151
|
Shepherd C, Navarro S, Wangchuk P, Wilson D, Daly NL, Loukas A. Identifying the immunomodulatory components of helminths. Parasite Immunol 2015; 37:293-303. [PMID: 25854639 DOI: 10.1111/pim.12192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2015] [Accepted: 03/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Immunomodulatory components of helminths offer great promise as an entirely new class of biologics for the treatment of inflammatory diseases. Here, we discuss the emerging themes in helminth-driven immunomodulation in the context of therapeutic drug discovery. We broadly define the approaches that are currently applied by researchers to identify these helminth molecules, highlighting key areas of potential exploitation that have been mostly neglected thus far, notably small molecules. Finally, we propose that the investigation of immunomodulatory compounds will enable the translation of current and future research efforts into potential treatments for autoimmune and allergic diseases, while at the same time yielding new insights into the molecular interface of host-parasite biology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Shepherd
- Centre for Biodiscovery and Molecular Development of Therapeutics, Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns, Qld, Australia
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
152
|
Systemic Cytokine Profiles in Strongyloides stercoralis Infection and Alterations following Treatment. Infect Immun 2015; 84:425-31. [PMID: 26597982 DOI: 10.1128/iai.01354-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2015] [Accepted: 11/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Strongyloides stercoralis is a soil-transmitted helminth organism that infects ~50 to 100 million people worldwide. Despite its widespread prevalence, very little is known about the immune response that characterizes human S. stercoralis infection. To study the systemic cytokine profile characteristic of Strongyloides infection, we measured the circulating levels of a large panel of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines in asymptomatic, infected individuals (n = 32) and compared them to those in uninfected, controls (n = 24). Infected individuals exhibited significantly lower circulating levels of proinflammatory cytokines (gamma interferon [IFN-γ], tumor necrosis factor alpha [TNF-α], and interleukin-1β [IL-1β]) and significantly higher levels of anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-4, IL-5, IL-9, IL-10, IL-13, IL-27, IL-37, and transforming growth factor β [TGF-β]). Moreover, treatment of Strongyloides infection resulted in a significant reversal of the cytokine profile, with increased levels of proinflammatory (IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-2, IL-17A, IL-17F, IL-22, IL-23, and IL-1β) and decreased levels of anti-inflammatory (IL-4, IL-5, IL-9, IL-10, IL-13, IL-27, IL-37, and TGF-β) cytokines following treatment. Thus, S. stercoralis infection is characterized by alterations in the levels of systemic cytokines, reflecting major alterations in the underlying immune response to this chronic helminth infection.
Collapse
|
153
|
Yamaguchi T, Takizawa F, Fischer U, Dijkstra JM. Along the Axis between Type 1 and Type 2 Immunity; Principles Conserved in Evolution from Fish to Mammals. BIOLOGY 2015; 4:814-59. [PMID: 26593954 PMCID: PMC4690019 DOI: 10.3390/biology4040814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2015] [Revised: 10/10/2015] [Accepted: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
A phenomenon already discovered more than 25 years ago is the possibility of naïve helper T cells to polarize into TH1 or TH2 populations. In a simplified model, these polarizations occur at opposite ends of an "immune 1-2 axis" (i1-i2 axis) of possible conditions. Additional polarizations of helper/regulatory T cells were discovered later, such as for example TH17 and Treg phenotypes; although these polarizations are not selected by the axis-end conditions, they are affected by i1-i2 axis factors, and may retain more potential for change than the relatively stable TH1 and TH2 phenotypes. I1-i2 axis conditions are also relevant for polarizations of other types of leukocytes, such as for example macrophages. Tissue milieus with "type 1 immunity" ("i1") are biased towards cell-mediated cytotoxicity, while the term "type 2 immunity" ("i2") is used for a variety of conditions which have in common that they inhibit type 1 immunity. The immune milieus of some tissues, like the gills in fish and the uterus in pregnant mammals, probably are skewed towards type 2 immunity. An i2-skewed milieu is also created by many tumors, which allows them to escape eradication by type 1 immunity. In this review we compare a number of i1-i2 axis factors between fish and mammals, and conclude that several principles of the i1-i2 axis system seem to be ancient and shared between all classes of jawed vertebrates. Furthermore, the present study is the first to identify a canonical TH2 cytokine locus in a bony fish, namely spotted gar, in the sense that it includes RAD50 and bona fide genes of both IL-4/13 and IL-3/ IL-5/GM-CSF families.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takuya Yamaguchi
- Laboratory of Fish Immunology, Institute of Infectology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Südufer 10, Greifswald-Insel Riems 17493, Germany.
