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Ferreira CS, Carvalho KC, Maganhin CC, Paiotti APR, Oshima CTF, Simões MJ, Baracat EC, Soares JM. Does melatonin influence the apoptosis in rat uterus of animals exposed to continuous light? Apoptosis 2016; 21:155-62. [PMID: 26542995 DOI: 10.1007/s10495-015-1195-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Melatonin has been described as a protective agent against cell death and oxidative stress in different tissues, including in the reproductive system. However, the information on the action of this hormone in rat uterine apoptosis is low. Our objective was to evaluate the effects of melatonin on mechanisms of cell death in uterus of rats exposed to continuous light stress. Twenty adult Wistar rats were divided into two groups: GContr (vehicle control) and GExp which were treated with melatonin (0.4 mg/mL), both were exposed to continuous light for 90 days. The uterus was removed and processed for quantitative real time PCR (qRT-PCR), using PCR-array plates of the apoptosis pathway; for immunohistochemistry and TUNEL. The results of qRT-PCR of GEXP group showed up-regulation of 13 and 7, pro-apoptotic and anti-apoptotic genes, respectively, compared to GContr group. No difference in pro-apoptotic proteins (Bax, Fas and Faslg) expression was observed by immunohistochemistry, although the number of TUNEL-positive cells was lower in the group treated with melatonin compared to the group not treated with this hormone. Our data suggest that melatonin influences the mechanism and decreases the apoptosis in uterus of rats exposed to continuous light.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecília S Ferreira
- Departamento de Ginecologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Avenida Doutor Arnaldo, 455. Sala 2113. Cerqueira César, CEP: 01246-923, São Paulo, Brazil. .,Laboratory of Structural and Molecular Gynecology (LIM-58), Disciplina de Ginecologia - Departmento de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Kátia C Carvalho
- Laboratory of Structural and Molecular Gynecology (LIM-58), Disciplina de Ginecologia - Departmento de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carla C Maganhin
- Laboratory of Structural and Molecular Gynecology (LIM-58), Disciplina de Ginecologia - Departmento de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ana P R Paiotti
- Laboratory of Pathology Molecular, Departamento de Patologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Celina T F Oshima
- Laboratory of Pathology Molecular, Departamento de Patologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Manuel J Simões
- Departamento de Morfologia e Genética, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Edmund C Baracat
- Laboratory of Structural and Molecular Gynecology (LIM-58), Disciplina de Ginecologia - Departmento de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - José M Soares
- Laboratory of Structural and Molecular Gynecology (LIM-58), Disciplina de Ginecologia - Departmento de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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152
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Biological Rhythms: Melatonin Shapes the Space–Time Continuum of Social Communication. Curr Biol 2016; 26:R892-R895. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2016.08.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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153
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Auld F, Maschauer EL, Morrison I, Skene DJ, Riha RL. Evidence for the efficacy of melatonin in the treatment of primary adult sleep disorders. Sleep Med Rev 2016. [PMID: 28648359 DOI: 10.1016/j.smrv.2016.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Melatonin is a physiological hormone involved in sleep timing and is currently used exogenously in the treatment of primary and secondary sleep disorders with empirical evidence of efficacy, but very little evidence from randomised, controlled studies. The aim of this meta-analysis was to assess the evidence base for the therapeutic effects of exogenous melatonin in treating primary sleep disorders. An electronic literature review search of MEDLINE (1950-present) Embase (1980- present), PsycINFO (1987- present), and Scopus (1990- present), along with a hand-searching of key journals was performed in July 2013 and then again in May 2015. This identified all studies that compared the effect of exogenous melatonin and placebo in patients with primary insomnia, delayed sleep phase syndrome, non 24-h sleep wake syndrome in people who are blind, and rapid eye movement-behaviour disorder. Meta-analyses were performed to determine the magnitude of effect in studies of melatonin in improving sleep. A total of 5030 studies were identified; of these citations, 12 were included for review based on the inclusion criteria of being: double or single-blind, randomised and controlled. Results from the meta-analyses showed the most convincing evidence for exogenous melatonin use was in reducing sleep onset latency in primary insomnia (p = 0.002), delayed sleep phase syndrome (p < 0.0001), and regulating the sleep-wake patterns in blind patients compared with placebo. These findings highlight the potential importance of melatonin in treating certain first degree sleep disorders. The development of large-scale, randomised, controlled trials is recommended to provide further evidence for therapeutic use of melatonin in a variety of sleep difficulties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona Auld
- Department of Sleep Medicine, Royal Infirmary Edinburgh, 51 Little France Crescent, Little France EH16 4SA, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Emily L Maschauer
- Department of Sleep Medicine, Royal Infirmary Edinburgh, 51 Little France Crescent, Little France EH16 4SA, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Ian Morrison
- Department of Sleep Medicine, Royal Infirmary Edinburgh, 51 Little France Crescent, Little France EH16 4SA, Scotland, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology, Ninewells Hospital, Dundee DD1 9SY, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Debra J Skene
- Chronobiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey GU2 7XH, England, United Kingdom
| | - Renata L Riha
- Department of Sleep Medicine, Royal Infirmary Edinburgh, 51 Little France Crescent, Little France EH16 4SA, Scotland, United Kingdom.
