151
|
Becker AL, Carpenter EL, Slominski AT, Indra AK. The Role of the Vitamin D Receptor in the Pathogenesis, Prognosis, and Treatment of Cutaneous Melanoma. Front Oncol 2021; 11:743667. [PMID: 34692525 PMCID: PMC8526885 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.743667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Melanoma is the malignant transformation of melanocytes and represents the most lethal form of skin cancer. While early-stage melanoma localized to the skin can be cured with surgical excision, metastatic melanoma often requires a multi-pronged approach and even then can exhibit treatment resistance. Understanding the molecular mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of melanoma could lead to novel diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic strategies to ultimately decrease morbidity and mortality. One emerging candidate that may have value as both a prognostic marker and in a therapeutic context is the vitamin D receptor (VDR). VDR is a nuclear steroid hormone receptor activated by 1,25 dihydroxy-vitamin D3 [calcitriol, 1,25(OH)2D3]. While 1,25 dihydroxy-vitamin D3 is typically thought of in relation to calcium metabolism, it also plays an important role in cell proliferation, differentiation, programmed-cell death as well as photoprotection. This review discusses the role of VDR in the crosstalk between keratinocytes and melanocytes during melanomagenesis and summarizes the clinical data regarding VDR polymorphisms, VDR as a prognostic marker, and potential uses of vitamin D and its analogs as an adjuvant treatment for melanoma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alyssa L. Becker
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, OSU, Corvallis, OR, United States
- John A. Burns School of Medicine at the University of Hawai’i at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI, United States
| | - Evan L. Carpenter
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, OSU, Corvallis, OR, United States
| | - Andrzej T. Slominski
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
- Cancer Chemoprevention Program, Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Arup K. Indra
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, OSU, Corvallis, OR, United States
- Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University (OHSU), Portland, OR, United States
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Oregon State University (OSU), Corvallis, OR, United States
- Linus Pauling Science Center, Oregon State University (OSU), Corvallis, OR, United States
- Department of Dermatology, Oregon Health & Science University (OHSU), Portland, OR, United States
| |
Collapse
|
152
|
Zhu H, Jia X, Wang Y, Song Z, Wang N, Yang Y, Shi X. M6A Classification Combined With Tumor Microenvironment Immune Characteristics Analysis of Bladder Cancer. Front Oncol 2021; 11:714267. [PMID: 34604051 PMCID: PMC8479184 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.714267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Studies have shown that N6-methyl adenosine (m6A) plays an important role in cancer progression; however, the underlying mechanism of m6A modification in tumor microenvironment (TME) cell infiltration of bladder cancer remains unclear. This study aimed to investigate the role of m6A modification in TME cell infiltration of bladder cancer. Methods The RNA expression profile and clinical data of bladder cancer were obtained from The Cancer Genome Atlas and Gene Expression Omnibus. We assessed the m6A modification patterns of 664 bladder cancer samples based on 20 m6A regulators through unsupervised clustering analysis and systematically linked m6A modification patterns to TME cell infiltration characteristics. Gene ontology and gene set variation analyses were conducted to analyze the underlying mechanism based on the assessment of m6A methylation regulators. Principal component analysis was used to construct the m6A score to quantify m6A modification patterns of bladder cancer. Results The genetic and expression alterations in m6A regulators were highly heterogeneous between normal and bladder tissues. Three m6A modification patterns were identified. The cell infiltration characteristics were highly consistent with the three immune phenotypes, including immune rejection, immune inflammation, and immune desert. The biological functions of three m6A modification patterns were different. Cox regression analyses revealed that the m6A score was an independent signature with patient prognosis (HR = 1.198, 95% CI: 1.031-1.390). Patients with a low-m6A score were characterized by increased tumor mutation burden, PD-L1 expression, and poorer survival. Patients in the low-m6A score group also showed significant immune responses and clinical benefits in the CTLA-4 immunotherapy cohort (p =0.0069). Conclusions The m6A methylation modification was related to the formation of TME heterogeneity and complexity. Assessing the m6A modification pattern of individual bladder cancer will improve the understanding of TME infiltration characteristics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huili Zhu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xiaocan Jia
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yuping Wang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Zhijuan Song
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Nana Wang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yongli Yang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xuezhong Shi
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
153
|
Tufano M, Cesaro E, Martinelli R, Pacelli R, Romano S, Romano MF. FKBP51 Affects TNF-Related Apoptosis Inducing Ligand Response in Melanoma. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:718947. [PMID: 34589486 PMCID: PMC8473884 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.718947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Melanoma is one of the most immunogenic tumors and has the highest potential to elicit specific adaptive antitumor immune responses. Immune cells induce apoptosis of cancer cells either by soluble factors or by triggering cell-death pathways. Melanoma cells exploit multiple mechanisms to escape immune system tumoricidal control. FKBP51 is a relevant pro-oncogenic factor of melanoma cells supporting NF-κB-mediated resistance and cancer stemness/invasion epigenetic programs. Herein, we show that FKBP51-silencing increases TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL)-R2 (DR5) expression and sensitizes melanoma cells to TRAIL-induced apoptosis. Consistent with the general increase in histone deacetylases, as by the proteomic profile, the immune precipitation assay showed decreased acetyl-Yin Yang 1 (YY1) after FKBP51 depletion, suggesting an impaired repressor activity of this transcription factor. ChIP assay supported this hypothesis. Compared with non-silenced cells, a reduced acetyl-YY1 was found on the DR5 promoter, resulting in increased DR5 transcript levels. Using Crispr/Cas9 knockout (KO) melanoma cells, we confirmed the negative regulation of DR5 by FKBP51. We also show that KO cells displayed reduced levels of acetyl-EP300 responsible for YY1 acetylation, along with reduced acetyl-YY1. Reconstituting FKBP51 levels contrasted the effects of KO on DR5, acetyl-YY1, and acetyl-EP300 levels. In conclusion, our finding shows that FKBP51 reduces DR5 expression at the transcriptional level by promoting YY1 repressor activity. Our study supports the conclusion that targeting FKBP51 increases the expression level of DR5 and sensitivity to TRAIL-induced cell death, which can improve the tumoricidal action of immune cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martina Tufano
- Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolaree Biotecnologie Mediche, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Elena Cesaro
- Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolaree Biotecnologie Mediche, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Rosanna Martinelli
- Dipartimento di Medicina, Chirurgia ed Odontoiatria, Università degli Studi di Salerno, Baronissi, Italy
| | - Roberto Pacelli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche Avanzate, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Simona Romano
- Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolaree Biotecnologie Mediche, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Maria Fiammetta Romano
- Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolaree Biotecnologie Mediche, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Naples, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
154
|
Tian J, Ma C, Yang L, Sun Y, Zhang Y. Prognostic Value and Immunological Characteristics of a Novel RNA Binding Protein Signature in Cutaneous Melanoma. Front Genet 2021; 12:723796. [PMID: 34531901 PMCID: PMC8438157 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.723796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The existing studies indicate that RNA binding proteins (RBPs) are closely correlated with the genesis and development of cancers. However, the role of RBPs in cutaneous melanoma remains largely unknown. Therefore, the present study aims to establish a reliable prognostic signature based on RBPs to distinguish cutaneous melanoma patients with different prognoses and investigate the immune infiltration of patients. Methods After screening RBPs from the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) databases, Cox and least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) regression analysis were then used to establish a prediction model. The relationship between the signature and the abundance of immune cell types, the tumor microenvironment (TME), immune-related pathways, and immune checkpoints were also analyzed. Results In total, 7 RBPs were selected to establish the prognostic signature. Patients categorized as a high-risk group demonstrated worse overall survival (OS) rates compared to those of patients categorized as a low-risk group. The signature was validated in an independent external cohort and indicated a promising prognostic ability. Further analysis indicated that the signature wasan independent prognostic indicator in cutaneous melanoma. A nomogram combining risk score and clinicopathological features was then established to evaluate the 3- and 5-year OS in cutaneous melanoma patients. Analyses of immune infiltrating, the TME, immune checkpoint, and drug susceptibility revealed significant differences between the two groups. GSEA analysis revealed that basal cell carcinoma, notch signaling pathway, melanogenesis pathways were enriched in the high-risk group, resulting in poor OS. Conclusion We established and validated a robust 7-RBP signature that could be a potential biomarker to predict the prognosis and immunotherapy response of cutaneous melanoma patients, which provides new insights into cutaneous melanoma immunotherapeutic strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jun Tian
- Department of Dermatology, Shaanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Xi'an, China
| | - Chongzhi Ma
- Department of Dermatology, The 63600 Hospital of PLA, Lanzhou, China
| | - Li Yang
- Department of Dermatology, Shaanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Xi'an, China
| | - Yang Sun
- Department of Oncology, Shaanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Xi'an, China
| | - Yuan Zhang
- Department of Oncology, Shaanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Xi'an, China
| |
Collapse
|
155
|
Brito C, Costa-Silva B, Barral DC, Pojo M. Unraveling the Relevance of ARL GTPases in Cutaneous Melanoma Prognosis through Integrated Bioinformatics Analysis. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:9260. [PMID: 34502169 PMCID: PMC8431576 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22179260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Revised: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Cutaneous melanoma (CM) is the deadliest skin cancer, whose molecular pathways underlying its malignancy remain unclear. Therefore, new information to guide evidence-based clinical decisions is required. Adenosine diphosphate (ADP)-ribosylation factor-like (ARL) proteins are membrane trafficking regulators whose biological relevance in CM is undetermined. Here, we investigated ARL expression and its impact on CM prognosis and immune microenvironment through integrated bioinformatics analysis. Our study found that all 22 ARLs are differentially expressed in CM. Specifically, ARL1 and ARL11 are upregulated and ARL15 is downregulated regardless of mutational frequency or copy number variations. According to TCGA data, ARL1 and ARL15 represent independent prognostic factors in CM as well as ARL11 based on GEPIA and OncoLnc. To investigate the mechanisms by which ARL1 and ARL11 increase patient survival while ARL15 reduces it, we evaluated their correlation with the immune microenvironment. CD4+ T cells and neutrophil infiltrates are significantly increased by ARL1 expression. Furthermore, ARL11 expression was correlated with 17 out of 21 immune infiltrates, including CD8+ T cells and M2 macrophages, described as having anti-tumoral activity. Likewise, ARL11 is interconnected with ZAP70, ADAM17, and P2RX7, which are implicated in immune cell activation. Collectively, this study provides the first evidence that ARL1, ARL11, and ARL15 may influence CM progression, prognosis, and immune microenvironment remodeling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cheila Brito
- Unidade de Investigação em Patobiologia Molecular (UIPM) do Instituto Português de Oncologia de Lisboa Francisco Gentil E.P.E., Rua Prof. Lima Basto, 1099-023 Lisbon, Portugal;
| | - Bruno Costa-Silva
- Champalimaud Research, Champalimaud Centre for the Unknown, Avenida de Brasília, 1400-038 Lisbon, Portugal;
| | - Duarte C. Barral
- iNOVA4Health, CEDOC, NOVA Medical School, NMS, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 1169-056 Lisbon, Portugal;
| | - Marta Pojo
- Unidade de Investigação em Patobiologia Molecular (UIPM) do Instituto Português de Oncologia de Lisboa Francisco Gentil E.P.E., Rua Prof. Lima Basto, 1099-023 Lisbon, Portugal;
| |
Collapse
|
156
|
Del Piccolo N, Shirure VS, Bi Y, Goedegebuure SP, Gholami S, Hughes CC, Fields RC, George SC. Tumor-on-chip modeling of organ-specific cancer and metastasis. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2021; 175:113798. [PMID: 34015419 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2021.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2021] [Revised: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Every year, cancer claims millions of lives around the globe. Unfortunately, model systems that accurately mimic human oncology - a requirement for the development of more effective therapies for these patients - remain elusive. Tumor development is an organ-specific process that involves modification of existing tissue features, recruitment of other cell types, and eventual metastasis to distant organs. Recently, tissue engineered microfluidic devices have emerged as a powerful in vitro tool to model human physiology and pathology with organ-specificity. These organ-on-chip platforms consist of cells cultured in 3D hydrogels and offer precise control over geometry, biological components, and physiochemical properties. Here, we review progress towards organ-specific microfluidic models of the primary and metastatic tumor microenvironments. Despite the field's infancy, these tumor-on-chip models have enabled discoveries about cancer immunobiology and response to therapy. Future work should focus on the development of autologous or multi-organ systems and inclusion of the immune system.
