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Fish oil constituent eicosapentaenoic acid inhibits endothelin-induced cardiomyocyte hypertrophy via PPAR-α. Life Sci 2014; 118:173-8. [PMID: 24792520 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2014.04.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2013] [Revised: 03/23/2014] [Accepted: 04/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
AIMS A growing body of evidence shows the cardiovascular benefits of fish oil ingredients, including eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), in humans and experimental animals. However, the effects of EPA on endothelin (ET)-1-induced cardiomyocyte hypertrophy and the involved signaling cascade are largely unknown. A previous study has demonstrated that peroxisomal proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-α ligand (fenofibrate) prevents ET-1-induced cardiomyocyte hypertrophy. Although EPA is a ligand of PPAR-α, to date, no study has examined a relationship between EPA and PPAR-α in cardiomyocyte hypertrophy. Here, we investigated whether EPA can block ET-1-induced cardiomyocyte hypertrophy and the possible underlying mechanisms. MAIN METHODS At day 4 of culture, neonatal rat cardiomyocytes were divided into four groups: control, control cells treated with EPA (10 μM), ET-1 (0.1 nM) administered only and EPA-pre-treated ET-1 administered groups. Also, the cardiomyocytes were treated with PPAR-α siRNA in order to elucidate the mechanisms that may underlie suppression of hypertrophy via the EPA-PPAR system. KEY FINDINGS Following ET-1 treatment, 2.12- and 1.92-fold increases in surface area and total protein synthesis rate in cardiomyocytes, respectively, were observed and these changes were greatly blocked by EPA pre-treatment. Further, the expression of PPAR-α increased in EPA-treated groups. PPAR-PPRE binding activity was suppressed in ET-1 administered cardiomyocyte and this suppression was improved by EPA treatment. Lastly, pre-treatment of cardiomyocytes with PPAR-α siRNA prior to EPA treatment attenuated the suppressing effects of EPA on cardiomyocyte hypertrophy. SIGNIFICANCE In conclusion, the present study shows that EPA attenuates ET-1 induced cardiomyocyte hypertrophy by up regulating levels of PPAR-α pathway.
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152
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Li C, Li X, Gao X, Zhang R, Zhang Y, Liang H, Xu C, Du W, Zhang Y, Liu X, Ma N, Xu Z, Wang L, Chen X, Lu Y, Ju J, Yang B, Shan H. MicroRNA-328 as a regulator of cardiac hypertrophy. Int J Cardiol 2014; 173:268-76. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2014.02.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2013] [Revised: 01/22/2014] [Accepted: 02/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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Effects of hypertension and exercise on cardiac proteome remodelling. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:634132. [PMID: 24877123 PMCID: PMC4022191 DOI: 10.1155/2014/634132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2013] [Accepted: 02/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Left ventricle hypertrophy is a common outcome of pressure overload stimulus closely associated with hypertension. This process is triggered by adverse molecular signalling, gene expression, and proteome alteration. Proteomic research has revealed that several molecular targets are associated with pathologic cardiac hypertrophy, including angiotensin II, endothelin-1 and isoproterenol. Several metabolic, contractile, and stress-related proteins are shown to be altered in cardiac hypertrophy derived by hypertension. On the other hand, exercise is a nonpharmacologic agent used for hypertension treatment, where cardiac hypertrophy induced by exercise training is characterized by improvement in cardiac function and resistance against ischemic insult. Despite the scarcity of proteomic research performed with exercise, healthy and pathologic heart proteomes are shown to be modulated in a completely different way. Hence, the altered proteome induced by exercise is mostly associated with cardioprotective aspects such as contractile and metabolic improvement and physiologic cardiac hypertrophy. The present review, therefore, describes relevant studies involving the molecular characteristics and alterations from hypertensive-induced and exercise-induced hypertrophy, as well as the main proteomic research performed in this field. Furthermore, proteomic research into the effect of hypertension on other target-demerged organs is examined.
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154
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Le Douce V, Cherrier T, Riclet R, Rohr O, Schwartz C. The many lives of CTIP2: from AIDS to cancer and cardiac hypertrophy. J Cell Physiol 2014; 229:533-7. [PMID: 24122342 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.24490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2013] [Accepted: 10/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
CTIP2 is a key transcriptional regulator involved in numerous physiological functions. Initial works have shown the importance of CTIP2 in the establishment and persistence of HIV latency in microglial cells, the main latent/quiescent viral reservoir in the brain. Recent studies have highlighted the importance of CTIP2 in several other pathologies, such as cardiac hypertrophy and various types of human malignancies. Targeting CTIP2 may therefore constitute a new approach in the treatment of these pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentin Le Douce
- Institut de Parasitologie et de Pathologie Tropicale, EA7292, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France; IUT de Schiltigheim, 1 Allée d'Athènes, Schiltigheim, France
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155
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Koyani CN, Windischhofer W, Rossmann C, Jin G, Kickmaier S, Heinzel FR, Groschner K, Alavian-Ghavanini A, Sattler W, Malle E. 15-deoxy-Δ¹²,¹⁴-PGJ₂ promotes inflammation and apoptosis in cardiomyocytes via the DP2/MAPK/TNFα axis. Int J Cardiol 2014; 173:472-80. [PMID: 24698234 PMCID: PMC4008937 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2014.03.086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2013] [Revised: 02/14/2014] [Accepted: 03/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Background Prostaglandins (PGs), lipid autacoids derived from arachidonic acid, play a pivotal role during inflammation. PGD2 synthase is abundantly expressed in heart tissue and PGD2 has recently been found to induce cardiomyocyte apoptosis. PGD2 is an unstable prostanoid metabolite; therefore the objective of the present study was to elucidate whether its final dehydration product, 15-deoxy-Δ12,14-PGJ2 (15d-PGJ2, present at high levels in ischemic myocardium) might cause cardiomyocyte damage. Methods and results Using specific (ant)agonists we show that 15d-PGJ2 induced formation of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) and phosphorylation of p38 and p42/44 MAPKs via the PGD2 receptor DP2 (but not DP1 or PPARγ) in the murine atrial cardiomyocyte HL-1 cell line. Activation of the DP2-ROS-MAPK axis by 15d-PGJ2 enhanced transcription and translation of TNFα and induced apoptosis in HL-1 cardiomyocytes. Silencing of TNFα significantly attenuated the extrinsic (caspase-8) and intrinsic apoptotic pathways (bax and caspase-9), caspase-3 activation and downstream PARP cleavage and γH2AX activation. The apoptotic machinery was unaffected by intracellular calcium, transcription factor NF-κB and its downstream target p53. Of note, 9,10-dihydro-15d-PGJ2 (lacking the electrophilic carbon atom in the cyclopentenone ring) did not activate cellular responses. Selected experiments performed in primary murine cardiomyocytes confirmed data obtained in HL-1 cells namely that the intrinsic and extrinsic apoptotic cascades are activated via DP2/MAPK/TNFα signaling. Conclusions We conclude that the reactive α,β-unsaturated carbonyl group of 15d-PGJ2 is responsible for the pronounced upregulation of TNFα promoting cardiomyocyte apoptosis. We propose that inhibition of DP2 receptors could provide a possibility to modulate 15d-PGJ2-induced myocardial injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chintan N Koyani
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Graz, Austria
| | - Werner Windischhofer
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescence Medicine, Research Unit of Osteological Research and Analytical Mass Spectrometry, Medical University of Graz, Austria
| | - Christine Rossmann
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Graz, Austria
| | - Ge Jin
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Medical University of Graz, Austria; Cardiology Department, Medical University of Wenzhou, Wenzhou, China
| | - Sandra Kickmaier
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Graz, Austria
| | - Frank R Heinzel
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Medical University of Graz, Austria
| | - Klaus Groschner
- Institute of Biophysics, Medical University of Graz, Austria
| | - Ali Alavian-Ghavanini
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Graz, Austria
| | - Wolfgang Sattler
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Graz, Austria
| | - Ernst Malle
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Graz, Austria.
