151
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Sanz-Morello B, Ahmadi H, Vohra R, Saruhanian S, Freude KK, Hamann S, Kolko M. Oxidative Stress in Optic Neuropathies. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:1538. [PMID: 34679672 PMCID: PMC8532958 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10101538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Revised: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence indicates that changes in the redox system may contribute to the pathogenesis of multiple optic neuropathies. Optic neuropathies are characterized by the neurodegeneration of the inner-most retinal neurons, the retinal ganglion cells (RGCs), and their axons, which form the optic nerve. Often, optic neuropathies are asymptomatic until advanced stages, when visual impairment or blindness is unavoidable despite existing treatments. In this review, we describe systemic and, whenever possible, ocular redox dysregulations observed in patients with glaucoma, ischemic optic neuropathy, optic neuritis, hereditary optic neuropathies (i.e., Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy and autosomal dominant optic atrophy), nutritional and toxic optic neuropathies, and optic disc drusen. We discuss aspects related to anti/oxidative stress biomarkers that need further investigation and features related to study design that should be optimized to generate more valuable and comparable results. Understanding the role of oxidative stress in optic neuropathies can serve to develop therapeutic strategies directed at the redox system to arrest the neurodegenerative processes in the retina and RGCs and ultimately prevent vision loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Berta Sanz-Morello
- Eye Translational Research Unit, Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark; (B.S.-M.); (H.A.); (R.V.)
| | - Hamid Ahmadi
- Eye Translational Research Unit, Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark; (B.S.-M.); (H.A.); (R.V.)
- Department of Ophthalmology, Rigshospitalet, 2600 Glostrup, Denmark;
| | - Rupali Vohra
- Eye Translational Research Unit, Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark; (B.S.-M.); (H.A.); (R.V.)
- Group of Stem Cell Models for Studies of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1870 Frederiksberg, Denmark; (S.S.); (K.K.F.)
| | - Sarkis Saruhanian
- Group of Stem Cell Models for Studies of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1870 Frederiksberg, Denmark; (S.S.); (K.K.F.)
| | - Kristine Karla Freude
- Group of Stem Cell Models for Studies of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1870 Frederiksberg, Denmark; (S.S.); (K.K.F.)
| | - Steffen Hamann
- Department of Ophthalmology, Rigshospitalet, 2600 Glostrup, Denmark;
| | - Miriam Kolko
- Eye Translational Research Unit, Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark; (B.S.-M.); (H.A.); (R.V.)
- Department of Ophthalmology, Rigshospitalet, 2600 Glostrup, Denmark;
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152
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Ahmed I, Johnston RJ, Singh MS. Pluripotent stem cell therapy for retinal diseases. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2021; 9:1279. [PMID: 34532416 PMCID: PMC8421932 DOI: 10.21037/atm-20-4747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Pluripotent stem cells (PSCs), which include human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) and induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC), have been used to study development of disease processes, and as potential therapies in multiple organ systems. In recent years, there has been increasing interest in the use of PSC-based transplantation to treat disorders of the retina in which retinal cells have been functionally damaged or lost through degeneration. The retina, which consists of neuronal tissue, provides an excellent system to test the therapeutic utility of PSC-based transplantation due to its accessibility and the availability of high-resolution imaging technology to evaluate effects. Preclinical trials in animal models of retinal diseases have shown improvement in visual outcomes following subretinal transplantation of PSC-derived photoreceptors or retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cells. This review focuses on preclinical studies and clinical trials exploring the use of PSCs for retinal diseases. To date, several phase I/II clinical trials in patients with age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and Stargardt disease (STGD1) have demonstrated the safety and feasibility of PSC-derived RPE transplantation. Additional phase I/II clinical trials using PSC-derived RPE or photoreceptor cells for the treatment of AMD, STGD1, and also retinitis pigmentosa (RP) are currently in the pipeline. As this field continues to evolve, additional technologies may enhance PSC-derived cell transplantation through gene-editing of autologous cells, transplantation of more complex cellular structures such as organoids, and monitoring of transplanted cells through novel imaging technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ishrat Ahmed
- Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | - Mandeep S Singh
- Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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153
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Ludwig AL, Gamm DM. Outer Retinal Cell Replacement: Putting the Pieces Together. Transl Vis Sci Technol 2021; 10:15. [PMID: 34724034 PMCID: PMC8572485 DOI: 10.1167/tvst.10.10.15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Retinal degenerative diseases (RDDs) affecting photoreceptors (PRs) are one of the most prevalent sources of incurable blindness worldwide. Due to a lack of endogenous repair mechanisms, functional cell replacement of PRs and/or retinal pigmented epithelium (RPE) cells are among the most anticipated approaches for restoring vision in advanced RDD. Human pluripotent stem cell (hPSC) technologies have accelerated development of outer retinal cell therapies as they provide a theoretically unlimited source of donor cells. Human PSC-RPE replacement therapies have progressed rapidly, with several completed and ongoing clinical trials. Although potentially more promising, hPSC-PR replacement therapies are still in their infancy. A first-in-human trial of hPSC-derived neuroretinal transplantation has recently begun, but a number of questions regarding survival, reproducibility, functional integration, and mechanism of action remain. The discovery of biomaterial transfer between donor and PR cells has highlighted the need for rigorous safety and efficacy studies of PR replacement. In this review, we briefly discuss the history of neuroretinal and PR cell transplantation to identify remaining challenges and outline a stepwise approach to address specific pieces of the outer retinal cell replacement puzzle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison L. Ludwig
- Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- McPherson Eye Research Institute, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - David M. Gamm
- Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- McPherson Eye Research Institute, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI, USA
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154
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Regulatory Mechanisms of Retinal Photoreceptors Development at Single Cell Resolution. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22168357. [PMID: 34445064 PMCID: PMC8395061 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22168357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Revised: 07/18/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Photoreceptors are critical components of the retina and play a role in the first step of the conversion of light to electric signals. With the discovery of the intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells, which regulate non-image-forming visual processes, our knowledge of the photosensitive cell family in the retina has deepened. Photoreceptor development is regulated by specific genes and proteins and involves a series of molecular processes including DNA transcription, post-transcriptional modification, protein translation, and post-translational modification. Single-cell sequencing is a promising technology for the study of photoreceptor development. This review presents an overview of the types of human photoreceptors, summarizes recent discoveries in the regulatory mechanisms underlying their development at single-cell resolution, and outlines the prospects in this field.
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155
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Yang S, Zhou J, Li D. Functions and Diseases of the Retinal Pigment Epithelium. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:727870. [PMID: 34393803 PMCID: PMC8355697 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.727870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The retinal pigment epithelium is a fundamental component of the retina that plays essential roles in visual functions. Damage to the structure and function of the retinal pigment epithelium leads to a variety of retinopathies, and there is currently no curative therapy for these disorders. Therefore, studying the relationship between the development, function, and pathobiology of the retinal pigment epithelium is important for the prevention and treatment of retinopathies. Here we review the function of the retinal pigment epithelium and its relevance to the pathobiology, and discuss potential strategies for the treatment of retinopathies. In doing so, we provide new viewpoints outlining new ideas for the future study and treatment of retinopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Jun Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cell Biology in Universities of Shandong, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China
| | - Dengwen Li
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
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156
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Features of Retinal Neurogenesis as a Key Factor of Age-Related Neurodegeneration: Myth or Reality? Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22147373. [PMID: 34298993 PMCID: PMC8303671 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22147373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Revised: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a complex multifactorial neurodegenerative disease that constitutes the most common cause of irreversible blindness in the elderly in the developed countries. Incomplete knowledge about its pathogenesis prevents the search for effective methods of prevention and treatment of AMD, primarily of its "dry" type which is by far the most common (90% of all AMD cases). In the recent years, AMD has become "younger": late stages of the disease are now detected in relatively young people. It is known that AMD pathogenesis-according to the age-related structural and functional changes in the retina-is linked with inflammation, hypoxia, oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, and an impairment of neurotrophic support, but the mechanisms that trigger the conversion of normal age-related changes to the pathological process as well as the reason for early AMD development remain unclear. In the adult mammalian retina, de novo neurogenesis is very limited. Therefore, the structural and functional features that arise during its maturation and formation can exert long-term effects on further ontogenesis of this tissue. The aim of this review was to discuss possible contributions of the changes/disturbances in retinal neurogenesis to the early development of AMD.
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157
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Cosker E, Moulard M, Schmitt S, Angioi-Duprez K, Baumann C, Laprévote V, Schwan R, Schwitzer T. Portable light therapy in the treatment of unipolar non-seasonal major depressive disorder: study protocol for the LUMIDEP randomised controlled trial. BMJ Open 2021; 11:e049331. [PMID: 34244279 PMCID: PMC8273483 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2021-049331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Major depressive disorder (MDD) affects more than 264 million people worldwide and is associated with an impaired quality of life as well as a higher risk of mortality. Current routine treatments demonstrate limited effectiveness. Light therapy (LT) on its own or in combination with antidepressant treatments could be an effective treatment, but the use of conventional LT devices use is restrictive. Portable LT devices allow patients to continue with their day-to-day activities and therefore encourage better treatment compliance. They have not been evaluated in MDD. METHODS AND ANALYSIS The study is a single-centre, double-blind, randomised controlled trial assessing the efficacy of LT delivered via a portable device in addition to usual care (medical care and drug treatment) for inpatients and outpatients with unipolar non-seasonal MDD. Over the course of 8 weeks, patients use the device daily for 30 min at medium intensity as soon as possible after waking up and preferably between 07:00 and 09:00. All patients continue their usual care with their referring physician. N=50 patients with MDD are included. The primary outcome measure is depressive symptom severity assessed using the Montgomery-Åsberg Depression Rating Scale between baseline and the eighth week. Secondary outcome measures are sleep quality assessed using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index and Epworth Sleepiness Scale and anxiety level assessed on the Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale, between baseline and week 8. Further parameters relating to cognitive function are measured at baseline and after the intervention. An ancillary study aims to evaluate the impact of MDD on the retina and to follow its progression. Main limitations include risk of discontinuation or non-adherence and bias in patient selection. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION The study protocol was approved by Ile de France X's Ethics Committee (protocol number 34-2018). Findings will be published in peer-reviewed journals. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER NCT03685942.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eve Cosker
- Pôle Hospitalo-Universitaire De Psychiatrie d'Adultes et d'Addictologie Du Grand Nancy, Centre Psychothérapique de Nancy, Laxou, Lorraine, France
- U1114, INSERM, 67085 Strasbourg, Alsace, France
| | - Marie Moulard
- Pôle Hospitalo-Universitaire De Psychiatrie d'Adultes et d'Addictologie Du Grand Nancy, Centre Psychothérapique de Nancy, Laxou, Lorraine, France
| | - Samuel Schmitt
- Pôle Hospitalo-Universitaire De Psychiatrie d'Adultes et d'Addictologie Du Grand Nancy, Centre Psychothérapique de Nancy, Laxou, Lorraine, France
| | - Karine Angioi-Duprez
- Département d'Ophtalmologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nancy, Nancy, France
| | - Cédric Baumann
- Unité ESPRI-BioBase, Platforme PARC, CHRU de Nancy, Nancy, Lorraine, France
| | - Vincent Laprévote
- Pôle Hospitalo-Universitaire De Psychiatrie d'Adultes et d'Addictologie Du Grand Nancy, Centre Psychothérapique de Nancy, Laxou, Lorraine, France
- U1114, INSERM, 67085 Strasbourg, Alsace, France
| | - Raymund Schwan
- Pôle Hospitalo-Universitaire De Psychiatrie d'Adultes et d'Addictologie Du Grand Nancy, Centre Psychothérapique de Nancy, Laxou, Lorraine, France
- U1114, INSERM, 67085 Strasbourg, Alsace, France
| | - Thomas Schwitzer
- Pôle Hospitalo-Universitaire De Psychiatrie d'Adultes et d'Addictologie Du Grand Nancy, Centre Psychothérapique de Nancy, Laxou, Lorraine, France
- U1114, INSERM, 67085 Strasbourg, Alsace, France
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158
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Neurovascular regulation in diabetic retinopathy and emerging therapies. Cell Mol Life Sci 2021; 78:5977-5985. [PMID: 34230991 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-021-03893-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is the leading cause of vision loss in working adults in developed countries. The disease traditionally classified as a microvascular complication of diabetes is now widely recognized as a neurovascular disorder resulting from disruption of the retinal neurovascular unit (NVU). The NVU comprising retinal neurons, glia and vascular cells coordinately regulates blood flow, vascular density and permeability to maintain homeostasis. Disturbance of the NVU during DR can lead to vision-threatening clinical manifestations. A limited number of signaling pathways have been identified for intercellular communication within the NVU, including vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), the master switch for angiogenesis. VEGF inhibitors are now widely used to treat DR, but their limited efficacy implies that other signaling molecules are involved in the pathogenesis of DR. By applying a novel screening technology called comparative ligandomics, we recently discovered secretogranin III (Scg3) as a unique DR-selective angiogenic and vascular leakage factor with therapeutic potential for DR. This review proposes neuron-derived Scg3 as the first diabetes-selective neurovascular regulator and discusses important features of Scg3 inhibition for next-generation disease-targeted anti-angiogenic therapies of DR.