| | - Fumio Takizawa
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
| | - Uwe Fischer
- Laboratory of Fish Immunology, Institute of Infectology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Südufer 10, Greifswald-Insel Riems 17493, Germany.
| | - Johannes M Dijkstra
- Institute for Comprehensive Medical Science, Fujita Health University, Dengakugakubo 1-98, Toyoake, Aichi 470-1192, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
154
|
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Type 2 (Th2) immune responses play important roles in intestinal immunity by contributing to the maintenance of mucosal homeostasis, not only conferring protection against helminthic infection but also participating in pro-inflammatory pathways in chronic intestinal inflammatory disorders, including inflammatory bowel disease. The current review focuses on recent developments regarding the role of Th2 responses in intestinal inflammation. RECENT FINDINGS Th2 gut mucosal responses are promoted by mediators that are released following injury to the epithelium, and act as alarmin-type danger signals. Interleukin (IL)-33 is prominent among such factors and demonstrates a dichotomous function, exerting either protective or pro-inflammatory effects, depending on its cellular compartmentalization. The pool of type 2 effector cells has been enriched recently to include not only classical CD4+ Th2 lymphocytes but also a subset of innate lymphocytes (ILC2s) that express the transcriptional factor GATA binding protein 3 and secrete IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13. ILC2s play important roles during infection with helminths and bi-directionally interact with Th2 CD4+ lymphocytes, thus establishing a transition from innate to adaptive immunological pathways. Th2 responses are also involved in pro-inflammatory pathways at the intestinal mucosa, and neutralization of the pivotal cytokines IL-4 and IL-13 has been shown to regulate experimental intestinal inflammation. In striking contrast, however, neutralization of human IL-13 had no therapeutic effect in patients with ulcerative colitis. SUMMARY Further studies will be required to delineate the specific mechanisms of type 2 mucosal immunity in inflammatory bowel disease and examine the applicability of Th2-targeted therapies for intestinal inflammation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giorgos Bamias
- Academic Department of Gastroenterology, Kapodistrian University of Athens, Laikon Hospital, Athens, 11527, Greece
| | - Fabio Cominelli
- Division of Gastrointestinal and Liver Disease, Case Western Reserve University, School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| |
Collapse
|
155
|
Vendelova E, Lutz MB, Hrčková G. Immunity and immune modulation elicited by the larval cestode Mesocestoides vogae and its products. Parasite Immunol 2015. [PMID: 26218296 DOI: 10.1111/pim.12216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Larval cestodes (metacestodes) induce long-lasting infections leading to considerable pathology in humans and livestock. Their survival is typically associated with Th2-biased immune responses and immunosuppressive effects and depends on the parasite's ability to excrete/secrete antigens with immunoregulatory properties. Here, Mesocestoides vogae, a natural parasite of mice, is proposed as a new model species for the identification and characterization of cestode-derived immunomodulatory factors. We followed the kinetics of immune parameters after infection with M. vogae or exposure to their excretory/secretory (ES) products in a permissive strain of mice. Besides, a dominant IL-10 production and accumulation of macrophages and eosinophils expressing mRNA for Fizz-1, YM1 and Arg-1, mice showed minimal IFN-γ and transient IL-4 production at early time points with a complete loss at later stages of infection. We found that serum-free ES products without host contamination directly induced M2 macrophages and suppressed IFN-γ production in vivo and in vitro. This study highlights the use of the M. vogae as a cestode infection model and its ES products as a valuable tool for the identification of new therapeutic targets for the control of larval cestodiasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E Vendelova
- Institute of Parasitology of the Slovak Academy of Sciences, Košice, Slovak Republic
| | - M B Lutz
- Institute of Virology and Immunobiology, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - G Hrčková
- Institute of Parasitology of the Slovak Academy of Sciences, Košice, Slovak Republic
| |
Collapse
|
156
|