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156
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Zhou H, Yuan Y, Liu Y, Deng W, Zong J, Bian ZY, Dai J, Tang QZ. Icariin attenuates angiotensin II-induced hypertrophy and apoptosis in H9c2 cardiomyocytes by inhibiting reactive oxygen species-dependent JNK and p38 pathways. Exp Ther Med 2014; 7:1116-1122. [PMID: 24940396 PMCID: PMC3991546 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2014.1598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2013] [Accepted: 02/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Icariin, the major active component isolated from plants of the Epimedium family, has been reported to have potential protective effects on the cardiovascular system. However, it is not known whether icariin has a direct effect on angiotensin II (Ang II)-induced cardiomyocyte enlargement and apoptosis. In the present study, embryonic rat heart-derived H9c2 cells were stimulated by Ang II, with or without icariin administration. Icariin treatment was found to attenuate the Ang II-induced increase in mRNA expression levels of hypertrophic markers, including atrial natriuretic peptide and B-type natriuretic peptide, in a concentration-dependent manner. The cell surface area of Ang II-treated H9c2 cells also decreased with icariin administration. Furthermore, icariin repressed Ang II-induced cell apoptosis and protein expression levels of Bax and cleaved-caspase 3, while the expression of Bcl-2 was increased by icariin. In addition, 2′,7′-dichlorofluorescein diacetate incubation revealed that icariin inhibited the production of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), which were stimulated by Ang II. Phosphorylation of c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and p38 in Ang II-treated H9c2 cells was blocked by icariin. Therefore, the results of the present study indicated that icariin protected H9c2 cardiomyocytes from Ang II-induced hypertrophy and apoptosis by inhibiting the ROS-dependent JNK and p38 pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heng Zhou
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China ; Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China
| | - Yuan Yuan
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China ; Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China
| | - Yuan Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China ; Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China
| | - Wei Deng
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China ; Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China
| | - Jing Zong
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China ; Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China
| | - Zhou-Yan Bian
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China ; Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China
| | - Jia Dai
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China ; Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China
| | - Qi-Zhu Tang
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China ; Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China
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157
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Alves ML, Dias FAL, Gaffin RD, Simon JN, Montminy EM, Biesiadecki BJ, Hinken AC, Warren CM, Utter MS, Davis RT, Sakthivel S, Robbins J, Wieczorek DF, Solaro RJ, Wolska BM. Desensitization of myofilaments to Ca2+ as a therapeutic target for hypertrophic cardiomyopathy with mutations in thin filament proteins. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 7:132-143. [PMID: 24585742 DOI: 10.1161/circgenetics.113.000324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is a common genetic disorder caused mainly by mutations in sarcomeric proteins and is characterized by maladaptive myocardial hypertrophy, diastolic heart failure, increased myofilament Ca(2+) sensitivity, and high susceptibility to sudden death. We tested the following hypothesis: correction of the increased myofilament sensitivity can delay or prevent the development of the HCM phenotype. METHODS AND RESULTS We used an HCM mouse model with an E180G mutation in α-tropomyosin (Tm180) that demonstrates increased myofilament Ca(2+) sensitivity, severe hypertrophy, and diastolic dysfunction. To test our hypothesis, we reduced myofilament Ca(2+) sensitivity in Tm180 mice by generating a double transgenic mouse line. We crossed Tm180 mice with mice expressing a pseudophosphorylated cardiac troponin I (S23D and S24D; TnI-PP). TnI-PP mice demonstrated a reduced myofilament Ca(2+) sensitivity compared with wild-type mice. The development of pathological hypertrophy did not occur in mice expressing both Tm180 and TnI-PP. Left ventricle performance was improved in double transgenic compared with their Tm180 littermates, which express wild-type cardiac troponin I. Hearts of double transgenic mice demonstrated no changes in expression of phospholamban and sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca(2+) ATPase, increased levels of phospholamban and troponin T phosphorylation, and reduced phosphorylation of TnI compared with Tm180 mice. Moreover, expression of TnI-PP in Tm180 hearts inhibited modifications in the activity of extracellular signal-regulated kinase and zinc finger-containing transcription factor GATA in Tm180 hearts. CONCLUSIONS Our data strongly indicate that reduction of myofilament sensitivity to Ca(2+) and associated correction of abnormal relaxation can delay or prevent development of HCM and should be considered as a therapeutic target for HCM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco L Alves
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Center for Cardiovascular Research, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL.,Department of Physiology and Department of Cell Biology, Federal University of Parana, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Fernando A L Dias
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Center for Cardiovascular Research, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL.,Department of Physiology and Department of Cell Biology, Federal University of Parana, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Robert D Gaffin
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Center for Cardiovascular Research, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL
| | - Jillian N Simon
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Center for Cardiovascular Research, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL
| | - Eric M Montminy
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Center for Cardiovascular Research, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL
| | - Brandon J Biesiadecki
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Center for Cardiovascular Research, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL.,Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, The Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
| | - Aaron C Hinken
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Center for Cardiovascular Research, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL
| | - Chad M Warren
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Center for Cardiovascular Research, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL
| | - Megan S Utter
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Center for Cardiovascular Research, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL
| | - Robert T Davis
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Center for Cardiovascular Research, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL
| | - Sadayappan Sakthivel
- Division of Molecular Cardiovascular Biology, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati
| | - Jeffrey Robbins
- Division of Molecular Cardiovascular Biology, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati
| | - David F Wieczorek
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Cincinnati, College of Medicine
| | - R John Solaro
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Center for Cardiovascular Research, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL
| | - Beata M Wolska
- Department of Medicine, Section of Cardiology, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL.,Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Center for Cardiovascular Research, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL
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158
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Sánchez-Fernández G, Cabezudo S, García-Hoz C, Benincá C, Aragay AM, Mayor F, Ribas C. Gαq signalling: the new and the old. Cell Signal 2014; 26:833-48. [PMID: 24440667 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2014.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2013] [Accepted: 01/09/2014] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
In the last few years the interactome of Gαq has expanded considerably, contributing to improve our understanding of the cellular and physiological events controlled by this G alpha subunit. The availability of high-resolution crystal structures has led the identification of an effector-binding region within the surface of Gαq that is able to recognise a variety of effector proteins. Consequently, it has been possible to ascribe different Gαq functions to specific cellular players and to identify important processes that are triggered independently of the canonical activation of phospholipase Cβ (PLCβ), the first identified Gαq effector. Novel effectors include p63RhoGEF, that provides a link between G protein-coupled receptors and RhoA activation, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K), implicated in the regulation of the Akt pathway, or the cold-activated TRPM8 channel, which is directly inhibited upon Gαq binding. Recently, the activation of ERK5 MAPK by Gq-coupled receptors has also been described as a novel PLCβ-independent signalling axis that relies upon the interaction between this G protein and two novel effectors (PKCζ and MEK5). Additionally, the association of Gαq with different regulatory proteins can modulate its effector coupling ability and, therefore, its signalling potential. Regulators include accessory proteins that facilitate effector activation or, alternatively, inhibitory proteins that downregulate effector binding or promote signal termination. Moreover, Gαq is known to interact with several components of the cytoskeleton as well as with important organisers of membrane microdomains, which suggests that efficient signalling complexes might be confined to specific subcellular environments. Overall, the complex interaction network of Gαq underlies an ever-expanding functional diversity that puts forward this G alpha subunit as a major player in the control of physiological functions and in the development of different pathological situations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guzmán Sánchez-Fernández
- Departamento de Biología Molecular and Centro de Biologia Molecular "Severo Ochoa", CSIC-UAM, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Princesa, Madrid, Spain
| | - Sofía Cabezudo
- Departamento de Biología Molecular and Centro de Biologia Molecular "Severo Ochoa", CSIC-UAM, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Princesa, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carlota García-Hoz
- Departamento de Biología Molecular and Centro de Biologia Molecular "Severo Ochoa", CSIC-UAM, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Princesa, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Anna M Aragay
- Department of Cell Biology, Molecular Biology Institute of Barcelona, Spain
| | - Federico Mayor
- Departamento de Biología Molecular and Centro de Biologia Molecular "Severo Ochoa", CSIC-UAM, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Princesa, Madrid, Spain
| | - Catalina Ribas
- Departamento de Biología Molecular and Centro de Biologia Molecular "Severo Ochoa", CSIC-UAM, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Princesa, Madrid, Spain.
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159
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Using phosphoproteomics to monitor disregulated signaling networks in cardiac disease preceding heart failure. Bioanalysis 2013; 5:2863-6. [DOI: 10.4155/bio.13.271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
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160
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Soluble epoxide hydrolase inhibition does not prevent cardiac remodeling and dysfunction after aortic constriction in rats and mice. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2013; 61:291-301. [PMID: 23232840 DOI: 10.1097/fjc.0b013e31827fe59c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Epoxyeicosatrienoic acids, substrates for soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH), exhibit vasodilatory and antihypertrophic activities. Inhibitors of sEH might therefore hold promise as heart failure therapeutics. We examined the ability of sEH inhibitors GSK2188931 and GSK2256294 to modulate cardiac hypertrophy, fibrosis, and function after transverse aortic constriction (TAC) in rats and mice. GSK2188931 administration was initiated in rats 1 day before TAC, whereas GSK2256294 treatment was initiated in mice 2 weeks after TAC. Four weeks later, cardiovascular function was assessed, plasma was collected for drug and sEH biomarker concentrations, and left ventricle was isolated for messenger RNA and histological analyses. In rats, although GSK2188931 prevented TAC-mediated increases in certain genes associated with hypertrophy and fibrosis (α-skeletal actin and connective tissue growth factor), the compound failed to attenuate TAC-induced increases in left ventricle mass, posterior wall thickness, end-diastolic volume and pressure, and perivascular fibrosis. Similarly, in mice, GSK2256294 did not reverse cardiac remodeling or systolic dysfunction induced by TAC. Both compounds increased the sEH substrate/product (leukotoxin/leukotoxin diol) ratio, indicating sEH inhibition. In summary, sEH inhibition does not prevent cardiac remodeling or dysfunction after TAC. Thus, targeting sEH seems to be insufficient for reducing pressure overload hypertrophy.
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161
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Karmazyn M, Gan XT, Rajapurohitam V. The potential contribution of circulating and locally produced leptin to cardiac hypertrophy and failure. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2013; 91:883-8. [DOI: 10.1139/cjpp-2013-0057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Leptin is a 16 kDa peptide that was first identified in 1994 through positional cloning of the mouse obesity gene. Although the primary function of leptin is to act a satiety factor through its actions on the hypothalamus, it is now widely recognized that leptin can exert effects on many other organs through activation of its receptors, which are ubiquitously expressed. Leptin is secreted primarily by white adipocytes, but it is also produced by other tissues including the heart where it can exert effects in an autocrine or paracrine manner. One of these effects involves the induction of cardiomyocyte hypertrophy, which appears to occur via multiple cell signalling mechanisms. As adipocytes are the primary site of leptin production, plasma leptin concentrations are generally positively related with body mass index and the degree of adiposity. However, hyperleptinemia is also associated with cardiovascular disease, including heart failure, in the absence of obesity. Here we review the potential role of leptin in heart disease, particularly pertaining to its potential contribution to myocardial remodelling and heart failure, as well as the underlying mechanisms. We further discuss potential interactions between leptin and another adipokine, adiponectin, and the potential implications of this interaction in terms of fully understanding leptin’s effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morris Karmazyn