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159
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Xu B, Zhou L, Chen Q, Zhang J, Huang L, Wang S, Ye Z, Ren X, Cai Y, Jensen LD, Chen W, Li X, Ju R. Role of VEGFR2 in Mediating Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress Under Glucose Deprivation and Determining Cell Death, Oxidative Stress, and Inflammatory Factor Expression. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:631413. [PMID: 34222224 PMCID: PMC8249873 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.631413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), a postmitotic monolayer located between the neuroretina and choroid, supports the retina and is closely associated with vision loss diseases such as age-related macular degeneration (AMD) upon dysfunction. Although environmental stresses are known to play critical roles in AMD pathogenesis and the roles of other stresses have been well investigated, glucose deprivation, which can arise from choriocapillary flow voids, has yet to be fully explored. In this study, we examined the involvement of VEGFR2 in glucose deprivation-mediated cell death and the underlying mechanisms. We found that VEGFR2 levels are a determinant for RPE cell death, a critical factor for dry AMD, under glucose deprivation. RNA sequencing analysis showed that upon VEGFR2 knockdown under glucose starvation, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and unfolded protein response (UPR) are reduced. Consistently, VEGFR2 overexpression increased ER stress under the same condition. Although VEGFR2 was less expressed compared to EGFR1 and c-Met in RPE cells, it could elicit a higher level of ER stress induced by glucose starvation. Finally, downregulated VEGFR2 attenuated the oxidative stress and inflammatory factor expression, two downstream targets of ER stress. Our study, for the first time, has demonstrated a novel role of VEGFR2 in RPE cells under glucose deprivation, thus providing valuable insights into the mechanisms of AMD pathogenesis and suggesting that VEGFR2 might be a potential therapeutic target for AMD prevention, which may impede its progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bohan Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Linbin Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qishan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jianing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lijuan Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shasha Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhimin Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiangrong Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yu Cai
- Chengdu Aier Eye Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - Lasse Dahl Jensen
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Weirong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xuri Li
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Rong Ju
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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160
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Oscillatory potentials abnormalities in regular cannabis users: Amacrine cells dysfunction as a marker of central dopaminergic modulation. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2021; 108:110083. [PMID: 32860840 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2020.110083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Revised: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cannabis is a neuromodulating substance that acts on central synaptic transmission. Regular cannabis use induces a decreased capacity for dopamine synthesis in the brain. The retina is considered an easy means of investigating dysfunctions of synaptic transmission in the brain. We have previously studied the impact of regular cannabis use on retinal function. Using the N95 wave of the pattern electroretinogram, we found a 6 ms-delayed ganglion cells response. Using the b-wave of the photopic flash electroretinogram, we found a 1 ms-delayed bipolar cells response. Here, we investigated amacrine cells function because these cells are located between the bipolar cells and the ganglion cells and contribute to amplifying the signal between these two layers of the retina. We tested the effect of regular cannabis use on these retinal dopaminergic cells. We assessed the role of these cells in amplifying the delay observed previously. METHODS We recorded dark-adapted 3.0 flash ERG oscillatory potentials in 56 regular cannabis users and 29 healthy controls. The amplitude and implicit time of OP1, OP2, OP3 and OP4 were evaluated. RESULTS Cannabis users showed a significant decrease in OP2 amplitude (p = 0.029, Mann-Whitney test) and OP3 amplitude (p = 0.024, Mann-Whitney test). No significant difference was found between the groups for OP1 and OP4 amplitude or for the implicit time of oscillatory potentials. CONCLUSIONS These results reflect the impact of regular cannabis use on amacrine cells function. They highlight abnormalities in dopaminergic transmission and are similar to those found in Parkinson's disease. Oscillatory potentials could be used as markers of central dopaminergic modulation.
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161
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Campello L, Singh N, Advani J, Mondal AK, Corso-Diaz X, Swaroop A. Aging of the Retina: Molecular and Metabolic Turbulences and Potential Interventions. Annu Rev Vis Sci 2021; 7:633-664. [PMID: 34061570 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-vision-100419-114940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Multifaceted and divergent manifestations across tissues and cell types have curtailed advances in deciphering the cellular events that accompany advanced age and contribute to morbidities and mortalities. Increase in human lifespan during the past century has heightened awareness of the need to prevent age-associated frailty of neuronal and sensory systems to allow a healthy and productive life. In this review, we discuss molecular and physiological attributes of aging of the retina, with a goal of understanding age-related impairment of visual function. We highlight the epigenome-metabolism nexus and proteostasis as key contributors to retinal aging and discuss lifestyle changes as potential modulators of retinal function. Finally, we deliberate promising intervention strategies for promoting healthy aging of the retina for improved vision. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Vision Science, Volume 7 is September 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Campello
- Neurobiology, Neurodegeneration and Repair Laboratory, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA;
| | - Nivedita Singh
- Neurobiology, Neurodegeneration and Repair Laboratory, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA;
| | - Jayshree Advani
- Neurobiology, Neurodegeneration and Repair Laboratory, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA;
| | - Anupam K Mondal
- Neurobiology, Neurodegeneration and Repair Laboratory, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA;
| | - Ximena Corso-Diaz
- Neurobiology, Neurodegeneration and Repair Laboratory, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA;
| | - Anand Swaroop
- Neurobiology, Neurodegeneration and Repair Laboratory, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA;
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162
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Seitz CB, Steffen F, Muthuraman M, Uphaus T, Krämer J, Meuth SG, Albrecht P, Groppa S, Zipp F, Bittner S, Fleischer V. Serum neurofilament levels reflect outer retinal layer changes in multiple sclerosis. Ther Adv Neurol Disord 2021; 14:17562864211003478. [PMID: 34104217 PMCID: PMC8155762 DOI: 10.1177/17562864211003478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 02/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Serum neurofilament light chain (sNfL) and distinct intra-retinal layers are
both promising biomarkers of neuro-axonal injury in multiple sclerosis (MS).
We aimed to unravel the association of both markers in early MS, having
identified that neurofilament has a distinct immunohistochemical expression
pattern among intra-retinal layers. Methods: Three-dimensional (3D) spectral domain macular optical coherence tomography
scans and sNfL levels were investigated in 156 early MS patients
(female/male: 109/47, mean age: 33.3 ± 9.5 years, mean disease duration:
2.0 ± 3.3 years). Out of the whole cohort, 110 patients had no history of
optic neuritis (NHON) and 46 patients had a previous history of optic
neuritis (HON). In addition, a subgroup of patients
(n = 38) was studied longitudinally over 2 years. Support
vector machine analysis was applied to test a regression model for
significant changes. Results: In our cohort, HON patients had a thinner outer plexiform layer (OPL) volume
compared to NHON patients (B = −0.016, SE = 0.006,
p = 0.013). Higher sNfL levels were significantly
associated with thinner OPL volumes in HON patients
(B = −6.734, SE = 2.514, p = 0.011). This
finding was corroborated in the longitudinal subanalysis by the association
of higher sNfL levels with OPL atrophy (B = 5.974,
SE = 2.420, p = 0.019). sNfL levels were 75.7% accurate at
predicting OPL volume in the supervised machine learning. Conclusions: In summary, sNfL levels were a good predictor of future outer retinal
thinning in MS. Changes within the neurofilament-rich OPL could be
considered as an additional retinal marker linked to MS
neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caspar B Seitz
- Department of Neurology, Focus Program Translational Neuroscience (FTN), Rhine Main Neuroscience Network (rmn), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Falk Steffen
- Department of Neurology, Focus Program Translational Neuroscience (FTN), Rhine Main Neuroscience Network (rmn), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Muthuraman Muthuraman
- Department of Neurology, Focus Program Translational Neuroscience (FTN), Rhine Main Neuroscience Network (rmn), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Timo Uphaus
- Department of Neurology, Focus Program Translational Neuroscience (FTN), Rhine Main Neuroscience Network (rmn), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Julia Krämer
- Department of Neurology with Institute of Translational Neurology, University of Münster, Albert-Schweizer-Campus, Münster, Germany
| | - Sven G Meuth
- Department of Neurology with Institute of Translational Neurology, University of Münster, Albert-Schweizer-Campus, Münster, Germany
| | - Philipp Albrecht
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Sergiu Groppa
- Department of Neurology, Focus Program Translational Neuroscience (FTN), Rhine Main Neuroscience Network (rmn), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Frauke Zipp
- Department of Neurology, Focus Program Translational Neuroscience (FTN), Rhine Main Neuroscience Network (rmn), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Stefan Bittner
- Department of Neurology, Focus Program Translational Neuroscience (FTN), Rhine Main Neuroscience Network (rmn), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Vinzenz Fleischer
- Department of Neurology, Focus Program Translational Neuroscience (FTN), Rhine Main Neuroscience Network (rmn), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Langenbeckstr. 1, Mainz 55131, Germany
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163
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Caridi B, Doncheva D, Sivaprasad S, Turowski P. Galectins in the Pathogenesis of Common Retinal Disease. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:687495. [PMID: 34079467 PMCID: PMC8165321 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.687495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Diseases of the retina are major causes of visual impairment and blindness in developed countries and, due to an ageing population, their prevalence is continually rising. The lack of effective therapies and the limitations of those currently in use highlight the importance of continued research into the pathogenesis of these diseases. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) plays a major role in driving vascular dysfunction in retinal disease and has therefore become a key therapeutic target. Recent evidence also points to a potentially similarly important role of galectins, a family of β-galactoside-binding proteins. Indeed, they have been implicated in regulating fundamental processes, including vascular hyperpermeability, angiogenesis, neuroinflammation, and oxidative stress, all of which also play a prominent role in retinopathies. Here, we review direct evidence for pathological roles of galectins in retinal disease. In addition, we extrapolate potential roles of galectins in the retina from evidence in cancer, immune and neuro-biology. We conclude that there is value in increasing understanding of galectin function in retinal biology, in particular in the context of the retinal vasculature and microglia. With greater insight, recent clinical developments of galectin-targeting drugs could potentially also be of benefit to the clinical management of many blinding diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruna Caridi
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Dilyana Doncheva
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sobha Sivaprasad
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, United Kingdom.,NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Patric Turowski
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
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164
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Zhang X, Mandric I, Nguyen KH, Nguyen TTT, Pellegrini M, Grove JCR, Barnes S, Yang XJ. Single Cell Transcriptomic Analyses Reveal the Impact of bHLH Factors on Human Retinal Organoid Development. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:653305. [PMID: 34055784 PMCID: PMC8155690 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.653305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The developing retina expresses multiple bHLH transcription factors. Their precise functions and interactions in uncommitted retinal progenitors remain to be fully elucidated. Here, we investigate the roles of bHLH factors ATOH7 and Neurog2 in human ES cell-derived retinal organoids. Single cell transcriptome analyses identify three states of proliferating retinal progenitors: pre-neurogenic, neurogenic, and cell cycle-exiting progenitors. Each shows different expression profile of bHLH factors. The cell cycle-exiting progenitors feed into a postmitotic heterozygous neuroblast pool that gives rise to early born neuronal lineages. Elevating ATOH7 or Neurog2 expression accelerates the transition from the pre-neurogenic to the neurogenic state, and expands the exiting progenitor and neuroblast populations. In addition, ATOH7 and Neurog2 significantly, yet differentially, enhance retinal ganglion cell and cone photoreceptor production. Moreover, single cell transcriptome analyses reveal that ATOH7 and Neurog2 each assert positive autoregulation, and both suppress key bHLH factors associated with the pre-neurogenic and states and elevate bHLH factors expressed by exiting progenitors and differentiating neuroblasts. This study thus provides novel insight regarding how ATOH7 and Neurog2 impact human retinal progenitor behaviors and neuroblast fate choices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangmei Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Stein Eye Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Igor Mandric
- Department of Molecular, Cell, and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Kevin H Nguyen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Stein Eye Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Thao T T Nguyen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Stein Eye Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Matteo Pellegrini
- Department of Molecular, Cell, and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - James C R Grove
- Department of Ophthalmology, Stein Eye Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Steven Barnes
- Department of Ophthalmology, Stein Eye Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States.,Doheny Eye Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Xian-Jie Yang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Stein Eye Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States.,Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
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165
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The Evolution of Fabrication Methods in Human Retina Regeneration. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/app11094102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Optic nerve and retinal diseases such as age-related macular degeneration and inherited retinal dystrophies (IRDs) often cause permanent sight loss. Currently, a limited number of retinal diseases can be treated. Hence, new strategies are needed. Regenerative medicine and especially tissue engineering have recently emerged as promising alternatives to repair retinal degeneration and recover vision. Here, we provide an overview of retinal anatomy and diseases and a comprehensive review of retinal regeneration approaches. In the first part of the review, we present scaffold-free approaches such as gene therapy and cell sheet technology while in the second part, we focus on fabrication techniques to produce a retinal scaffold with a particular emphasis on recent trends and advances in fabrication techniques. To this end, the use of electrospinning, 3D bioprinting and lithography in retinal regeneration was explored.