Collapse
|
157
|
The Research on the Treatment of Metastatic Skin Cutaneous Melanoma by Huanglian Jiedu Decoction Based on the Analysis of Immune Infiltration Analysis. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2021; 2021:9952060. [PMID: 34239596 PMCID: PMC8241506 DOI: 10.1155/2021/9952060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Objective To explore the potential mechanism of Huanglian Jiedu Decoction (HJD) treatment and prevention of metastatic Cutaneous Melanoma (CM) occurrence and metastasis based on network pharmacological methods and immune infiltration analysis. Methods The GEO database was used to obtain metastatic CM disease targets, the TCMSP database and the HERB database were used to obtain HJD action targets, core genes were screened by protein interaction network, and the potential mechanism of HJD in the treatment of metastatic CM was explored by enrichment analysis, prognostic analysis and immune infiltration analysis. Results HJD treatment of metastatic CM involved 60 targets, enrichment analysis showed that HJD treatment of metastatic CM involved Chemokine signaling pathway, NF-kappa B signaling pathway, and Fluid shear stress and atherosclerosis, etc. Prognostic analysis revealed that HJD had a certain ability to improve the prognosis of metastatic CM patients. Immune infiltration analysis showed that HJD could inhibit the immune cell infiltration of metastatic CM patients by acting on related targets. Conclusions Our study identified the potential mechanism of HJD in the treatment of metastatic CM through network pharmacology, and revealed the mechanism of HJD in the prevention of Skin Cutaneous Melanoma metastasis through immune infiltration analysis and prognostic analysis.
Collapse
|
158
|
Fontana F, Marzagalli M, Sommariva M, Gagliano N, Limonta P. In Vitro 3D Cultures to Model the Tumor Microenvironment. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13122970. [PMID: 34199324 PMCID: PMC8231786 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13122970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2021] [Revised: 06/06/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Tumor stroma is known to significantly influence cancer initiation and progression. In the last decade, 3D cell cultures have shown potential in modeling the tumor microenvironment. This review summarizes the main features of current 3D models, shedding light on their importance in the study of cancer biology and treatment. Abstract It is now well established that the tumor microenvironment plays a key role in determining cancer growth, metastasis and drug resistance. Thus, it is fundamental to understand how cancer cells interact and communicate with their stroma and how this crosstalk regulates disease initiation and progression. In this setting, 3D cell cultures have gained a lot of interest in the last two decades, due to their ability to better recapitulate the complexity of tumor microenvironment and therefore to bridge the gap between 2D monolayers and animal models. Herein, we present an overview of the 3D systems commonly used for studying tumor–stroma interactions, with a focus on recent advances in cancer modeling and drug discovery and testing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fabrizio Fontana
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, Via Balzaretti 9, 20133 Milan, Italy; (M.M.); (P.L.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-02-503-18427
| | - Monica Marzagalli
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, Via Balzaretti 9, 20133 Milan, Italy; (M.M.); (P.L.)
| | - Michele Sommariva
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, Via Mangiagalli 31, 20133 Milan, Italy; (M.S.); (N.G.)
| | - Nicoletta Gagliano
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, Via Mangiagalli 31, 20133 Milan, Italy; (M.S.); (N.G.)
| | - Patrizia Limonta
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, Via Balzaretti 9, 20133 Milan, Italy; (M.M.); (P.L.)
| |
Collapse
|
159
|
Guo JW, Jee SH. Strategies to Develop a Suitable Formulation for Inflammatory Skin Disease Treatment. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22116078. [PMID: 34199951 PMCID: PMC8200229 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22116078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Revised: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Skin barrier functions, environmental insults, and genetic backgrounds are intricately linked and form the basis of common inflammatory skin disorders, such as atopic dermatitis, psoriasis, and seborrheic dermatitis, which may seriously affect one’s quality of life. Topical therapy is usually the first line of management. It is believed that successful topical treatment requires pharmaceutical formulation from a sufficient dosage to exert therapeutic effects by penetrating the stratum corneum and then diffusing to the target area. However, many factors can affect this process including the physicochemical properties of the active compound, the composition of the formulation base, and the limitations and conditions of the skin barrier, especially in inflammatory skin. This article briefly reviews the available data on these issues and provides opinions on strategies to develop a suitable formulation for inflammatory skin disease treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiun-Wen Guo
- Department of Medical Research, Cathay General Hospital, Taipei 10630, Taiwan
- Program in Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, College of Medicine, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City 24205, Taiwan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +886-2864-61500 (ext. 2327)
| | - Shiou-Hwa Jee
- Department of Dermatology, Cathay General Hospital, Taipei 10630, Taiwan;
- Department of Dermatology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
160
|
Sue-A-Quan R, Patel PG, Shakfa N, Nyi MPN, Afriyie-Asante A, Kang EY, Köbel M, Koti M. Prognostic significance of T cells, PD-L1 immune checkpoint and tumour associated macrophages in clear cell carcinoma of the ovary. Gynecol Oncol 2021; 162:421-430. [PMID: 34088514 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygyno.2021.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To define the pre-treatment tumour immune landscape of clear cell carcinoma of the ovary (CCOC). METHODS We investigated the infiltration profiles of selected immune cell populations and immune checkpoint proteins that have been previously shown to have prognostic relevance in high grade serous carcinoma of the ovary to determine their association with clinical outcomes in CCOC patients. Using multiplex immunohistochemistry, we evaluated the density of CD3+, FoxP3+, CD8+ T cells, CD20+ B cells and expression of PD-1, PD-L1 and IDO1 immune checkpoints in a cohort of 162 CCOC tumour specimens on a tissue microarray. RESULTS Increased infiltration of CD3+ CD8- (helper T) cells, CD8+ (cytotoxic T) cells, and CD68+ macrophages significantly associated with shorter disease-free survival, recurrence-free survival and overall survival. Importantly, higher expression of PD-L1 and IDO-1 immune checkpoints was associated with better clinical outcomes. CONCLUSION Findings from our study are foundational towards the development of immune classifiers and biomarkers of response to immune checkpoint blockade therapy in CCOC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Sue-A-Quan
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada; Cancer Biology and Genetics, Queen's Cancer Research Institute, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Palak G Patel
- Cancer Biology and Genetics, Queen's Cancer Research Institute, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada; Department of Cell Biology, The Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumour Research Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Noor Shakfa
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada; Cancer Biology and Genetics, Queen's Cancer Research Institute, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - May-Phyo Nyi Nyi
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Afrakoma Afriyie-Asante
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada; Cancer Biology and Genetics, Queen's Cancer Research Institute, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Eun Young Kang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Martin Köbel
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Madhuri Koti
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada; Cancer Biology and Genetics, Queen's Cancer Research Institute, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kingston Health Sciences Center, Queen's University, Kingston, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
161
|
Wu P, Cai J, Fan S, Liu Q, Huyan T, He Y, Li X, Zhang L, Su J, Tie L. A novel risk score predicts prognosis in melanoma: The combination of three tumor-infiltrating immune cells and four immune-related genes. Clin Immunol 2021; 228:108751. [PMID: 33974996 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2021.108751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Revised: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Tumor-infiltrating immune cells (TIICs) and immune-related genes (IRGs) of melanoma are associated with prognosis. However, whether the combination of TIICs and IRGs can be used as prognostic clinical biomarkers are still unknown. Here, we downloaded transcription profile of melanoma from TCGA. Then, three TIICs and four IRGs that associated with the overall survival were used to constructed the Immune Cell Score (ICS) and Immune Gene Score (IGS) respectively. Next, to improve the accuracy of ICS and IGS for melanoma prognostic, we combined the ICS and IGS constructed the Immune Cell and Gene Score (ICGS) model. ICGS had higher accuracy and predictive ability than ICS or IGS. Meanwhile, ICGS model reliability was validated by two independent datasets of melanoma. Functional enrichment and protein-protein interaction network analysis based on ICGS were performed to identify T cell mediated immune and inflammatory response are highly associated with melanoma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pin Wu
- Department of Pharmacology and Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Tumor Systems Biology, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Jiaying Cai
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510405, China
| | - Shengjun Fan
- Department of Pharmacology and Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Tumor Systems Biology, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Qian Liu
- Department of Pharmacology and Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Tumor Systems Biology, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Tianru Huyan
- Department of Pharmacology and Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Tumor Systems Biology, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Yao He
- Department of Pharmacology and Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Tumor Systems Biology, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Xuejun Li
- Department of Pharmacology and Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Tumor Systems Biology, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Long Zhang
- Department of Pathology and Department of Interventional Radiology and Vascular Surgery and Wound Healing Center, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Jing Su
- Department of Pharmacology and Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China; Department of Pathology and Department of Interventional Radiology and Vascular Surgery and Wound Healing Center, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China.
| | - Lu Tie
- Department of Pharmacology and Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Tumor Systems Biology, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China.