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Western Ontario, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, London, ON N6A 5C1, Canada
| | - Xiaohong Tracey Gan
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Western Ontario, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, London, ON N6A 5C1, Canada
| | - Venkatesh Rajapurohitam
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Western Ontario, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, London, ON N6A 5C1, Canada
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162
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Alsaad AMS, Zordoky BNM, Tse MMY, El-Kadi AOS. Role of cytochrome P450-mediated arachidonic acid metabolites in the pathogenesis of cardiac hypertrophy. Drug Metab Rev 2013; 45:173-95. [PMID: 23600686 DOI: 10.3109/03602532.2012.754460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
A plethora of studies have demonstrated the expression of cytochrome P450 (CYP) and soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH) enzymes in the heart and other cardiovascular tissues. In addition, the expression of these enzymes is altered during several cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), including cardiac hypertrophy (CH). The alteration in CYP and sEH expression results in derailed CYP-mediated arachidonic acid (AA) metabolism. In animal models of CH, it has been reported that there is an increase in 20-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (20-HETE) and a decrease in epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs). Further, inhibiting 20-HETE production by CYP ω-hydroxylase inhibitors and increasing EET stability by sEH inhibitors have been proven to protect against CH as well as other CVDs. Therefore, CYP-mediated AA metabolites 20-HETE and EETs are potential key players in the pathogenesis of CH. Some studies have investigated the molecular mechanisms by which these metabolites mediate their effects on cardiomyocytes and vasculature leading to pathological CH. Activation of several intracellular signaling cascades, such as nuclear factor of activated T cells, nuclear factor kappa B, mitogen-activated protein kinases, Rho-kinases, Gp130/signal transducer and activator of transcription, extracellular matrix degradation, apoptotic cascades, inflammatory cytokines, and oxidative stress, has been linked to the pathogenesis of CH. In this review, we discuss how 20-HETE and EETs can affect these signaling pathways to result in, or protect from, CH, respectively. However, further understanding of these metabolites and their effects on intracellular cascades will be required to assess their potential translation to therapeutic approaches for the prevention and/or treatment of CH and heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdulaziz M S Alsaad
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2142J Katz Group-Rexall Center for Pharmacy and Health Research, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2E1
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163
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Zong J, Salim M, Zhou H, Bian ZY, Dai J, Yuan Y, Deng W, Zhang JY, Zhang R, Wu QQ, Tang QZ. NOD2 deletion promotes cardiac hypertrophy and fibrosis induced by pressure overload. J Transl Med 2013; 93:1128-36. [PMID: 23958879 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.2013.99] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2013] [Revised: 07/18/2013] [Accepted: 07/18/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-2 (NOD2, also designated CARD15), a member of the NOD-leucine-rich repeat (LRR) protein family (also called the CATERPILLAR family), is upregulated in atheroma lesions and has an important role in regulating the intracellular recognition of bacterial components by immune cells. However, the effect of NOD2 on cardiac hypertrophy induced by a pathological stimulus has not been determined. Here, we investigated the effects of NOD2 deficiency on cardiac hypertrophy induced by aortic banding (AB) in mice. Cardiac hypertrophy was evaluated by echocardiographic, hemodynamic, pathological, and molecular analyses. NOD2 expression was upregulated in cardiomyocytes after aortic banding surgery in wild-type (WT) mice. NOD2 deficiency promoted cardiac hypertrophy and fibrosis 4 weeks after AB. Further, the enhanced activation of TLR4 and the MAPKs, NF-κB and TGF-β/Smad pathways were found in NOD2-knockout (KO) mice compared with WT mice. Our results suggest that NOD2 attenuates cardiac hypertrophy and fibrosis via regulation of multiple pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zong
- 1] Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China [2] Cardiovascular Research Institute of Wuhan University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
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164
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Ye Q, Feng Y, Yin Y, Faucher F, Currie MA, Rahman MN, Jin J, Li S, Wei Q, Jia Z. Structural basis of calcineurin activation by calmodulin. Cell Signal 2013; 25:2661-7. [PMID: 24018048 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2013.08.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2013] [Accepted: 08/30/2013] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Calcineurin is the only known calmodulin (CaM) activated protein phosphatase, which is involved in the regulation of numerous cellular and developmental processes and in calcium-dependent signal transduction. Although commonly assumed that CaM displaces the autoinhibitory domain (AID) blocking substrate access to its active site, the structural basis underlying activation remains elusive. We have created a fused ternary complex (CBA) by covalently linking three polypeptides: CaM, calcineurin regulatory B subunit (CnB) and calcineurin catalytic A subunit (CnA). CBA catalytic activity is comparable to that of fully activated native calcineurin in the presence of CaM. The crystal structure showed virtually no structural change in the active site and no evidence of CaM despite being covalently linked. The asymmetric unit contains four molecules; two parallel CBA pairs are packed in an antiparallel mode and the large cavities in crystal packing near the calcineurin active site would easily accommodate multiple positions of AID-bound CaM. Intriguingly, the conformation of the ordered segment of AID is not altered by CaM; thus, it is the disordered part of AID, which resumes a regular α-helical conformation upon binding to CaM, which is displaced by CaM for activation. We propose that the structural basis of calcineurin activation by CaM is through displacement of the disordered fragment of AID which otherwise impedes active site access.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qilu Ye
- College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, People's Republic of China; Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, 18 Stuart Street, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada
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165
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Arechederra M, Carmona R, González-Nuñez M, Gutiérrez-Uzquiza A, Bragado P, Cruz-González I, Cano E, Guerrero C, Sánchez A, López-Novoa JM, Schneider MD, Maina F, Muñoz-Chápuli R, Porras A. Met signaling in cardiomyocytes is required for normal cardiac function in adult mice. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2013; 1832:2204-15. [PMID: 23994610 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2013.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2013] [Revised: 08/02/2013] [Accepted: 08/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) and its receptor, Met, are key determinants of distinct developmental processes. Although HGF exerts cardio-protective effects in a number of cardiac pathologies, it remains unknown whether HGF/Met signaling is essential for myocardial development and/or physiological function in adulthood. We therefore investigated the requirement of HGF/Met signaling in cardiomyocyte for embryonic and postnatal heart development and function by conditional inactivation of the Met receptor in cardiomyocytes using the Cre-α-MHC mouse line (referred to as α-MHCMet-KO). Although α-MHCMet-KO mice showed normal heart development and were viable and fertile, by 6 months of age, males developed cardiomyocyte hypertrophy, associated with interstitial fibrosis. A significant upregulation in markers of myocardial damage, such as β-MHC and ANF, was also observed. By the age of 9 months, α-MHCMet-KO males displayed systolic cardiac dysfunction. Mechanistically, we provide evidence of a severe imbalance in the antioxidant defenses in α-MHCMet-KO hearts involving a reduced expression and activity of catalase and superoxide dismutase, with consequent reactive oxygen species accumulation. Similar anomalies were observed in females, although with a slower kinetics. We also found that Met signaling down-regulation leads to an increase in TGF-β production and a decrease in p38MAPK activation, which may contribute to phenotypic alterations displayed in α-MHCMet-KO mice. Consistently, we show that HGF acts through p38α to upregulate antioxidant enzymes in cardiomyocytes. Our results highlight that HGF/Met signaling in cardiomyocytes plays a physiological cardio-protective role in adult mice by acting as an endogenous regulator of heart function through oxidative stress control.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Arechederra
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular II, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdISSC), Ciudad Universitaria, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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166
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Growth inhibition and compensation in response to neonatal hypoxia in rats. Pediatr Res 2013; 74:111-20. [PMID: 23842077 PMCID: PMC3737398 DOI: 10.1038/pr.2013.80] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2012] [Accepted: 12/30/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hypoxia (Hx) is an important disease mechanism in prematurity, childhood asthma, and obesity. In children, Hx results in chronic inflammation. METHODS We investigated the effects of Hx (12% O2) during postnatal days 2-20 in rats. Control groups were normoxic control (Nc), and normoxic growth restricted (Gr) (14-pup litters). RESULTS The Hx-exposed and Gr rats had similar decreases in growth. Hx increased plasma tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin 6 (IL-6) levels and decreased insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-I) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) levels. Hx resulted in hypertrophy of the right ventricle (RV) but disproportionate decrements in limb skeletal muscle (SM) growth. miR-206 was depressed in the hypertrophied RV of Hx rats but was increased in growth-retarded SM. Hx resulted in decreased RV messenger RNA (mRNA) level for myostatin but had no effect on SM myostatin. The mRNA for Hx-sensitive factors such as hypoxia inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) was depressed in the RV of Hx rats, suggesting negative feedback. CONCLUSION The results indicate that Hx induces a proinflammatory state that depresses growth-regulating mechanisms and that tissues critical for survival, such as the heart, can escape from this general regulatory program to sustain life. This study identifies accessible biomarkers for evaluating the impact of interventions designed to mitigate the long-term deleterious consequences of Hx that all too often occur in babies born prematurely.
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167
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Mustonen E, Ruskoaho H, Rysä J. Thrombospondins, potential drug targets for cardiovascular diseases. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2013; 112:4-12. [PMID: 23074998 DOI: 10.1111/bcpt.12026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2012] [Accepted: 10/07/2012] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The thrombospondin (TSP) family consists of five multimeric, multidomain calcium-binding glycoproteins that act as regulators of cell-cell and cell-matrix associations as well as interact with other extracellular matrix molecules affecting their function. Increasing interest on cardiac TSP-1, TSP-2 and TSP-4 has emerged, and they have been studied in cardiac hypertrophy, myocardial infarction, heart failure, atherosclerosis and aortic valve stenosis. The aim of this MiniReview is to summarize the current knowledge on each TSP in various cardiovascular pathologies. We specifically emphasize the role of TSPs in cardiac remodelling and evaluate TSPs as potential cardiovascular drug targets. Thrombospondin-1 (TSP-1) is the most studied TSP, being antiangiogenic and able to activate transforming growth factor-β. The functions of TSP-2 and TSP-4 are linked in maintaining the composition of the matrix of the hypertrophied heart, whereas there is very little knowledge on cardiac TSP-3 and TSP-5. TSP-1, TSP-2 and TSP-4 have been shown to affect cardiac remodelling in vivo, for example, by modulating matrix metalloproteinase and transforming growth factor-β activity, collagen synthesis, myofibroblast differentiation, cell death and stretch-mediated augmentation of cardiac contractility. The detrimental role for TSPs in cardiovascular pathophysiology has been clearly demonstrated in knockout mouse models, and augmentation of TSP signalling in the heart during stress and haemodynamic overload might be beneficial. In conclusion, the role of TSP-1, TSP-2 and TSP-4 in cardiac hypertrophy, remodelling after myocardial infarction, heart failure, atherosclerosis and aortic valve stenosis encourages further investigation to validate them as potential drug targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erja Mustonen
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Institute of Biomedicine, Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, FIN-90014 Oulu, Finland
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168
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Klenke S, Siffert W, Frey UH. Cloning and Characterization of theGNA11Promoter and its Regulation by Early Growth Response 1. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2013; 113:316-24. [DOI: 10.1111/bcpt.12100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2013] [Accepted: 06/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Klenke