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166
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El-Quessny M, Maanum K, Feller MB. Visual Experience Influences Dendritic Orientation but Is Not Required for Asymmetric Wiring of the Retinal Direction Selective Circuit. Cell Rep 2021; 31:107844. [PMID: 32610144 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.107844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Revised: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Changes in dendritic morphology in response to activity have long been thought to be a critical component of how neural circuits develop to properly encode sensory information. Ventral-preferring direction-selective ganglion cells (vDSGCs) have asymmetric dendrites oriented along their preferred direction, and this has been hypothesized to play a critical role in their tuning. Here we report the surprising result that visual experience is critical for the alignment of vDSGC dendrites to their preferred direction. Interestingly, vDSGCs in dark-reared mice lose their inhibition-independent dendritic contribution to direction-selective tuning while maintaining asymmetric inhibitory input. These data indicate that different mechanisms of a cell's computational abilities can be constructed over development through divergent mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malak El-Quessny
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Kayla Maanum
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Marla B Feller
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
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167
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Nagy J, Ebbinghaus B, Hoon M, Sinha R. GABA A presynaptic inhibition regulates the gain and kinetics of retinal output neurons. eLife 2021; 10:60994. [PMID: 33904401 PMCID: PMC8110304 DOI: 10.7554/elife.60994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Output signals of neural circuits, including the retina, are shaped by a combination of excitatory and inhibitory signals. Inhibitory signals can act presynaptically on axon terminals to control neurotransmitter release and regulate circuit function. However, it has been difficult to study the role of presynaptic inhibition in most neural circuits due to lack of cell type-specific and receptor type-specific perturbations. In this study, we used a transgenic approach to selectively eliminate GABAA inhibitory receptors from select types of second-order neurons - bipolar cells - in mouse retina and examined how this affects the light response properties of the well-characterized ON alpha ganglion cell retinal circuit. Selective loss of GABAA receptor-mediated presynaptic inhibition causes an enhanced sensitivity and slower kinetics of light-evoked responses from ON alpha ganglion cells thus highlighting the role of presynaptic inhibition in gain control and temporal filtering of sensory signals in a key neural circuit in the mammalian retina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenna Nagy
- Department of Neuroscience, University of WisconsinMadisonUnited States
- McPherson Eye Research Institute, University of WisconsinMadisonUnited States
- Cellular and Molecular Pathology Training Program, University of WisconsinMadisonUnited States
| | - Briana Ebbinghaus
- McPherson Eye Research Institute, University of WisconsinMadisonUnited States
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of WisconsinMadisonUnited States
- Neuroscience Training Program, University of WisconsinMadisonUnited States
| | - Mrinalini Hoon
- Department of Neuroscience, University of WisconsinMadisonUnited States
- McPherson Eye Research Institute, University of WisconsinMadisonUnited States
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of WisconsinMadisonUnited States
| | - Raunak Sinha
- Department of Neuroscience, University of WisconsinMadisonUnited States
- McPherson Eye Research Institute, University of WisconsinMadisonUnited States
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of WisconsinMadisonUnited States
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168
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Chiu W, Lin TY, Chang YC, Isahwan-Ahmad Mulyadi Lai H, Lin SC, Ma C, Yarmishyn AA, Lin SC, Chang KJ, Chou YB, Hsu CC, Lin TC, Chen SJ, Chien Y, Yang YP, Hwang DK. An Update on Gene Therapy for Inherited Retinal Dystrophy: Experience in Leber Congenital Amaurosis Clinical Trials. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22094534. [PMID: 33926102 PMCID: PMC8123696 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22094534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Inherited retinal dystrophies (IRDs) are a group of rare eye diseases caused by gene mutations that result in the degradation of cone and rod photoreceptors or the retinal pigment epithelium. Retinal degradation progress is often irreversible, with clinical manifestations including color or night blindness, peripheral visual defects and subsequent vision loss. Thus, gene therapies that restore functional retinal proteins by either replenishing unmutated genes or truncating mutated genes are needed. Coincidentally, the eye’s accessibility and immune-privileged status along with major advances in gene identification and gene delivery systems heralded gene therapies for IRDs. Among these clinical trials, voretigene neparvovec-rzyl (Luxturna), an adeno-associated virus vector-based gene therapy drug, was approved by the FDA for treating patients with confirmed biallelic RPE65 mutation-associated Leber Congenital Amaurosis (LCA) in 2017. This review includes current IRD gene therapy clinical trials and further summarizes preclinical studies and therapeutic strategies for LCA, including adeno-associated virus-based gene augmentation therapy, 11-cis-retinal replacement, RNA-based antisense oligonucleotide therapy and CRISPR-Cas9 gene-editing therapy. Understanding the gene therapy development for LCA may accelerate and predict the potential hurdles of future therapeutics translation. It may also serve as the template for the research and development of treatment for other IRDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Chiu
- School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 11221, Taiwan; (W.C.); (S.-C.L.); (S.-C.L.); (K.-J.C.); (Y.-B.C.); (C.-C.H.)
- Department of Medical Research, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 11217, Taiwan; (T.-Y.L.); (H.I.-A.M.L.); (C.M.); (A.A.Y.); (T.-C.L.); (S.-J.C.)
| | - Ting-Yi Lin
- Department of Medical Research, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 11217, Taiwan; (T.-Y.L.); (H.I.-A.M.L.); (C.M.); (A.A.Y.); (T.-C.L.); (S.-J.C.)
- School of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
| | - Yun-Chia Chang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 11217, Taiwan;
| | - Henkie Isahwan-Ahmad Mulyadi Lai
- Department of Medical Research, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 11217, Taiwan; (T.-Y.L.); (H.I.-A.M.L.); (C.M.); (A.A.Y.); (T.-C.L.); (S.-J.C.)
- Institute of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 11221, Taiwan
| | - Shen-Che Lin
- School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 11221, Taiwan; (W.C.); (S.-C.L.); (S.-C.L.); (K.-J.C.); (Y.-B.C.); (C.-C.H.)
| | - Chun Ma
- Department of Medical Research, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 11217, Taiwan; (T.-Y.L.); (H.I.-A.M.L.); (C.M.); (A.A.Y.); (T.-C.L.); (S.-J.C.)
- Department of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Aliaksandr A. Yarmishyn
- Department of Medical Research, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 11217, Taiwan; (T.-Y.L.); (H.I.-A.M.L.); (C.M.); (A.A.Y.); (T.-C.L.); (S.-J.C.)
| | - Shiuan-Chen Lin
- School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 11221, Taiwan; (W.C.); (S.-C.L.); (S.-C.L.); (K.-J.C.); (Y.-B.C.); (C.-C.H.)
- Department of Medical Research, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 11217, Taiwan; (T.-Y.L.); (H.I.-A.M.L.); (C.M.); (A.A.Y.); (T.-C.L.); (S.-J.C.)
| | - Kao-Jung Chang
- School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 11221, Taiwan; (W.C.); (S.-C.L.); (S.-C.L.); (K.-J.C.); (Y.-B.C.); (C.-C.H.)
- Department of Medical Research, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 11217, Taiwan; (T.-Y.L.); (H.I.-A.M.L.); (C.M.); (A.A.Y.); (T.-C.L.); (S.-J.C.)
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 11221, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Bai Chou
- School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 11221, Taiwan; (W.C.); (S.-C.L.); (S.-C.L.); (K.-J.C.); (Y.-B.C.); (C.-C.H.)
- Department of Ophthalmology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 11217, Taiwan;
| | - Chih-Chien Hsu
- School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 11221, Taiwan; (W.C.); (S.-C.L.); (S.-C.L.); (K.-J.C.); (Y.-B.C.); (C.-C.H.)
- Department of Ophthalmology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 11217, Taiwan;
| | - Tai-Chi Lin
- Department of Medical Research, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 11217, Taiwan; (T.-Y.L.); (H.I.-A.M.L.); (C.M.); (A.A.Y.); (T.-C.L.); (S.-J.C.)
- Department of Ophthalmology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 11217, Taiwan;
| | - Shih-Jen Chen
- Department of Medical Research, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 11217, Taiwan; (T.-Y.L.); (H.I.-A.M.L.); (C.M.); (A.A.Y.); (T.-C.L.); (S.-J.C.)
- Department of Ophthalmology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 11217, Taiwan;
| | - Yueh Chien
- Department of Medical Research, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 11217, Taiwan; (T.-Y.L.); (H.I.-A.M.L.); (C.M.); (A.A.Y.); (T.-C.L.); (S.-J.C.)
- Division of Basic Research, Department of Medical Research, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 11217, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (Y.C.); (Y.-P.Y.); (D.-K.H.)
| | - Yi-Ping Yang
- Department of Medical Research, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 11217, Taiwan; (T.-Y.L.); (H.I.-A.M.L.); (C.M.); (A.A.Y.); (T.-C.L.); (S.-J.C.)
- Division of Basic Research, Department of Medical Research, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 11217, Taiwan
- Institute of Food Safety and Health Risk Assessment, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 11221, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (Y.C.); (Y.-P.Y.); (D.-K.H.)
| | - De-Kuang Hwang
- Department of Medical Research, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 11217, Taiwan; (T.-Y.L.); (H.I.-A.M.L.); (C.M.); (A.A.Y.); (T.-C.L.); (S.-J.C.)
- Department of Ophthalmology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 11217, Taiwan;
- Correspondence: (Y.C.); (Y.-P.Y.); (D.-K.H.)
