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Stone TW, Ceruti S, Abbracchio MP. Adenosine receptors and neurological disease: neuroprotection and neurodegeneration. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2009:535-87. [PMID: 19639293 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-540-89615-9_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Adenosine receptors modulate neuronal and synaptic function in a range of ways that may make them relevant to the occurrence, development and treatment of brain ischemic damage and degenerative disorders. A(1) adenosine receptors tend to suppress neural activity by a predominantly presynaptic action, while A(2A) adenosine receptors are more likely to promote transmitter release and postsynaptic depolarization. A variety of interactions have also been described in which adenosine A(1) or A(2) adenosine receptors can modify cellular responses to conventional neurotransmitters or receptor agonists such as glutamate, NMDA, nitric oxide and P2 purine receptors. Part of the role of adenosine receptors seems to be in the regulation of inflammatory processes that often occur in the aftermath of a major insult or disease process. All of the adenosine receptors can modulate the release of cytokines such as interleukins and tumor necrosis factor-alpha from immune-competent leukocytes and glia. When examined directly as modifiers of brain damage, A(1) adenosine receptor (AR) agonists, A(2A)AR agonists and antagonists, as well as A(3)AR antagonists, can protect against a range of insults, both in vitro and in vivo. Intriguingly, acute and chronic treatments with these ligands can often produce diametrically opposite effects on damage outcome, probably resulting from adaptational changes in receptor number or properties. In some cases molecular approaches have identified the involvement of ERK and GSK-3beta pathways in the protection from damage. Much evidence argues for a role of adenosine receptors in neurological disease. Receptor densities are altered in patients with Alzheimer's disease, while many studies have demonstrated effects of adenosine and its antagonists on synaptic plasticity in vitro, or on learning adequacy in vivo. The combined effects of adenosine on neuronal viability and inflammatory processes have also led to considerations of their roles in Lesch-Nyhan syndrome, Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, Huntington's disease and multiple sclerosis, as well as the brain damage associated with stroke. In addition to the potential pathological relevance of adenosine receptors, there are earnest attempts in progress to generate ligands that will target adenosine receptors as therapeutic agents to treat some of these disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trevor W Stone
- Institute of Biomedical and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK.
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152
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Prediger RDS, Fernandes MS, Rial D, Wopereis S, Pereira VS, Bosse TS, Da Silva CB, Carradore RS, Machado MS, Cechinel-Filho V, Costa-Campos L. Effects of acute administration of the hydroalcoholic extract of mate tea leaves (Ilex paraguariensis) in animal models of learning and memory. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2008; 120:465-473. [PMID: 18948179 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2008.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2008] [Revised: 08/15/2008] [Accepted: 09/21/2008] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
AIM OF THE STUDY Ilex paraguariensis St. Hilaire (Aquifoliaceae) is a plant widely cultivated in South America that is used to prepare a tea-like beverage with a reputation to improve cognitive function, a response that has been attributed to the constituents of the leaves, especially caffeine. Our previous study indicated that the hydroalcoholic extract of Ilex paraguariensis presents an antiparkinsonian profile in reserpine- and 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine hydrochloride (MPTP)-treated rodents. MATERIALS AND METHODS In the present study, the effects of the hydroalcoholic extract of Ilex paraguariensis on the short- and long-term learning and memory of rats were assessed with the social recognition, Morris water maze, and step-down inhibitory avoidance tasks. RESULTS A preliminary HPLC fingerprint of the plant extract confirmed the presence of caffeine (the major compound), rutin and kaemperol, and revealed the absence of detectable concentrations of caffeic acid, quercetin and ursolic acid. Acute pre-training intraperitoneal (i.p.) or oral administration of the extract of Ilex paraguariensis improved the short-term social memory in a specific manner as well as facilitated the step-down inhibitory avoidance short-term memory evaluated 1.5h after training. Moreover, a synergistic response was observed following the co-administration of 'non-effective' doses of caffeine and Ilex paraguariensis in the social memory. In contrast, pre-training administration of hydroalcoholic extract of Ilex paraguariensis did not alter the step-down inhibitory avoidance long-term memory evaluated 24h after training, while the highest dose tested (250 mg/kg, i.p.) disrupted the animals' performance in a cued version of the Morris water maze. CONCLUSION These results partly substantiate the traditional use of mate tea for improvement of cognition indicating that acute administration of hydroalcoholic extract of Ilex paraguariensis differentially modulates short- and long-term learning and memory in rats probably through its antagonist's action on adenosine receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui D S Prediger
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC), Campus Universitário, Trindade, Florianópolis-SC 88049-900, Brazil.