- Institut für Pharmakogenetik; Universität Duisburg-Essen and Universitätsklinikum Essen; Essen; Germany
| | - Winfried Siffert
- Institut für Pharmakogenetik; Universität Duisburg-Essen and Universitätsklinikum Essen; Essen; Germany
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169
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Essick EE, Wilson RM, Pimentel DR, Shimano M, Baid S, Ouchi N, Sam F. Adiponectin modulates oxidative stress-induced autophagy in cardiomyocytes. PLoS One 2013; 8:e68697. [PMID: 23894332 PMCID: PMC3716763 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0068697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2013] [Accepted: 06/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Diastolic heart failure (HF) i.e., "HF with preserved ejection fraction" (HF-preserved EF) accounts for up to 50% of all HF presentations; however there have been no therapeutic advances. This stems in part from an incomplete understanding about HF-preserved EF. Hypertension is the major cause of HF-preserved EF whilst HF-preserved EF is also highly associated with obesity. Similarly, excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS), i.e., oxidative stress occurs in hypertension and obesity, sensitizing the heart to the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, inducing autophagic type-II programmed cell death and accelerating the propensity to adverse cardiac remodeling, diastolic dysfunction and HF. Adiponectin (APN), an adipokine, mediates cardioprotective actions but it is unknown if APN modulates cardiomyocyte autophagy. We tested the hypothesis that APN ameliorates oxidative stress-induced autophagy in cardiomyocytes. Isolated adult rat ventricular myocytes were pretreated with recombinant APN (30 µg/mL) followed by 1mM hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) exposure. Wild type (WT) and APN-deficient (APN-KO) mice were infused with angiotensin (Ang)-II (3.2 mg/kg/d) for 14 days to induced oxidative stress. Autophagy-related proteins, mTOR, AMPK and ERK expression were measured. H2O2 induced LC3I to LC3II conversion by a factor of 3.4±1.0 which was abrogated by pre-treatment with APN by 44.5±10%. However, neither H2O2 nor APN affected ATG5, ATG7, or Beclin-1 expression. H2O2 increased phospho-AMPK by 49±6.0%, whilst pretreatment with APN decreased phospho-AMPK by 26±4%. H2O2 decreased phospho-mTOR by 36±13%, which was restored by APN. ERK inhibition demonstrated that the ERK-mTOR pathway is involved in H2O2-induced autophagy. Chronic Ang-II infusion significantly increased myocardial LC3II/I protein expression ratio in APN-KO vs. WT mice. These data suggest that excessive ROS caused cardiomyocyte autophagy which was ameliorated by APN by inhibiting an H2O2-induced AMPK/mTOR/ERK-dependent mechanism. These findings demonstrate the anti-oxidant potential of APN in oxidative stress-associated cardiovascular diseases, such as hypertension-induced HF-preserved EF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric E. Essick
- Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Richard M. Wilson
- Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - David R. Pimentel
- Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Cardiovascular Section and Evans Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Masayuki Shimano
- Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Simoni Baid
- Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Noriyuki Ouchi
- Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Flora Sam
- Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Cardiovascular Section and Evans Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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170
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Ge W, Hu N, George LA, Ford SP, Nathanielsz PW, Wang X, Ren J. RETRACTED: Maternal nutrient restriction predisposes ventricular remodeling in adult sheep offspring. J Nutr Biochem 2013; 24:1258-65. [PMID: 23333094 PMCID: PMC3633637 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2012.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2011] [Revised: 08/31/2012] [Accepted: 10/02/2012] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
This article has been retracted: please see Elsevier Policy on Article Withdrawal (https://www.elsevier.com/about/our-business/policies/article-withdrawal). This article has been retracted at the request of the Editor-in-Chief. The Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry and Editor have been informed by the University of Wyoming's Research Integrity Officer that the University conducted an examination of selected publications of Dr. Ren's under the direction of the HHS Office of Research Integrity. Based on the findings of this examination, the University of Wyoming recommended retraction of this paper, due to concerns regarding data irregularities inconsistent with published conclusions. Specifically, the University found evidence of data irregularities and image reuse in Figures 3, 5, and 6 that significantly affect the results and conclusions reported in the manuscript.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Ge
- Department of Geriatrics, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China 710032
- Center for Cardiovascular Research and Alternative Medicine, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, 82071, USA
| | - Nan Hu
- Center for Cardiovascular Research and Alternative Medicine, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, 82071, USA
| | - Lindsey A. George
- Center for the Study of Fetal Programming, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, 82071, USA
| | - Stephen P. Ford
- Center for the Study of Fetal Programming, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, 82071, USA
| | - Peter W. Nathanielsz
- Center for the Study of Fetal Programming, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, 82071, USA
- Center for Pregnancy and Newborn Research, University of Texas Health Sciences Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, 78299, USA
| | - Xiaoming Wang
- Department of Geriatrics, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China 710032
| | - Jun Ren
- Department of Geriatrics, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China 710032
- Center for Cardiovascular Research and Alternative Medicine, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, 82071, USA
- Center for the Study of Fetal Programming, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, 82071, USA
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171
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Sulforaphane protects H9c2 cardiomyocytes from angiotensin II-induced hypertrophy. Herz 2013; 39:390-6. [PMID: 23784363 DOI: 10.1007/s00059-013-3849-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2012] [Revised: 05/07/2013] [Accepted: 05/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cardiac hypertrophy is an adaptive process of the heart in response to various stimuli, but sustained cardiac hypertrophy will finally lead to heart failure. Sulforaphane-extracted from cruciferous vegetables of the genus Brassica such as broccoli, brussels sprouts, and cabbage-has been evaluated for its anticarcinogenic and antioxidant effects. AIMS To investigate the effect of sulforaphane on angiotensin II (Ang II)-induced cardiac hypertrophy in vitro. METHODS Embryonic rat heart-derived H9c2 cells were co-incubated with sulforaphane and Ang II. The cell surface area and mRNA levels of hypertrophic markers were measured to clarify the effect of sulforaphane on cardiac hypertrophy. The underlying mechanism was further investigated by detecting the activation of Akt and NF-κB signaling pathways. RESULTS We found that H9c2 cells pretreated with sulforaphane were protected from Ang II-induced hypertrophy. The increasing mRNA levels of ANP, BNP, and β-MHC in Ang II-stimulated cells were also down-regulated after sulforaphane treatment. Moreover, sulforaphane repressed the Ang II-induced phosphorylation of Akt, GSK3β, mTOR, eIF4e, as well as of IκBα and NF-κB. CONCLUSION Based on our results, sulforaphane attenuates Ang II-induced hypertrophy of H9c2 cardiomyocytes mediated by the inhibition of intracellular signaling pathways including Akt and NF-κB.
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172
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Gennebäck N, Hellman U, Malm L, Larsson G, Ronquist G, Waldenström A, Mörner S. Growth factor stimulation of cardiomyocytes induces changes in the transcriptional contents of secreted exosomes. J Extracell Vesicles 2013; 2:20167. [PMID: 24009898 PMCID: PMC3760655 DOI: 10.3402/jev.v2i0.20167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2012] [Revised: 03/27/2013] [Accepted: 04/02/2013] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are nano-sized extracellular vesicles, released from various cells, which can stimulate or repress responses in targets cells. We recently reported that cultured cardiomyocytes are able to release exosomes and that they, in turn, are involved in facilitating events in target cells by alteration of gene expression. We investigated whether external stimuli of the cardiomyocyte might influence the transcriptional content of the released exosomes. Exosomes were isolated from media collected from cultured cardiomyocytes (HL-1) with or without growth factor treatment (TGF-β2 and PDGF-BB), with a series of differential centrifugations, including preparative ultracentrifugation and separation with a sucrose gradient. The exosomes were characterized with dynamic light scattering (DLS), electron microscopy (EM) and Western blot and analyzed with Illumina whole genome microarray gene expression. The exosomes were rounded in shape and had an average size of 50–90 nm in diameter with no difference between treatment groups. Analysis of the mRNA content in repeated experiments conclusively revealed 505 transcripts in the control group, 562 in the TGF-β2-treated group and 300 in the PDGF-BB-treated group. Common transcripts (217) were found in all 3 groups. We show that the mode of stimulation of parental cells affects the characteristics of exosomes released. Hence, there is a difference in mRNA content between exosomes derived from cultured cardiomyocytes stimulated, or not stimulated, with growth factors. We also conclude that all exosomes contain a basic package consisting of ribosomal transcripts and mRNAs coding for proteins with functions within the energy supply system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Gennebäck
- Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
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173
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Bround MJ, Wambolt R, Luciani DS, Kulpa JE, Rodrigues B, Brownsey RW, Allard MF, Johnson JD. Cardiomyocyte ATP production, metabolic flexibility, and survival require calcium flux through cardiac ryanodine receptors in vivo. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:18975-86. [PMID: 23678000 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.427062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Ca(2+) fluxes between adjacent organelles are thought to control many cellular processes, including metabolism and cell survival. In vitro evidence has been presented that constitutive Ca(2+) flux from intracellular stores into mitochondria is required for basal cellular metabolism, but these observations have not been made in vivo. We report that controlled in vivo depletion of cardiac RYR2, using a conditional gene knock-out strategy (cRyr2KO mice), is sufficient to reduce mitochondrial Ca(2+) and oxidative metabolism, and to establish a pseudohypoxic state with increased autophagy. Dramatic metabolic reprogramming was evident at the transcriptional level via Sirt1/Foxo1/Pgc1α, Atf3, and Klf15 gene networks. Ryr2 loss also induced a non-apoptotic form of programmed cell death associated with increased calpain-10 but not caspase-3 activation or endoplasmic reticulum stress. Remarkably, cRyr2KO mice rapidly exhibited many of the structural, metabolic, and molecular characteristics of heart failure at a time when RYR2 protein was reduced 50%, a similar degree to that which has been reported in heart failure. RYR2-mediated Ca(2+) fluxes are therefore proximal controllers of mitochondrial Ca(2+), ATP levels, and a cascade of transcription factors controlling metabolism and survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Bround
- Cardiovascular Research Group, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver V6T 1Z3, Canada
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174
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Ruppert C, Deiss K, Herrmann S, Vidal M, Oezkur M, Gorski A, Weidemann F, Lohse MJ, Lorenz K. Interference with ERK(Thr188) phosphorylation impairs pathological but not physiological cardiac hypertrophy. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 110:7440-5. [PMID: 23589880 PMCID: PMC3645583 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1221999110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1 and 2 (ERK1/2) are central mediators of cardiac hypertrophy and are discussed as potential therapeutic targets. However, direct inhibition of ERK1/2 leads to exacerbated cardiomyocyte death and impaired heart function. We have previously identified ERK(Thr188) autophosphorylation as a regulatory phosphorylation of ERK1/2 that is a key factor in cardiac hypertrophy. Here, we investigated whether interference with ERK(Thr188) phosphorylation permits the impairment of ERK1/2-mediated cardiac hypertrophy without increasing cardiomyocyte death. The impact of ERK(Thr188) phosphorylation on cardiomyocyte hypertrophy and cell survival was analyzed in isolated cells and in mice using the mutant ERK2(T188A), which is dominant-negative for ERK(Thr188) signaling. ERK2(T188A) efficiently attenuated cardiomyocyte hypertrophic responses to phenylephrine and to chronic pressure overload, but it affected neither antiapoptotic ERK1/2 signaling nor overall physiological cardiac function. In contrast to its inhibition of pathological hypertrophy, ERK2(T188A) did not interfere with physiological cardiac growth occurring with age or upon voluntary exercise. A preferential role of ERK(Thr188) phosphorylation in pathological types of hypertrophy was also seen in patients with aortic valve stenosis: ERK(Thr188) phosphorylation was increased 8.5 ± 1.3-fold in high-gradient, rapidly progressing cases (≥40 mmHg gradient), whereas in low-gradient, slowly progressing cases, the increase was not significant. Because interference with ERK(Thr188) phosphorylation (i) inhibits pathological hypertrophy and (ii) does not impair antiapoptotic ERK1/2 signaling and because ERK(Thr188) phosphorylation shows strong prevalence for aortic stenosis patients with rapidly progressing course, we conclude that interference with ERK(Thr188) phosphorylation offers the possibility to selectively address pathological types of cardiac hypertrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catharina Ruppert
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Würzburg, 97078 Würzburg, Germany