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169
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Piccolo is essential for the maintenance of mouse retina but not cochlear hair cell function. Aging (Albany NY) 2021; 13:11678-11695. [PMID: 33882456 PMCID: PMC8109093 DOI: 10.18632/aging.202861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Piccolo is a presynaptic protein with high conservation among different species, and the expression of Piccolo is extensive in vertebrates. Recently, a small fragment of Piccolo (Piccolino), arising due to the incomplete splicing of intron 5/6, was found to be present in the synapses of retinas and cochleae. However, the comprehensive function of Piccolo in the retina and cochlea remains unclear. In this study, we generated Piccolo knockout mice using CRISPR-Cas9 technology to explore the function of Piccolo. Unexpectedly, whereas no abnormalities were found in the cochlear hair cells of the mutant mice, significant differences were found in the retinas, in which two layers (the outer nuclear layer and the outer plexiform layer) were absent. Additionally, the amplitudes of electroretinograms were significantly reduced and pigmentation was observed in the fundoscopy of the mutant mouse retinas. The expression levels of Bassoon, a homolog of Piccolo, as well as synapse-associated proteins CtBP1, CtBP2, Kif3A, and Rim1 were down-regulated. The numbers of ribbon synapses in the retinas of the mutant mice were also reduced. Altogether, the phenotype of Piccolo-/- mice resembled the symptoms of retinitis pigmentosa (RP) in humans, suggesting Piccolo might be a candidate gene of RP and indicates Piccolo knockout mice are a good model for elucidating the molecular mechanisms of RP.
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170
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Das Y, Swinkels D, Baes M. Peroxisomal Disorders and Their Mouse Models Point to Essential Roles of Peroxisomes for Retinal Integrity. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22084101. [PMID: 33921065 PMCID: PMC8071455 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22084101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Revised: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Peroxisomes are multifunctional organelles, well known for their role in cellular lipid homeostasis. Their importance is highlighted by the life-threatening diseases caused by peroxisomal dysfunction. Importantly, most patients suffering from peroxisomal biogenesis disorders, even those with a milder disease course, present with a number of ocular symptoms, including retinopathy. Patients with a selective defect in either peroxisomal α- or β-oxidation or ether lipid synthesis also suffer from vision problems. In this review, we thoroughly discuss the ophthalmological pathology in peroxisomal disorder patients and, where possible, the corresponding animal models, with a special emphasis on the retina. In addition, we attempt to link the observed retinal phenotype to the underlying biochemical alterations. It appears that the retinal pathology is highly variable and the lack of histopathological descriptions in patients hampers the translation of the findings in the mouse models. Furthermore, it becomes clear that there are still large gaps in the current knowledge on the contribution of the different metabolic disturbances to the retinopathy, but branched chain fatty acid accumulation and impaired retinal PUFA homeostasis are likely important factors.
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171
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Dartois M, Haudiquet N, Albuisson E, Angioi-Duprez K, Schwan R, Laprévote V, Schwitzer T. Retinal dysfunctions in regular tobacco users: The retina as a window to the reward circuit in addictive disorders. J Psychiatr Res 2021; 136:351-357. [PMID: 33636691 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2021.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Revised: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The nicotine contained in tobacco is a neuromodulator which affects neurotransmission within the brain. The retina is an easy way to study central synaptic transmission dysfunctions in neuropsychiatric disorders. The purpose of this study is to assess the impact of regular tobacco use on retinal function using pattern (PERG), flash (fERG) and multifocal (mfERG) electroretinogram (ERG). We recorded PERG, fERG and mfERG for 24 regular tobacco users and 30 healthy non-smoking subjects. The protocol was compliant with International Society for Clinical Electrophysiology of Vision standards. The amplitudes and peak times (PT) of P50, N95 waves (PERG), a-, b- and oscillatory potentials (fERG), and N1, P1, N2 (mfERG) were evaluated. Compared to non-smokers, the results (Mann-Whitney U test, Bonferroni correction) for tobacco users suggested a significant increase of ~ 1 ms in the PT of light-adapted 3.0 fERG b-wave (p = 0.002). Using mfERG, we observed the following increases in tobacco users: in ring 3 for P1 PT of ~1,5 ms and in ring 5 for P1 PT of ~ 1 ms and for N2 PT of ~ 1 ms (p = 0.002, p = 0.002 and p = 0.006). It is our hypothesis that these results reflect the consequences of regular tobacco use on retinal synaptic transmission, and more specifically on dopaminergic and cholinergic transmission. We deduce that the retina may provide a crucial site of investigation for neurotransmission modulation of the reward circuit in regular tobacco users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathilde Dartois
- Pôle Hospitalo-Universitaire de Psychiatrie d'Adultes et d'Addictologie du Grand Nancy, Centre Psychothérapique de Nancy, Laxou, France.
| | - Nicolas Haudiquet
- Pôle Hospitalo-Universitaire de Psychiatrie d'Adultes et d'Addictologie du Grand Nancy, Centre Psychothérapique de Nancy, Laxou, France.
| | - Eliane Albuisson
- CHRU-Nancy, DRCI, Département MPI, Unité de Méthodologie, Data management et Statistique UMDS, F-54000, Nancy, France; Université de Lorraine, Faculté de Médecine, InSciDenS, F-54000, Nancy, France; Université de Lorraine, CNRS, IECL, F-54000, Nancy, France; Faculté de Médecine, Université de Lorraine, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France.
| | - Karine Angioi-Duprez
- Service d'Ophtalmologie, CHRU Nancy, Nancy, France; Faculté de Médecine, Université de Lorraine, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France.
| | - Raymund Schwan
- Pôle Hospitalo-Universitaire de Psychiatrie d'Adultes et d'Addictologie du Grand Nancy, Centre Psychothérapique de Nancy, Laxou, France; INSERM U1114, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg, Département de Psychiatrie, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France; Faculté de Médecine, Université de Lorraine, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France.
| | - Vincent Laprévote
- Pôle Hospitalo-Universitaire de Psychiatrie d'Adultes et d'Addictologie du Grand Nancy, Centre Psychothérapique de Nancy, Laxou, France; INSERM U1114, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg, Département de Psychiatrie, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France; Faculté de Médecine, Université de Lorraine, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France.
| | - Thomas Schwitzer
- Pôle Hospitalo-Universitaire de Psychiatrie d'Adultes et d'Addictologie du Grand Nancy, Centre Psychothérapique de Nancy, Laxou, France; INSERM U1114, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg, Département de Psychiatrie, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France; Faculté de Médecine, Université de Lorraine, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France.
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172
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Delayed on- and off-retinal responses of cones pathways in regular cannabis users: An On-Off flash electroretinogram case-control study. J Psychiatr Res 2021; 136:312-318. [PMID: 33636687 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2021.02.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Revised: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The retina is considered a useful area for investigating synaptic transmission abnormalities in neuropsychiatric disorders, including as a result of using cannabis, the most widely consumed illicit substance in the developed world. The impact of regular cannabis use on retinal function has already been evaluated, using pattern and flash electroretinogram (ERG) to demonstrate a delay in ganglion and bipolar cell response. Using multifocal ERG, it was showed that the delay to be preferentially located in the central retina. ERG tests do not separately examine the impact of cannabis on the On and Off pathways. The purpose of this study is to assess On and Off pathway function using On-Off ERG. We conducted an On-Off ERG test in 42 regular cannabis users and 26 healthy controls. The protocol was compliant with the International Society for Clinical Electrophysiology of Vision (ISCEV) standards. Amplitude and peak time were measured for the a-, b- and d-waves. Results in the regular cannabis users showed a significant increase in the latencies of both the b- and the d-wave (p = 0.020, p = 0.022, respectively, Mann-Whitney U test), with no change in the wave amplitudes. A-wave peak time and amplitude were unchanged. These findings are reflective of an effect of regular cannabis use on the On and Off pathways and are consistent with previous findings which also identified increases in retinal neuron response times. We confirm here that regular cannabis use impacts the post-receptoral cones pathway at the level of bipolar cells, affecting the On and Off pathways.
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173
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You M, Rong R, Zeng Z, Li H, Xia X, Ji D. Single-cell RNA sequencing: A new opportunity for retinal research. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-RNA 2021; 12:e1652. [PMID: 33754496 DOI: 10.1002/wrna.1652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Revised: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) is a technology for single-cell transcriptome analysis that can be used to characterize complex dynamics of various retinal cell types. It provides deep scrutiny into the gene expression character of diverse cell types, lending insight into all the biological processes being carried out. The scRNA-seq is an alternative to regular RNA-seq, which does not achieve cellular heterogeneity. The retina, is a part of the central nervous system (CNS) and consists of six types of neurons and several types of glial cells. Studying retinal cell heterogeneity is important for understanding retinal diseases. Currently, scRNA-seq is employed to assess retina development and retinal disease pathogenesis and has improved our understanding of the relationship between the retina, its visual pathways, and the brain. Moreover, this technology provides new ideas on the sensitivity and molecular mechanisms of cell subtypes involved in retinal-related diseases. The application of scRNA-seq technology has given us a deeper understanding of the latest advancements and challenges in retinal development and diseases. We advocate scRNA-seq as one of the important tools for developing novel therapies for retinal diseases. This article is categorized under: RNA Methods > RNA Analyses in Cells RNA in Disease and Development > RNA in Development RNA in Disease and Development > RNA in Disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengling You
- Department of Ophthalmology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Rong Rong
- Department of Ophthalmology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Zhou Zeng
- Department of Ophthalmology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Haibo Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Xiaobo Xia
- Department of Ophthalmology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Dan Ji
- Department of Ophthalmology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Changsha, Hunan, China
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174
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Sawant A, Ebbinghaus BN, Bleckert A, Gamlin C, Yu WQ, Berson D, Rudolph U, Sinha R, Hoon M. Organization and emergence of a mixed GABA-glycine retinal circuit that provides inhibition to mouse ON-sustained alpha retinal ganglion cells. Cell Rep 2021; 34:108858. [PMID: 33730586 PMCID: PMC8030271 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.108858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2020] [Revised: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
In the retina, amacrine interneurons inhibit retinal ganglion cell (RGC) dendrites to shape retinal output. Amacrine cells typically use either GABA or glycine to exert synaptic inhibition. Here, we combined transgenic tools with immunohistochemistry, electrophysiology, and 3D electron microscopy to determine the composition and organization of inhibitory synapses across the dendritic arbor of a well-characterized RGC type in the mouse retina: the ON-sustained alpha RGC. We find mixed GABA-glycine receptor synapses across this RGC type, unveiling the existence of "mixed" inhibitory synapses in the retinal circuit. Presynaptic amacrine boutons with dual release sites are apposed to ON-sustained alpha RGC postsynapses. We further reveal the sequence of postsynaptic assembly for these mixed synapses: GABA receptors precede glycine receptors, and a lack of early GABA receptor expression impedes the recruitment of glycine receptors. Together our findings uncover the organization and developmental profile of an additional motif of inhibition in the mammalian retina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhilash Sawant
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA; Department of Neuroscience, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Briana N Ebbinghaus
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA; McPherson Eye Research Institute, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Adam Bleckert
- Department of Biological Structure, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Clare Gamlin
- Department of Biological Structure, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Wan-Qing Yu
- Department of Biological Structure, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - David Berson
- Department of Neuroscience, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Uwe Rudolph
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, USA; Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, USA
| | - Raunak Sinha
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA; Department of Neuroscience, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA; McPherson Eye Research Institute, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Mrinalini Hoon
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA; Department of Neuroscience, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA; McPherson Eye Research Institute, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.
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175
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Single-Cell Transcriptomic Comparison of Human Fetal Retina, hPSC-Derived Retinal Organoids, and Long-Term Retinal Cultures. Cell Rep 2021; 30:1644-1659.e4. [PMID: 32023475 PMCID: PMC7901645 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Revised: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
To study the development of the human retina, we use single-cell RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) at key fetal stages and follow the development of the major cell types as well as populations of transitional cells. We also analyze stem cell (hPSC)-derived retinal organoids; although organoids have a very similar cellular composition at equivalent ages as the fetal retina, there are some differences in gene expression of particular cell types. Moreover, the inner retinal lamination is disrupted at more advanced stages of organoids compared with fetal retina. To determine whether the disorganization in the inner retina is due to the culture conditions, we analyze retinal development in fetal retina maintained under similar conditions. These retinospheres develop for at least 6 months, displaying better inner retinal lamination than retinal organoids. Our single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) comparisons of fetal retina, retinal organoids, and retinospheres provide a resource for developing better in vitro models for retinal disease.