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153
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Alcohol-induced retrograde memory impairment in rats: prevention by caffeine. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2008; 201:361-71. [PMID: 18758756 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-008-1294-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2008] [Accepted: 07/30/2008] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Ethanol and caffeine are two of the most widely consumed drugs in the world, often used in the same setting. Animal models may help to understand the conditions under which incidental memories formed just before ethanol intoxication might be lost or become difficult to retrieve. OBJECTIVES Ethanol-induced retrograde amnesia was investigated using a new odor-recognition test. MATERIALS AND METHODS Rats thoroughly explored a wood bead taken from the cage of another rat, and habituated to this novel odor (N1) over three trials. Immediately following habituation, rats received saline, 25 mg/kg pentylenetetrazol (a seizure-producing agent known to cause retrograde amnesia) to validate the test, 1.0 g/kg ethanol, or 3.0 g/kg ethanol. The next day, they were presented again with N1 and also a bead from a new rat's cage (N2). RESULTS Rats receiving saline or the lower dose of ethanol showed overnight memory for N1, indicated by preferential exploration of N2 over N1. Rats receiving pentylenetetrazol or the higher dose of ethanol appeared not to remember N1, in that they showed equal exploration of N1 and N2. Caffeine (5 mg/kg), delivered either 1 h after the higher dose of ethanol or 20 min prior to habituation to N1, negated ethanol-induced impairment of memory for N1. A combination of a phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitor and an adenosine A(2A) antagonist, mimicking two major mechanisms of action of caffeine, likewise prevented the memory impairment, though either drug alone had no such effect. Binge alcohol can induce retrograde, caffeine-reversible disruption of social odor memory storage or recall.
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154
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Mild cognitive deficits associated to neocortical microgyria in mice with genetic deletion of cellular prion protein. Brain Res 2008; 1241:148-56. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2008.08.097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2008] [Revised: 08/12/2008] [Accepted: 08/13/2008] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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155
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Rosso A, Mossey J, Lippa CF. Caffeine: neuroprotective functions in cognition and Alzheimer's disease. Am J Alzheimers Dis Other Demen 2008; 23:417-22. [PMID: 19230121 PMCID: PMC10846190 DOI: 10.1177/1533317508320083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/03/2024]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease is a common problem in our elderly population. Although research is leading to improvements in our understanding of the underlying biology, we still have little understanding of the environmental risk factors associated with this disorder. Caffeine, an easily modifiable environmental factor, may have a protective effect on the likelihood of developing Alzheimer's disease. This article reviews the association between caffeine from both a biologic and epidemiologic perspective. Further studies are needed to determine whether caffeine consumption could have a major affect on the development of Alzheimer's disease or age-related cognitive decline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andi Rosso
- Department of Neurology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19102, USA.
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156
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Rodrigues RJ, Canas PM, Lopes LV, Oliveira CR, Cunha RA. Modification of adenosine modulation of acetylcholine release in the hippocampus of aged rats. Neurobiol Aging 2008; 29:1597-601. [PMID: 17481781 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2007.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2006] [Revised: 03/06/2007] [Accepted: 03/23/2007] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Adenosine is a neuromodulator acting through inhibitory A(1) receptors (A(1)Rs) and facilitatory A(2A)Rs. Since A(2A)R antagonists attenuate memory deficits in aged animals and memory deficits might involve a decreased cholinergic function, we investigated how aging affects the density and function of adenosine receptors in rat hippocampal cholinergic terminals. In young adult (2 months) rats, 64 and 36% of cholinergic terminals (immunopositive for vesicular ACh transporters) possessed A(1)Rs and A(2A)Rs, respectively. In aged (24 months) rats, the percentage of cholinergic terminals with A(1)Rs was preserved, whereas that with A(2A)Rs was larger (49%). In young adults adenosine only tonically inhibited ACh release through A(1)Rs, whereas in aged rats there was a greater A(1)R-mediated inhibition and a simultaneous A(2A)R-mediated facilitation of ACh release. Thus, the enhanced A(2A)R density and facilitation compensates for the greater tonic A(1)R modulation, preserving the global adenosine modulation of ACh release in aged rats. Furthermore, since A(2A)R antagonists inhibit ACh release, the beneficial effects of A(2A)R antagonists on memory in aged rats might not result from ACh release modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo J Rodrigues