- Comprehensive Heart Failure Center, and
| | - Katharina Deiss
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Würzburg, 97078 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Sebastian Herrmann
- Comprehensive Heart Failure Center, and
- Departments of Internal Medicine I and
| | - Marie Vidal
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Würzburg, 97078 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Mehmet Oezkur
- Comprehensive Heart Failure Center, and
- Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, University Hospital Würzburg, 97080 Würzburg, Germany; and
| | - Armin Gorski
- Comprehensive Heart Failure Center, and
- Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, University Hospital Würzburg, 97080 Würzburg, Germany; and
| | - Frank Weidemann
- Comprehensive Heart Failure Center, and
- Departments of Internal Medicine I and
| | - Martin J. Lohse
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Würzburg, 97078 Würzburg, Germany
- Comprehensive Heart Failure Center, and
| | - Kristina Lorenz
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Würzburg, 97078 Würzburg, Germany
- Comprehensive Heart Failure Center, and
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical Faculty, Dresden University of Technology, 01307 Dresden, Germany
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175
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Lu CC, Xu YQ, Wu JC, Hang PZ, Wang Y, Wang C, Wu JW, Qi JC, Zhang Y, Du ZM. Vitexin protects against cardiac hypertrophy via inhibiting calcineurin and CaMKII signaling pathways. NAUNYN-SCHMIEDEBERG'S ARCHIVES OF PHARMACOLOGY 2013; 386:747-55. [DOI: 10.1007/s00210-013-0873-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2012] [Accepted: 04/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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176
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Anestopoulos I, Kavo A, Tentes I, Kortsaris A, Panayiotidis M, Lazou A, Pappa A. Silibinin protects H9c2 cardiac cells from oxidative stress and inhibits phenylephrine-induced hypertrophy: potential mechanisms. J Nutr Biochem 2013; 24:586-94. [PMID: 22818713 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2012.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2011] [Revised: 01/26/2012] [Accepted: 02/17/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cardiac hypertrophy is the main response of the heart to various extrinsic and intrinsic stimuli, and it is characterized by specific molecular and phenotypic changes. Recent in vitro and in vivo studies indicate the involvement of reactive oxygen species in the hypertrophic response. In this study, silibinin, a plant flavonolignan extracted from milk thistle with potent antioxidant activity, was evaluated for its effects in (a) preventing hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)-induced cellular damage and (b) blocking the phenylephrine-induced hypertrophic response. Using the in vitro model of embryonic rat heart-derived H9c2 cells, we showed that silibinin has a rather safe profile as concentrations up to 200μM did not affect cell viability. Pretreatment of H9c2 cells with silibinin resulted in better protection of H9c2 cells under conditions of H2O2-induced cellular stress compared to untreated cells as indicated by cell viability and DNA fragmentation assays. Furthermore, silibinin attenuated the phenylephrine-induced hypertrophic response as evidenced by the measurement of cell surface, up-regulation of atrial natriuretic peptide and increase of cellular protein levels. Moreover, silibinin repressed the phenylephrine-induced phosphorylation of ERK1/2 kinases, while it appeared to inhibit the weakly activated by phenylephrine phosphorylation of Akt. Based on our results, silibinin may attenuate the phenylephrine-induced hypertrophic response of H9c2 cells via antioxidant mechanisms involving mainly the inhibition of the intracellular signaling pathways mediated by ERK1/2 MAPKs and Akt.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis Anestopoulos
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Democritus University of Thrace, University Campus, Dragana, Alexandroupolis 68100, Greece
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Lou S, Zhong L, Yang X, Xue T, Gai R, Zhu D, Zhao Y, Yang B, Ying M, He Q. Efficacy of all-trans retinoid acid in preventing nickel induced cardiotoxicity in myocardial cells of rats. Food Chem Toxicol 2013; 51:251-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2012.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2012] [Revised: 09/05/2012] [Accepted: 09/08/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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178
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Yoshikawa N, Shimizu N, Maruyama T, Sano M, Matsuhashi T, Fukuda K, Kataoka M, Satoh T, Ojima H, Sawai T, Morimoto C, Kuribara A, Hosono O, Tanaka H. Cardiomyocyte-specific overexpression of HEXIM1 prevents right ventricular hypertrophy in hypoxia-induced pulmonary hypertension in mice. PLoS One 2012; 7:e52522. [PMID: 23300697 PMCID: PMC3534105 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0052522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2012] [Accepted: 11/14/2012] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Right ventricular hypertrophy (RVH) and right ventricular (RV) contractile dysfunction are major determinants of prognosis in pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) and PAH remains a severe disease. Recently, direct interruption of left ventricular hypertrophy has been suggested to decrease the risk of left-sided heart failure. Hexamethylene bis-acetamide inducible protein 1 (HEXIM1) is a negative regulator of positive transcription elongation factor b (P-TEFb), which activates RNA polymerase II (RNAPII)-dependent transcription and whose activation is strongly associated with left ventricular hypertrophy. We hypothesized that during the progression of PAH, increased P-TEFb activity might also play a role in RVH, and that HEXIM1 might have a preventive role against such process. We revealed that, in the mouse heart, HEXIM1 is highly expressed in the early postnatal period and its expression is gradually decreased, and that prostaglandin I(2), a therapeutic drug for PAH, increases HEXIM1 levels in cardiomyocytes. These results suggest that HEXIM1 might possess negative effect on cardiomyocyte growth and take part in cardiomyocyte regulation in RV. Using adenovirus-mediated gene delivery to cultured rat cardiomyocytes, we revealed that overexpression of HEXIM1 prevents endothelin-1-induced phosphorylation of RNAPII, cardiomyocyte hypertrophy, and mRNA expression of hypertrophic genes, whereas a HEXIM1 mutant lacking central basic region, which diminishes P-TEFb-suppressing activity, could not. Moreover, we created cardiomyocyte-specific HEXIM1 transgenic mice and revealed that HEXIM1 ameliorates RVH and prevents RV dilatation in hypoxia-induced PAH model. Taken together, these findings indicate that cardiomyocyte-specific overexpression of HEXIM1 inhibits progression to RVH under chronic hypoxia, most possibly via inhibition of P-TEFb-mediated enlargement of cardiomyocytes. We conclude that P-TEFb/HEXIM1-dependent transcriptional regulation may play a pathophysiological role in RVH and be a novel therapeutic target for mitigating RVH in PAH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noritada Yoshikawa
- Department of Rheumatology and Allergy, IMSUT Hospital, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Noriaki Shimizu
- Department of Rheumatology and Allergy, IMSUT Hospital, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takako Maruyama
- Department of Rheumatology and Allergy, IMSUT Hospital, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Motoaki Sano
- Department of Cardiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Keiichi Fukuda
- Department of Cardiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masaharu Kataoka
- Department of Cardiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Cardiology, Kyorin University School of Medicine, Mitaka, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toru Satoh
- Department of Cardiology, Kyorin University School of Medicine, Mitaka, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hidenori Ojima
- Pathology Division, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takashi Sawai
- Department of Pathology, Iwate Medical University School of Medicine, Shiwa-gun, Iwate, Japan
| | - Chikao Morimoto
- Department of Therapy Development and Innovation for Immune Disorders, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan, Cancers, Graduate School of Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akiko Kuribara
- Department of Rheumatology and Allergy, IMSUT Hospital, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Osamu Hosono
- Department of Rheumatology and Allergy, IMSUT Hospital, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hirotoshi Tanaka
- Department of Rheumatology and Allergy, IMSUT Hospital, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- * E-mail:
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179
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Song Y, Xu J, Li Y, Jia C, Ma X, Zhang L, Xie X, Zhang Y, Gao X, Zhang Y, Zhu D. Cardiac ankyrin repeat protein attenuates cardiac hypertrophy by inhibition of ERK1/2 and TGF-β signaling pathways. PLoS One 2012; 7:e50436. [PMID: 23227174 PMCID: PMC3515619 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0050436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2012] [Accepted: 10/22/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS It has been reported that cardiac ankyrin repeat protein is associated with heart development and diseases. This study is aimed to investigate the role of CARP in heart hypertrophy in vivo. METHODS AND RESULTS We generated a cardiac-specific CARP-overexpressing transgenic mouse. Although such animals did not display any overt physiological abnormality, they developed less cardiac hypertrophy in response to pressure overload than did wildtype mice, as indicated by heart weight/body weight ratios, echocardiographic and histological analyses, and expression of hypertrophic markers. These mice also exhibited less cardiac hypertrophy after infusion of isoproterenol. To gain a molecular insight into how CARP attenuated heart hypertrophy, we examined expression of the mitogen-activated protein kinase cascade and found that the concentrations of phosphorylated ERK1/2 and MEK were markedly reduced in the hearts of transgenic mice subjected to pressure overload. In addition, the expressions of TGF-β and phosphorylated Smad3 were significantly downregulated in the hearts of CARP Tg mice in response to pressure overload. Furthermore, addition of human TGF-β1 could reverse the inhibitory effect of CARP on the hypertrophic response induced by phenylephrine in cardiomyocytes. It was also evidenced that the inhibitory effect of CARP on cardiac hypertrophy was not attributed to apoptosis. CONCLUSION CARP attenuates cardiac hypertrophy, in which the ERK and TGF-β pathways may be involved. Our findings highlight the significance of CARP as an anti-hypertrophic factor in therapy of cardiac hypertrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Song
- Institute of Vascular Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Molecular Biology and Regulatory peptides, Ministry of Health and Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
| | - Jialin Xu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yanfeng Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Chunshi Jia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaowei Ma
- Institute of Vascular Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Molecular Biology and Regulatory peptides, Ministry of Health and Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaojie Xie
- Department of Cardiology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University College of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yong Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Xiang Gao
- National Resource Center for Mutant Mice Model Animal Research of Nanjing University, Pukou High-Tech District, Nanjing, China
- * E-mail: (DZ); (YZ); (XG)
| | - Youyi Zhang
- Institute of Vascular Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Molecular Biology and Regulatory peptides, Ministry of Health and Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
- * E-mail: (DZ); (YZ); (XG)
| | - Dahai Zhu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- * E-mail: (DZ); (YZ); (XG)
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180
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Dawson K, Aflaki M, Nattel S. Role of the Wnt-Frizzled system in cardiac pathophysiology: a rapidly developing, poorly understood area with enormous potential. J Physiol 2012. [PMID: 23207593 DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.2012.235382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract The Wnt-Frizzled (Fzd) G-protein-coupled receptor system, involving 19 distinct Wnt ligands and 10 Fzd receptors, plays key roles in the development and functioning of many organ systems. There is increasing evidence that Wnt-Fzd signalling is important in regulating cardiac function. Wnt-Fzd signalling primarily involves a canonical pathway, with dishevelled-1-dependent nuclear translocation of β-catenin that derepresses Wnt-sensitive gene transcription, but can also include non-canonical pathways via phospholipase-C/Ca(2+) mobilization and dishevelled-protein activation of small GTPases. Wnt-Fzd effects vary with specific ligand/receptor interactions and associated downstream pathways. This paper reviews the biochemistry and physiology of the Wnt-Fzd complex, and presents current knowledge of Wnt signalling in cardiac remodelling processes such as hypertrophy and fibrosis, as well as disease states such as myocardial infarction (MI), heart failure and arrhythmias. Wnt signalling is activated during hypertrophy; inhibiting Wnt signalling by activating glycogen synthase kinase attenuates the hypertrophic response. Wnt signalling has complex and time-dependent actions post-MI, so that either beneficial or harmful effects might result from Wnt-directed interventions. Stem cell biology, a promising area for therapeutic intervention, is highly regulated by Wnt signalling. The Wnt system regulates fibroblast function, and is prominently altered in arrhythmogenic ventricular cardiomyopathy, a familial disease involving excess deposition of fibroadipose tissue. Wnt signalling controls connexin43 expression, thereby contributing to the regulation of cardiac electrical stability and arrhythmia generation. Although much has been learned about Wnt-Fzd signalling in hypertrophy and infarction, its role is poorly understood for a broad range of other heart disorders. Much more needs to be learned for its contributions to be fully appreciated, and to permit more effective exploitation of its enormous potential in therapeutic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin Dawson
- S. Nattel: 5000 Belanger St. E, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H1T 1C8.