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176
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Sánchez-Bellver L, Toulis V, Marfany G. On the Wrong Track: Alterations of Ciliary Transport in Inherited Retinal Dystrophies. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:623734. [PMID: 33748110 PMCID: PMC7973215 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.623734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Ciliopathies are a group of heterogeneous inherited disorders associated with dysfunction of the cilium, a ubiquitous microtubule-based organelle involved in a broad range of cellular functions. Most ciliopathies are syndromic, since several organs whose cells produce a cilium, such as the retina, cochlea or kidney, are affected by mutations in ciliary-related genes. In the retina, photoreceptor cells present a highly specialized neurosensory cilium, the outer segment, stacked with membranous disks where photoreception and phototransduction occurs. The daily renewal of the more distal disks is a unique characteristic of photoreceptor outer segments, resulting in an elevated protein demand. All components necessary for outer segment formation, maintenance and function have to be transported from the photoreceptor inner segment, where synthesis occurs, to the cilium. Therefore, efficient transport of selected proteins is critical for photoreceptor ciliogenesis and function, and any alteration in either cargo delivery to the cilium or intraciliary trafficking compromises photoreceptor survival and leads to retinal degeneration. To date, mutations in more than 100 ciliary genes have been associated with retinal dystrophies, accounting for almost 25% of these inherited rare diseases. Interestingly, not all mutations in ciliary genes that cause retinal degeneration are also involved in pleiotropic pathologies in other ciliated organs. Depending on the mutation, the same gene can cause syndromic or non-syndromic retinopathies, thus emphasizing the highly refined specialization of the photoreceptor neurosensory cilia, and raising the possibility of photoreceptor-specific molecular mechanisms underlying common ciliary functions such as ciliary transport. In this review, we will focus on ciliary transport in photoreceptor cells and discuss the molecular complexity underpinning retinal ciliopathies, with a special emphasis on ciliary genes that, when mutated, cause either syndromic or non-syndromic retinal ciliopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Sánchez-Bellver
- Departament de Genètica, Microbiologia i Estadística, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Institute of Biomedicine (IBUB-IRSJD), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Vasileios Toulis
- Departament de Genètica, Microbiologia i Estadística, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- CIBERER, ISCIII, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Gemma Marfany
- Departament de Genètica, Microbiologia i Estadística, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Institute of Biomedicine (IBUB-IRSJD), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- CIBERER, ISCIII, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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177
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Pöstyéni E, Kovács-Valasek A, Urbán P, Czuni L, Sétáló G, Fekete C, Gabriel R. Analysis of mir-9 Expression Pattern in Rat Retina during Postnatal Development. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22052577. [PMID: 33806574 PMCID: PMC7961372 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22052577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Revised: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
It is well established that miR-9 contributes to retinal neurogenesis. However, little is known about its presence and effects in the postnatal period. To expand our knowledge, miRNA-small RNA sequencing and in situ hybridization supported by RT-qPCR measurement were carried out. Mir-9 expression showed two peaks in the first three postnatal weeks in Wistar rats. The first peak was detected at postnatal Day 3 (P3) and the second at P10, then the expression gradually decreased until P21. Furthermore, we performed in silico prediction and established that miR-9 targets OneCut2 or synaptotagmin-17. Another two microRNAs (mir-135, mir-218) were found from databases which also target these proteins. They showed a similar tendency to mir-9; their lowest expression was at P7 and afterwards, they showed increase. We revealed that miR-9 is localized mainly in the inner retina. Labeling was observed in ganglion and amacrine cells. Additionally, horizontal cells were also marked. By dual miRNA-in situ hybridization/immunocytochemistry and qPCR, we revealed alterations in their temporal and spatial expression. Our results shed light on the significance of mir-9 regulation during the first three postnatal weeks in rat retina and suggest that miRNA could act on their targets in a stage-specific manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Etelka Pöstyéni
- Department of Experimental Zoology and Neurobiology, University of Pécs, 7624 Pécs, Hungary;
| | - Andrea Kovács-Valasek
- Department of Experimental Zoology and Neurobiology, University of Pécs, 7624 Pécs, Hungary;
- Correspondence: (A.K.-V.); (R.G.)
| | - Péter Urbán
- János Szentágothai Research Centre, 7624 Pécs, Hungary; (P.U.); (L.C.); (C.F.)
| | - Lilla Czuni
- János Szentágothai Research Centre, 7624 Pécs, Hungary; (P.U.); (L.C.); (C.F.)
| | - György Sétáló
- Department of Medical Biology, Medical School, University of Pécs, 7624 Pécs, Hungary;
| | - Csaba Fekete
- János Szentágothai Research Centre, 7624 Pécs, Hungary; (P.U.); (L.C.); (C.F.)
| | - Robert Gabriel
- Department of Experimental Zoology and Neurobiology, University of Pécs, 7624 Pécs, Hungary;
- Department of Medical Biology, Medical School, University of Pécs, 7624 Pécs, Hungary;
- Correspondence: (A.K.-V.); (R.G.)
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178
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Zhou HR, Ma XF, Lin WJ, Hao M, Yu XY, Li HX, Xu CY, Kuang HY. Neuroprotective Role of GLP-1 Analog for Retinal Ganglion Cells via PINK1/Parkin-Mediated Mitophagy in Diabetic Retinopathy. Front Pharmacol 2021; 11:589114. [PMID: 33679385 PMCID: PMC7928389 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.589114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
GLP-1 analogs have been widely used to treat patients with type 2 diabetes in recent years and studies have found that GLP-1 analogs have multiple organ benefits. However, the role of GLP-1 analogs in diabetic retinopathy (DR), a common complication of diabetes mellitus (DM), remains controversial. Retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) are the only afferent neurons responsible for transmitting visual information to the visual center and are vulnerable in the early stage of DR. Protection of RGC is vital for visual function. The incretin glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), which is secreted by L-cells after food ingestion, could lower blood glucose level through stimulating the release of insulin. In the present study, we evaluated the effects of GLP-1 analog on RGCs both in vitro and in vivo. We established diabetic rat models in vivo and applied an RGC-5 cell line in vitro. The results showed that in high glucose conditions, GLP-1 analog alleviated the damage of RGCs. In addition, GLP-1 analog prevented mitophagy through the PINK1/Parkin pathway. Here we demonstrated the neuroprotective effect of GLP-1 analog, which may be beneficial for retinal function, and we further elucidated a novel mechanism in GLP-1 analog-regulated protection of the retina. These findings may expand the multi-organ benefits of GLP-1 analogs and provide new insights for the prevention of DR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan-Ran Zhou
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Xue-Fei Ma
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Wen-Jian Lin
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Ming Hao
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Xin-Yang Yu
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Hong-Xue Li
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Cheng-Ye Xu
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Hong-Yu Kuang
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
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179
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Targeted pharmacotherapy against neurodegeneration and neuroinflammation in early diabetic retinopathy. Neuropharmacology 2021; 187:108498. [PMID: 33582150 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2021.108498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Revised: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Diabetic retinopathy (DR), the most frequent complication of diabetes, is one of the leading causes of irreversible blindness in working-age adults and has traditionally been regarded as a microvascular disease. However, increasing evidence has revealed that synaptic neurodegeneration of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) and activation of glial cells may represent some of the earliest events in the pathogenesis of DR. Upon diabetes-induced metabolic stress, abnormal glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK-3β) activation drives tau hyperphosphorylation and β-catenin downregulation, leading to mitochondrial impairment and synaptic neurodegeneration prior to RGC apoptosis. Moreover, glial cell activation triggers enhanced inflammation and oxidative stress, which may accelerate the deterioration of diabetic RGCs neurodegeneration. These findings have opened up opportunities for therapies, such as inhibition of GSK-3β, glial cell activation, glutamate excitotoxicity and the use of neuroprotective drugs targeting early neurodegenerative processes in the retina and halting the progression of DR before the manifestation of microvascular abnormalities. Such interventions could potentially remedy early neurodegeneration and help prevent vision loss in people suffering from DR.
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180
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Pourhoseini S, Goswami-Sewell D, Zuniga-Sanchez E. Neurofascin Is a Novel Component of Rod Photoreceptor Synapses in the Outer Retina. Front Neural Circuits 2021; 15:635849. [PMID: 33643000 PMCID: PMC7902911 DOI: 10.3389/fncir.2021.635849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Neural circuit formation is an intricate and complex process where multiple neuron types must come together to form synaptic connections at a precise location and time. How this process is orchestrated during development remains poorly understood. Cell adhesion molecules are known to play a pivotal role in assembling neural circuits. They serve as recognition molecules between corresponding synaptic partners. In this study, we identified a new player in assembling neural circuits in the outer retina, the L1-family cell adhesion molecule Neurofascin (Nfasc). Our data reveals Nfasc is expressed in the synaptic layer where photoreceptors make synaptic connections to their respective partners. A closer examination of Nfasc expression shows high levels of expression in rod bipolars but not in cone bipolars. Disruption of Nfasc using a conditional knockout allele results in selective loss of pre- and post-synaptic proteins in the rod synaptic layer but not in the cone synaptic layer. Electron microscopic analysis confirms that indeed there are abnormal synaptic structures with less dendrites of rod bipolars innervating rod terminals in loss of Nfasc animals. Consistent with these findings, we also observe a decrease in rod-driven retinal responses with disruption of Nfasc function but not in cone-driven responses. Taken together, our data suggest a new role of Nfasc in rod synapses within the mouse outer retina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahar Pourhoseini
- Department of Ophthalmology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | | | - Elizabeth Zuniga-Sanchez
- Department of Ophthalmology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
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181
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Kulu M, Özarslan Y, Ozsoy F, Karamustafalıoğlu O. Optical Coherence Tomography findings in patients with Multiple Substance Use Disorder. Cutan Ocul Toxicol 2021; 40:37-44. [PMID: 33555206 DOI: 10.1080/15569527.2021.1874007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) is a relatively new diagnosis method displaying biological tissue layers by with high-resolution sections. In the present study, the purpose was to examine the OCT findings of patients with Multiple Substance Use Disorder (MSUD) by comparing these findings with healthy controls. METHODS The study included 30 MSUD and 30 controls. Detailed biomicroscopic examinations were carried out for all participants, and intraocular pressure, followed by OCT. The central macular thickness (CMT), mean macular thickness (MMT), mean macular volume (MMV), and retinal nerve fibre layer thickness (RNFL) were measured by using OCT. RESULTS It was determined that the MMT and CMT were thinned in both eyes compared to the healthy controls. The MMV was decreased in both eyes in patients with substance use disorders compared to healthy controls. The RNFL and total thickness were thickened in temporal and inferior parts in patients with MSUD in both eyes compared to healthy. In the superior quadrant, thickening was detected only in the left eye. CONCLUSIONS Based on our results obtained here, it was concluded that vision-related findings should be carefully questioned and evaluated when treatment is planned for patients with substance use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Müberra Kulu
- Clinic of Psychiatry, Tokat Mental Health and Diseases Hospital, Tokat, Turkey
| | - Yakup Özarslan
- Clinic of Ophthalmology, Tokat State Hospital, Tokat, Turkey
| | - Filiz Ozsoy
- Clinic of Psychiatry, Tokat State Hospital, Tokat, Turkey
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182
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Quan J, Zhu F, Dhinakaran MK, Yang Y, Johnson RP, Li H. A Visible-Light-Regulated Chloride Transport Channel Inspired by Rhodopsin. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:2892-2897. [PMID: 33145896 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202012984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Revised: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Inspired by the light-regulating capabilities of naturally occurring rhodopsin, we have constructed a visible-light-regulated Cl- -transport membrane channel based on a supramolecular host-guest interaction. A natural retinal chromophore, capable of a visible-light response, is used as the guest and grafted into the artificial channel. Upon introduction of an ethyl-urea-derived pillar[6]arene (Urea-P6) host, threading or de-threading of the retinal and selective bonding of Cl- can be utilized to regulate ion transport. Based on the visible-light responsiveness of the host-guest interaction, Cl- transport can be regulated by visible light between ON and OFF states. Visible-light-regulated Cl- transport as a chemical model permits to understand comparable biological ion-selective transport behaviors. Furthermore, this result also supplies a smart visible-light-responsive Cl- transporter, which may have applications in natural photoelectric conversion and photo-controlled delivery systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaxin Quan
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology (CCNU), Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, 430079, P. R. China
| | - Fei Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology (CCNU), Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, 430079, P. R. China
| | - Manivannan Kalavathi Dhinakaran
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology (CCNU), Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, 430079, P. R. China
| | - Yingying Yang
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology (CCNU), Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, 430079, P. R. China
| | - Robert P Johnson
- School of Chemistry, University College Dublin, Dublin, 4, Ireland
| | - Haibing Li
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology (CCNU), Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, 430079, P. R. China
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183
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Quan J, Zhu F, Dhinakaran MK, Yang Y, Johnson RP, Li H. A Visible‐Light‐Regulated Chloride Transport Channel Inspired by Rhodopsin. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202012984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jiaxin Quan
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology (CCNU) Ministry of Education College of Chemistry Central China Normal University Wuhan 430079 P. R. China
| | - Fei Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology (CCNU) Ministry of Education College of Chemistry Central China Normal University Wuhan 430079 P. R. China
| | - Manivannan Kalavathi Dhinakaran
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology (CCNU) Ministry of Education College of Chemistry Central China Normal University Wuhan 430079 P. R. China
| | - Yingying Yang
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology (CCNU) Ministry of Education College of Chemistry Central China Normal University Wuhan 430079 P. R. China
| | | | - Haibing Li
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology (CCNU) Ministry of Education College of Chemistry Central China Normal University Wuhan 430079 P. R. China
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184
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Aranda ML, Schmidt TM. Diversity of intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells: circuits and functions. Cell Mol Life Sci 2021; 78:889-907. [PMID: 32965515 PMCID: PMC8650628 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-020-03641-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Revised: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The melanopsin-expressing, intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs) are a relatively recently discovered class of atypical ganglion cell photoreceptor. These ipRGCs are a morphologically and physiologically heterogeneous population that project widely throughout the brain and mediate a wide array of visual functions ranging from photoentrainment of our circadian rhythms, to driving the pupillary light reflex to improve visual function, to modulating our mood, alertness, learning, sleep/wakefulness, regulation of body temperature, and even our visual perception. The presence of melanopsin as a unique molecular signature of ipRGCs has allowed for the development of a vast array of molecular and genetic tools to study ipRGC circuits. Given the emerging complexity of this system, this review will provide an overview of the genetic tools and methods used to study ipRGCs, how these tools have been used to dissect their role in a variety of visual circuits and behaviors in mice, and identify important directions for future study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcos L Aranda
- Department of Neurobiology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Tiffany M Schmidt
- Department of Neurobiology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA.