- Center for Neuroscience of Coimbra, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal
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157
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Costa MS, Botton PH, Mioranzza S, Ardais AP, Moreira JD, Souza DO, Porciúncula LO. Caffeine improves adult mice performance in the object recognition task and increases BDNF and TrkB independent on phospho-CREB immunocontent in the hippocampus. Neurochem Int 2008; 53:89-94. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2008.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2008] [Revised: 06/05/2008] [Accepted: 06/16/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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158
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Cunha RA, Ferré S, Vaugeois JM, Chen JF. Potential therapeutic interest of adenosine A2A receptors in psychiatric disorders. Curr Pharm Des 2008; 14:1512-24. [PMID: 18537674 DOI: 10.2174/138161208784480090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The interest on targeting adenosine A(2A) receptors in the realm of psychiatric diseases first arose based on their tight physical and functional interaction with dopamine D(2) receptors. However, the role of central A(2A) receptors is now viewed as much broader than just controlling D(2) receptor function. Thus, there is currently a major interest in the ability of A(2A) receptors to control synaptic plasticity at glutamatergic synapses. This is due to a combined ability of A(2A) receptors to facilitate the release of glutamate and the activation of NMDA receptors. Therefore, A(2A) receptors are now conceived as a normalizing device promoting adequate adaptive responses in neuronal circuits, a role similar to that fulfilled, in essence, by dopamine. This makes A(2A) receptors particularly attractive targets to manage psychiatric disorders since adenosine may act as go-between glutamate and dopamine, two of the key players in mood processing. Furthermore, A(2A) receptors also control glia function and brain metabolic adaptation, two other emerging mechanisms to understand abnormal processing of mood, and A(2A) receptors are important players in controlling the demise of neurodegeneration, considered an amplificatory loop in psychiatric disorders. Current data only provide an indirect confirmation of this putative role of A(2A) receptors, based on the effects of caffeine (an antagonist of both A(1) and A(2A) receptors) in psychiatric disorders. However, the introduction of A(2A) receptors antagonists in clinics as anti-parkinsonian agents is hoped to bolster our knowledge on the role of A(2A) receptors in mood disorders in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo A Cunha
- Center for Neuroscience of Coimbra, Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Portugal.
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159
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Costa M, Botton P, Mioranzza S, Souza D, Porciúncula L. Caffeine prevents age-associated recognition memory decline and changes brain-derived neurotrophic factor and tirosine kinase receptor (TrkB) content in mice. Neuroscience 2008; 153:1071-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2008.03.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2008] [Revised: 03/11/2008] [Accepted: 03/13/2008] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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160
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Klementiev B, Novikova T, Korshunova I, Berezin V, Bock E. The NCAM-derived P2 peptide facilitates recovery of cognitive and motor function and ameliorates neuropathology following traumatic brain injury. Eur J Neurosci 2008; 27:2885-96. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2008.06245.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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161
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Pentoxifylline ameliorates lithium-pilocarpine induced status epilepticus in young rats. Epilepsy Behav 2008; 12:354-65. [PMID: 18203664 DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2007.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2007] [Revised: 12/04/2007] [Accepted: 12/08/2007] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The neuroprotective effects of pentoxifylline (PTX) against lithium-pilocarpine (Li-Pc)-induced status epilepticus (SE) in young rats are described. Animals treated with PTX (0, 20, 40, and 60 mg/kg) before induction of SE were examined for latency to and frequency of SE, behavioral changes, oxidative stress, neurochemical alterations in the hippocampus and striatum, and histological abnormalities in the hippocampus. Treatment with PTX significantly ameliorated the frequency and severity of epileptic seizures in a dose-dependent manner. Our behavioral studies using the elevated plus-maze, rotarod, and water maze tests suggested a significant reduction in anxiety, enhanced motor performance, and improved learning and memory in PTX-treated rats. Li-Pc-induced neuronal cell loss and sprouting of mossy fibers in the hippocampus were also attenuated by PTX. The neuroprotective activity of PTX was accompanied by reduction in oxidative stress and reversal of SE-induced depletion of dopamine and 5-hydroxytryptamine in hippocampus and striatum. The results of this study provide a good rationale to explore the prophylactic/therapeutic potential of PTX in SE.