Alves DDSMM, Gurgel-Gonçalves R, Albuquerque P, Cuba-Cuba CA, Muniz-Junqueira MI, Kückelhaus SAS. A method for microbial decontamination of Acanthamoeba cultures using the peritoneal cavity of mice. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apjtb.2015.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
|
157
|
Halim TYF. Group 2 innate lymphoid cells in disease. Int Immunol 2015; 28:13-22. [PMID: 26306498 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxv050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2015] [Accepted: 08/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2) are now recognized as an important innate source of type-2 effector cytokines. Although initially associated with mucosal tissues, it is clear that ILC2 are present in diverse anatomical locations. The function of ILC2 at these sites is equally varied, and although ILC2 represent a relatively minor population, they are fundamentally important regulators of innate and adaptive immune processes. As such, there is much interest to understand the role of ILC2 in diseases with a type-2 inflammatory component. This review explores the known roles of ILC2 in disease, and the diseases that show associations or other strong evidence for the involvement of ILC2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Timotheus Y F Halim
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK
| |
Collapse
|
158
|
Huang Y, Paul WE. Inflammatory group 2 innate lymphoid cells. Int Immunol 2015; 28:23-8. [PMID: 26232596 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxv044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2015] [Accepted: 07/22/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2 cells) are able to produce type 2 cytokines and to mediate type 2 immune protection and tissue homeostasis. ILC2 cells have often been considered to be a single set of cells that respond to IL-33 and/or IL-25. Recent evidence now indicates that ILC2 cells can be grouped into two distinct subsets: homeostatic or natural ILC2s (nILC2 cells); and inflammatory ILC2 cells (iILC2 cells). nILC2 cells reside in barrier tissues and primarily respond to IL-33. They play critical roles not only in immune protection but also in tissue repair and beige fat biogenesis. iILC2 cells are not present in peripheral tissues in the steady state but can be elicited at many sites by helminth infection or IL-25 treatment. IL-25-elicited ilLC2 cells act as transient ILC progenitors with multipotency. They can be mobilized by distinct types of infections to develop into nILC2-like or ILC3-like cells, functioning in corresponding immune responses. The demonstration of the existence of iILC2 cells adds to our understanding of the complexity of ILC2 biology and makes necessary an analysis of the relationship between nILC2 cells and iILC2 cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuefeng Huang
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - William E Paul
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| |
Collapse
|
159
|
Zhao Y, Zhou M, Gao Y, Liu H, Yang W, Yue J, Chen D. Shifted T Helper Cell Polarization in a Murine Staphylococcus aureus Mastitis Model. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0134797. [PMID: 26230498 PMCID: PMC4521801 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0134797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2015] [Accepted: 07/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Mastitis, one of the most costly diseases in dairy ruminants, is an inflammation of the mammary gland caused by pathogenic infection. The mechanisms of adaptive immunity against pathogens in mastitis have not been fully elucidated. To investigate T helper cell-mediated adaptive immune responses, we established a mastitis model by challenge with an inoculum of 4 × 106 colony-forming units of Staphylococcus aureus in the mammary gland of lactating mice, followed by quantification of bacterial burden and histological analysis. The development of mastitis was accompanied by a significant increase in both Th17 and Th1 cells in the mammary gland. Moreover, the relative expression of genes encoding cytokines and transcription factors involved in the differentiation and function of these T helper cells, including Il17, Rorc, Tgfb, Il1b, Il23, Ifng, Tbx21, and Il12, was greatly elevated in the infected mammary gland. IL-17 is essential for neutrophil recruitment to infected mammary gland via CXC chemokines, whereas the excessive IL-17 production contributes to tissue damage in mastitis. In addition, a shift in T helper cell polarization toward Th2 and Treg cells was observed 5 days post-infection, and the mRNA expression of the anti-inflammatory cytokine Il10 was markedly increased at day 7 post-infection. These results indicate that immune clearance of Staphylococcus aureus in mastitis is facilitated by the enrichment of Th17, Th1 and Th2 cells in the mammary gland mediated by pro-inflammatory cytokine production, which is tightly regulated by Treg cells and the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yanqing Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ming Zhou