| |
Collapse
|
162
|
Liu D, Yang X, Wu X. Tumor Immune Microenvironment Characterization Identifies Prognosis and Immunotherapy-Related Gene Signatures in Melanoma. Front Immunol 2021; 12:663495. [PMID: 34025664 PMCID: PMC8134682 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.663495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The tumor microenvironment (TME) involves infiltration of multiple immune cell subsets, which could influence the prognosis and clinical characteristics. The increasing evidence on the role of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) in primary and metastatic melanomas supports that the immune system is involved in the progression and outcomes of melanoma. However, the immune infiltration landscape in melanoma has not been systematically elucidated. Methods In this study, we used CIBERSORT and ESTIMATE algorithms to analyze immune infiltration pattern of 993 melanoma samples. Then we screened differential expression genes (DEGs) related to immune subtypes and survival. The immune cell infiltration (ICI) score was constructed by using principal-component analysis (PCA) based on immune signature genes from DGEs. Gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) was applied to explore high and low ICI score related pathways. Finally, the predictive ability of ICI score was evaluated in survival prognosis and immunotherapy benefit. Result We identified three ICI clusters and three gene clusters associated with different immune subtypes and survival outcomes. Then the ICI score was constructed, and we found that high ICI score exhibited activated immune characteristics and better prognosis. High ICI score was significantly enriched in immune pathways and highly expressed immune signature genes. More importantly, we confirmed that melanoma patients with high ICI score had longer overall survival and rate of response to immunotherapy. Conclusion We presented a comprehensive immune infiltration landscape in melanoma. Our results will facilitate understanding of the melanoma tumor microenvironment and provide a new immune therapy strategy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dan Liu
- Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Key Laboratory of Cancer Immunology and Biotherapy, National Human Genetic Resources Sharing Service Platform, Tianjin, China
| | - Xue Yang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiongzhi Wu
- Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Key Laboratory of Cancer Immunology and Biotherapy, National Human Genetic Resources Sharing Service Platform, Tianjin, China
| |
Collapse
|
163
|
Coppo R, Orso F, Virga F, Dalmasso A, Baruffaldi D, Nie L, Clapero F, Dettori D, Quirico L, Grassi E, Defilippi P, Provero P, Valdembri D, Serini G, Sadeghi MM, Mazzone M, Taverna D. ESDN inhibits melanoma progression by blocking E-selectin expression in endothelial cells via STAT3. Cancer Lett 2021; 510:13-23. [PMID: 33862151 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2021.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Revised: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
An interactive crosstalk between tumor and stroma cells is essential for metastatic melanoma progression. We evidenced that ESDN/DCBLD2/CLCP1 plays a crucial role in endothelial cells during the spread of melanoma. Precisely, increased extravasation and metastasis formation were revealed in ESDN-null mice injected with melanoma cells, even if the primary tumor growth, vessel permeability, and angiogenesis were not enhanced. Interestingly, improved adhesion of melanoma cells to ESDN-depleted endothelial cells was observed, due to the presence of higher levels of E-selectin transcripts/proteins in ESDN-defective cells. In accordance with these results, anticorrelation was observed between ESDN and E-selectin in human endothelial cells. Most importantly, our data revealed that cimetidine, an E-selectin inhibitor, was able to block cell adhesion, extravasation, and metastasis formation in ESDN-null mice, underlying a major role of ESDN in E-selectin transcription upregulation, which according to our data, may presumably be linked to STAT3. Based on our results, we propose a protective role for ESDN during the spread of melanoma and reveal its therapeutic potential.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Coppo
- Molecular Biotechnology Center (MBC), University of Torino, Torino, Italy; Dept. Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Francesca Orso
- Molecular Biotechnology Center (MBC), University of Torino, Torino, Italy; Dept. Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Federico Virga
- Molecular Biotechnology Center (MBC), University of Torino, Torino, Italy; Dept. Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy; VIB Center for Cancer Biology, Department of Oncology, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Alberto Dalmasso
- Molecular Biotechnology Center (MBC), University of Torino, Torino, Italy; Dept. Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Desirée Baruffaldi
- Molecular Biotechnology Center (MBC), University of Torino, Torino, Italy; Dept. Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Lei Nie
- Section of Cardiovascular Medicine and Cardiovascular Research Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA; Veterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT, USA
| | - Fabiana Clapero
- Candiolo Cancer Institute, Fondazione del Piemonte per l'Oncologia (FPO) Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), 10060, Candiolo, Torino, Italy
| | - Daniela Dettori
- Molecular Biotechnology Center (MBC), University of Torino, Torino, Italy; Dept. Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Lorena Quirico
- Molecular Biotechnology Center (MBC), University of Torino, Torino, Italy; Dept. Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Elena Grassi
- Molecular Biotechnology Center (MBC), University of Torino, Torino, Italy; Dept. Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Paola Defilippi
- Molecular Biotechnology Center (MBC), University of Torino, Torino, Italy; Dept. Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Paolo Provero
- Molecular Biotechnology Center (MBC), University of Torino, Torino, Italy; Dept. Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy; Center for Translational Genomics and Bioinformatics, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milano, Italy
| | - Donatella Valdembri
- Candiolo Cancer Institute, Fondazione del Piemonte per l'Oncologia (FPO) Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), 10060, Candiolo, Torino, Italy; Department of Oncology, University of Torino School of Medicine, 10060, Candiolo, Torino, Italy
| | - Guido Serini
- Candiolo Cancer Institute, Fondazione del Piemonte per l'Oncologia (FPO) Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), 10060, Candiolo, Torino, Italy; Department of Oncology, University of Torino School of Medicine, 10060, Candiolo, Torino, Italy
| | - Mehran M Sadeghi
- Section of Cardiovascular Medicine and Cardiovascular Research Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA; Veterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT, USA
| | - Massimiliano Mazzone
- Molecular Biotechnology Center (MBC), University of Torino, Torino, Italy; Dept. Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy; VIB Center for Cancer Biology, Department of Oncology, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Daniela Taverna
- Molecular Biotechnology Center (MBC), University of Torino, Torino, Italy; Dept. Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
164
|
Li G, Zhu X, Liu C. Characterization of Immune Infiltration and Construction of a Prediction Model for Overall Survival in Melanoma Patients. Front Oncol 2021; 11:639059. [PMID: 33869027 PMCID: PMC8051586 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.639059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Reports indicate that the use of anti-programmed cell death-1 (PD-1) and death ligand-1 (PD-L1) monoclonal antibodies for the treatment of patients diagnosed with melanoma has demonstrated promising efficacy. Nonetheless, this therapy is limited by the resistance induced by the tumor microenvironment (TME). As such, understanding the complexity of the TME is vital in enhancing the efficiency of immunotherapy. This study used four different methods to estimate the infiltrating level of immune cells. Besides, we analyzed their infiltration pattern in primary and metastatic melanoma obtained from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database. As a consequence, we discovered a significantly higher infiltration of immune cells in metastatic melanoma compared to primary tumor. Consensus clustering identified four clusters in melanoma with different immune infiltration and clusters with higher immune infiltration demonstrated a better overall survival. To elucidate the underlying mechanisms of immune cell infiltration, the four clusters were subdivided into two subtypes denoted as hot and cold tumors based on immune infiltration and predicted immune response. Enrichment analysis of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) revealed different transcriptome alterations in two types of tumors. Additionally, we found tyrosinase-related protein1 (TYRP1) was negatively correlated with CD8A expression. In vitro experiments showed that knockdown TYRP1 promoted the expression of HLA-A, B, and C. Eventually, we constructed a prediction model which was validated in our external cohort. Notably, this model also performed effectively in predicting the survival of patients under immunotherapy. In summary, this work provides a deeper understanding of the state of immune infiltration in melanoma and a prediction model that might guide the clinical treatment of patients with melanoma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gang Li
- Plastic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
165
|
miRNA and mRNA expression profiling reveals potential biomarkers for metastatic cutaneous melanoma. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 2021; 21:557-567. [PMID: 33504224 DOI: 10.1080/14737140.2021.1882860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Purpose: This study aims to uncover potential biomarkers associated with cutaneous melanoma (CM) metastasis.Methods: The mRNA and microRNA (miRNA) expression data from the metastatic CM and non-metastatic CM population were obtained from The Cancer Genome Atlas database. Functional analysis, protein-protein interaction (PPI), and survival analysis were performed for differentially expressed mRNAs (DEmRNAs) and miRNAs (DEmiRNAs). The interaction between DEmRNAs and DEmiRNAs was analyzed. The expression of several key DEmRNAs and DEmiRNAs was validated by Gene Expression Omnibus datasets.Results: Overall, 1172 DEmRNAs and 26 DEmiRNAs were identified from metastatic and non-metastatic CM. Cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction and chemokine signaling pathway were key pathways. CXCR1, CXCR2, CXCR4, CCR1, CCR2, and CCR5 were hub genes in the PPI network. Among these, miR-29 c-3p, miR-100-5p, miR-150-5p, and miR-150-3p were not only diagnostic biomarkers but also related to survival time. miR-203a-3p interacted with CCR5 and LIFR, while miR-224-5p was strongly associated with CXCR4. LIFR, CXCR1, CXCR2, CXCR4, CCR1, CCR2, and CCR5 were enriched in the cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction pathway. The levels of seven DEmRNAs (CXCR1, CXCR2, CXCR4, CCR1, CCR2, CCR5, and LIFR) and two DEmiRNAs (miR-203a-3p and miR-224-5p) were validated using the GSE65568 and GSE109244 datasets, respectively.Conclusion: Our findings may provide novel biomarkers for CM metastasis.[Formula: see text].
Collapse
|
166
|
Coexpressed Genes That Promote the Infiltration of M2 Macrophages in Melanoma Can Evaluate the Prognosis and Immunotherapy Outcome. J Immunol Res 2021; 2021:6664791. [PMID: 33748290 PMCID: PMC7959968 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6664791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 02/06/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose To improve immunotherapy efficacy for melanoma, a coexpression network and key genes of M2 macrophages in melanoma were explored. A prognostic risk assessment model was established for M2-related coexpressed genes, and the role of M2 macrophages in the immune microenvironment of melanoma was elucidated. Method We obtained mRNA data from melanoma and peritumor tissue samples from The Cancer Genome Atlas-skin cutaneous melanoma (TCGA-SKCM). Then, we used CIBERSORT to calculate the proportion of M2 macrophage cells. A coexpression module most related to M2 macrophages in TCGA-SKCM was determined by analyzing the weighted gene coexpression network, and a coexpression network was established. After survival analysis, factors with significant results were incorporated into a Cox regression analysis to establish a model. The model's essential genes were analyzed using functional enrichment, GSEA, and subgroup and total carcinoma. Finally, external datasets GSE65904 and GSE78220 were used to verify the prognostic risk model. Results The yellow-green module was the coexpression module most related to M2 macrophages in TCGA-SKCM; NOTCH3, DBN1, KDELC2, and STAB1 were identified as the essential genes that promoted the infiltration of M2 macrophages in melanoma. These genes are concentrated in antigen treatment and presentation, chemokine, cytokine, the T cell receptor pathway, and the IFN-γ pathway. These factors were analyzed for survival, and factors with significant results were included in a Cox regression analysis. According to the methods, a model related to M2-TAM coexpressed gene was established, and the formula was risk score = 0.25∗NOTCH3 + 0.008∗ DBN1 − 0.031∗KDELC2 − 0.032∗STAB1. The new model was used to perform subgroup evaluation and external queue validation. The results showed good prognostic ability. Conclusion We proposed a Cox proportional hazards regression model associated with coexpression genes of melanoma M2 macrophages that may provide a measurement method for generating prognosis scores in patients with melanoma. Four genes coexpressed with M2 macrophages were associated with high levels of infiltration of M2 macrophages. Our findings may provide significant candidate biomarkers for the treatment and monitoring of melanoma.
Collapse
|
167
|
Wong HSC, Chang WC. Single-cell melanoma transcriptomes depicting functional versatility and clinical implications of STIM1 in the tumor microenvironment. Am J Cancer Res 2021; 11:5092-5106. [PMID: 33859736 PMCID: PMC8039943 DOI: 10.7150/thno.54134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 12/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Rationale: Previous studies have implicated the functions of stromal interaction molecule 1 (STIM1) in immunity and malignancy, however, the specificity and effects of STIM1 expression in malignant and non-malignant cells in the tumor microenvironment are unclear. Methods: In the current study, we posed two central questions: (1) does STIM1 expression elicit different cellular programs in cell types within the melanoma tumor microenvironment (2) whether the expression of STIM1 and STIM1-coexpressed genes (SCGs) serve as prognostic indicators of patient's outcomes? To answer these questions, we dissected cell-specific STIM1-associated cellular programs in diverse cell types within the melanoma tumor microenvironment by measuring cell-type specificity of STIM1 expression and SCGs. Results: A distinct set of SCGs was highly affected in malignant melanoma cells, but not in the other cell types, suggesting the existence of malignant-cell-specific cellular programs reflected by STIM1 expression. In contrast to malignant cells, STIM1 expression appeared to trigger universal and non-specific biological functions in non-malignant cell types, as exemplified by the transcriptomes of macrophages and CD4+ T regulatory cells. Results from bioinformatic analyses indicated that SCGs in malignant cells may alter cell-cell interactions through cytokine/chemokine signaling and/or orchestrate immune infiltration into the tumor. Moreover, a prognostic association between SCGs in CD4+ T regulatory cells and patient's outcomes was identified. However, we didn't find any correlation between SCGs and responsiveness of immunotherapy. Conclusions: Overall, our results provide an integrated biological framework for understanding the functional and clinical consequences of cell-specific STIM1 expression in melanoma.