- Department of Ophthalmology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA.
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185
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Li M, Yang T, Gao L, Xu H. An inadvertent issue of human retina exposure to endocrine disrupting chemicals: A safety assessment. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 264:128484. [PMID: 33022499 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.128484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Revised: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) are a group of chemical compounds that present a considerable public health problem due to their pervasiveness and associations with chronic diseases. EDCs can interrupt the endocrine system and interfere with hormone homeostasis, leading to abnormalities in human physiology. Much attention has been focused on the adverse effects EDCs have on the reproductive system, neurogenesis, neuroendocrine system, and thyroid dysfunction. The eye is usually directly exposed to the surrounding environment; however, the influences of EDCs on the eye have received comparatively little attention. Ocular diseases, such as ocular surface diseases and retinal diseases, have been implicated in hormone deficiency or excess. Epidemiologic studies have shown that EDC exposure not only causes ocular surface disorders, such as dry eye, but also associates with visual deficits and retinopathy. EDCs can pass through the human blood-retinal barrier and enter the neural retina, and can then accumulate in the retina. The retina is an embryologic extension of the central nervous system, and is extremely sensitive and vulnerable to EDCs that could be passed across the placenta during critical periods of retinal development. Subtle alterations in the retinal development process usually result in profound immediate, long-term, and delayed effects late in life. This review, based on extensive literature survey, briefly summarizes the current knowledge about the impact of representative manufactured EDCs on retinal toxicity, including retinal structure alterations and dysfunction. We also highlight the potential mechanism of action of EDCs on the retina, and the predictive retinal models of EDC exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minghui Li
- Southwest Hospital/Southwest Eye Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China; Key Lab of Visual Damage and Regeneration & Restoration of Chongqing, Chongqing, China
| | - Tian Yang
- Department of Cold Environmental Medicine, College of High Altitude Military Medicine, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Lixiong Gao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Third Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Haiwei Xu
- Southwest Hospital/Southwest Eye Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China; Key Lab of Visual Damage and Regeneration & Restoration of Chongqing, Chongqing, China.
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186
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Ngolab J, Canchi S, Rasool S, Elmaarouf A, Thomas K, Sarsoza F, Grundman J, Mante M, Florio J, Nandankar N, Korouri S, Zago W, Masliah E, Rissman RA. Mutant three-repeat tau expression initiates retinal ganglion cell death through Caspase-2. Neurobiol Dis 2021; 152:105277. [PMID: 33516874 PMCID: PMC8373010 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2021.105277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Revised: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The microtubule-associated protein tau is implicated in multiple degenerative diseases including retinal diseases such as glaucoma; however, the way tau initiates retinopathy is unclear. Previous retinal assessments in mouse models of tauopathy suggest that mutations in four-repeat (4R) tau are associated with disease-induced retinal dysfunction, while shifting tau isoform ratio to favor three-repeat (3R) tau production enhanced photoreceptor function. To further understand how alterations in tau expression impact the retina, we analyzed the retinas of transgenic mice overexpressing mutant 3R tau (m3R tau-Tg), a model known to exhibit Pick's Disease pathology in the brain. Analysis of retinal cross-sections from young (3 month) and adult (9 month) mice detected asymmetric 3R tau immunoreactivity in m3R tau-Tg retina, concentrated in the retinal ganglion and amacrine cells of the dorsal retinal periphery. Accumulation of hyperphosphorylated tau was detected specifically in the detergent insoluble fraction of the adult m3R tau-Tg retina. RNA-seq analysis highlighted biological pathways associated with tauopathy that were uniquely altered in m3R tau-Tg retina. The upregulation of transcript encoding apoptotic protease caspase-2 coincided with increased immunostaining in predominantly 3R tau positive retinal regions. In adult m3R tau-Tg, the dorsal peripheral retina of the adult m3R tau-Tg exhibited decreased cell density in the ganglion cell layer (GCL) and reduced thickness of the inner plexiform layer (IPL) compared to the ventral peripheral retina. Together, these data indicate that mutant 3R tau may mediate toxicity in retinal ganglion cells (RGC) by promoting caspase-2 expression which results in RGC degeneration. The m3R tau-Tg line has the potential to be used to assess tau-mediated RGC degeneration and test novel therapeutics for degenerative diseases such as glaucoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Ngolab
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA 92093, United States of America
| | - Saranya Canchi
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA 92093, United States of America; Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA 92161, United States of America
| | - Suhail Rasool
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA 92093, United States of America; Amydis Inc, San Diego, CA 92121, United States of America
| | | | - Kimberly Thomas
- Prothena Biosciences, South San Francisco, CA 94080, United States of America
| | - Floyd Sarsoza
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA 92093, United States of America; Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA 92161, United States of America
| | - Jennifer Grundman
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA 92093, United States of America
| | - Michael Mante
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA 92093, United States of America
| | - Jazmin Florio
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA 92093, United States of America
| | - Nimisha Nandankar
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA 92093, United States of America
| | - Shaina Korouri
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA 92093, United States of America
| | - Wagner Zago
- Prothena Biosciences, South San Francisco, CA 94080, United States of America
| | - Eliezer Masliah
- Division of Neuroscience and Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institutes on Aging, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States of America
| | - Robert A Rissman
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA 92093, United States of America; Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA 92161, United States of America.
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187
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Fudalej E, Justyniarska M, Kasarełło K, Dziedziak J, Szaflik JP, Cudnoch-Jędrzejewska A. Neuroprotective Factors of the Retina and Their Role in Promoting Survival of Retinal Ganglion Cells: A Review. Ophthalmic Res 2021; 64:345-355. [PMID: 33454713 DOI: 10.1159/000514441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) play a crucial role in the visual pathway. As their axons form the optic nerve, apoptosis of these cells causes neurodegenerative vision loss. RGC death could be triggered by increased intraocular pressure, advanced glycation end products, or mitochondrial dysfunction. In this review, we summarize the role of some neuroprotective factors in RGC injury: ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF), nerve growth factor (NGF), brain-derived neurotrophic factor, vascular endothelial growth factor, pigment epithelium-derived factor, glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor, and Norrin. Each, in their own unique way, prevents RGC damage caused by glaucoma, ocular hypertension, ischemic neuropathy, and even oxygen-induced retinopathy. These factors are produced mainly by neurons, leukocytes, glial cells, and epithelial cells. Neuroprotective factors act via various signaling pathways, including JAK/STAT, MAPK, TrkA, and TrkB, which promotes RGC survival. Many attempts have been made to develop therapeutic strategies using these factors. There are ongoing clinical trials with CNTF and NGF, but they have not yet been accepted for clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Fudalej
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Physiology, Center for Preclinical Research, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Magdalena Justyniarska
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Physiology, Center for Preclinical Research, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Kaja Kasarełło
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Physiology, Center for Preclinical Research, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland,
| | - Jacek Dziedziak
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Physiology, Center for Preclinical Research, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland.,Department of Ophthalmology, SPKSO Ophthalmic University Hospital, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jacek P Szaflik
- Department of Ophthalmology, SPKSO Ophthalmic University Hospital, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Cudnoch-Jędrzejewska
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Physiology, Center for Preclinical Research, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
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188
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Bonnin EA, Fornasiero EF, Lange F, Turck CW, Rizzoli SO. NanoSIMS observations of mouse retinal cells reveal strict metabolic controls on nitrogen turnover. BMC Mol Cell Biol 2021; 22:5. [PMID: 33430763 PMCID: PMC7798281 DOI: 10.1186/s12860-020-00339-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Most of the cells of the mammalian retina are terminally differentiated, and do not regenerate once fully developed. This implies that these cells have strict controls over their metabolic processes, including protein turnover. We report the use of metabolic labelling procedures and secondary ion mass spectrometry imaging to examine nitrogen turnover in retinal cells, with a focus on the outer nuclear layer, inner nuclear layer, and outer plexiform layer. RESULTS We find that turnover can be observed in all cells imaged using NanoSIMS. However, the rate of turnover is not constant, but varies between different cellular types and cell regions. In the inner and outer nuclear layers, turnover rate is higher in the cytosol than in the nucleus of each cell. Turnover rates are also higher in the outer plexiform layer. An examination of retinal cells from mice that were isotopically labeled very early in embryonic development shows that proteins produced during this period can be found in all cells and cell regions up to 2 months after birth, even in regions of high turnover. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that turnover in retinal cells is a highly regulated process, with strict metabolic controls. We also observe that turnover is several-fold higher in the synaptic layer than in cell layers. Nevertheless, embryonic proteins can still be found in this layer 2 months after birth, suggesting that stable structures persist within the synapses, which remain to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa A Bonnin
- Department of Neuro- and Sensory Physiology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Excellence Cluster Multiscale Bioimaging, 37073, Göttingen, Germany.