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yang Gao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Heyuan Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wenyu Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jinhua Yue
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Dekun Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province, People’s Republic of China
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
160
|
Ohnmacht C, Park JH, Cording S, Wing JB, Atarashi K, Obata Y, Gaboriau-Routhiau V, Marques R, Dulauroy S, Fedoseeva M, Busslinger M, Cerf-Bensussan N, Boneca IG, Voehringer D, Hase K, Honda K, Sakaguchi S, Eberl G. MUCOSAL IMMUNOLOGY. The microbiota regulates type 2 immunity through RORγt⁺ T cells. Science 2015; 349:989-93. [PMID: 26160380 DOI: 10.1126/science.aac4263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 599] [Impact Index Per Article: 66.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2015] [Accepted: 06/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Changes to the symbiotic microbiota early in life, or the absence of it, can lead to exacerbated type 2 immunity and allergic inflammations. Although it is unclear how the microbiota regulates type 2 immunity, it is a strong inducer of proinflammatory T helper 17 (T(H)17) cells and regulatory T cells (T(regs)) in the intestine. Here, we report that microbiota-induced T(regs) express the nuclear hormone receptor RORγt and differentiate along a pathway that also leads to T(H)17 cells. In the absence of RORγt(+) T(regs), T(H)2-driven defense against helminths is more efficient, whereas T(H)2-associated pathology is exacerbated. Thus, the microbiota regulates type 2 responses through the induction of type 3 RORγt(+) T(regs) and T(H)17 cells and acts as a key factor in balancing immune responses at mucosal surfaces.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Caspar Ohnmacht
- Institut Pasteur, Microenvironment and Immunity Unit, 75724 Paris, France
| | - Joo-Hong Park
- Institut Pasteur, Microenvironment and Immunity Unit, 75724 Paris, France
| | - Sascha Cording
- Institut Pasteur, Microenvironment and Immunity Unit, 75724 Paris, France
| | - James B Wing
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita 565-0871, Japan
| | - Koji Atarashi
- RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences (IMS-RCAI), Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan. PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
| | - Yuuki Obata
- The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Valérie Gaboriau-Routhiau
- INSERM, U1163, Laboratory of Intestinal Immunity, Paris, France. Université Paris Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cité and Institut Imagine, Paris, France. INRA Micalis UMR1319, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Rute Marques
- Institut Pasteur, Microenvironment and Immunity Unit, 75724 Paris, France
| | - Sophie Dulauroy
- Institut Pasteur, Microenvironment and Immunity Unit, 75724 Paris, France
| | - Maria Fedoseeva
- Center of Allergy and Environment (ZAUM), Technische Universität and Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany
| | - Meinrad Busslinger
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology, Vienna Biocenter, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Nadine Cerf-Bensussan
- INSERM, U1163, Laboratory of Intestinal Immunity, Paris, France. Université Paris Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cité and Institut Imagine, Paris, France
| | - Ivo G Boneca
- Institut Pasteur, Biology and Genetics of Bacterial Cell Wall, 75724 Paris, France. INSERM, Groupe Avenir, 75015 Paris, France
| | - David Voehringer
- Department of Infection Biology at the Institute of Clinical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, University Clinic Erlangen and Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Koji Hase
- The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Kenya Honda
- RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences (IMS-RCAI), Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan. CREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency, 4-1-8 Honcho Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
| | - Shimon Sakaguchi
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita 565-0871, Japan. Department of Experimental Pathology, Institute for Frontier Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Gérard Eberl
- Institut Pasteur, Microenvironment and Immunity Unit, 75724 Paris, France.