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162
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Canas PM, Duarte JMN, Rodrigues RJ, Köfalvi A, Cunha RA. Modification upon aging of the density of presynaptic modulation systems in the hippocampus. Neurobiol Aging 2008; 30:1877-84. [PMID: 18304697 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2008.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2007] [Revised: 12/29/2007] [Accepted: 01/08/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Different presynaptic neuromodulation systems have been explored as possible targets to manage neurodegenerative diseases. However, most studies used young adult animals whereas neurodegenerative diseases are prevalent in the elderly. Thus, we now explored by Western blot analysis how the density of different presynaptic markers and receptors changes with aging in rat hippocampal synaptosomes (purified nerve terminals). Compared to synaptosomal membranes from 2-month-old rats, the density of presynaptic proteins (synaptophysin or SNAP-25) decreased at 18-24 months. In parallel, markers of glutamatergic terminals (vGluT1 or vGluT2) and cholinergic terminal markers (vAChT) constantly decreased with aging from 12 to 18 months onwards, whereas the densities of GABAergic (vGAT) only decreased after 24 months. Inhibitory A(1) and CB(1) receptor density tended to decrease with aging, whereas facilitatory mGluR5 and P2Y1 receptor density was roughly constant and facilitatory A(2A) receptor density increased at 18-24 months. Thus aging causes an imbalance of excitatory versus inhibitory nerve terminal markers and causes a predominant decrease of inhibitory rather than facilitatory presynaptic modulation systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula M Canas
- Centre for Neuroscience of Coimbra, Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Rua Larga, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal
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163
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Doengi M, Deitmer JW, Lohr C. New evidence for purinergic signaling in the olfactory bulb: A2A and P2Y1 receptors mediate intracellular calcium release in astrocytes. FASEB J 2008; 22:2368-78. [PMID: 18310463 DOI: 10.1096/fj.07-101782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Purinergic receptors play a key role in neuron-glia and glia-neuron interactions. In the present study, we have recorded cytosolic Ca(2+) responses using confocal imaging in astrocytes of acute olfactory bulb slices from mice (postnatal days 3-8). By application of agonists and antagonists, we identified two types of receptors, P2Y(1) and A(2A), that mediated Ca(2+) responses attributable to Ca(2+) release from intracellular stores in the astrocytes. Both receptor types were activated by application of ATP and ADP; however, when enzymatic ATP degradation was suppressed by the alkaline phosphatase inhibitor levamisole, ATP only activated MRS2179-sensitive P2Y(1) but not ZM241385-sensitive A(2A) receptors. The dose-response curve for A(2A) receptors activated by adenosine revealed an EC(50) of 0.3 microM, one order of magnitude smaller than the EC(50) of 5 microM determined for P2Y(1) receptors activated by ADP. Electrical stimulation of the olfactory nerve in the presence of glutamate receptor blockers to suppress excitation of postsynaptic neurons evoked Ca(2+) responses in most of the astrocytes, which were inhibited by blocking both P2Y(1) and A(2A) receptors. Our results indicate that olfactory nerve terminals release not only glutamate, but also ATP, which activates P2Y(1) receptors and, after degradation of ATP to adenosine, A(2A) receptors in astrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Doengi
- Abteilung für Allgemeine Zoologie, University of Kaiserslautern, POB 3049, D-67653 Kaiserslautern, Germany
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164
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Cunha GMA, Canas PM, Melo CS, Hockemeyer J, Müller CE, Oliveira CR, Cunha RA. Adenosine A2A receptor blockade prevents memory dysfunction caused by beta-amyloid peptides but not by scopolamine or MK-801. Exp Neurol 2007; 210:776-81. [PMID: 18191838 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2007.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2007] [Revised: 11/15/2007] [Accepted: 11/19/2007] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Adenosine A2A receptor antagonists alleviate memory deficits caused by aging or by administration of beta-amyloid peptides in rodents, which is in accordance with the beneficial effects of caffeine consumption (an adenosine receptor antagonist) on memory performance in aged individuals and in preventing Alzheimer's disease. We now tested if A2A receptor blockade affords a general beneficial effect in different experimental paradigms disturbing memory performance in rodents. The beta-amyloid fragment present in patients with Alzheimer's disease (Abeta1-42, 2 nmol, icv) decreased spontaneous alternation in the Y-maze after 15 days (29%) to an extent similar to the decrease of memory performance caused by scopolamine (2 mg/kg, ip) or MK-801 (0.25 mg/kg, ip) after 30 min (28% and 39%, respectively). The selective A2A receptor antagonist SCH58261 (0.05 mg/kg, ip every 24 h, starting 30 min before the noxious stimuli) prevented Abeta1-42-induced amnesia, but failed to modify scopolamine- or MK-801-induced amnesia. Similar conclusions were reached when testing another A2A receptor antagonist (KW6002, 3 mg/kg, ip). These results indicate that A2A receptors do not affect general processes of memory impairment but instead play a crucial role restricted to neurodegenerative conditions involving an insidious synaptic deterioration leading to memory dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geanne M A Cunha