- Center for Biostructural Imaging of Neurodegeneration (BIN), 37075, Göttingen, Germany.
| | - Eugenio F Fornasiero
- Department of Neuro- and Sensory Physiology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Excellence Cluster Multiscale Bioimaging, 37073, Göttingen, Germany
- Center for Biostructural Imaging of Neurodegeneration (BIN), 37075, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Felix Lange
- Department of Nanobiophotonics, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
- Clinic for Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Christoph W Turck
- Proteomics and Biomarkers, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
| | - Silvio O Rizzoli
- Department of Neuro- and Sensory Physiology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Excellence Cluster Multiscale Bioimaging, 37073, Göttingen, Germany
- Center for Biostructural Imaging of Neurodegeneration (BIN), 37075, Göttingen, Germany
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189
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Sitko AA, Goodrich LV. Making sense of neural development by comparing wiring strategies for seeing and hearing. Science 2021; 371:eaaz6317. [PMID: 33414193 PMCID: PMC8034811 DOI: 10.1126/science.aaz6317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The ability to perceive and interact with the world depends on a diverse array of neural circuits specialized for carrying out specific computations. Each circuit is assembled using a relatively limited number of molecules and common developmental steps, from cell fate specification to activity-dependent synaptic refinement. Given this shared toolkit, how do individual circuits acquire their characteristic properties? We explore this question by comparing development of the circuitry for seeing and hearing, highlighting a few examples where differences in each system's sensory demands necessitate different developmental strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- A A Sitko
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - L V Goodrich
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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190
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Yamagata M, Yan W, Sanes JR. A cell atlas of the chick retina based on single-cell transcriptomics. eLife 2021; 10:e63907. [PMID: 33393903 PMCID: PMC7837701 DOI: 10.7554/elife.63907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Retinal structure and function have been studied in many vertebrate orders, but molecular characterization has been largely confined to mammals. We used single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) to generate a cell atlas of the chick retina. We identified 136 cell types plus 14 positional or developmental intermediates distributed among the six classes conserved across vertebrates - photoreceptor, horizontal, bipolar, amacrine, retinal ganglion, and glial cells. To assess morphology of molecularly defined types, we adapted a method for CRISPR-based integration of reporters into selectively expressed genes. For Müller glia, we found that transcriptionally distinct cells were regionally localized along the anterior-posterior, dorsal-ventral, and central-peripheral retinal axes. We also identified immature photoreceptor, horizontal cell, and oligodendrocyte types that persist into late embryonic stages. Finally, we analyzed relationships among chick, mouse, and primate retinal cell classes and types. Our results provide a foundation for anatomical, physiological, evolutionary, and developmental studies of the avian visual system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahito Yamagata
- Center for Brain Science and Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard UniversityCambridgeUnited States
| | - Wenjun Yan
- Center for Brain Science and Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard UniversityCambridgeUnited States
| | - Joshua R Sanes
- Center for Brain Science and Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard UniversityCambridgeUnited States
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191
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MAdCAM-1 mediates retinal neuron degeneration in experimental colitis through recruiting gut-homing CD4 + T cells. Mucosal Immunol 2021; 14:152-163. [PMID: 32203063 DOI: 10.1038/s41385-020-0282-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2019] [Revised: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Extra-intestinal manifestations (EIMs) of the eyes are found in IBD patients, but the underlying pathogenesis remains unknown. To investigate the pathogenesis of IBD-associated retinal dysfunction, chronic colitis was induced in mice by oral administration of dextran sodium sulfate (DSS). Electroretinography (ERG) was performed to evaluate retinal function. Retinal neuron degeneration was analyzed by immunohistochemistry. Colitic mice displayed aberrant amplitudes of ERG a-, b-wave and oscillatory potentials (OP). Importantly, we observed severe degeneration of bipolar and ganglion cells. In contrast, outer retinal neurons (mainly photoreceptor cells) are mildly affected by colitis. Moreover, retinal inflammatory responses were significantly upregulated during colitis, including microglia activation, lymphocyte infiltration and cytokine/chemokine production. Notably, mucosal addressin cell adhesion molecule 1 (MAdCAM-1) was upregulated in retinal microvessels, especially the superficial and deep plexuses, and recruited gut-homing CD4+ T cells to be co-localized with bipolar and ganglion cells during colitis. Expectedly, in vivo depletion of CD4+ T cells or blockade of MAdCAM-1 greatly alleviated colitis-induced retinal inflammatory responses and neuron degeneration. Therefore, our data provide novel insight into the pathogenesis of IBD-associated retinal dysfunction, and targeted immune therapy directly against MAdCAM-1 might provide a novel approach in the management of eye EIM of IBD.
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192
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Splicing mutations in inherited retinal diseases. Prog Retin Eye Res 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2020.100874
expr 921883647 + 833887994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/16/2023]
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193
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Abstract
Normal retina and its cell layers are essential for processing visual stimuli, and loss of its integrity has been documented in many disease processes. The numbers and the axonal processes of retinal ganglion cells are reduced substantially in glaucoma, leading to vision loss and blindness. Similarly, selective loss of photoreceptors in age-related macular degeneration and hereditary retinal dystrophies also results in the compromise of visual acuity. Development of genetically modified mice has led to increased understanding of the pathogenesis of many retinal diseases. Similarly, in this digital era, usage of modalities to quantify the retinal cell loss has grown exponentially leading to a better understanding of the suitability of animal models to study human retinal diseases. These quantification modalities provide valuable quantifiable data in studying pathogenesis and disease progression. This review will discuss the immunohistochemical markers for various retinal cells, available automated tools to quantify retinal cells, and present an example of retinal ganglion cell quantification using HALO image analysis platform. Additionally, we briefly review retinal cell types and subtypes, salient features of retina in various laboratory animal species, and a few of the main disease processes that affect retinal cell numbers in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Henry Chen
- 7845Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Tarrytown, NY, USA
| | - Ying Hu
- 7845Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Tarrytown, NY, USA
| | - Oliver C Turner
- Novartis, 98557Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Preclinical Safety, East Hanover, NJ, USA
| | - Olulanu H Aina
- 426218Janssen Pharmaceutical Company of Johnson & Johnson, Spring House, PA, USA
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194
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Jemni-Damer N, Guedan-Duran A, Fuentes-Andion M, Serrano-Bengoechea N, Alfageme-Lopez N, Armada-Maresca F, Guinea GV, Perez-Rigueiro J, Rojo F, Gonzalez-Nieto D, Kaplan DL, Panetsos F. Biotechnology and Biomaterial-Based Therapeutic Strategies for Age-Related Macular Degeneration. Part II: Cell and Tissue Engineering Therapies. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 8:588014. [PMID: 33363125 PMCID: PMC7758210 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.588014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Age-related Macular Degeneration (AMD) is an up-to-date untreatable chronic neurodegenerative eye disease of multifactorial origin, and the main causes of blindness in over 65 y.o. people. It is characterized by a slow progression and the presence of a multitude of factors, highlighting those related to diet, genetic heritage and environmental conditions, present throughout each of the stages of the illness. Current therapeutic approaches, mainly consisting on intraocular drug delivery, are only used for symptoms relief and/or to decelerate the progression of the disease. Furthermore, they are overly simplistic and ignore the complexity of the disease and the enormous differences in the symptomatology between patients. Due to the wide impact of the AMD and the up-to-date absence of clinical solutions, Due to the wide impact of the AMD and the up-to-date absence of clinical solutions, different treatment options have to be considered. Cell therapy is a very promising alternative to drug-based approaches for AMD treatment. Cells delivered to the affected tissue as a suspension have shown poor retention and low survival rate. A solution to these inconveniences has been the encapsulation of these cells on biomaterials, which contrive to their protection, gives them support, and favor their retention of the desired area. We offer a two-papers critical review of the available and under development AMD therapeutic approaches, from a biomaterials and biotechnological point of view. We highlight benefits and limitations and we forecast forthcoming alternatives based on novel biomaterials and biotechnology methods. In this second part we review the preclinical and clinical cell-replacement approaches aiming at the development of efficient AMD-therapies, the employed cell types, as well as the cell-encapsulation and cell-implant systems. We discuss their advantages and disadvantages and how they could improve the survival and integration of the implanted cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nahla Jemni-Damer
- Neuro-computing and Neuro-robotics Research Group, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Innovation Group, Institute for Health Research San Carlos Clinical Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | - Atocha Guedan-Duran
- Neuro-computing and Neuro-robotics Research Group, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Innovation Group, Institute for Health Research San Carlos Clinical Hospital, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA, United States
| | - María Fuentes-Andion
- Neuro-computing and Neuro-robotics Research Group, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Innovation Group, Institute for Health Research San Carlos Clinical Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | - Nora Serrano-Bengoechea
- Neuro-computing and Neuro-robotics Research Group, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Innovation Group, Institute for Health Research San Carlos Clinical Hospital, Madrid, Spain
- Silk Biomed SL, Madrid, Spain
| | - Nuria Alfageme-Lopez
- Neuro-computing and Neuro-robotics Research Group, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Innovation Group, Institute for Health Research San Carlos Clinical Hospital, Madrid, Spain
- Silk Biomed SL, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Gustavo V. Guinea
- Silk Biomed SL, Madrid, Spain
- Center for Biomedical Technology, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Pozuelo de Alarcon, Spain
- Department of Material Science, Civil Engineering Superior School, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Biomedical Research Networking Center in Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine, Madrid, Spain
| | - José Perez-Rigueiro
- Silk Biomed SL, Madrid, Spain
- Center for Biomedical Technology, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Pozuelo de Alarcon, Spain
- Department of Material Science, Civil Engineering Superior School, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Biomedical Research Networking Center in Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine, Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco Rojo
- Silk Biomed SL, Madrid, Spain
- Center for Biomedical Technology, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Pozuelo de Alarcon, Spain
- Department of Material Science, Civil Engineering Superior School, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Biomedical Research Networking Center in Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine, Madrid, Spain
| | - Daniel Gonzalez-Nieto
- Silk Biomed SL, Madrid, Spain
- Center for Biomedical Technology, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Pozuelo de Alarcon, Spain
- Biomedical Research Networking Center in Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine, Madrid, Spain
| | - David L. Kaplan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA, United States
| | - Fivos Panetsos
- Neuro-computing and Neuro-robotics Research Group, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Innovation Group, Institute for Health Research San Carlos Clinical Hospital, Madrid, Spain
- Silk Biomed SL, Madrid, Spain
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195
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Microfluidic and Microscale Assays to Examine Regenerative Strategies in the Neuro Retina. MICROMACHINES 2020; 11:mi11121089. [PMID: 33316971 PMCID: PMC7763644 DOI: 10.3390/mi11121089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Revised: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Bioengineering systems have transformed scientific knowledge of cellular behaviors in the nervous system (NS) and pioneered innovative, regenerative therapies to treat adult neural disorders. Microscale systems with characteristic lengths of single to hundreds of microns have examined the development and specialized behaviors of numerous neuromuscular and neurosensory components of the NS. The visual system is comprised of the eye sensory organ and its connecting pathways to the visual cortex. Significant vision loss arises from dysfunction in the retina, the photosensitive tissue at the eye posterior that achieves phototransduction of light to form images in the brain. Retinal regenerative medicine has embraced microfluidic technologies to manipulate stem-like cells for transplantation therapies, where de/differentiated cells are introduced within adult tissue to replace dysfunctional or damaged neurons. Microfluidic systems coupled with stem cell biology and biomaterials have produced exciting advances to restore vision. The current article reviews contemporary microfluidic technologies and microfluidics-enhanced bioassays, developed to interrogate cellular responses to adult retinal cues. The focus is on applications of microfluidics and microscale assays within mammalian sensory retina, or neuro retina, comprised of five types of retinal neurons (photoreceptors, horizontal, bipolar, amacrine, retinal ganglion) and one neuroglia (Müller), but excludes the non-sensory, retinal pigmented epithelium.