| |
Collapse
|
161
|
Eberl G, Colonna M, Di Santo JP, McKenzie ANJ. Innate lymphoid cells. Innate lymphoid cells: a new paradigm in immunology. Science 2015; 348:aaa6566. [PMID: 25999512 DOI: 10.1126/science.aaa6566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 590] [Impact Index Per Article: 65.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) are a growing family of immune cells that mirror the phenotypes and functions of T cells. However, in contrast to T cells, ILCs do not express acquired antigen receptors or undergo clonal selection and expansion when stimulated. Instead, ILCs react promptly to signals from infected or injured tissues and produce an array of secreted proteins termed cytokines that direct the developing immune response into one that is adapted to the original insult. The complex cross-talk between microenvironment, ILCs, and adaptive immunity remains to be fully deciphered. Only by understanding these complex regulatory networks can the power of ILCs be controlled or unleashed in order to regulate or enhance immune responses in disease prevention and therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gérard Eberl
- Institut Pasteur, Microenvironment and Immunity Unit, 75724 Paris, France.
| | - Marco Colonna
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - James P Di Santo
- Institut Pasteur, Innate Immunity Unit, INSERM U668, 75724 Paris, France
| | - Andrew N J McKenzie
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK
| |
Collapse
|
162
|
Eming SA. Evolution of immune pathways in regeneration and repair: recent concepts and translational perspectives. Semin Immunol 2015; 26:275-6. [PMID: 25240864 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2014.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sabine A Eming
- Department of Dermatology, Center for Molecular Medicine (CMMC), Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, 50937 Cologne, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
163
|
Bouchery T, Kyle R, Camberis M, Shepherd A, Filbey K, Smith A, Harvie M, Painter G, Johnston K, Ferguson P, Jain R, Roediger B, Delahunt B, Weninger W, Forbes-Blom E, Le Gros G. ILC2s and T cells cooperate to ensure maintenance of M2 macrophages for lung immunity against hookworms. Nat Commun 2015; 6:6970. [DOI: 10.1038/ncomms7970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2014] [Accepted: 03/20/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
|
164
|
Esser-von Bieren J, Volpe B, Sutherland DB, Bürgi J, Verbeek JS, Marsland BJ, Urban JF, Harris NL. Immune antibodies and helminth products drive CXCR2-dependent macrophage-myofibroblast crosstalk to promote intestinal repair. PLoS Pathog 2015; 11:e1004778. [PMID: 25806513 PMCID: PMC4373753 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1004778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2014] [Accepted: 03/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Helminth parasites can cause considerable damage when migrating through host tissues, thus making rapid tissue repair imperative to prevent bleeding and bacterial dissemination particularly during enteric infection. However, how protective type 2 responses targeted against these tissue-disruptive multicellular parasites might contribute to homeostatic wound healing in the intestine has remained unclear. Here, we observed that mice lacking antibodies (Aid-/-) or activating Fc receptors (Fcrg-/-) displayed impaired intestinal repair following infection with the murine helminth Heligmosomoides polygyrus bakeri (Hpb), whilst transfer of immune serum could partially restore chemokine production and rescue wound healing in Aid-/- mice. Impaired healing was associated with a reduced expression of CXCR2 ligands (CXCL2/3) by macrophages (MΦ) and myofibroblasts (MF) within intestinal lesions. Whilst antibodies and helminths together triggered CXCL2 production by MΦ in vitro via surface FcR engagement, chemokine secretion by intestinal MF was elicited by helminths directly via Fcrg-chain/dectin2 signaling. Blockade of CXCR2 during Hpb challenge infection reproduced the delayed wound repair observed in helminth infected Aid-/- and Fcrg-/- mice. Finally, conditioned media from human MΦ stimulated with infective larvae of the helminth Ascaris suum together with immune serum, promoted CXCR2-dependent scratch wound closure by human MF in vitro. Collectively our findings suggest