gene encodes a protein that is critical for memory consolidation. Arc is one of the most tightly regulated molecules known: neuronal activity controls Arc mRNA induction, trafficking and accumulation, and Arc protein production, localization and stability. Arc regulates synaptic strength through multiple mechanisms and is involved in essentially every known form of synaptic plasticity. It also mediates memory formation and is implicated in multiple neurological diseases. In this review, we will discuss how Arc is regulated and used as a tool to study neuronal activity. We will also attempt to clarify how its molecular functions correspond to its requirement in various forms of plasticity, discuss Arc's role in behavior and disease, and highlight critical unresolved questions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica Korb
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, San Francisco, CA, USA
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