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181
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Hannan KM, Sanij E, Rothblum LI, Hannan RD, Pearson RB. Dysregulation of RNA polymerase I transcription during disease. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-GENE REGULATORY MECHANISMS 2012; 1829:342-60. [PMID: 23153826 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagrm.2012.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2012] [Revised: 10/30/2012] [Accepted: 10/31/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Transcription of the ribosomal RNA genes by the dedicated RNA polymerase I enzyme and subsequent processing of the ribosomal RNA are fundamental control steps in the synthesis of functional ribosomes. Dysregulation of Pol I transcription and ribosome biogenesis is linked to the etiology of a broad range of human diseases. Diseases caused by loss of function mutations in the molecular constituents of the ribosome, or factors intimately associated with RNA polymerase I transcription and processing are collectively termed ribosomopathies. Ribosomopathies are generally rare and treatment options are extremely limited tending to be more palliative than curative. Other more common diseases are associated with profound changes in cellular growth such as cardiac hypertrophy, atrophy or cancer. In contrast to ribosomopathies, altered RNA polymerase I transcriptional activity in these diseases largely results from dysregulated upstream oncogenic pathways or by direct modulation by oncogenes or tumor suppressors at the level of the RNA polymerase I transcription apparatus itself. Ribosomopathies associated with mutations in ribosomal proteins and ribosomal RNA processing or assembly factors have been covered by recent excellent reviews. In contrast, here we review our current knowledge of human diseases specifically associated with dysregulation of RNA polymerase I transcription and its associated regulatory apparatus, including some cases where this dysregulation is directly causative in disease. We will also provide insight into and discussion of possible therapeutic approaches to treat patients with dysregulated RNA polymerase I transcription. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Transcription by Odd Pols.
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Affiliation(s)
- K M Hannan
- Oncogenic Signalling and Growth Control Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Locked Bag 1, A'Beckett St, Melbourne, Victoria 8006, Australia
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182
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Herbal Supplement Ameliorates Cardiac Hypertrophy in Rats with CCl(4)-Induced Liver Cirrhosis. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2012; 2012:139045. [PMID: 23243427 PMCID: PMC3517219 DOI: 10.1155/2012/139045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2012] [Revised: 07/31/2012] [Accepted: 08/07/2012] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
We used the carbon tetrachloride (CCl(4)) induced liver cirrhosis model to test the molecular mechanism of action involved in cirrhosis-associated cardiac hypertrophy and the effectiveness of Ocimum gratissimum extract (OGE) and silymarin against cardiac hypertrophy. We treated male wistar rats with CCl(4) and either OGE (0.02 g/kg B.W. or 0.04 g/kg B.W.) or silymarin (0.2 g/kg B.W.). Cardiac eccentric hypertrophy was induced by CCl(4) along with cirrhosis and increased expression of cardiac hypertrophy related genes NFAT, TAGA4, and NBP, and the interleukin-6 (IL-6) signaling pathway related genes MEK5, ERK5, JAK, and STAT3. OGE or silymarin co-treatment attenuated CCl(4)-induced cardiac abnormalities, and lowered expression of genes which were elevated by this hepatotoxin. Our results suggest that the IL-6 signaling pathway may be related to CCl(4)-induced cardiac hypertrophy. OGE and silymarin were able to lower liver fibrosis, which reduces the chance of cardiac hypertrophy perhaps by lowering the expressions of IL-6 signaling pathway related genes. We conclude that treatment of cirrhosis using herbal supplements is a viable option for protecting cardiac tissues against cirrhosis-related cardiac hypertrophy.
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183
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Chen AL, Ou CW, He ZC, Liu QC, Dong Q, Chen MS. Effect of hepatocyte growth factor and angiotensin II on rat cardiomyocyte hypertrophy. Braz J Med Biol Res 2012; 45:1150-6. [PMID: 23044624 PMCID: PMC3854218 DOI: 10.1590/s0100-879x2012007500159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2012] [Accepted: 08/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Angiotensin II (Ang II) plays an important role in cardiomyocyte hypertrophy. The combined effect of hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) and Ang II on cardiomyocytes is unknown. The present study was designed to determine the effect of HGF on cardiomyocyte hypertrophy and to explore the combined effect of HGF and Ang II on cardiomyocyte hypertrophy. Primary cardiomyocytes were isolated from neonatal rat hearts and cultured in vitro. Cells were treated with Ang II (1 µM) alone, HGF (10 ng/mL) alone, and Ang II (1 µM) plus HGF (10 ng/mL) for 24, 48, and 72 h. The amount of [3H]-leucine incorporation was then measured to evaluate protein synthesis. The mRNA levels of β-myosin heavy chain and atrial natriuretic factor were determined by real-time PCR to evaluate the presence of fetal phenotypes of gene expression. The cell size of cardiomyocytes was also studied. Ang II (1 µM) increased cardiomyocyte hypertrophy. Similar to Ang II, treatment with 1 µM HGF promoted cardiomyocyte hypertrophy. Moreover, the combination of 1 µM Ang II and 10 ng/mL HGF clearly induced a combined pro-hypertrophy effect on cardiomyocytes. The present study demonstrates for the first time a novel, combined effect of HGF and Ang II in promoting cardiomyocyte hypertrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ai-Lan Chen
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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184
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Stary CM, Tsutsumi YM, Patel PM, Head BP, Patel HH, Roth DM. Caveolins: targeting pro-survival signaling in the heart and brain. Front Physiol 2012; 3:393. [PMID: 23060817 PMCID: PMC3464704 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2012.00393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2012] [Accepted: 09/14/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The present review discusses intracellular signaling moieties specific to membrane lipid rafts (MLRs) and the scaffolding proteins caveolin and introduces current data promoting their potential role in the treatment of pathologies of the heart and brain. MLRs are discreet microdomains of the plasma membrane enriched in gylcosphingolipids and cholesterol that concentrate and localize signaling molecules. Caveolin proteins are necessary for the formation of MLRs, and are responsible for coordinating signaling events by scaffolding and enriching numerous signaling moieties in close proximity. Specifically in the heart and brain, caveolins are necessary for the cytoprotective phenomenon termed ischemic and anesthetic preconditioning. Targeted overexpression of caveolin in the heart and brain leads to induction of multiple pro-survival and pro-growth signaling pathways; thus, caveolins represent a potential novel therapeutic target for cardiac and neurological pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Creed M Stary
- Department of Anesthesiology, Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
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185
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Hynes CJ, Clancy JL, Preiss T. miRNAs in cardiac disease: Sitting duck or moving target? IUBMB Life 2012; 64:872-8. [DOI: 10.1002/iub.1082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2012] [Accepted: 08/04/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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186
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Wang C, Wang S, Zhao P, Wang X, Wang J, Wang Y, Song L, Zou Y, Hui R. MiR-221 promotes cardiac hypertrophy in vitro through the modulation of p27 expression. J Cell Biochem 2012; 113:2040-6. [PMID: 22275134 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.24075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Cardiac hypertrophy has been known as an independent predictor for cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Molecular mechanisms underlying the development of heart failure remain elusive. Recently, microRNAs (miRs) have been established as important regulators in cardiac hypertrophy. Here, we reported miR-221 was up-regulated in both transverse aortic constricted mice and patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM). Forced expression of miR-221 by transfection of miR-221 mimics increased myocyte cell size and induced the re-expression of fetal genes, which were inhibited by the knockdown of endogenous miR-221 in cardiomyocytes. The TargetScan algorithm-based prediction identified that p27, a cardiac hypertrophic suppressor, is the putative target of miR-221, which was confirmed by luciferase assay and Western blotting. In conclusion, our results demonstrated that miR-221 regulated cardiomyocyte hypertrophy probably through down-regulation of p27, suggesting that miR-221 may be a new intervention target for cardiac hypertrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changxin Wang
- Sino-German Laboratory for Molecular Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Translational Cardiovascular Medicine, Fuwai Hospital & Cardiovascular Institute, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100037, PR China
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187
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Abstract
The incidence of cardiac hypertrophy, an established risk factor for heart failure, is generally lower in women compared with men, but this advantage is lost after menopause. Although it is widely believed that estrogens are cardioprotective, there are contradictory reports, including increased cardiac events in postmenopausal women receiving estrogens and enhanced cardiac protection from ischemic injury in female mice without estrogens. We exposed aromatase knockout (ArKO) mice, which produce no estrogens, to both pathologic and physiologic stimuli. This model allows an investigation into the effects of a complete, chronic lack of estrogens in male and female hearts. At baseline, female ArKO mice had normal-sized hearts but decreased cardiac function and paradoxically increased phosphorylation of many progrowth kinases. When challenged with the pathological stimulus, isoproterenol, ArKO females developed 2-fold more hypertrophy than wild-type females. In contrast, exercise-induced physiological hypertrophy was unaffected by the absence of estrogens in either sex, although running performance was blunted in ArKO females. Thus, loss of estrogen signaling in females, but not males, impairs cardiac function and sensitizes the heart to pathological insults through up-regulation of multiple hypertrophic pathways. These findings provide insight into the apparent loss of cardioprotection after menopause and suggest that caution is warranted in the long-term use of aromatase inhibitors in the setting of breast cancer prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher D Haines
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology and Biofrontiers Institute, University of Colorado, 3415 Colorado Avenue, Boulder, CO 80309-0347, USA
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188
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Reduction of rat cardiac hypertrophy by osthol is related to regulation of cardiac oxidative stress and lipid metabolism. Lipids 2012; 47:987-94. [PMID: 22918576 DOI: 10.1007/s11745-012-3710-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2012] [Accepted: 08/08/2012] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to examine the therapeutic effect of osthol, a coumarin compound isolated from the fruit of Cnidium monnieri (L.) Cusson, on cardiac hypertrophy in rats and investigate its potential mechanisms. The rats with cardiac hypertrophy induced by renovascular hypertension were given osthol orally by gavage for 4 weeks. The results showed that in the osthol 20 mg/kg group, the blood pressure, heart weight index and myocardial malondialdehyde content were lowered (p < 0.001, p = 0.002 and p = 0.025, respectively), the myocardial superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase contents were increased (p < 0.001), and the elevated unesterified fatty acids and triacylglycerols in myocardial tissues were decreased (p = 0.017 and p = 0.004, respectively). At the same time, the myocardial peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-α and carnitine palmitoyltransferase (CPT)-1a mRNA expressions were increased and the myocardial diacylglycerol acyltransferase (DGAT) mRNA expression was decreased in the osthol 20 mg/kg group (p < 0.001). Osthol treatment was associated with a decreased cross-sectional area of cardiomyocytes (p < 0.001). These findings suggest that osthol may exert a therapeutic effect on cardiac hypertrophy in rats, and its mechanisms may be related to the improvement of myocardial oxidative stress and lipid metabolism via regulation of PPARα-mediated target gene expressions including an increase in CPT-1a mRNA expression and a decrease in DGAT mRNA expression.