- Center for Neuroscience of Coimbra, Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal
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165
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Van der Schyf CJ, Gal S, Geldenhuys WJ, Youdim MBH. Multifunctional neuroprotective drugs targeting monoamine oxidase inhibition, iron chelation, adenosine receptors, and cholinergic and glutamatergic action for neurodegenerative diseases. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2007; 15:873-86. [PMID: 16859391 DOI: 10.1517/13543784.15.8.873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
A new paradigm is emerging in the targeting of multiple disease aetiologies that collectively lead to neurodegenerative disorders such as Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, post-stroke neurodegeneration and others. This paradigm challenges the widely held assumption that 'silver bullet' agents are superior to 'dirty drugs' when it comes to drug therapy. Accumulating evidence in the literature suggests that many neurodegenerative diseases have multiple mechanisms in their aetiologies, thus suggesting that a drug with at least two mechanisms of action targeted at multiple aetiologies of the same disease may offer more therapeutic benefit in certain disorders compared with a drug that only targets one disease aetiology. This review offers a synopsis of therapeutic strategies and novel investigative drugs developed in the authors' own and other laboratories that modulate multiple disease targets associated with neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cornelis J Van der Schyf
- Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, 1300 Coulter Drive, Amarillo, TX 79106, USA
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166
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Patel RC, Larson J. Impaired olfactory discrimination learning and decreased olfactory sensitivity in aged C57Bl/6 mice. Neurobiol Aging 2007; 30:829-37. [PMID: 17904696 PMCID: PMC2693049 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2007.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2007] [Revised: 07/27/2007] [Accepted: 08/13/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Young (4 months) and old (24 months) C57Bl/6J mice were tested in an automated simultaneous-cue, two-odor discrimination task. The mice were first pre-trained to execute trial-structured nose poke responses in a straight alley. They were then trained to criterion on a series of eight novel olfactory discrimination problems. Old mice required slightly more shaping sessions to acquire the nose poke response. The old mice required many more sessions and made 70% more errors than young mice before reaching criterion performance on the series of eight olfactory discrimination problems. Young and old mice did not differ in retention of the last odor discrimination when tested 2 weeks after training. Old mice had significantly higher thresholds for discriminating ethyl acetate vapor from non-odorized air. The results suggest that mice may be a good model for study of olfactory dysfunction and cognitive deficits with aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roseanne C Patel
- Psychiatric Institute, Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, 1601 W. Taylor St., M/C 912, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
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167
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Markham JA, Juraska JM. Social recognition memory: influence of age, sex, and ovarian hormonal status. Physiol Behav 2007; 92:881-8. [PMID: 17673265 PMCID: PMC2151760 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2007.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2007] [Revised: 05/29/2007] [Accepted: 06/25/2007] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Social recognition memory underlies many forms of rodent interaction and can be easily tested in the laboratory. Sex differences in aspects of this memory have been reported among young adults, and some studies indicate an age-related decline among male rats. In contrast, neither the impact of natural fluctuations in ovarian hormones nor the performance of aged female rats on social recognition memory has been previously evaluated. In experiments 1 and 2, the social recognition memory of young adult female Long-Evans rats (age 3-5 months) was compared during proestrus and estrus, and performance was found to be stable across estrous cycle phases. In experiment 3, the social recognition memory of young adults as compared to aged (16.5-19.5 months) rats was tested using the social discrimination procedure, following delays of 15, 45, 90 or 120 min. The estropausal status of aged female rats was tracked during the experiment but was not found to influence memory ability. Males of both ages investigated juveniles (both novel and familiar) more than did females, although despite this difference, both sexes demonstrated robust memory. Interestingly, only young adult females were capable of demonstrating memory following the longest delay. Collectively, our findings indicate that the pattern of age-related changes in social recognition memory is subtle and that aging does not greatly alter the behavioral sex differences observed among young adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie A Markham
- Department of Psychology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA.