that helminths and antibodies instruct a chemokine driven MΦ-MF crosstalk to promote intestinal repair, a capacity that may be harnessed in clinical settings of impaired wound healing. To complete their lifecycles, helminth parasites have to migrate through tissues such as the skin, lung, liver and intestine. This migration causes severe tissue damage, resulting in the need for rapid repair to restore the integrity and function of damaged tissues. Protective type 2 immune responses against helminths can repair acute lung damage, but they can also promote liver fibrosis. However, how protective immune mechanisms might contribute to wound healing during enteric nematode infection has remained unclear. Here we show that during a protective antibody response, where helminth larvae are trapped in the intestinal mucosa, macrophages and myofibroblasts secrete chemokines, which promote the repair of helminth-caused lesions. Chemokine secretion by macrophages was triggered by antibodies and helminth products, whilst myofibroblasts produced chemokines directly in response to innate recognition of helminth products. The same chemokines that instructed intestinal repair in mice were also secreted by human macrophages, when co-cultured with immune serum and helminths. Finally, human myofibroblasts closed in vitro scratch wounds more rapidly, when stimulated with the chemokine secretions of helminth-antibody activated human macrophages. Thus, our findings reveal a novel mechanism, by which a protective antibody response can promote the repair of intestinal injury during helminth infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julia Esser-von Bieren
- Laboratory of Intestinal Immunology, Global Health Institute, School of Life Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
- Center of Allergy and Environment (ZAUM), member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Technische Universität and Helmholtz Center Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Beatrice Volpe
- Laboratory of Intestinal Immunology, Global Health Institute, School of Life Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
- * E-mail:
| | - Duncan B. Sutherland
- Laboratory of Intestinal Immunology, Global Health Institute, School of Life Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
- * E-mail:
| | - Jérôme Bürgi
- Laboratory of Cell and Membrane Biology, Global Health Institute, School of Life Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - J. Sjef Verbeek
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Benjamin J. Marsland
- Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Service de Pneumologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Joseph F. Urban
- Diet, Genomics, & Immunology Laboratory, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Nicola L. Harris
- Laboratory of Intestinal Immunology, Global Health Institute, School of Life Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
165
|
Allen JE, Sutherland TE, Rückerl D. IL-17 and neutrophils: unexpected players in the type 2 immune response. Curr Opin Immunol 2015; 34:99-106. [PMID: 25794823 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2015.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2015] [Revised: 02/26/2015] [Accepted: 03/02/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The study of immunity to helminth infection has been central to understanding the function of type 2 cytokines and their targets. Although type 2 cytokines are considered anti-inflammatory and promote tissue repair, they also contribute to allergy and fibrosis. Here, we utilise data from helminth infection models, to illustrate that IL-17 and neutrophils, typically associated with pro-inflammatory responses, are intimately linked with type 2 immunity. Neutrophils work with IL-4Rα-activated macrophages to control incoming larvae but this comes at a cost of enhanced tissue damage. Chitinase like proteins (CLPs) bridge these diverse outcomes, inducing both protective IL-17 and reparative Th2 responses. Dysregulation of CLPs, IL-17 and neutrophils likely contribute to disease severity and pathology associated with type 2 immunity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Judith E Allen
- Centre for Immunity, Infection and Evolution, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Charlotte Auerbach Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FL, United Kingdom.