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189
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Bupha-Intr T, Haizlip KM, Janssen PML. Role of endothelin in the induction of cardiac hypertrophy in vitro. PLoS One 2012; 7:e43179. [PMID: 22912821 PMCID: PMC3422284 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0043179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2011] [Accepted: 07/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Endothelin (ET-1) is a peptide hormone mediating a wide variety of biological processes and is associated with development of cardiac dysfunction. Generally, ET-1 is regarded as a molecular marker released only in correlation with the observation of a hypertrophic response or in conjunction with other hypertrophic stress. Although the cardiac hypertrophic effect of ET-1 is demonstrated, inotropic properties of cardiac muscle during chronic ET-1-induced hypertrophy remain largely unclear. Through the use of a novel in vitro multicellular culture system, changes in contractile force and kinetics of rabbit cardiac trabeculae in response to 1 nM ET-1 for 24 hours can be observed. Compared to the initial force at t = 0 hours, ET-1 treated muscles showed a ~2.5 fold increase in developed force after 24 hours without any effect on time to peak contraction or time to 90% relaxation. ET-1 increased muscle diameter by 12.5 ± 3.2% from the initial size, due to increased cell width compared to non-ET-1 treated muscles. Using specific signaling antagonists, inhibition of NCX, CaMKII, MAPKK, and IP3 could attenuate the effect of ET-1 on increased developed force. However, among these inhibitions only IP3 receptor blocker could not prevent the increase muscle size by ET-1. Interestingly, though calcineurin-NFAT inhibition could not suppress the effect of ET-1 on force development, it did prevent muscle hypertrophy. These findings suggest that ET-1 provokes both inotropic and hypertrophic activations on myocardium in which both activations share the same signaling pathway through MAPK and CaMKII in associated with NCX activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tepmanas Bupha-Intr
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology and D. Davis Heart Lung Research Institute, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Kaylan M. Haizlip
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology and D. Davis Heart Lung Research Institute, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Paul M. L. Janssen
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology and D. Davis Heart Lung Research Institute, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
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190
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Wang GJ, Wang HX, Yao YS, Guo LY, Liu P. The role of Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II and calcineurin in TNF-α-induced myocardial hypertrophy. Braz J Med Biol Res 2012; 45:1045-51. [PMID: 22832601 PMCID: PMC3854156 DOI: 10.1590/s0100-879x2012007500121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2011] [Accepted: 07/11/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated whether Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent kinase II (CaMKII) and calcineurin (CaN) are involved in myocardial hypertrophy induced by tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α). The cardiomyocytes of neonatal Wistar rats (1-2 days old) were cultured and stimulated by TNF-α (100 μg/L), and Ca2+ signal transduction was blocked by several antagonists, including BAPTA (4 µM), KN-93 (0.2 µM) and cyclosporin A (CsA, 0.2 µM). Protein content, protein synthesis, cardiomyocyte volumes, [Ca2+]i transients, CaMKIIδB and CaN were evaluated by the Lowry method, [³H]-leucine incorporation, a computerized image analysis system, a Till imaging system, and Western blot analysis, respectively. TNF-α induced a significant increase in protein content in a dose-dependent manner from 10 µg/L (53.56 µg protein/well) to 100 μg/L (72.18 µg protein/well), and in a time-dependent manner from 12 h (37.42 µg protein/well) to 72 h (42.81 µg protein/well). TNF-α (100 μg/L) significantly increased the amplitude of spontaneous [Ca2+]i transients, the total protein content, cell size, and [³H]-leucine incorporation in cultured cardiomyocytes, which was abolished by 4 µM BAPTA, an intracellular Ca2+ chelator. The increases in protein content, cell size and [³H]-leucine incorporation were abolished by 0.2 µM KN-93 or 0.2 µM CsA. TNF-α increased the expression of CaMKIIδB by 35.21% and that of CaN by 22.22% compared to control. These effects were abolished by 4 µM BAPTA, which itself had no effect. These results suggest that TNF-α induces increases in [Ca2+]i, CaMKIIδB and CaN and promotes cardiac hypertrophy. Therefore, we hypothesize that the Ca2+/CaMKII- and CaN-dependent signaling pathways are involved in myocardial hypertrophy induced by TNF-α.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gui-Jun Wang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China
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191
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Zhou MS, Schulman IH, Zeng Q. Link between the renin-angiotensin system and insulin resistance: implications for cardiovascular disease. Vasc Med 2012; 17:330-41. [PMID: 22814999 DOI: 10.1177/1358863x12450094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The incidence of metabolic syndrome is rapidly increasing in the United States and worldwide. The metabolic syndrome is a complex metabolic and vascular disorder that is associated with inappropriate activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the cardiovascular (CV) system and increased CV morbidity and mortality. Insulin activation of the phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K) pathway promotes nitric oxide (NO) production in the endothelium and glucose uptake in insulin-sensitive tissues. Angiotensin (Ang) II inhibits insulin-mediated PI3K pathway activation, thereby impairing endothelial NO production and Glut-4 translocation in insulin-sensitive tissues, which results in vascular and systemic insulin resistance, respectively. On the other hand, Ang II enhances insulin-mediated activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway, which leads to vasoconstriction and pathologic vascular cellular growth. Therefore, the interaction of Ang II with insulin signaling is fully operative not only in insulin-sensitive tissues but also in CV tissues, thereby linking insulin resistance and CV disease. This notion is further supported by an increasing number of experimental and clinical studies indicating that pharmacological blockade of RAAS improves insulin sensitivity and endothelial function, as well as reduces the incidence of new-onset diabetes in high-risk patients with CV disease. This article reviews experimental and clinical data elucidating the physiological and pathophysiological role of the interaction between insulin and RAAS in the development of insulin resistance as well as CV disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Sheng Zhou
- Nephrology-Hypertension Section, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33125, USA.
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192
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Villarreal-Molina MT, Antuna-Puente B. Adiponectin: anti-inflammatory and cardioprotective effects. Biochimie 2012; 94:2143-9. [PMID: 22796520 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2012.06.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2012] [Accepted: 06/21/2012] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Adipose tissue is an endocrine organ that plays an essential role in regulating several metabolic functions through the secretion of biological mediators called "adipokines". Dysregulation of adipokines plays a crucial role in obesity-related diseases. Adiponectin (APN) is the most abundant adipokine accounting for the 0.01% of total serum protein, and is involved in a wide variety of physiological processes including energy metabolism, inflammation, and vascular physiology. APN plasma levels are reduced in individuals with obesity, type 2 diabetes and coronary artery disease, all traits with low-grade chronic inflammation. It is has been suggested that the absence of APN anti-inflammatory effects may be a contributing factor to this inflammation. APN inhibits the expression of tumor necrosis factor-α-induced endothelial adhesion molecules, macrophage-to-foam cell transformation, tumor necrosis factor-α expression in macrophages and adipose tissue, and smooth muscle cell proliferation. It also has anti-apoptotic and anti-oxidant effects, which play a role in its cardioprotective action. This review will focus on APN as an anti-inflammatory, anti-atherogenic and cardioprotective plasma protein.
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193
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Arumugam S, Thandavarayan RA, Veeraveedu PT, Giridharan VV, Soetikno V, Harima M, Suzuki K, Nagata M, Tagaki R, Kodama M, Watanabe K. Involvement of AMPK and MAPK signaling during the progression of experimental autoimmune myocarditis in rats and its blockade using a novel antioxidant. Exp Mol Pathol 2012; 93:183-9. [PMID: 22542793 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2012.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2012] [Revised: 03/21/2012] [Accepted: 04/10/2012] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
There are various reports suggesting the role of angiotensin (Ang) receptor blockers, Ang converting enzyme inhibitors, calcium channel blockers, diuretics and antioxidants against the progression of experimental autoimmune myocarditis (EAM) to dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM). Most of them were reported to be effective during this adverse cardiac remodeling. Recently much attention has been paid to studying the involvement of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) in various cardiovascular ailments. AMPK acts as a master sensor of cellular energy balance via maintenance of lipid and glucose metabolism. Evidences also suggest the relation between AMPK and oxidative stress during physiological and pathological myocardial cellular function. Since, it is of interest to identify the roles of AMPK and MAPK during the progression of EAM to DCM and also the effect of edaravone, a novel free radical scavenger, against its progression. For this, we have carried out western blotting, histopathological staining and immunohistochemical analyses to measure the myocardial expressions of AMPK signaling and oxidative stress related parameters in normal and vehicle or edaravone-treated EAM rats, respectively. We identified the myocardial levels of phospho Akt and phosphoinositide 3-kinase, which are the upstream proteins of AMPK and MAPK activation and both were up-regulated in the vehicle-treated rats, whereas candesartan treatment significantly reversed these changes. We have also measured the myocardial levels of p-AMPKα, different isoforms of protein kinase C and MAPK signaling proteins. All of these protein levels were significantly elevated in the hearts of DCM rats whereas edaravone treatment significantly reversed these changes. In viewing these results, we can suggest that along with MAPK, AMPK signaling also plays a crucial role in the progression of EAM and it can be effectively blocked by the treatment with a novel antioxidant, edaravone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Somasundaram Arumugam
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Niigata University of Pharmacy and Applied Life Sciences, Niigata City 956-8603, Japan
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194
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García-Hoz C, Sánchez-Fernández G, García-Escudero R, Fernández-Velasco M, Palacios-García J, Ruiz-Meana M, Díaz-Meco MT, Leitges M, Moscat J, García-Dorado D, Boscá L, Mayor F, Ribas C. Protein kinase C (PKC)ζ-mediated Gαq stimulation of ERK5 protein pathway in cardiomyocytes and cardiac fibroblasts. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:7792-802. [PMID: 22232556 PMCID: PMC3293562 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.282210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Gq-coupled G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) mediate the actions of a variety of messengers that are key regulators of cardiovascular function. Enhanced Gα(q)-mediated signaling plays an important role in cardiac hypertrophy and in the transition to heart failure. We have recently described that Gα(q) acts as an adaptor protein that facilitates PKCζ-mediated activation of ERK5 in epithelial cells. Because the ERK5 cascade is known to be involved in cardiac hypertrophy, we have investigated the potential relevance of this pathway in cardiovascular Gq-dependent signaling using both cultured cardiac cell types and chronic administration of angiotensin II in mice. We find that PKCζ is required for the activation of the ERK5 pathway by Gq-coupled GPCR in neonatal and adult murine cardiomyocyte cultures and in cardiac fibroblasts. Stimulation of ERK5 by angiotensin II is blocked upon pharmacological inhibition or siRNA-mediated silencing of PKCζ in primary cultures of cardiac cells and in neonatal cardiomyocytes isolated from PKCζ-deficient mice. Moreover, upon chronic challenge with angiotensin II, these mice fail to promote the changes in the ERK5 pathway, in gene expression patterns, and in hypertrophic markers observed in wild-type animals. Taken together, our results show that PKCζ is essential for Gq-dependent ERK5 activation in cardiomyocytes and cardiac fibroblasts and indicate a key cardiac physiological role for the Gα(q)/PKCζ/ERK5 signaling axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlota García-Hoz