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154
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Mohammed KA, Adjei Boakye E, Ismail HA, Geneus CJ, Tobo BB, Buchanan PM, Zelicoff AP. Pineal Gland Calcification in Kurdistan: A Cross-Sectional Study of 480 Roentgenograms. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0159239. [PMID: 27415622 PMCID: PMC4945046 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0159239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2015] [Accepted: 06/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective The goal of this study was to compare the incidence of Pineal Gland Calcification (PGC) by age group and gender among the populations living in the Kurdistan Region-Iraq. Methods This prospective study examined skull X-rays of 480 patients between the ages of 3 and 89 years who sought care at a large teaching public hospital in Duhok, Iraq from June 2014 to November 2014. Descriptive statistics and a binary logistic regression were used for analysis. Results The overall incidence rate of PGC among the study population was 26.9% with the 51–60 age group and males having the highest incidence. PGC incidence increased after the first decade and remained steady until the age of 60. Thereafter the incidence began to decrease. Logistic regression analysis revealed that both age and gender significantly affected the risk of PGC. After adjusting for age, males were 1.94 (95% CI, 1.26–2.99) times more likely to have PGC compared to females. In addition, a one year increase in age increases the odds of developing PGC by 1.02 (95% CI, 1.01–1.03) units after controlling for the effects of gender. Conclusion Our analysis demonstrated a close relationship between PGC and age and gender, supporting a link between the development of PGC and these factors. This study provides a basis for future researchers to further investigate the nature and mechanisms underlying pineal gland calcification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kahee A. Mohammed
- Department of Epidemiology, College for Public Health and Social Justice, Saint Louis University, Saint Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, University of Duhok, Duhok, Kurdistan–Iraq
| | - Eric Adjei Boakye
- Center for Outcomes Research (SLUCOR), Saint Louis University, Saint Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Honer A. Ismail
- Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, University of Duhok, Duhok, Kurdistan–Iraq
| | - Christian J. Geneus
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, College for Public Health and Social Justice, Saint Louis University, Saint Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Betelihem B. Tobo
- Department of Epidemiology, College for Public Health and Social Justice, Saint Louis University, Saint Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Paula M. Buchanan
- Center for Outcomes Research (SLUCOR), Saint Louis University, Saint Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Alan P. Zelicoff
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, College for Public Health and Social Justice, Saint Louis University, Saint Louis, Missouri, United States of America
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155
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Bumb JM, Mier D, Noelte I, Schredl M, Kirsch P, Hennig O, Liebrich L, Fenske S, Alm B, Sauer C, Leweke FM, Sobanski E. Associations of pineal volume, chronotype and symptom severity in adults with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and healthy controls. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2016; 26:1119-26. [PMID: 27150337 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2016.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2015] [Revised: 02/18/2016] [Accepted: 03/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The pineal gland, as part of the human epithalamus, is the main production site of peripheral melatonin, which promotes the modulation of sleep patterns, circadian rhythms and circadian preferences (morningness vs. eveningness). The present study analyses the pineal gland volume (PGV) and its association with circadian preferences and symptom severity in adult ADHD patients compared to healthy controls. PGV was determined manually using high-resolution 3T MRI (T1-magnetization prepared rapid gradient echo) in medication free adult ADHD patients (N=74) compared to healthy controls (N=86). Moreover, the Morningness-Eveningness Questionnaire (MEQ), the ADHD Diagnostic Checklist and the Wender-Utah Rating Scale were conducted. PGV differed between both groups (patients: 59.9±33.8mm(3); healthy controls: 71.4±27.2mm(3), P=0.04). In ADHD patients, more eveningness types were revealed (patients: 29%; healthy controls: 17%; P=0.05) and sum scores of the MEQ were lower (patients: 45.8±11.5; healthy controls 67.2±10.1; P<0.001). Multiple regression analyses indicated a positive correlation of PGV and MEQ scores in ADHD (β=0.856, P=0.003) but not in healthy controls (β=0.054, P=0.688). Patients' MEQ scores (β=-0.473, P=0.003) were negatively correlated to ADHD symptoms. The present results suggest a linkage between the PGV and circadian preference in adults with ADHD and an association of the circadian preference to symptom severity. This may facilitate the development of new chronobiological treatment approaches for the add-on treatment in ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Malte Bumb
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany.