Collapse
|
168
|
Pu F, Chen F, Liu J, Zhang Z, Shao Z. Immune Regulation of the cGAS-STING Signaling Pathway in the Tumor Microenvironment and Its Clinical Application. Onco Targets Ther 2021; 14:1501-1516. [PMID: 33688199 PMCID: PMC7935450 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s298958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
As a DNA receptor in the cytoplasm, cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS) contributes to the recognition of abnormal DNA in the cytoplasm and contributes to the stimulator of interferon genes (STING) signaling pathway. cGAS could mediate the expression of interferon-related genes, inflammatory-related factors, and downstream chemokines, thus initiating the immune response. The STING protein is a key effector downstream of the DNA receptor pathway. It is widely expressed across cell types such as immune cells, tumor cells, and stromal cells and plays a role in signal transduction for cytoplasmic DNA sensing and immunity. STING agonists, as novel agonists, are used in preclinical research and in the treatment of various tumors via clinical trials and have displayed attractive application prospects. Studying the cGAS-STING signaling pathway will deepen our understanding of tumor immunity and provide a basis for the research and development of antitumor drugs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Feifei Pu
- Department of Orthopedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Fengxia Chen
- Department of Radiation and Medical Oncology, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianxiang Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhicai Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Zengwu Shao
- Department of Orthopedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
169
|
Hillen LM, Vandyck HLD, Leunissen DJG, de Greef BTA, Bosisio FM, zur Hausen A, van den Oord J, Winnepenninckx V. Integrative histopathological and immunophenotypical characterisation of the inflammatory microenvironment in spitzoid melanocytic neoplasms. Histopathology 2021; 78:607-626. [PMID: 32970867 PMCID: PMC7894529 DOI: 10.1111/his.14259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Revised: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The role of inflammation in conventional cutaneous melanoma has been extensively studied, whereas only little is known about the inflammatory microenvironment and immunogenic properties of spitzoid melanocytic neoplasms. The composition of infiltrating immune cells and the architectural distribution of the inflammation, in particular, are still obscure. This is the first study, to our knowledge, to systematically characterise the inflammatory patterns and the leucocyte subsets in spitzoid melanocytic lesions. METHODS AND RESULTS We examined 79 spitzoid neoplasms including banal Spitz naevi (SN, n = 50), atypical Spitz tumours (AST, n = 17) and malignant Spitz tumours (MST, n = 12) using histopathological analysis and immunohistochemistry. Spitzoid melanocytic lesions showed a high frequency (67.1%, n = 53 of 79) of inflammation. Four inflammatory patterns were identified according to architectural composition, distribution and intensity of inflammation. The majority of the inflammatory infiltrate corresponded to CD3+ /CD8+ T lymphocytes (56.1%), followed by CD3+ /CD4+ T cells (35.7%) and CD68+ histiocytes (20.3%). CD3+ /TIA-1+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes constituted 3.7% of inflammatory cells. Rarely, CD3+ / granzyme B+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes (2.7%) and CD138+ plasma cells (0.5%) were detected in the infiltrating immune cells. There was no significant difference in the inflammatory cellular composition among the spitzoid melanocytic subgroups (SN versus AST versus MST). CONCLUSION Our findings demonstrate that Spitz tumours are highly immunogenic lesions. Inflammation with the presence of lymphocytic aggregates predominated in SN, but was not distinctive for this melanocytic category. A strong and intense inflammation was suggestive of an underlying malignancy. The infiltrating cytotoxic T lymphocyte subsets in Spitz tumours deserve further investigation in larger study cohorts to elucidate prognostic and immuno-oncological therapeutic relevance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lisa M Hillen
- Department of PathologyGROW School for Oncology and Developmental BiologyMaastricht University Medical CenterMaastrichtthe Netherlands
| | - Hendrik L D Vandyck
- Department of PathologyGROW School for Oncology and Developmental BiologyMaastricht University Medical CenterMaastrichtthe Netherlands
| | - Daphne J G Leunissen
- Department of PathologyGROW School for Oncology and Developmental BiologyMaastricht University Medical CenterMaastrichtthe Netherlands
| | - Bianca T A de Greef
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Medical Technology AssessmentMaastricht University Medical CenterMaastrichtthe Netherlands
| | - Francesca M Bosisio
- Laboratory for Translational Cell and Tissue Research (TCTR)University of LeuvenKULLeuvenBelgium
| | - Axel zur Hausen
- Department of PathologyGROW School for Oncology and Developmental BiologyMaastricht University Medical CenterMaastrichtthe Netherlands
| | - Joost van den Oord
- Laboratory for Translational Cell and Tissue Research (TCTR)University of LeuvenKULLeuvenBelgium
- Department of PathologyUniversity HospitalsLeuvenBelgium
| | - Véronique Winnepenninckx
- Department of PathologyGROW School for Oncology and Developmental BiologyMaastricht University Medical CenterMaastrichtthe Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
170
|
Abstract
Secretory proteins in tumor tissues are important components of the tumor microenvironment. Secretory proteins act on tumor cells or stromal cells or mediate interactions between tumor cells and stromal cells, thereby affecting tumor progression and clinical treatment efficacy. In this paper, recent research advances in secretory proteins in malignant tumors are reviewed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Na Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Center for Cancer Precision Medicine, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Jiajie Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Center for Cancer Precision Medicine, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Yan Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Center for Cancer Precision Medicine, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Mingrong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Center for Cancer Precision Medicine, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, China
| |
Collapse
|
171
|
Dai W, Feng J, Hu X, Chen Y, Gu Q, Gong W, Feng T, Wu J. SLC7A7 is a prognostic biomarker correlated with immune infiltrates in non-small cell lung cancer. Cancer Cell Int 2021; 21:106. [PMID: 33632211 PMCID: PMC7905560 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-021-01781-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2019] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background SLC7A7 (solute carrier family 7, amino acid transporter light chain, y + L system, member 7) is a critical gene in the regulation of cationic amino acid transport. However, the relationships between SLC7A7 and prognosis and tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes in different cancers remain unclear. Methods SLC7A7 expression was analyzed using the Oncomine database and Tumor Immune Estimation Resource (TIMER) site. The enrichment of the GO (Gene Oncology) and KEGG (Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes) pathways was conducted by DAVID. We evaluated the influence of SLC7A7 on clinical prognosis using the PrognoScan database. The functional state of SLC7A7 in various types of cancers was analyzed by CancerSEA. The relationships between SLC7A7 and cancer immune infiltrates was investigated by TIMER. Furthermore, correlations between SLC7A7 expression and gene marker sets of immune infiltrates were analyzed by TIMER and Gene Expression Profiling Interactive Analysis (GEPIA). The expression of SLC7A7 was verified by GEO database and immunohistochemistry. Results A lung cancer cohort study (GSE31210) showed that high SLC7A7 expression was associated with poor overall survival (OS) and relapse-free survival (RFS). In addition, SLC7A7 had a significant impact on the prognosis of diverse cancers. SLC7A7 expression was positively correlated with infiltrating levels of CD4 + and CD8 + T cells, macrophages, neutrophils and dendritic cells (DCs) in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). SLC7A7 expression was also strongly correlated with various immune marker sets in NSCLC. Conclusions These results indicated a role for SLC7A7 in infiltration of CD8 + T cells, CD4 + T cells, tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs), neutrophils and DCs in multiple cancers, and regulation of T cell exhaustion and Tregs in NSCLC. These findings suggest that SLC7A7 could be served as a biomarker for prognosis and immune infiltration in NSCLC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wumin Dai
- Research center, Cancer Hospital of University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, 310022, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Jianguo Feng
- Research center, Cancer Hospital of University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, 310022, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiao Hu
- Department of Abdominal Oncology, Cancer Hospital of University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, 310022, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yongyi Chen
- Clinical Laboratory, Cancer Hospital of University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, 310022, Zhejiang, China
| | - Qing Gu
- Department of Abdominal Oncology, Cancer Hospital of University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, 310022, Zhejiang, China
| | - Wangang Gong
- Research center, Cancer Hospital of University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, 310022, Zhejiang, China
| | - Tingting Feng
- Department of Thoracic Oncology Radiotherapy, Cancer Hospital of University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, 310022, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jie Wu
- Clinical Laboratory, Cancer Hospital of University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, 310022, Zhejiang, China
| |
Collapse
|
172
|
Cancer Stem Cells-Key Players in Tumor Relapse. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13030376. [PMID: 33498502 PMCID: PMC7864187 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13030376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 01/10/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumor relapse and treatment failure are unfortunately common events for cancer patients, thus often rendering cancer an uncurable disease. Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are a subset of cancer cells endowed with tumor-initiating and self-renewal capacity, as well as with high adaptive abilities. Altogether, these features contribute to CSC survival after one or multiple therapeutic approaches, thus leading to treatment failure and tumor progression/relapse. Thus, elucidating the molecular mechanisms associated with stemness-driven resistance is crucial for the development of more effective drugs and durable responses. This review will highlight the mechanisms exploited by CSCs to overcome different therapeutic strategies, from chemo- and radiotherapies to targeted therapies and immunotherapies, shedding light on their plasticity as an insidious trait responsible for their adaptation/escape. Finally, novel CSC-specific approaches will be described, providing evidence of their preclinical and clinical applications.
Collapse
|
173
|
Development of an immune-related gene pairs index for the prognosis analysis of metastatic melanoma. Sci Rep 2021; 11:1253. [PMID: 33441929 PMCID: PMC7806975 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-80858-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Melanoma is a skin cancer with great metastatic potential, which is responsible for the major deaths in skin cancer. Although the prognosis of melanoma patients has been improved with the comprehensive treatment, for patients with metastasis, the complexity and heterogeneity of diffuse diseases make prognosis prediction and systematic treatment difficult and ineffective. Therefore, we established a novel personalized immune-related gene pairs index (IRGPI) to predict the prognosis of patients with metastatic melanoma, which was conducive to provide new insights into clinical decision-making and prognostic monitoring for metastatic melanoma. Through complex analysis and filtering, we identified 24 immune-related gene pairs to build the model and obtained the optimal cut-off value from receiver operating characteristic curves, which divided the patients into high and low immune-risk groups. Meantime, the Kaplan–Meier analysis, Cox regression analysis and subgroup analysis showed that IRGPI had excellent prognostic value. Furthermore, IRGPI was shown that was closely associated with immune system in the subsequent tumor microenvironment analysis and gene set enrichment analysis. In addition, we broken through the data processing limitations of traditional researches in different platforms through the application of gene pairs, which would provide great credibility for our model. We believe that our research would provide a new perspective for clinical decision-making and prognostic monitoring in metastatic melanoma.