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168
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Van der Schyf CJ, Geldenhuys WJ, Youdim MBH. Multifunctional neuroprotective–neurorescue drugs for Parkinson’s disease. FUTURE NEUROLOGY 2007. [DOI: 10.2217/14796708.2.4.411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a severe neurodegenerative disorder, with no drugs currently approved to prevent the neuronal cell loss characteristic of brains of patients suffering from PD. Owing to the complex etiology of PD, an innovative approach towards neuroprotection or neurorescue may be the use of multifunctional pharmaceuticals that target an array of pathological pathways, each of which is believed to contribute to the cascade that ultimately leads to neuronal cell death. In this review, we discuss examples of novel multifunctional ligands that may have potential as neuroprotective–neurorescue therapeutics in PD. The compounds discussed originate from synthetic chemistry as well as from natural sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cornelis J Van der Schyf
- Northeastern Ohio Universities College of Pharmacy, 4209 State Route 44, Rootstown, OH 44272, USA
| | - Werner J Geldenhuys
- Northeastern Ohio Universities College of Pharmacy, 4209 State Route 44, Rootstown, OH 44272, USA
| | - Moussa BH Youdim
- Eve Topf and National Parkinson Foundation (US) Centers of Excellence for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Technion-Faculty of Medicine, Efron St, PO Box 9697, Haifa 31096, Israel
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169
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LaSarge CL, Montgomery KS, Tucker C, Slaton GS, Griffith WH, Setlow B, Bizon JL. Deficits across multiple cognitive domains in a subset of aged Fischer 344 rats. Neurobiol Aging 2007; 28:928-36. [PMID: 16806587 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2006.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2005] [Revised: 04/03/2006] [Accepted: 04/30/2006] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Rodent models of cognitive aging routinely use spatial performance on the water maze to characterize medial temporal lobe integrity. Water maze performance is dependent upon this system and, as in the aged human population, individual differences in learning abilities are reliably observed among spatially characterized aged rats. However, unlike human aging in which cognitive deficits rarely occur in isolation, few non-spatial learning deficits have been identified in association with spatial impairment among aged rats. In this study, a subset of male aged Fischer 344 rats was impaired both in water maze and odor discrimination tasks, whereas other aged cohorts performed on par with young adult rats in both settings. The odor discrimination learning deficits were reliable across multiple problems. Moreover, these deficits were not a consequence of anosmia and were specific to olfactory learning, as cognitively impaired aged rats performed normally on an analogous non-olfactory discrimination task. These are among the first data to describe an aging model in which individual variability among aged rat cognition occurs across two independent behavioral domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Candi L LaSarge
- Department of Psychology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-4235, United States
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170
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Abstract
This review is focused on purinergic neurotransmission, i.e., ATP released from nerves as a transmitter or cotransmitter to act as an extracellular signaling molecule on both pre- and postjunctional membranes at neuroeffector junctions and synapses, as well as acting as a trophic factor during development and regeneration. Emphasis is placed on the physiology and pathophysiology of ATP, but extracellular roles of its breakdown product, adenosine, are also considered because of their intimate interactions. The early history of the involvement of ATP in autonomic and skeletal neuromuscular transmission and in activities in the central nervous system and ganglia is reviewed. Brief background information is given about the identification of receptor subtypes for purines and pyrimidines and about ATP storage, release, and ectoenzymatic breakdown. Evidence that ATP is a cotransmitter in most, if not all, peripheral and central neurons is presented, as well as full accounts of neurotransmission and neuromodulation in autonomic and sensory ganglia and in the brain and spinal cord. There is coverage of neuron-glia interactions and of purinergic neuroeffector transmission to nonmuscular cells. To establish the primitive and widespread nature of purinergic neurotransmission, both the ontogeny and phylogeny of purinergic signaling are considered. Finally, the pathophysiology of purinergic neurotransmission in both peripheral and central nervous systems is reviewed, and speculations are made about future developments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey Burnstock
- Autonomic Neurscience Centre, Royal Free and University College Medical School, London, UK.
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171
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Dall'Igna OP, Fett P, Gomes MW, Souza DO, Cunha RA, Lara DR. Caffeine and adenosine A2a receptor antagonists prevent β-amyloid (25–35)-induced cognitive deficits in mice. Exp Neurol 2007; 203:241-5. [PMID: 17007839 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2006.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 264] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2006] [Revised: 07/27/2006] [Accepted: 08/10/2006] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Consumption of caffeine, an adenosine receptor antagonist, was found to be inversely associated with the incidence of Alzheimer's disease. Moreover, caffeine protects cultured neurons against beta-amyloid-induced toxicity, an effect mimicked by adenosine A(2A) but not A(1) receptor antagonists. We now tested if caffeine administration would prevent beta-amyloid-induced cognitive impairment in mice and if this was mimicked by A(2A) receptor blockade. One week after icv administration of the 25-35 fragment of beta-amyloid (Abeta, 3 nmol), mice displayed impaired performance in both inhibitory avoidance and spontaneous alternation tests. Prolonged treatment with caffeine (1 mg/ml) had no effect alone but prevented the Abeta-induced cognitive impairment in both tasks when associated with acute caffeine (30 mg/kg) 30 min treatment before Abeta administration. The same protective effect was observed after subchronic (4 days) treatment with daily injections of either caffeine (30 mg/kg) or the selective adenosine A(2A) receptor antagonist SCH58261 (0.5 mg/kg). This provides the first direct in vivo evidence that caffeine and A(2A) receptor antagonists afford a protection against Abeta-induced amnesia, which prompts their interest for managing Alzheimer's disease.