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196
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Powell L, Barroso-Gil M, Clowry GJ, Devlin LA, Molinari E, Ramsbottom SA, Miles CG, Sayer JA. Expression patterns of ciliopathy genes ARL3 and CEP120 reveal roles in multisystem development. BMC DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2020; 20:26. [PMID: 33297941 PMCID: PMC7727171 DOI: 10.1186/s12861-020-00231-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Joubert syndrome and related disorders (JSRD) and Jeune syndrome are multisystem ciliopathy disorders with overlapping phenotypes. There are a growing number of genetic causes for these rare syndromes, including the recently described genes ARL3 and CEP120. METHODS We sought to explore the developmental expression patterns of ARL3 and CEP120 in humans to gain additional understanding of these genetic conditions. We used an RNA in situ detection technique called RNAscope to characterise ARL3 and CEP120 expression patterns in human embryos and foetuses in collaboration with the MRC-Wellcome Trust Human Developmental Biology Resource. RESULTS Both ARL3 and CEP120 are expressed in early human brain development, including the cerebellum and in the developing retina and kidney, consistent with the clinical phenotypes seen with pathogenic variants in these genes. CONCLUSIONS This study provides insights into the potential pathogenesis of JSRD by uncovering the spatial expression of two JSRD-causative genes during normal human development.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Powell
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Central Parkway, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 3BZ, UK
| | - M Barroso-Gil
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Central Parkway, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 3BZ, UK
| | - G J Clowry
- Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK
| | - L A Devlin
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Central Parkway, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 3BZ, UK
| | - E Molinari
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Central Parkway, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 3BZ, UK
| | - S A Ramsbottom
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Central Parkway, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 3BZ, UK
| | - C G Miles
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Central Parkway, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 3BZ, UK
| | - J A Sayer
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Central Parkway, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 3BZ, UK.
- The Newcastle Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Freeman Road, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE7 7DN, UK.
- National Institute for Health Research Newcastle Biomedical Research Centre, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE4 5PL, UK.
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197
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Piedade WP, Titialii-Torres K, Morris AC, Famulski JK. Proteasome-Mediated Regulation of Cdhr1a by Siah1 Modulates Photoreceptor Development and Survival in Zebrafish. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:594290. [PMID: 33330480 PMCID: PMC7719784 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.594290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Congenital retinal dystrophies are a major cause of unpreventable and incurable blindness worldwide. Mutations in CDHR1, a retina specific cadherin, are associated with cone-rod dystrophy. The ubiquitin proteasome system (UPS) is responsible for mediating orderly and precise targeting of protein degradation to maintain biological homeostasis and coordinate proper development, including retinal development. Recently, our lab uncovered that the seven in absentia (Siah) family of E3 ubiquitin ligases play a role in optic fissure fusion and identified Cdhr1a as a potential target of Siah. Using two-color whole mount in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry, we detected siah1 and cdhr1a co-expression as well as protein localization in the retinal outer nuclear layer (ONL), and more precisely in the connecting cilium of rods and cones between 3-5 days post fertilization (dpf). We confirmed that Siah1 targets Cdhr1a for proteasomal degradation by co-transfection and co-immunoprecipitation in cell culture. To analyze the functional importance of this interaction, we created two transgenic zebrafish lines that express siah1 or an inactive siah1 (siah1ΔRING) under the control of the heat shock promoter to modulate Siah activity during photoreceptor development. Overexpression of siah1, but not siah1ΔRING, resulted in a decrease in the number of rods and cones at 72 h post fertilization (hpf). The number of retinal ganglion cells, amacrine and bipolar cells was not affected by Siah1 overexpression, and there was no significant reduction of proliferating cells in the Siah1 overexpressing retina. We did, however, detect increased cell death, confirmed by an increase in the number of TUNEL + cells in the ONL, which was proteasome-dependent, as proteasome inhibition rescued the cell death phenotype. Furthermore, reduction in rods and cones resulting from increased Siah1 expression was rescued by injection of cdhr1a mRNA, and to an even greater extent by injection of a Siah1-insensitive cdhr1a variant mRNA. Lastly, CRISPR induced loss of Cdhr1a function phenocopied Siah1 overexpression resulting in a significant reduction of rods and cones. Taken together, our work provides the first evidence that Cdhr1a plays a role during early photoreceptor development and that Cdhr1a is regulated by Siah1 via the UPS.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Jakub K. Famulski
- Department of Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
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Toulis V, García-Monclús S, de la Peña-Ramírez C, Arenas-Galnares R, Abril JF, Todi SV, Khan N, Garanto A, Costa MDC, Marfany G. The Deubiquitinating Enzyme Ataxin-3 Regulates Ciliogenesis and Phagocytosis in the Retina. Cell Rep 2020; 33:108360. [PMID: 33176149 PMCID: PMC8738964 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.108360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Revised: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 10/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Expansion of a CAG repeat in ATXN3 causes the dominant polyglutamine disease spinocerebellar ataxia type 3 (SCA3), yet the physiological role of ATXN3 remains unclear. Here, we focus on unveiling the function of Ataxin-3 (ATXN3) in the retina, a neurological organ amenable to morphological and physiological studies. Depletion of Atxn3 in zebrafish and mice causes morphological and functional retinal alterations and, more precisely, photoreceptor cilium and outer segment elongation, cone opsin mislocalization, and cone hyperexcitation. ATXN3 localizes at the basal body and axoneme of the cilium, supporting its role in regulating ciliary length. Abrogation of Atxn3 expression causes decreased levels of the regulatory protein KEAP1 in the retina and delayed phagosome maturation in the retinal pigment epithelium. We propose that ATXN3 regulates two relevant biological processes in the retina, namely, ciliogenesis and phagocytosis, by modulating microtubule polymerization and microtubule-dependent retrograde transport, thus positing ATXN3 as a causative or modifier gene in retinal/macular dystrophies. Toulis et al. show that depletion of Atxn3 causes retinal morphological and electrophysiological alterations, as well as diminished phagocytosis in vivo and in vitro. ATXN3 regulates retinal ciliogenesis and phagocytosis through the KEAP1-SQSTM1-HDAC6-acetylated tubulin pathway by modulating microtubule polymerization and microtubule-dependent retrograde transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasileios Toulis
- Departament de Genètica, Microbiologia i Estadística, Avda. Diagonal 643, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona 08028, Spain; CIBERER, ISCIII, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology, Michigan Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Sílvia García-Monclús
- Departament de Genètica, Microbiologia i Estadística, Avda. Diagonal 643, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona 08028, Spain
| | - Carlos de la Peña-Ramírez
- Departament de Genètica, Microbiologia i Estadística, Avda. Diagonal 643, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona 08028, Spain
| | - Rodrigo Arenas-Galnares
- Departament de Genètica, Microbiologia i Estadística, Avda. Diagonal 643, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona 08028, Spain; Institute of Biomedicine (IBUB, IBUB-IRSJD), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Josep F Abril
- Departament de Genètica, Microbiologia i Estadística, Avda. Diagonal 643, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona 08028, Spain; Institute of Biomedicine (IBUB, IBUB-IRSJD), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sokol V Todi
- Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA; Department of Neurology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Naheed Khan
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, W. K. Kellogg Eye Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Alejandro Garanto
- Departament de Genètica, Microbiologia i Estadística, Avda. Diagonal 643, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona 08028, Spain; Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Maria do Carmo Costa
- Department of Neurology, Michigan Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
| | - Gemma Marfany
- Departament de Genètica, Microbiologia i Estadística, Avda. Diagonal 643, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona 08028, Spain; CIBERER, ISCIII, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Institute of Biomedicine (IBUB, IBUB-IRSJD), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
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199
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Matos-Rodrigues GE, Tan PB, Rocha-Martins M, Charlier CF, Gomes AL, Cabral-Miranda F, Grigaravicius P, Hofmann TG, Frappart PO, Martins RAP. Progenitor death drives retinal dysplasia and neuronal degeneration in a mouse model of ATRIP-Seckel syndrome. Dis Model Mech 2020; 13:dmm045807. [PMID: 32994318 PMCID: PMC7648607 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.045807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Seckel syndrome is a type of microcephalic primordial dwarfism (MPD) that is characterized by growth retardation and neurodevelopmental defects, including reports of retinopathy. Mutations in key mediators of the replication stress response, the mutually dependent partners ATR and ATRIP, are among the known causes of Seckel syndrome. However, it remains unclear how their deficiency disrupts the development and function of the central nervous system (CNS). Here, we investigated the cellular and molecular consequences of ATRIP deficiency in different cell populations of the developing murine neural retina. We discovered that conditional inactivation of Atrip in photoreceptor neurons did not affect their survival or function. In contrast, Atrip deficiency in retinal progenitor cells (RPCs) led to severe lamination defects followed by secondary photoreceptor degeneration and loss of vision. Furthermore, we showed that RPCs lacking functional ATRIP exhibited higher levels of replicative stress and accumulated endogenous DNA damage that was accompanied by stabilization of TRP53. Notably, inactivation of Trp53 prevented apoptosis of Atrip-deficient progenitor cells and was sufficient to rescue retinal dysplasia, neurodegeneration and loss of vision. Together, these results reveal an essential role of ATRIP-mediated replication stress response in CNS development and suggest that the TRP53-mediated apoptosis of progenitor cells might contribute to retinal malformations in Seckel syndrome and other MPD disorders.This article has an associated First Person interview with the first author of the paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel E Matos-Rodrigues
- Programa de Biologia Celular e do Desenvolvimento, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21941902, Brazil
| | - Pedro B Tan
- Programa de Biologia Celular e do Desenvolvimento, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21941902, Brazil
| | - Maurício Rocha-Martins
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Pfotenhauerstraße 108, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Clara F Charlier
- Programa de Biologia Celular e do Desenvolvimento, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21941902, Brazil
| | - Anielle L Gomes
- Programa de Biologia Celular e do Desenvolvimento, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21941902, Brazil
| | - Felipe Cabral-Miranda
- Programa de Biologia Celular e do Desenvolvimento, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21941902, Brazil
| | | | - Thomas G Hofmann
- Institute of Toxicology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, 55131 Germany
| | - Pierre-Olivier Frappart
- Institute of Toxicology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, 55131 Germany
| | - Rodrigo A P Martins
- Programa de Biologia Celular e do Desenvolvimento, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21941902, Brazil
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200
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Fairless R, Williams SK, Katiyar R, Maxeiner S, Schmitz F, Diem R. ERG Responses in Mice with Deletion of the Synaptic Ribbon Component RIBEYE. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2020; 61:37. [PMID: 32437548 PMCID: PMC7405791 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.61.5.37] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To determine the influence of RIBEYE deletion and the resulting absence of synaptic ribbons on retinal light signaling by electroretinography. Methods Full-field flash electroretinograms (ERGs) were recorded in RIBEYE knock-out (KO) and wild-type (WT) littermate mice under photopic and scotopic conditions, with oscillatory potentials (OPs) extracted by digital filtering. Flicker ERGs and ERGs following intravitreal injection of pharmacological agents were also obtained under scotopic conditions. Results The a-wave amplitudes were unchanged between RIBEYE KO and WT mice; however, the b-wave amplitudes were reduced in KOs under scotopic, but not photopic, conditions. Increasing stimulation frequency led to a greater reduction in RIBEYE KO b-wave amplitudes compared with WTs. Furthermore, we observed prominent, supernormal OPs in RIBEYE KO mice in comparison with WT mice. Following intravitreal injections with l-2 amino-4-phosphonobutyric acid and cis-2,3 piperidine dicarboxylic acid to block ON and OFF responses at photoreceptor synapses, OPs were completely abolished in both mice types, indicating a synaptic origin of the prominent OPs in the KOs. Conversely, tetrodotoxin treatment to block voltage-gated Na+ channels/spiking neurons did not differentially affect OPs in WT and KO mice. Conclusions The decreased scotopic b-wave and decreased responses to increased stimulation frequencies are consistent with signaling malfunctions at photoreceptor and inner retinal ribbon synapses. Because phototransduction in the photoreceptor outer segments is unaffected in the KOs, their supernormal OPs presumably result from a dysfunction in retinal synapses. The relatively mild ERG phenotype in KO mice, particularly in the photopic range, is probably caused by compensatory mechanisms in retinal signaling pathways.
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