Collapse
|
174
|
Liu X, Xu Y, Li Y, Pan Y, Zhao S, Hou Y. Ferumoxytol-β-glucan Inhibits Melanoma Growth via Interacting with Dectin-1 to Polarize Macrophages into M1 Phenotype. Int J Med Sci 2021; 18:3125-3139. [PMID: 34400883 PMCID: PMC8364471 DOI: 10.7150/ijms.61525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Regulating the polarization of macrophages to antitumor M1 macrophages is a promising strategy for overcoming the immunosuppression of the tumor microenvironment for cancer therapy. Ferumoxytol (FMT) can not only serve as a drug deliver agent but also exerts anti-tumor activity. β-glucan has immuno-modulating properties to prevent tumor growth. Thus, a nanocomposite of FMT surface-coated with β-glucan (FMT-β-glucan) was prepared to explore its effect on tumor suppression. Methods: Male B16F10 melanoma mouse model was established to explore the antitumor effect of FMT-β-glucan. The viability and apoptotic rates of B16F10 cells were detected by cell counting kit-8 and Annexin-V/PI experiments. The levels of M1 markers were quantified by quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and enzyme linked immunosorbent assay. Phagocytic activity and intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) in macrophages were evaluated by the neutral red uptake assay and flow cytometry, respectively. Small interfering RNA (siRNA) transfection was applied to knock down the Dectin-1 gene in RAW 264.7 cells. Results: FMT-β-glucan suppressed tumor growth to a greater extent and induced higher infiltration of M1 macrophages than the combination of FMT and β-glucan (FMT+β-glucan) in vivo. In vitro, supernatant from FMT-β-glucan-treated RAW 264.7 cells led to lower cell viability and induced more apoptosis of B16F10 cells than that from the FMT+β-glucan group. Moreover, FMT-β-glucan boosted the expression of M1 type markers, and increased phagocytic activity and ROS in RAW 264.7 cells. Further research indicated that FMT-β-glucan treatment promoted the level of Dectin-1 on the surface of RAW 264.7 cells and that knockdown of Dectin-1 abrogated the phosphorylation levels of several components in MAPK and NF-κB signaling. Conclusion: The nanocomposite FMT-β-glucan suppressed melanoma growth by inducing the M1 macrophage-activated tumor microenvironment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xinghan Liu
- The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Division of Immunology, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Yujun Xu
- The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Division of Immunology, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Yi Li
- The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Division of Immunology, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Yuchen Pan
- The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Division of Immunology, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Shuli Zhao
- General Clinical Research Center, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210006, China
- ✉ Corresponding authors: Yayi Hou, The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Division of Immunology, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China. Tel.: +86-25-8968-8441; Fax: +86-25-8968-8441. E-mail: ; Shuli Zhao, General Clinical Research Center, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210006, China. E-mail:
| | - Yayi Hou
- The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Division of Immunology, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
- ✉ Corresponding authors: Yayi Hou, The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Division of Immunology, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China. Tel.: +86-25-8968-8441; Fax: +86-25-8968-8441. E-mail: ; Shuli Zhao, General Clinical Research Center, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210006, China. E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
175
|
Carreira B, Acúrcio RC, Matos AI, Peres C, Pozzi S, Vaskovich‐Koubi D, Kleiner R, Bento M, Satchi‐Fainaro R, Florindo HF. Nanomedicines as Multifunctional Modulators of Melanoma Immune Microenvironment. ADVANCED THERAPEUTICS 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/adtp.202000147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Carreira
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa) Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Lisbon Av. Prof. Gama Pinto Lisboa 1649‐003 Portugal
| | - Rita C. Acúrcio
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa) Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Lisbon Av. Prof. Gama Pinto Lisboa 1649‐003 Portugal
| | - Ana I. Matos
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa) Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Lisbon Av. Prof. Gama Pinto Lisboa 1649‐003 Portugal
| | - Carina Peres
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa) Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Lisbon Av. Prof. Gama Pinto Lisboa 1649‐003 Portugal
| | - Sabina Pozzi
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine Tel Aviv University Tel Aviv 6997801 Israel
| | - Daniella Vaskovich‐Koubi
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine Tel Aviv University Tel Aviv 6997801 Israel
| | - Ron Kleiner
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine Tel Aviv University Tel Aviv 6997801 Israel
| | - Mariana Bento
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa) Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Lisbon Av. Prof. Gama Pinto Lisboa 1649‐003 Portugal
| | - Ronit Satchi‐Fainaro
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine Tel Aviv University Tel Aviv 6997801 Israel
| | - Helena F. Florindo
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa) Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Lisbon Av. Prof. Gama Pinto Lisboa 1649‐003 Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
176
|
Is There a Place for Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors in Vulvar Neoplasms? A State of the Art Review. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 22:ijms22010190. [PMID: 33375467 PMCID: PMC7796178 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22010190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2020] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Vulvar cancer (VC) is a rare neoplasm, usually arising in postmenopausal women, although human papilloma virus (HPV)-associated VC usually develop in younger women. Incidences of VCs are rising in many countries. Surgery is the cornerstone of early-stage VC management, whereas therapies for advanced VC are multimodal and not standardized, combining chemotherapy and radiotherapy to avoid exenterative surgery. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) are scarce due to the rarity of the disease and prognosis has not improved. Hence, new therapies are needed to improve the outcomes of these patients. In recent years, improved knowledge regarding the crosstalk between neoplastic and tumor cells has allowed researchers to develop a novel therapeutic approach exploiting these molecular interactions. Both the innate and adaptive immune systems play a key role in anti-tumor immunesurveillance. Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have demonstrated efficacy in multiple tumor types, improving survival rates and disease outcomes. In some gynecologic cancers (e.g., cervical cancer), many studies are showing promising results and a growing interest is emerging about the potential use of ICIs in VC. The aim of this manuscript is to summarize the latest developments in the field of VC immunoncology, to present the role of state-of-the-art ICIs in VC management and to discuss new potential immunotherapeutic approaches.
Collapse
|
177
|
O'Melia MJ, Rohner NA, Manspeaker MP, Francis DM, Kissick HT, Thomas SN. Quality of CD8 + T cell immunity evoked in lymph nodes is compartmentalized by route of antigen transport and functional in tumor context. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020; 6:eabd7134. [PMID: 33310857 PMCID: PMC7732197 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abd7134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Revealing the mechanisms that underlie the expansion of antitumor CD8+ T cells that are associated with improved clinical outcomes is critical to improving immunotherapeutic management of melanoma. How the lymphatic system, which orchestrates the complex sensing of antigen by lymphocytes to mount an adaptive immune response, facilitates this response in the context of malignancy is incompletely understood. To delineate the effects of lymphatic transport and tumor-induced lymphatic and lymph node (LN) remodeling on the elicitation of CD8+ T cell immunity within LNs, we designed a suite of nanoscale biomaterial tools enabling the quantification of antigen access and presentation within the LN and resulting influence on T cell functions. The expansion of antigen-specific stem-like and cytotoxic CD8+ T cell pools was revealed to be sensitive to the mechanism of lymphatic transport to LNs, demonstrating the potential for nanoengineering strategies targeting LNs to optimize cancer immunotherapy in eliciting antitumor CD8+ T cell immunity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M J O'Melia
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - N A Rohner
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - M P Manspeaker
- Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - D M Francis
- Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - H T Kissick
- Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Department of Urology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - S N Thomas
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
178
|
NEAT1/miR-200b-3p/SMAD2 axis promotes progression of melanoma. Aging (Albany NY) 2020; 12:22759-22775. [PMID: 33202380 PMCID: PMC7746346 DOI: 10.18632/aging.103909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Melanoma is a skin malignancy with a high mutation frequency of genetic alterations. MicroRNA (miR)-200b-3p is involved in various cancers, while in melanoma its bio-function remains unknown. In this study, we found that miR-200b-3p was down-regulated in melanoma tissues and cell lines compared to benign nevus cells. Overexpression of miR-200b-3p significantly inhibited the proliferation and invasion of melanoma cells. According to bioinformatics analysis and sequencing data, we supposed that SMAD family member 2 (SMAD2) was the target gene and nuclear enriched abundant transcript 1 (NEAT1) was the upstream long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) of miR-200b-3p. These predictions were verified by western blotting and quantitative real-time reverse transcription PCR (RT-qPCR). Luciferase reporter assays revealed that NEAT1 up-regulated SMAD2 by directly sponging miR-200b-3p. In vitro and in vivo, we demonstrated that both NEAT1 and SMAD2 could promote the proliferation and invasion of melanoma cells, and these effects were reversed by up-regulating miR-200b-3p. In addition, NEAT1/miR-200b-3p/SMAD2 axis promoted melanoma progression by activating EMT signaling pathway and immune responses. Taken together, the NEAT1/miR-200b-3p/SMAD2 signaling pathway promotes melanoma via activation of EMT, cell invasion and is related with immune responses, which provides new insights into the molecular mechanisms and therapeutic targets for melanoma.
Collapse
|
179
|
Simiczyjew A, Dratkiewicz E, Mazurkiewicz J, Ziętek M, Matkowski R, Nowak D. The Influence of Tumor Microenvironment on Immune Escape of Melanoma. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E8359. [PMID: 33171792 PMCID: PMC7664679 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21218359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Revised: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The low efficiency of currently-used anti-cancer therapies poses a serious challenge, especially in the case of malignant melanoma, a cancer characterized by elevated invasiveness and relatively high mortality rate. The role of the tumor microenvironment in the progression of melanoma and its acquisition of resistance to treatment seems to be the main focus of recent studies. One of the factors that, in normal conditions, aids the organism in its fight against the cancer and, following the malignant transformation, adapts to facilitate the development of the tumor is the immune system. A variety of cell types, i.e., T and B lymphocytes, macrophages, and dendritic and natural killer cells, as well as neutrophils, support the growth and invasiveness of melanoma cells, utilizing a plethora of mechanisms, including secretion of pro-inflammatory molecules, induction of inhibitory receptors expression, or depletion of essential nutrients. This review provides a comprehensive summary of the processes regulated by tumor-associated cells that promote the immune escape of melanoma cells. The described mechanisms offer potential new targets for anti-cancer treatment and should be further studied to improve currently-employed therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Simiczyjew
- Department of Cell Pathology, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, Joliot-Curie 14a, 50-383 Wroclaw, Poland; (E.D.); (J.M.); (D.N.)
| | - Ewelina Dratkiewicz
- Department of Cell Pathology, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, Joliot-Curie 14a, 50-383 Wroclaw, Poland; (E.D.); (J.M.); (D.N.)
| | - Justyna Mazurkiewicz
- Department of Cell Pathology, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, Joliot-Curie 14a, 50-383 Wroclaw, Poland; (E.D.); (J.M.); (D.N.)
| | - Marcin Ziętek
- Department of Oncology and Division of Surgical Oncology, Wroclaw Medical University, Plac Hirszfelda 12, 53-413 Wroclaw, Poland; (M.Z.); (R.M.)
- Wroclaw Comprehensive Cancer Center, Plac Hirszfelda 12, 53-413 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Rafał Matkowski
- Department of Oncology and Division of Surgical Oncology, Wroclaw Medical University, Plac Hirszfelda 12, 53-413 Wroclaw, Poland; (M.Z.); (R.M.)
- Wroclaw Comprehensive Cancer Center, Plac Hirszfelda 12, 53-413 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Dorota Nowak
- Department of Cell Pathology, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, Joliot-Curie 14a, 50-383 Wroclaw, Poland; (E.D.); (J.M.); (D.N.)