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172
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Van der Schyf CJ, Geldenhuys WJ, Youdim MBH. Multifunctional drugs with different CNS targets for neuropsychiatric disorders. J Neurochem 2006; 99:1033-48. [PMID: 17054441 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2006.04141.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The multiple disease etiologies that lead to neuropsychiatric disorders, such as Parkinson's and Alzheimer's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Huntington disease, schizophrenia, depressive illness and stroke, offer significant challenges to drug discovery efforts aimed at preventing or even reversing the progression of these disorders. Transcriptomic tools and proteomic profiling have clearly indicated that such diseases are multifactorial in origin. Further, they are thought to be initiated by a cascade of molecular events that involve several neurotransmitter systems. In response to this complexity, a new paradigm has recently emerged that challenges the widely held assumption that 'silver bullet' agents are superior to 'dirty drugs' in therapeutic approaches aimed at the prevention or treatment of neuropsychiatric diseases. A similar pattern of drug development has occurred in strategies for the treatment of cancer, AIDS and cardiovascular diseases. In this review, we offer an overview of therapeutic strategies and novel investigative drugs discovered or developed in our own and other laboratories, that address multiple CNS etiological targets associated with an array of neuropsychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cornelis J Van der Schyf
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeastern Ohio Universities College of Pharmacy, Rootstow, Ohio, USA
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173
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Simola N, Tronci E, Pinna A, Morelli M. Subchronic-intermittent caffeine amplifies the motor effects of amphetamine in rats. Amino Acids 2006; 31:359-63. [PMID: 16874467 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-006-0373-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2005] [Accepted: 03/08/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Caffeine, the most widely consumed psychostimulant drug, acutely stimulates motor behaviour and enhances dopamine agonists actions whilst chronically it induces tolerance to either caffeine- or dopamine agonist-induced motor activating effects. The present study examined whether subchronic caffeine administration (15 mg/kg, on alternate days for 14 days) induces enduring modifications in caffeine- and amphetamine-mediated motor activity. To this end, motor activation and rotational behaviour stimulated by either caffeine or D-amphetamine (0.5, 2 mg/kg), given 3 days after the last caffeine administration, were evaluated in neurologically intact and unilaterally 6-hydroxydopamine-lesioned rats respectively. Subchronic caffeine resulted in an increase in caffeine-induced motor and turning behaviour. Furthermore, caffeine pretreatment potentiated the motor effects of amphetamine in both intact and 6-hydroxydopamine-lesioned rats. These results suggest that subchronic caffeine treatment results in an enhancement of its motor stimulant effects, rather than in tolerance, and induces neuroadaptive facilitatory changes in dopamine transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Simola
- Department of Toxicology, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
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174
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Invited Lectures : Overviews Purinergic signalling: past, present and future. Purinergic Signal 2006; 2:1-324. [PMID: 18404494 PMCID: PMC2096525 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-006-9006-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/02/2006] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
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175
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Abstract
Olfactory loss is a common age-related complaint that may be caused by changes in the anatomy of the structures required for olfaction (for example, loss of olfactory receptor cells) or in the environment surrounding the receptor cell (for example, altered nasal mucus composition). However, aging, as well as age-related diseases and medications, may also alter the distribution, density, or function of specific receptor proteins, ion channels, or signaling molecules that affect the ability of neural elements throughout the olfactory pathway to signal and process odorant information. Although a great deal has been learned about the prevalence and nature of age-related olfactory loss, we are just beginning to explore avenues to prevent or alleviate this sensory deficit. Some studies suggest that, rather than being a necessary outcome of aging, age-associated factors such as chronic diseases, medications, and dental and sinus problems are the primary culprits in causing olfactory impairment. This idea suggests optimism in that, as we address these other age-related health issues, the prevalence of olfactory loss will lessen as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy E Rawson
- Monell Chemical Senses Center, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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176