| | - Tara E Sutherland
- Centre for Immunity, Infection and Evolution, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Charlotte Auerbach Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FL, United Kingdom
| | - Dominik Rückerl
- Centre for Immunity, Infection and Evolution, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Charlotte Auerbach Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FL, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
166
|
Mirchandani AS, Salmond RJ. Innate lymphoid cells in type 2 immune responses. Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz) 2014; 63:161-7. [PMID: 25527135 DOI: 10.1007/s00005-014-0327-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2014] [Accepted: 11/26/2014] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, several distinct innate lymphoid cell populations (ILC) have been characterized in mice and humans. Group 2 ILC function as a rapid responder population in type 2 immune responses. Thus, a wealth of data has implicated an important role for ILC2 in immunity to parasitic infection and in immune pathology in inflammatory and allergic responses. In this review, we describe recent progress in our understanding of the development and ontogeny of ILC2 populations and the mechanisms by which these cells function in a variety of infection and disease settings. Finally, we emphasize recent findings indicating functional interactions between these innate cells and their adaptive CD4(+) Th2 cell counterparts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ananda S Mirchandani
- Institute of Immunology, Infection and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8TA, UK
| | | |
Collapse
|
167
|
McKenzie ANJ, Spits H, Eberl G. Innate lymphoid cells in inflammation and immunity. Immunity 2014; 41:366-374. [PMID: 25238094 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2014.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 267] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) were first described as playing important roles in the development of lymphoid tissues and more recently in the initiation of inflammation at barrier surfaces in response to infection or tissue damage. It has now become apparent that ILCs play more complex roles throughout the duration of immune responses, participating in the transition from innate to adaptive immunity and contributing to chronic inflammation. The proximity of ILCs to epithelial surfaces and their constitutive strategic positioning in other tissues throughout the body ensures that, in spite of their rarity, ILCs are able to regulate immune homeostasis effectively. Dysregulation of ILC function might result in chronic pathologies such as allergies, autoimmunity, and inflammation. A new role for ILCs in the maintenance of metabolic homeostasis has started to emerge, underlining their importance in fundamental physiological processes beyond infection and immunity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew N J McKenzie
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK.
| | - Hergen Spits
- Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Department of Cell Biology & Histology, 1105BK Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Gerard Eberl
- Institut Pasteur, Lymphoid Tissue Development Unit, Paris 75724, France
| |
Collapse
|
168
|
Bouchery T, Kyle R, Ronchese F, Le Gros G. The Differentiation of CD4(+) T-Helper Cell Subsets in the Context of Helminth Parasite Infection. Front Immunol 2014; 5:487. [PMID: 25360134 PMCID: PMC4197778 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2014] [Accepted: 09/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Helminths are credited with being the major selective force driving the evolution of the so-called “type 2” immune responses in vertebrate animals, with their size and infection strategies presenting unique challenges to the immune system. Originally, type 2 immune responses were defined by the presence and activities of the CD4+ T-helper 2 subset producing the canonical cytokines IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13. This picture is now being challenged by the discovery of a more complex pattern of CD4+ T-helper cell subsets that appear during infection, including Tregs, Th17, Tfh, and more recently, Th22, Th9, and ThGM. In addition, a clearer view of the mechanisms by which helminths and their products selectively prime the CD4+ T-cell subsets is emerging. In this review, we have focused on recent data concerning the selective priming, differentiation, and functional role of CD4+ T-helper cell subsets in the context of helminth infection. We argue for a re-evaluation of the original Th2 paradigm and discuss how the observed plasticity of the T-helper subsets may enable the parasitized host to achieve an appropriate compromise between elimination, tissue repair, containment, and pathology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tiffany Bouchery
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research , Wellington , New Zealand
| | - Ryan Kyle
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research , Wellington , New Zealand
| | - Franca Ronchese
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research , Wellington , New Zealand
| | - Graham Le Gros
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research , Wellington , New Zealand ; Victoria University of Wellington , Wellington , New Zealand
| |
Collapse
|