| |
Collapse
|
180
|
Yang Q, Guo N, Zhou Y, Chen J, Wei Q, Han M. The role of tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) in tumor progression and relevant advance in targeted therapy. Acta Pharm Sin B 2020; 10:2156-2170. [PMID: 33304783 PMCID: PMC7714989 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2020.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2020] [Revised: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages have a leading position in the tumor microenvironment (TME) which paves the way to carcinogenesis. Initially, monocytes and macrophages are recruited to the sites where the tumor develops. Under the guidance of different microenvironmental signals, macrophages would polarize into two functional phenotypes, named as classically activated macrophages (M1) and alternatively activated macrophages (M2). Contrary to the anti-tumor effect of M1, M2 exerts anti-inflammatory and tumorigenic characters. In progressive tumor, M2 tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) are in the majority, being vital regulators reacting upon TME. This review elaborates on the role of TAMs in tumor progression. Furthermore, prospective macrophage-focused therapeutic strategies, including drugs not only in clinical trials but also at primary research stages, are summarized followed by a discussion about their clinical application values. Nanoparticulate systems with efficient drug delivery and improved antitumor effect are also summed up in this article.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qiyao Yang
- Institute of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, The Second Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Ningning Guo
- Institute of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yi Zhou
- Institute of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Jiejian Chen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, The Second Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Qichun Wei
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, The Second Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Min Han
- Institute of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| |
Collapse
|
181
|
He S, Xu J, Wu J. The emerging role of co-stimulatory molecules and their agonistic mAb-based combination therapies in melanoma. Int Immunopharmacol 2020; 89:107097. [PMID: 33091814 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2020.107097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2020] [Revised: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Although anti-PD-1/L1 and anti-CTLA-4 antibodies, the validated immune checkpoint blockades, can elicit durable long-lasting antitumor immunity and improve the clinical outcomes of melanoma treatment, there are still a fraction of patients who did not receive therapeutic benefits as expected. In addition to findings of blocking the co-inhibitory pathways, the preclinical and clinical evidence suggests that triggering the co-stimulatory pathways through agonists such as CD137, OX40, CD40, GITR and CD27 may be a rational next step for melanoma therapy. In this review, we discuss the progress of studies on these co-stimulatory molecules in terms of their promising therapeutic effects and underlying antitumor mechanisms, and provide a review of the possible combinations that orchestrate the interplay of co-stimulatory agonistic mAbs and other therapies for treating melanoma, including inhibitory immune checkpoint mAbs, adoptive T cell therapy, chemotherapy and radiotherapy. We also briefly present the limitations and challenges involved in these co-stimulatory agonistic mAb-based combination strategies for melanoma patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shan He
- Department of Dermatology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, PR China
| | - Jinhua Xu
- Department of Dermatology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, PR China
| | - Jinfeng Wu
- Department of Dermatology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
182
|
Zagorulya M, Duong E, Spranger S. Impact of anatomic site on antigen-presenting cells in cancer. J Immunother Cancer 2020; 8:e001204. [PMID: 33020244 PMCID: PMC7537336 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2020-001204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Checkpoint blockade immunotherapy (CBT) can induce long-term clinical benefits in patients with advanced cancer; however, response rates to CBT vary by cancer type. Cancers of the skin, lung, and kidney are largely responsive to CBT, while cancers of the pancreas, ovary, breast, and metastatic lesions to the liver respond poorly. The impact of tissue-resident immune cells on antitumor immunity is an emerging area of investigation. Recent evidence indicates that antitumor immune responses and efficacy of CBT depend on the tissue site of the tumor lesion. As myeloid cells are predominantly tissue-resident and can shape tumor-reactive T cell responses, it is conceivable that tissue-specific differences in their function underlie the tissue-site-dependent variability in CBT responses. Understanding the roles of tissue-specific myeloid cells in antitumor immunity can open new avenues for treatment design. In this review, we discuss the roles of tissue-specific antigen-presenting cells (APCs) in governing antitumor immune responses, with a particular focus on the contributions of tissue-specific dendritic cells. Using the framework of the Cancer-Immunity Cycle, we examine the contributions of tissue-specific APC in CBT-sensitive and CBT-resistant carcinomas, highlight how these cells can be therapeutically modulated, and identify gaps in knowledge that remain to be addressed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Zagorulya
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ellen Duong
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Stefani Spranger
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| |
Collapse
|
183
|
Winge-Main AK, Wälchli S, Inderberg EM. T cell receptor therapy against melanoma-Immunotherapy for the future? Scand J Immunol 2020; 92:e12927. [PMID: 32640053 DOI: 10.1111/sji.12927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Revised: 06/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Malignant melanoma has seen monumental changes in treatment options the last decade from the very poor results of dacarbazine treatment to the modern-day use of targeted therapies and immune checkpoint inhibitors. Melanoma has a high mutational burden making it more capable of evoking immune responses than many other tumours. Even when considering double immune checkpoint blockade with anti-CTLA-4 and anti-PD-1, we still have far to go in melanoma treatment as 50% of patients with metastatic disease do not respond to current treatment. Alternative immunotherapy should therefore be considered. Since melanoma has a high mutational burden, it is considered more immunogenic than many other tumours. T cell receptor (TCR) therapy could be a possible way forward, either alone or in combination, to improve the response rates of this deadly disease. Melanoma is one of the cancers where TCR therapy has been frequently applied. However, the number of antigens targeted remains fairly limited, although advanced personalized therapies aim at also targeting private mutations. In this review, we look at possible aspects of targeting TCR therapy towards melanoma and provide an implication of its use in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna K Winge-Main
- Department of Cellular Therapy, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Oncology, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Sébastien Wälchli
- Department of Cellular Therapy, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Else Marit Inderberg
- Department of Cellular Therapy, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| |
Collapse
|
184
|
Sabbatino F, Scognamiglio G, Liguori L, Marra A, Anniciello AM, Polcaro G, Dal Col J, Caputo A, Peluso AL, Botti G, Zeppa P, Ferrone S, Pepe S. Peritumoral Immune Infiltrate as a Prognostic Biomarker in Thin Melanoma. Front Immunol 2020; 11:561390. [PMID: 33117345 PMCID: PMC7550791 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.561390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Thin melanomas are tumors less than 1 mm thick according to Breslow classification. Their prognosis is in most cases excellent. However, a small subset of these tumors relapses. These clinical findings emphasize the need of novel prognostic biomarkers to identify this subset of tumors. Characterization of tumor immune microenvironment (TIME) is currently investigated as a prognostic and predictive biomarker for cancer immunotherapy in several solid tumors including melanoma. Here, taking into account the limited availability of tumor tissues, by characterizing some of the characteristics of TIME such as number of infiltrating lymphocytes, HLA class I antigen and PD-L1 expression, we show that number of infiltrating CD8+ and FOXP3+ T cells as well as CD8+/FOXP3+ T cell ratio can represent a useful prognostic biomarker in thin melanoma. Although further investigations in a larger patient cohort are needed, these findings have potential clinical significance since they can be used to define subgroups of thin melanoma patients who have a worse prognosis and might need different treatment modalities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Sabbatino
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry “Scuola Medica Salernitana”, University of Salerno, Baronissi, Italy
- Oncology Unit, San Giovanni di Dio e Ruggi D’Aragona University Hospital, Salerno, Italy
| | - Giosuè Scognamiglio
- Pathology Unit, Istituto Nazionale Tumori, IRCSS, “Fondazione G. Pascale”, Naples, Italy
| | - Luigi Liguori
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples “Federico II”, Naples, Italy
| | - Antonio Marra
- Division of Early Drug Development for Innovative Therapies, IEO, European Institute of Oncology, Milan, Italy
| | - Anna Maria Anniciello
- Pathology Unit, Istituto Nazionale Tumori, IRCSS, “Fondazione G. Pascale”, Naples, Italy
| | - Giovanna Polcaro
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry “Scuola Medica Salernitana”, University of Salerno, Baronissi, Italy
| | - Jessica Dal Col
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry “Scuola Medica Salernitana”, University of Salerno, Baronissi, Italy
| | - Alessandro Caputo
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry “Scuola Medica Salernitana”, University of Salerno, Baronissi, Italy
- Pathology Unit, San Giovanni di Dio e Ruggi D’Aragona University Hospital, Salerno, Italy
| | - Anna Lucia Peluso
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry “Scuola Medica Salernitana”, University of Salerno, Baronissi, Italy
- Pathology Unit, San Giovanni di Dio e Ruggi D’Aragona University Hospital, Salerno, Italy
| | - Gerardo Botti
- Scientific Direction, Istituto Nazionale Tumori-IRCCS-Fondazione G. Pascale, Naples, Italy
| | - Pio Zeppa
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry “Scuola Medica Salernitana”, University of Salerno, Baronissi, Italy
- Pathology Unit, San Giovanni di Dio e Ruggi D’Aragona University Hospital, Salerno, Italy
| | - Soldano Ferrone
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Stefano Pepe
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry “Scuola Medica Salernitana”, University of Salerno, Baronissi, Italy
- Oncology Unit, San Giovanni di Dio e Ruggi D’Aragona University Hospital, Salerno, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
185
|
Kang K, Xie F, Mao J, Bai Y, Wang X. Significance of Tumor Mutation Burden in Immune Infiltration and Prognosis in Cutaneous Melanoma. Front Oncol 2020; 10:573141. [PMID: 33072607 PMCID: PMC7531222 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.573141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Melanoma is highly immunogenic and therefore suitable for immunotherapy, but the efficacy is limited by response rate. In several types of tumor, tumor mutation burden (TMB) and immune infiltration have been reported to predict the response to immunotherapy, although each has its limitations. In the current study, we aimed to explore the association of TMB with immune infiltration and prognosis in cutaneous melanoma. Methods: The data of cutaneous melanoma used for analyses was downloaded from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database. The mutation data was sorted using "maftools" R package. TMB was estimated and then patients were divided into two groups based on TMB. The association of TMB with prognosis and clinical characteristics was explored. Differential analysis between two TMB groups was performed using "DESeq2" R package to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs). The function enrichment analyses of DEGs were conducted to screen critical pathways. Besides, DEGs were further filtered to identify two hub genes, based on which a risk score model and nomogram for predicting prognosis were conducted, and the validation was performed using three datasets from Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database. Finally, CIBERSORT algorithm and TIMER database were used to assess the effect of TMB and hub genes on immune infiltration. Results: The most common mutation was C > T, and the top three frequently mutated genes were TTN, MUC16, and BRAF. Higher TMB indicated better survival outcomes and lower pathological stages. 735 DEGs were identified and mainly involved in immune-related and adhesion-related pathways. The risk score model and nomogram were validated using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves and calibration curves, and exhibited relatively high predictive capability. Decision curve analysis (DCA) was used to assess clinical benefit. As for immune infiltration, the proportion was higher for macrophages M1 and M2 in the high-TMB group, while lower for memory B cells and regulatory T cells. Conclusions: In cutaneous melanoma, TMB was positively correlated with prognosis. The risk score model and nomogram can be conveniently used to predict prognosis. The association of TMB with immune infiltration can help improve the predicting methods for the response to immunotherapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kai Kang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Fucun Xie
- Department of Medical Oncology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jinzhu Mao
- Department of Medical Oncology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yi Bai
- Department of Liver Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.,Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, First Central Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiang Wang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
186
|
Zeng D, Long H, Zhu B. Antitumor effects of targeting myeloid-derived suppressive cells. Transl Cancer Res 2020; 9:5787-5797. [PMID: 35117939 PMCID: PMC8798346 DOI: 10.21037/tcr.2020.01.52] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 01/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) are a heterogeneous population of immature myeloid cells with major regulatory functions, which are expanded in pathological conditions, including cancers, infections and autoimmune diseases. Evidence has identified MDSCs as critical cells driving immune suppression in tumor microenvironments. Treatments targeting MDSCs have shown promising results in preclinical studies and some clinical trials. In this review, we discuss therapeutic approaches targeting MDSCs, which may benefit future study.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dong Zeng
- Institute of Cancer, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Haixia Long
- Institute of Cancer, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Bo Zhu
- Institute of Cancer, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| |
Collapse
|
187
|
Lazaridou MF, Massa C, Handke D, Mueller A, Friedrich M, Subbarayan K, Tretbar S, Dummer R, Koelblinger P, Seliger B. Identification of microRNAs Targeting the Transporter Associated with Antigen Processing TAP1 in Melanoma. J Clin Med 2020; 9:jcm9092690. [PMID: 32825219 PMCID: PMC7563967 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9092690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The underlying molecular mechanisms of the aberrant expression of components of the HLA class I antigen processing and presentation machinery (APM) in tumors leading to evasion from T cell-mediated immune surveillance could be due to posttranscriptional regulation mediated by microRNAs (miRs). So far, some miRs controlling the expression of different APM components have been identified. Using in silico analysis and an miR enrichment protocol in combination with small RNA sequencing, miR-26b-5p and miR-21-3p were postulated to target the 3′ untranslated region (UTR) of the peptide transporter TAP1, which was confirmed by high free binding energy and dual luciferase reporter assays. Overexpression of miR-26b-5p and miR-21-3p in melanoma cells downregulated the TAP1 protein and reduced expression of HLA class I cell surface antigens, which could be reverted by miR inhibitors. Moreover, miR-26b-5p overexpression induced a decreased T cell recognition. Furthermore, an inverse expression of miR-26b-5p and miR-21-3p with TAP1 was found in primary melanoma lesions, which was linked with the frequency of CD8+ T cell infiltration. Thus, miR-26-5p and miR-21-3p are involved in the HLA class I-mediated immune escape and might be used as biomarkers or therapeutic targets for HLA class Ilow melanoma cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria-Filothei Lazaridou
- Institute of Medical Immunology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Magdeburger Str. 2, 06112 Halle, Germany; (M.-F.L.); (C.M.); (D.H.); (A.M.); (M.F.); (K.S.); (S.T.)
| | - Chiara Massa
- Institute of Medical Immunology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Magdeburger Str. 2, 06112 Halle, Germany; (M.-F.L.); (C.M.); (D.H.); (A.M.); (M.F.); (K.S.); (S.T.)
| | - Diana Handke
- Institute of Medical Immunology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Magdeburger Str. 2, 06112 Halle, Germany; (M.-F.L.); (C.M.); (D.H.); (A.M.); (M.F.); (K.S.); (S.T.)
| | - Anja Mueller
- Institute of Medical Immunology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Magdeburger Str. 2, 06112 Halle, Germany; (M.-F.L.); (C.M.); (D.H.); (A.M.); (M.F.); (K.S.); (S.T.)
| | - Michael Friedrich
- Institute of Medical Immunology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Magdeburger Str. 2, 06112 Halle, Germany; (M.-F.L.); (C.M.); (D.H.); (A.M.); (M.F.); (K.S.); (S.T.)
| | - Karthikeyan Subbarayan
- Institute of Medical Immunology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Magdeburger Str. 2, 06112 Halle, Germany; (M.-F.L.); (C.M.); (D.H.); (A.M.); (M.F.); (K.S.); (S.T.)
| | - Sandy Tretbar
- Institute of Medical Immunology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Magdeburger Str. 2, 06112 Halle, Germany; (M.-F.L.); (C.M.); (D.H.); (A.M.); (M.F.); (K.S.); (S.T.)