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Prediger RDS, De-Mello N, Takahashi RN. Pilocarpine improves olfactory discrimination and social recognition memory deficits in 24 month-old rats. Eur J Pharmacol 2006; 531:176-82. [PMID: 16438956 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2005.12.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2005] [Revised: 11/30/2005] [Accepted: 12/19/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Muscarinic receptor agonists have been suggested as potential drugs to counteract age-related cognitive decline since critical changes in cholinergic system occur with aging. Recently, we demonstrated that single administration of the non-selective muscarinic receptor agonist pilocarpine prevents age-related spatial learning impairments in rats. In addition, increasing evidence suggests that areas in the central nervous system processing olfactory information are affected at the early stages of age-related diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease, and that specific olfactory testing may represent an important tool in the diagnosis of these diseases. In the present study, olfactory discrimination and short-term social memory of 3 and 24 month-old rats were assessed with the olfactory discrimination and social recognition memory tasks, respectively. The actions of the repeated treatment with pilocarpine (30 mg/kg, i.p.; once per day for 21 days) in relation to age-related effects on olfactory and cognitive functions were also studied. The 24 month-old rats exhibited significantly impaired performance in both models, demonstrating deficits in their odour discrimination and in their ability to recognize a juvenile rat after a short period of time. The treatment with pilocarpine improved in a specific manner these age-related deficits in 24 month-old rats without altering their motor performance. The present results extend the notion of the participation of muscarinic receptors in control of olfactory functions and reinforce the potential of muscarinic receptor agonists for the treatment of age-related cognitive decline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui D S Prediger
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, UFSC, Campus Trindade, 88049-900, Florianópolis-SC, Brazil
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177
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Duarte JMN, Oliveira CR, Ambrósio AF, Cunha RA. Modification of adenosine A1 and A2A receptor density in the hippocampus of streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Neurochem Int 2006; 48:144-50. [PMID: 16256246 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2005.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2005] [Accepted: 08/23/2005] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Adenosine A(1) and A(2A) receptors are neuromodulatory systems that can control mnemonic behavior, which is modified by diabetes. Since the density of these adenosine receptors can change upon chronic noxious brain conditions, we now tested if the density of A(1) and A(2A) receptors was modified in the hippocampus of streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. The binding density of the selective A(1) receptor antagonist, (3)H-DPCPX, was decreased by 36% in total hippocampal membranes 7 days after induction of diabetes and this down-regulation was maintained after 30 and 90 days, which was also confirmed by Western blot analysis of A(1) receptor immunoreactivity. In contrast, the binding density of the selective A(2A) receptor antagonist, (3)H-SCH 58261, was enhanced by 83% in total hippocampal membranes 7 days after induction of diabetes and this up-regulation persisted after 30 and 90 days. These results show that the balance between inhibitory A(1) and facilitatory A(2A) adenosine receptors is modified in the hippocampus of streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Thus, the most abundant A(1) receptors are down-regulated and there is an up-regulation of A(2A) receptors, suggesting a gain of function of hippocampal A(2A) receptors compared to A(1) receptors in diabetes, as has been observed in other chronic noxious brain conditions where A(2A) receptor blockade affords robust neuroprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- João M N Duarte
- Center for Neuroscience of Coimbra, Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal
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178
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Prediger RDS, Da Cunha C, Takahashi RN. Antagonistic interaction between adenosine A2A and dopamine D2 receptors modulates the social recognition memory in reserpine-treated rats. Behav Pharmacol 2005; 16:209-18. [PMID: 15961960 DOI: 10.1097/01.fbp.0000166825.62130.9a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Increasing evidence suggests that antagonistic interactions between specific subtypes of adenosine and dopamine receptors in the basal ganglia are involved in the control of motor activity. However, there are few studies investigating this interaction in other brain regions and its role in additional functions. In the present study, we evaluated whether reserpine-treated rats (1.0 mg/kg, i.p.) exhibit altered social recognition memory abilities. The effects of acute administration of the dopamine receptor agonists 7,8-dihydroxy-1-phenyl-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1H-3 benzazepine (SKF 38393, dopamine D(1) receptor agonist) and quinpirole (dopamine D(2) receptor agonist), together with the adenosine receptor antagonists caffeine (non-selective), 8-cyclopentyl-1,3-dipropylxanthine (DPCPX, adenosine A(1) receptor antagonist) and 4-(2-[7-amino-2-{2-furyl}{1,2,4}triazolo-{2,3-a}{1,3,5}triazin-5-yl-amino]ethyl)phenol (ZM241385, adenosine A(2A) receptor antagonist), were also investigated. Twenty-four hours after treatment, reserpine-treated rats exhibited a significant disruption in the ability to recognize a juvenile rat after a short period of time. These animals did not show any motor deficit. The social recognition disruption induced by reserpine was reversed by acute treatment with quinpirole (0.05-0.1 mg/kg, i.p.), caffeine (10.0-30.0 mg/kg, i.p.) or ZM241385 (0.5-1.0 mg/kg, i.p.), but not with SKF 38393 (0.5-3.0 mg/kg, i.p.) or DPCPX (0.5-3.0 mg/kg, i.p.). Moreover, a synergistic response was observed following the co-administration of 'non-effective' doses of ZM241385 (0.1 mg/kg, i.p.) and quinpirole (0.01 mg/kg, i.p.). These results reinforce and extend the notion of antagonistic interactions between adenosine and dopamine receptors, and demonstrate, for the first time, that the blockade of adenosine A(2A) receptors and the activation of dopamine D(2) receptors can reverse the social recognition deficits induced by reserpine in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- R D S Prediger
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, UFSC, Florianópolis-SC, Brazil
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