- From the Departamento de Biología Molecular and Centro de Biología Molecular “Severo Ochoa,” Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (CSIC-UAM), 28049 Madrid, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Spain
- the Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Princesa, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Guzmán Sánchez-Fernández
- From the Departamento de Biología Molecular and Centro de Biología Molecular “Severo Ochoa,” Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (CSIC-UAM), 28049 Madrid, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Spain
- the Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Princesa, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ramón García-Escudero
- the Molecular Oncology Unit, Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Julia Palacios-García
- From the Departamento de Biología Molecular and Centro de Biología Molecular “Severo Ochoa,” Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (CSIC-UAM), 28049 Madrid, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Spain
- the Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Princesa, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Marisol Ruiz-Meana
- the Vall d'Hebron University Hospital and Research Institute, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maria Teresa Díaz-Meco
- the Tumor Microenvironment Program, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037
| | - Michael Leitges
- The Biotechnology Centre of Oslo, University of Oslo, 0317 Oslo, Norway, and
| | - Jorge Moscat
- the Tumor Microenvironment Program, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037
| | - David García-Dorado
- the Vall d'Hebron University Hospital and Research Institute, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lisardo Boscá
- the Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols, CSIC-UAM, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Federico Mayor
- From the Departamento de Biología Molecular and Centro de Biología Molecular “Severo Ochoa,” Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (CSIC-UAM), 28049 Madrid, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Spain
- the Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Princesa, 28006 Madrid, Spain
- To whom correspondence may be addressed: Centro de Biología Molecular “Severo Ochoa,” Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain. Tel.: 34-91-1964626; Fax: 34-91-1964420; E-mail:
| | - Catalina Ribas
- From the Departamento de Biología Molecular and Centro de Biología Molecular “Severo Ochoa,” Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (CSIC-UAM), 28049 Madrid, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Spain
- the Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Princesa, 28006 Madrid, Spain
- To whom correspondence may be addressed: Centro de Biología Molecular “Severo Ochoa”, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain. Tel.: 34-91-1964640; Fax: 34-91-1964420; E-mail:
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195
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Li T, Liu Z, Hu X, Ma K, Zhou C. Involvement of ERK–RSK cascade in phenylephrine-induced phosphorylation of GATA4. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2012; 1823:582-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2011.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2011] [Revised: 10/24/2011] [Accepted: 12/20/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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196
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Sgk1 sensitivity of Na(+)/H(+) exchanger activity and cardiac remodeling following pressure overload. Basic Res Cardiol 2012; 107:236. [PMID: 22212557 DOI: 10.1007/s00395-011-0236-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2011] [Revised: 11/15/2011] [Accepted: 12/04/2011] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Sustained increase of cardiac workload is known to trigger cardiac remodeling with eventual development of cardiac failure. Compelling evidence points to a critical role of enhanced cardiac Na(+)/H(+) exchanger (NHE1) activity in the underlying pathophysiology. The signaling triggering up-regulation of NHE1 remained, however, ill defined. The present study explored the involvement of the serum- and glucocorticoid-inducible kinase Sgk1 in cardiac remodeling due to transverse aortic constriction (TAC). To this end, experiments were performed in gene targeted mice lacking functional Sgk1 (sgk1 (-/-)) and their wild-type controls (sgk1 (+/+)). Transcript levels have been determined by RT-PCR, cytosolic pH (pH( i )) utilizing 2',7'-bis-(2-carboxyethyl)-5-(and-6)-carboxyfluorescein (BCECF) fluorescence, Na(+)/H(+) exchanger activity by the Na(+)-dependent realkalinization after an ammonium pulse, ejection fraction (%) utilizing cardiac cine magnetic resonance imaging and cardiac glucose uptake by PET imaging. As a result, TAC increased the mRNA expression of Sgk1 in sgk1 (+/+) mice, paralleled by an increase in Nhe1 transcript levels as well as Na(+)/H(+) exchanger activity, all effects virtually abrogated in sgk1 (-/-) mice. In sgk1 (+/+) mice, TAC induced a decrease in Pgc1a mRNA expression, while Spp1 mRNA expression was increased, both effects diminished in the sgk1 (-/-) mice. TAC was followed by a significant increase of heart and lung weight in sgk1 (+/+) mice, an effect significantly blunted in sgk1 (-/-) mice. TAC increased the transcript levels of Anp and Bnp, effects again significantly blunted in sgk1 (-/-) mice. TAC increased transcript levels of Collagen I and III as well as Ctgf mRNA and CTGF protein abundance, effects significantly blunted in sgk1 (-/-) mice. TAC further decreased the ejection fraction in sgk1 (+/+) mice, an effect again attenuated in sgk1 (-/-) mice. Also, cardiac FDG-glucose uptake was increased to a larger extent in sgk1 (+/+) mice than in sgk1 (-/-) mice after TAC. These observations point to an important role for SGK1 in cardiac remodeling and development of heart failure following an excessive work load.
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197
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ter Horst P, Smits JFM, Blankesteijn WM. The Wnt/Frizzled pathway as a therapeutic target for cardiac hypertrophy: where do we stand? Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2012; 204:110-7. [PMID: 21624093 DOI: 10.1111/j.1748-1716.2011.02309.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Cardiac hypertrophy is an enlargement of the heart muscle in response to wall stress. This hypertrophic response often leads to heart failure. In recent years, several studies have shown the involvement of Wnt signalling in hypertrophic growth. In this review, the role of Wnt signalling and the possibilities for therapeutic interventions are discussed. In healthy adult heart tissue, Wnt signalling is very low. However, under pathological condition such as hypertension, Wnt signalling is activated. In recent years, it has become clear that both β-catenin-dependent signalling and β-catenin-independent signalling are involved in hypertrophic growth. Several studies, both in vitro and in vivo, have shown that genetic interventions in Wnt signalling at different levels resulted in an attenuated or diminished hypertrophic response. Therefore, inhibition of Wnt signalling could provide a new therapeutic strategy for cardiac hypertrophy, but further research on the Wnts and Frizzleds involved in the different forms of cardiac hypertrophy will be needed to achieve this goal.
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Affiliation(s)
- P ter Horst
- Department of Pharmacology, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University, the Netherlands
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198
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199
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Mir SA, Chatterjee A, Mitra A, Pathak K, Mahata SK, Sarkar S. Inhibition of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) attenuates interleukin-6 (IL-6)-induced collagen synthesis and resultant hypertrophy in rat heart. J Biol Chem 2011; 287:2666-77. [PMID: 22157761 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.246173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
IL-6 has been shown to play a major role in collagen up-regulation process during cardiac hypertrophy, although the precise mechanism is still not known. In this study we have analyzed the mechanism by which IL-6 modulates cardiac hypertrophy. For the in vitro model, IL-6-treated cultured cardiac fibroblasts were used, whereas the in vivo cardiac hypertrophy model was generated by renal artery ligation in adult male Wistar rats (Rattus norvegicus). During induction of hypertrophy, increased phosphorylation of STAT1, STAT3, MAPK, and ERK proteins was observed both in vitro and in vivo. Treatment of fibroblasts with specific inhibitors for STAT1 (fludarabine, 50 μM), STAT3 (S31-201, 10 μM), p38 MAPK (SB203580, 10 μM), and ERK1/2 (U0126, 10 μM) resulted in down-regulation of IL-6-induced phosphorylation of specific proteins; however, only S31-201 and SB203580 inhibited collagen biosynthesis. In ligated rats in vivo, only STAT3 inhibitors resulted in significant decrease in collagen synthesis and hypertrophy markers such as atrial natriuretic factor and β-myosin heavy chain. In addition, decreased heart weight to body weight ratio and improved cardiac function as measured by echocardiography was evident in animals treated with STAT3 inhibitor or siRNA. Compared with IL-6 neutralization, more pronounced down-regulation of collagen synthesis and regression of hypertrophy was observed with STAT3 inhibition, suggesting that STAT3 is the major downstream signaling molecule and a potential therapeutic target for cardiac hypertrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saiful Anam Mir
- Department of Zoology, University of Calcutta, 35, Ballygunge Circular Road, Kolkata 700 019, India
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200
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Fabregat-Andrés Ó, Tierrez A, Mata M, Estornell-Erill J, Ridocci-Soriano F, Monsalve M. Induction of PGC-1α expression can be detected in blood samples of patients with ST-segment elevation acute myocardial infarction. PLoS One 2011; 6:e26913. [PMID: 22087236 PMCID: PMC3210132 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0026913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2011] [Accepted: 10/06/2011] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Following acute myocardial infarction (MI), cardiomyocyte survival depends on its mitochondrial oxidative capacity. Cell death is normally followed by activation of the immune system. Peroxisome proliferator activated receptor γ-coactivator 1α (PGC-1α) is a transcriptional coactivator and a master regulator of cardiac oxidative metabolism. PGC-1α is induced by hypoxia and facilitates the recovery of the contractile capacity of the cardiac muscle following an artery ligation procedure. We hypothesized that PGC-1α activity could serve as a good molecular marker of cardiac recovery after a coronary event. The objective of the present study was to monitor the levels of PGC-1α following an ST-segment elevation acute myocardial infarction (STEMI) episode in blood samples of the affected patients. Analysis of blood mononuclear cells from human patients following an STEMI showed that PGC-1α expression was increased and the level of induction correlated with the infarct size. Infarct size was determined by LGE-CMR (late gadolinium enhancement on cardiac magnetic resonance), used to estimate the percentage of necrotic area. Cardiac markers, maximum creatine kinase (CK-MB) and Troponin I (TnI) levels, left ventricular ejection function (LVEF) and regional wall motion abnormalities (RWMA) as determined by echocardiography were also used to monitor cardiac injury. We also found that PGC-1α is present and active in mouse lymphocytes where its expression is induced upon activation and can be detected in the nuclear fraction of blood samples. These results support the notion that induction of PGC-1α expression can be part of the recovery response to an STEMI and could serve as a prognosis factor of cardiac recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Óscar Fabregat-Andrés
- Servicio de Cardiología, Consorcio Hospital General Universitario de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Alberto Tierrez
- Fundación Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Manuel Mata
- Fundación Hospital General de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Jordi Estornell-Erill
- Unidad de TAC y RMN, Eresa, Consorcio Hospital General Universitario de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | | | - María Monsalve
- Fundación Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Alberto Sols (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
- * E-mail:
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