| | - Reinhard Dummer
- Institute of Dermatology, University Hospital Zürich, 8091 Zürich, Switzerland;
| | - Peter Koelblinger
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, University Hospital Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria;
| | - Barbara Seliger
- Institute of Medical Immunology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Magdeburger Str. 2, 06112 Halle, Germany; (M.-F.L.); (C.M.); (D.H.); (A.M.); (M.F.); (K.S.); (S.T.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-(0)-345-557-4054
| |
Collapse
|
188
|
Yu R, Jin L, Li F, Fujimoto M, Wei Q, Lin Z, Ren X, Jin Q, Li H, Meng F, Jin G. Dihydroartemisinin inhibits melanoma by regulating CTL/Treg anti-tumor immunity and STAT3-mediated apoptosis via IL-10 dependent manner. J Dermatol Sci 2020; 99:193-202. [PMID: 32859456 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2020.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Revised: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND It has been shown that dihydroartemisinin (DHA) is effective in the treatment of malaria. Recently studies have demonstrated that DHA also regulates tumor cell growth, angiogenesis, T cell differentiation and generation. However, how DHA affects melanoma development remains poorly defined. OBJECTIVES To investigate the effects of DHA on the proliferation and migration of melanoma in vivo and in vitro, and to explore its possible mechanism. METHODS B16F10 cells and melanoma-bearing BALB/c mice were used to investigate the effects of DHA on melanoma. RESULTS DHA had inhibitory effect on melanoma proliferation in a time-and dose-dependent manner. Treatment of DHA attenuated melanoma severity and histopathological changes in BALB/c mice. DHA also inhibited melanoma invasion, migration, and community formation in a dose-dependent manner. Flow cytometry revealed a significant increase in IFN-γ+CD8+ T cells in the DHA groups. In tumor microenvironment and spleen, DHA induced expansion of CD8+CTL, while, CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ regulatory T (Treg) cells and IL-10+CD4+CD25+ T cells were normalized by DHA treatment. DHA diminished expression of IL-10 and IL-6, and increased the expression of IFN-γ in the tumor and spleen. Moreover, DHA administration significantly promoted the mitochondrial apoptosis of melanoma by regulating the STAT3 pathway. CONCLUSION DHA induces mitochondrial apoptosis and alters cytokines expression by inhibiting the phosphorylation of STAT3. DHA improves anti-tumor immunity in mice through controlling CD8+CTL function by counteracting IL-10-dependent Treg cells suppression, which promises to be an alternative drug for melanoma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ran Yu
- Department of Immunology and Pathogenic Biology, Yanbian University Medical College, Yanji, China
| | - Linbo Jin
- Department of Immunology and Pathogenic Biology, Yanbian University Medical College, Yanji, China
| | - Fangfang Li
- Department of Immunology and Pathogenic Biology, Yanbian University Medical College, Yanji, China
| | - Manabu Fujimoto
- Department of Dermatology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Laboratory of Cutaneous Immunology, Osaka UniversityImmunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka, Japan
| | - Qiang Wei
- Department of Immunology and Pathogenic Biology, Yanbian University Medical College, Yanji, China
| | - Zhenhua Lin
- Department of Pathology, Yanbian University Medical College, Yanji, China
| | - Xiangshan Ren
- Department of Pathology, Yanbian University Medical College, Yanji, China
| | - Quanxin Jin
- Department of Immunology and Pathogenic Biology, Yanbian University Medical College, Yanji, China
| | - Honghua Li
- Department of Immunology and Pathogenic Biology, Yanbian University Medical College, Yanji, China
| | - Fanping Meng
- Department of Immunology and Pathogenic Biology, Yanbian University Medical College, Yanji, China
| | - Guihua Jin
- Department of Immunology and Pathogenic Biology, Yanbian University Medical College, Yanji, China.
| |
Collapse
|
189
|
Sun M, Qiu J, Zhai H, Wang Y, Ma P, Li M, Chen B. Prognostic Implications of Novel Gene Signatures in Gastric Cancer Microenvironment. Med Sci Monit 2020; 26:e924604. [PMID: 32740646 PMCID: PMC7418782 DOI: 10.12659/msm.924604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Increasing studies have shown the important clinical role of immune and stromal cells in gastric cancer microenvironment. Based on information of immune and stromal cells in The Cancer Genome Atlas, this study aimed to construct a prognostic risk assessment model for gastric cancer. Material/Methods Based on the immune/structural scores, differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were filtered and analyzed. Afterwards, DEGs associated with prognosis were screened and the risk assessment model was constructed in the training set. Moreover, the validity of the model was verified both in the testing set and the overall sample. Results In this study, patients were divided into high-score and low-score groups based on immune/stromal score, and 919 DEGs were identified. By applying least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) and Cox analysis, 10 mRNAs were selected to form a prognostic risk assessment model, risk score=(0.294*SLC17A9) + (−0.477*FERMT3) + (0.866*NRP1) + (0.350*MMRN1) + (0.381*RNASE1) + (0.189*TRIB3) + (0.230*PGAP3) + (0.087*MAGEA3) + (0.182*TACR2) + (0.368*CYP51A1). In the training set, the low-risk group divided by the model was found to have better overall survival, and the prediction efficiency of the model was demonstrated to be good. Multivariate Cox analysis indicated that the model could work as a prognostic factor independently. Similar results were shown in the testing group and overall patients cohort group. Finally, the risk assessment model and other clinical variables were integrated to construct a nomogram. Conclusions In general, this study constructs a prognostic risk assessment model for gastric cancer, which could improve the prognosis stratification of patients combined with other clinical indicators.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mengyu Sun
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China (mainland)
| | - Jieping Qiu
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China (mainland)
| | - Huazheng Zhai
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China (mainland)
| | - Yaoqun Wang
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China (mainland)
| | - Panpan Ma
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China (mainland)
| | - Mengyin Li
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China (mainland)
| | - Bo Chen
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China (mainland)
| |
Collapse
|
190
|
Hawthorne S, Zhao L, Hanson M, Kanas G, Davis C, Robinson D, Turnure M, Clark O. Treatment of Advanced/Metastatic Melanoma in the United States and Western Europe: Results of the CancerMPact Survey. Cancer Manag Res 2020; 12:5633-5639. [PMID: 32765066 PMCID: PMC7360427 DOI: 10.2147/cmar.s263468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Context Melanoma treatment has substantially changed over the last several years, yet little information regarding physician's preferences around treatment exists. Objective Our aim is to describe the results of the CancerMPact (CMP) survey performed in 2019 about the treatment of advanced/metastatic melanoma. Methods CMP is a data source from Kantar, Health Division, containing data on cancer epidemiology and treatment. Once a year, Kantar performs a series of surveys with specialists in the field of interest in the United States of America (USA), Western Europe (WE), Japan, and China. The results of the survey reported in this work comprise the answers from 94 USA and 99 WE physicians about the treatment of melanoma. Results In the first-line for the BRAF wild-type population, immuno-oncology (IO) drugs including nivolumab, ipilimumab or pembrolizumab (alone or in combination) were used in 80.1% of the cases in the USA and 70.6% in WE. Conventional chemotherapy or cytokine-based treatments were used in 16.4% of the USA patients and 28.2% in WE. In the second-line in the USA, 45.8% of BRAF wild-type patients received IO drugs, while 45.0% of patients received conventional chemotherapy or cytokine-based treatments. The majority of patients with BRAF mutant advanced/metastatic melanoma were treated in the first-line with BRAF-targeted therapy (61.3% USA, 71.9% WE), and few patients received conventional chemotherapy or cytokine-based treatments (11.9% USA, 12.4% WE); the most commonly used BRAF-targeted therapy was the combination of dabrafenib plus trametinib. In the second-line, BRAF mutant patients received IO drugs (45.1% USA, 53.7% WE), targeted therapy (37.6% USA, 32% WE) or conventional chemotherapy/cytokine-based treatments (14.4% USA, 11.7% WE). Conclusion The use of IO or targeted therapy for patients with advanced/metastatic melanoma is the preferred treatment strategy by physicians in the USA and WE based on BRAF mutation status. Many patients still receive conventional chemotherapies or cytokines with unsubstantial benefit, especially in recurrent patients of BRAF wild type.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Linda Zhao
- Kantar, Health Division, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Gena Kanas
- Kantar, Health Division, New York, NY, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
191
|
Ji C, Li Y, Yang K, Gao Y, Sha Y, Xiao D, Liang X, Cheng Z. Identification of four genes associated with cutaneous metastatic melanoma. Open Med (Wars) 2020; 15:531-539. [PMID: 33336008 PMCID: PMC7712158 DOI: 10.1515/med-2020-0190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Revised: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Cutaneous melanoma is an aggressive cancer with increasing incidence and mortality rates worldwide. Metastasis is one of the primary elements that influence the prognosis of patients with cutaneous melanoma. This study aims to clarify the potential mechanism underlying the low survival rate of metastatic melanoma and to search for novel target genes to improve the survival rate of patients with metastatic tumors. Methods Gene expression dataset and clinical data were downloaded from The Cancer Genome Atlas portal. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified, and their functions were studied through gene ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes enrichment analyses. Survival and multivariate Cox regression analyses were used to screen out candidate genes that could affect the prognosis of patients with metastatic melanoma. Results After a series of comprehensive statistical analysis, 464 DEGs were identified between primary tumor tissues and metastatic tissues. Survival and multivariate Cox regression analyses revealed four vital genes, namely, POU2AF1, ITGAL, CXCR2P1, and MZB1, that affect the prognosis of patients with metastatic melanoma. Conclusion This study provides a new direction for studying the pathogenesis of metastatic melanoma. The genes related to cutaneous metastatic melanoma that affect the overall survival time of patients were identified.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chen Ji
- Department of Dermatology, Zhangjiagang TCM Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 77 Changan South Road, Zhangjiagang, Jiangsu Province, 215600, China
| | - Yuming Li
- Department of Dermatology, Zhangjiagang TCM Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 77 Changan South Road, Zhangjiagang, Jiangsu Province, 215600, China
| | - Kai Yang
- Department of Dermatology, Zhangjiagang TCM Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 77 Changan South Road, Zhangjiagang, Jiangsu Province, 215600, China
| | - Yanwei Gao
- Department of Dermatology, Zhangjiagang TCM Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 77 Changan South Road, Zhangjiagang, Jiangsu Province, 215600, China
| | - Yan Sha
- Department of Dermatology, Zhangjiagang TCM Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 77 Changan South Road, Zhangjiagang, Jiangsu Province, 215600, China
| | - Dong Xiao
- Department of Dermatology, Zhangjiagang TCM Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 77 Changan South Road, Zhangjiagang, Jiangsu Province, 215600, China
| | - Xiaohong Liang
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Zhangjiagang TCM Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 77 Changan South Road, Zhangjiagang, Jiangsu Province, 215600, China
| | - Zhongqin Cheng
- Department of Dermatology, Zhangjiagang TCM Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 77 Changan South Road, Zhangjiagang, Jiangsu Province, 215600, China
| |
Collapse
|
192
|
Kyriakou G, Melachrinou M. Cancer stem cells, epigenetics, tumor microenvironment and future therapeutics in cutaneous malignant melanoma: a review. Future Oncol 2020; 16:1549-1567. [PMID: 32484008 DOI: 10.2217/fon-2020-0151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
This review provides an overview of the current understanding of the ontogeny and biology of melanoma stem cells in cutaneous malignant melanoma. This article also summarizes and evaluates the current knowledge of the underlying epigenetic mechanisms, the regulation of melanoma progress by the tumor microenvironment as well as the therapeutic implications and applications of these novel insights, in the setting of personalized medicine. Unraveling the complex ecosystem of cutaneous malignant melanoma and the interplay between its components, aims to provide novel insights into the establishment of efficient therapeutic strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Georgia Kyriakou
- Department of Dermatology, University General Hospital of Patras, Rion 265 04, Greece
| | - Maria Melachrinou
- Department of Pathology, University General Hospital of Patras, Rion 265 04, Greece
| |
Collapse
|
193
|
Avagliano A, Fiume G, Pelagalli A, Sanità G, Ruocco MR, Montagnani S, Arcucci A. Metabolic Plasticity of Melanoma Cells and Their Crosstalk With Tumor Microenvironment. Front Oncol 2020; 10:722. [PMID: 32528879 PMCID: PMC7256186 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.00722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cutaneous melanoma (CM) is a highly aggressive and drug resistant solid tumor, showing an impressive metabolic plasticity modulated by oncogenic activation. In particular, melanoma cells can generate adenosine triphosphate (ATP) during cancer progression by both cytosolic and mitochondrial compartments, although CM energetic request mostly relies on glycolysis. The upregulation of glycolysis is associated with constitutive activation of BRAF/MAPK signaling sustained by BRAFV600E kinase mutant. In this scenario, the growth and progression of CM are strongly affected by melanoma metabolic changes and interplay with tumor microenvironment (TME) that sustain tumor development and immune escape. Furthermore, CM metabolic plasticity can induce a metabolic adaptive response to BRAF/MEK inhibitors (BRAFi/MEKi), associated with the shift from glycolysis toward oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS). Therefore, in this review article we survey the metabolic alterations and plasticity of CM, its crosstalk with TME that regulates melanoma progression, drug resistance and immunosurveillance. Finally, we describe hallmarks of melanoma therapeutic strategies targeting the shift from glycolysis toward OXPHOS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Angelica Avagliano
- Department of Public Health, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Fiume
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University "Magna Graecia" of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Alessandra Pelagalli
- Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy.,Institute of Biostructures and Bioimages, National Research Council, Naples, Italy
| | - Gennaro Sanità
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Maria Rosaria Ruocco
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Stefania Montagnani
- Department of Public Health, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Alessandro Arcucci
- Department of Public Health, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
194
|
PD-1 IC Inhibition Synergistically Improves Influenza A Virus-Mediated Oncolysis of Metastatic Pulmonary Melanoma. MOLECULAR THERAPY-ONCOLYTICS 2020; 17:190-204. [PMID: 32346609 PMCID: PMC7178321 DOI: 10.1016/j.omto.2020.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Recently, we showed that infection of primary lung tumor-bearing mice with oncolytic influenza A viruses (IAVs) led to strong virus-induced tumor cell lysis but also to restoration of immune competence of innate immune cells. Murine B16-F10 melanoma cells are known for their high lung tropism and progressive growth. As these cells are also highly permissive for IAVs, we analyzed their oncolytic and immunomodulatory efficiency against pulmonary B16-F10 lung metastases in vivo. IAV infection abrogated the melanoma-mediated immune suppression in the lung and induced a more than 50% cancer cell lysis. The oncolytic effect reached maximal efficacy 3 days post-infection, but it was not sustained over time. In order to maintain the virus-induced anti-tumor effect, mice with melanoma-derived lung cancers were treated in addition to influenza virus infection with an immune checkpoint inhibitor against programmed death-1 receptor (PD-1). The combined IAV and immune checkpoint inhibition (ICI) therapy resulted in a sustained anti-tumor efficacy, keeping the lung melanoma mass at day 12 of IAV infection still reduced by 50% over the control mice. In conclusion, ICI treatment strongly enhanced the oncolytic effect of influenza virus infection, suggesting that combined treatment is a promising approach against metastatic pulmonary melanoma.
Collapse
|
195
|
Choudhury A, Neumann NM, Raleigh DR, Lang UE. Clinical Implications of Primary Cilia in Skin Cancer. Dermatol Ther (Heidelb) 2020; 10:233-248. [PMID: 31997226 PMCID: PMC7090118 DOI: 10.1007/s13555-020-00355-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The primary cilium is a cell surface organelle that is an important component of cellular biology. While it was once believed to be a vestigial structure without biologic function, it is now known to have essential roles in critical cellular signaling pathways such as Hedgehog (HH) and Wnt. The HH and Wnt pathways are involved in pathogenesis of basal cell carcinoma and melanoma, respectively, and this knowledge is now beginning to inform therapeutic and diagnostic options for patients. The purpose of this review is to familiarize clinicians with primary cilia biology and how this complex cellular organelle has started to translate into clinical care.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abrar Choudhury
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Neil M Neumann
- Department of Pathology, Dermatopathology Service, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - David R Raleigh
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Ursula E Lang
- Department of Pathology, Dermatopathology Service, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
196
|
Yi M, Xu L, Jiao Y, Luo S, Li A, Wu K. The role of cancer-derived microRNAs in cancer immune escape. J Hematol Oncol 2020; 13:25. [PMID: 32222150 PMCID: PMC7103070 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-020-00848-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2019] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
During malignant transformation, accumulated somatic mutations endow cancer cells with increased invasiveness and immunogenicity. Under selective pressure, these highly immunogenic cancer cells develop multiple strategies to evade immune attack. It has been well established that cancer cells could downregulate the expression of major histocompatibility complex, acquire alterations in interferon pathway, and upregulate the activities of immune checkpoint pathways. Besides, cancer cells secret numerous cytokines, exosomes, and microvesicles to regulate the functions and abundances of components in the tumor microenvironment including immune effector cells and professional antigen presentation cells. As the vital determinant of post-transcriptional regulation, microRNAs (miRNAs) not only participate in cancer initiation and progression but also regulate anti-cancer immune response. For instance, some miRNAs affect cancer immune surveillance and immune escape by interfering the expression of immune attack-associated molecules. A growing body of evidence indicated that cancer-derived immune modulatory miRNAs might be promising targets to counteract cancer immune escape. In this review, we summarized the role of some miRNAs in cancer immune escape and discussed their potential clinical application as treatment targets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ming Yi
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030 China
| | - Linping Xu
- Department of Medical Oncology, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University & Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou, 450008 China
| | - Ying Jiao
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030 China
| | - Suxia Luo
- Department of Medical Oncology, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University & Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou, 450008 China
| | - Anping Li
- Department of Medical Oncology, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University & Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou, 450008 China
| | - Kongming Wu
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030 China
- Department of Medical Oncology, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University & Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou, 450008 China
| |
Collapse
|
197
|
Jorge NAN, Cruz JGV, Pretti MAM, Bonamino MH, Possik PA, Boroni M. Poor clinical outcome in metastatic melanoma is associated with a microRNA-modulated immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment. J Transl Med 2020; 18:56. [PMID: 32024530 PMCID: PMC7001250 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-020-02235-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Interaction between malignant cells and immune cells that reside within the tumor microenvironment (TME) modulate different aspects of tumor development and progression. Recent works showed the importance of miRNA-containing extracellular vesicles in this crosstalk. Methods Interested in understanding the interplay between melanoma and immune-related TME cells, we characterized the TCGA’s metastatic melanoma samples according to their tumor microenvironment profiles, HLA-I neoepitopes, transcriptome profile and classified them into three groups. Moreover, we combined our results with melanoma single-cell gene expression and public miRNA data to better characterize the regulatory network of circulating miRNAs and their targets related to immune evasion and microenvironment response. Results The group associated with a worse prognosis showed phenotypic characteristics that favor immune evasion, including a strong signature of suppressor cells and less stable neoantigen:HLA-I complexes. Conversely, the group with better prognosis was marked by enrichment in lymphocyte and MHC signatures. By analyzing publicly available melanoma single-cell RNA and microvesicle microRNAs sequencing data we identified circulating microRNAs potentially involved in the crosstalk between tumor and TME cells. Candidate miRNA/target gene pairs with previously reported roles in tumor progression and immune escape mechanisms were further investigated and demonstrated to impact patient’s overall survival not only in melanoma but across different tumor types. Conclusion Our results underscore the impact of tumor-microenvironment interactions on disease outcomes and reveal potential non-invasive biomarkers of prognosis and treatment response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Natasha A N Jorge
- Bioinformatics and Computational Biology Lab, Division of Experimental and Translational Research, Brazilian National Cancer Institute, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 20231-050, Brazil
| | - Jéssica G V Cruz
- Bioinformatics and Computational Biology Lab, Division of Experimental and Translational Research, Brazilian National Cancer Institute, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 20231-050, Brazil
| | - Marco Antônio M Pretti
- Bioinformatics and Computational Biology Lab, Division of Experimental and Translational Research, Brazilian National Cancer Institute, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 20231-050, Brazil.,Program of Immunology and Tumor Biology, Division of Experimental and Translational Research, Brazilian National Cancer Institute, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 20231-050, Brazil
| | - Martín H Bonamino
- Program of Immunology and Tumor Biology, Division of Experimental and Translational Research, Brazilian National Cancer Institute, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 20231-050, Brazil.,Vice Presidency of Research and Biological Collections, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21040-900, Brazil
| | - Patricia A Possik
- Program of Immunology and Tumor Biology, Division of Experimental and Translational Research, Brazilian National Cancer Institute, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 20231-050, Brazil.
| | - Mariana Boroni
- Bioinformatics and Computational Biology Lab, Division of Experimental and Translational Research, Brazilian National Cancer Institute, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 20231-050, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
198
|
Limonta P, Queirolo P. New insights in melanoma biology: Running fast towards precision medicine. Semin Cancer Biol 2019; 59:161-164. [PMID: 31562958 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2019.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Patrizia Limonta
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milano, Via Balzaretti 9, 20133 Milano, Italy.
| | - Paola Queirolo
- Medical Oncology of Melanoma, Sarcoma and Rare Tumors, IEO, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Via Ripamonti 435, 20141 Milano, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
199
|
Ma HL, Yu SJ, Chen J, Ding XF, Chen G, Liang Y, Pan JL. CA8 promotes RCC proliferation and migration though its expression level is lower in tumor compared to adjacent normal tissue. Biomed Pharmacother 2019; 121:109578. [PMID: 31715371 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2019.109578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Revised: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemotherapy and radiotherapy are not as successful in the case of renal cell carcinoma (RCC) although some targeted drugs were approved for RCC therapy recently. Analysis of whole genomic data will lead to improvements in understanding RCC and identifying novel anticancer targets. Here, we found the differential mRNA expression and copy number variation (CNV) of Carbonic anhydrase-related protein VIII (CA8) gene in RCC through integrated bioinformatics analysis of TCGA database, which was confirmed in 5 cases of samples collected from RCC patients who underwent radical nephrectomy by analysis of CA8 mRNA and protein levels using RT-PCR immunohistochemical assay. However, we got a completely opposite result that CA8 promoted RCC progression, those are CA8 overexpression promoted the proliferative and migratory ability of Caki-1 and 769-P cells in vitro as determined with MTT and transwell assay, and CA8 overexpression could also promote Caki-1 xenograft growth in BALB/C‑nu/nu mice. On the contrary, CA8-knockdown reduced Caki-1 and 769-P cell proliferation and migration. Moreover, knockdown of CA8 decreased pAKT and MMP2 protein levels in Caki-1 cells while overexpressing CA8 increased pAKT and MMP2. In conclusion, we showed that CA8 promoted RCC cell proliferation and migration, but it was down-regulated in RCC, which requires an additional mechanism study.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huai-Lu Ma
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Clinical Medicine, Taizhou University, Taizhou, Zhejiang 318000, China; Graduate School of Medicine, Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, Hebei 075000, China; School of Medicine, Taizhou University, Taizhou, Zhejiang 318000, China
| | - Sheng-Jian Yu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Clinical Medicine, Taizhou University, Taizhou, Zhejiang 318000, China
| | - Jie Chen
- School of Medicine, Taizhou University, Taizhou, Zhejiang 318000, China
| | - Xiao-Fei Ding
- School of Medicine, Taizhou University, Taizhou, Zhejiang 318000, China
| | - Guang Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Clinical Medicine, Taizhou University, Taizhou, Zhejiang 318000, China; School of Medicine, Taizhou University, Taizhou, Zhejiang 318000, China.
| | - Yong Liang
- Institute of Tumor, Taizhou University, School of Medicine, 1139 Shi-Fu Avenue, Taizhou, Zhejiang 318000, China.
| | - Jian-Li Pan
- Pharmacy Department, Eye Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, NO. 618, Fengqi East Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310000, China.
| |
Collapse
|