| | - Daniela Mier
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ingo Noelte
- Department of Neuroradiology, University Hospital Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Michael Schredl
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Peter Kirsch
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Oliver Hennig
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Luisa Liebrich
- Department of Internal Medicine, St. Claraspital, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Sabrina Fenske
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Barbara Alm
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Carina Sauer
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Franz Markus Leweke
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Esther Sobanski
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; Department of Psychosomatic Medicine, Bad Dürkheim, Germany
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156
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Abstract
Although light is accepted as the dominant zeitgeber for entrainment of the human circadian system, there is evidence that nonphotic stimuli may play a role. This review critically assesses the current evidence in support of nonphotic entrainment in humans. Studies involving manipulations of sleep-wake schedules, exercise, mealtimes, and social stimuli are re-examined, bearing in mind the fact that the human circadian clock is sensitive to very dim light and has a free-running period very close to 24 h. Because of light confounds, the study of totally blind subjects with free-running circadian rhythms represents the ideal model to investigate the effects of nonphotic stimuli on circadian phase and period. Strong support for nonphotic entrainment in humans has already come from the study of a few blind subjects with entrained circadian rhythms. However, in these studies the nonphotic stimulus(i) responsible was not identified. The effect of appropriately timed exercise or exogenous melatonin represents the best proof to date of an effect of nonphotic stimuli on human circadian timing. Phase-response curves for both exercise and melatonin have been constructed. Given the powerful effect of feeding as a circadian zeitgeber in various nonhuman species, studies of meal timing are recommended. In conclusion, the available evidence indicates that it remains worthwhile to continue to study nonphotic effects on human circadian timing to identify treatment strategies for shift workers and transmeridian travelers as well as for the blind and possibly the elderly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralph E Mistlberger
- Department of Psychology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada.
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157
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Pévet P. Melatonin receptors as therapeutic targets in the suprachiasmatic nucleus. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2016; 20:1209-18. [DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2016.1179284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Paul Pévet
- Institut des neurosciences cellulaires et Integratives, INCI UPR 3212, CNRS and the University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
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158
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Scheuer C, Pommergaard HC, Rosenberg J, Gögenur I. Effect of topical application of melatonin cream 12.5% on cognitive parameters: A randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind crossover study in healthy volunteers. J DERMATOL TREAT 2016; 27:488-494. [PMID: 27052036 DOI: 10.3109/09546634.2016.1161154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Skin cancer is an increasing problem in modern dermatology. Earlier studies have shown protective effects against ultraviolet radiation (UVR)-induced skin damage by topical treatment with melatonin. However, the potential sedative effects of full body topical application of melatonin have never been investigated. Objectives The aim of this study was to assess the degree of cognitive dysfunction when using melatonin cream as full body topical application. METHODS In a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind crossover study in healthy volunteers, the degree of cognitive dysfunction when using cream containing 12.5% melatonin as full body application was assessed. A group of ten volunteers had melatonin cream 12.5% applied on 80% of their body surface area, and degree of cognitive dysfunction was assessed using a test battery consisting of Karolinska sleepiness scale (KSS), Finger tapping test (FTT) and Continuous Reaction time (CRT). RESULTS No significant effects on cognitive parameters were found. However, great inter-individual variations on cognitive parameters were observed. CONCLUSION This study was the first to assess degree of cognitive dysfunction resulting from application of melatonin cream on a full body surface area. The results support that melatonin is a safe drug for dermal application even in a high dosage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilie Scheuer
- a Department of Surgery , Køge Hospital - University of Copenhagen , Køge , Denmark
| | | | - Jacob Rosenberg
- c Department of Surgery , Herlev Hospital - University of Copenhagen , Herlev , Denmark
| | - Ismail Gögenur
- a Department of Surgery , Køge Hospital - University of Copenhagen , Køge , Denmark
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159
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Chang YS, Chiang BL. Mechanism of Sleep Disturbance in Children with Atopic Dermatitis and the Role of the Circadian Rhythm and Melatonin. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:462. [PMID: 27043528 PMCID: PMC4848918 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17040462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2016] [Revised: 03/17/2016] [Accepted: 03/22/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Sleep disturbance is common in children with atopic dermatitis (AD). It is a major factor leading to impaired quality of life in these patients and could have negative effects on neurocognitive function and behavior. However, the pathophysiology of sleep disturbance in children with AD is poorly understood, and there is no consensus on how to manage sleep problems in these patients. Pruritus and scratching could lead to sleep disruption but is unlikely the sole etiology. The circadian rhythm of cytokines, the immune system, and skin physiology such as transcutaneous water loss and skin blood flow might also play a role. Recent studies have suggested that melatonin could also be involved due to its multiple effects on sleep, immunomodulation, and anti-oxidant ability. Environmental factors should also be considered. In this review, we summarize the current understanding of the pathophysiology of sleep disturbance in children with AD, and discuss possible therapeutic implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yung-Sen Chang
- Department of Pediatrics, Taipei City Hospital Renai Branch, Taipei 106, Taiwan.
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100, Taiwan.
- School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 112, Taiwan.
| | - Bor-Luen Chiang
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100, Taiwan.
- Department of Medical Research, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei 100, Taiwan.
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160
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Jones TM, Durrant J, Michaelides EB, Green MP. Melatonin: a possible link between the presence of artificial light at night and reductions in biological fitness. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2016; 370:rstb.2014.0122. [PMID: 25780235 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2014.0122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms underpinning the ecological impacts of the presence of artificial night lighting remain elusive. One suspected underlying cause is that the presence of light at night (LAN) supresses nocturnal production of melatonin, a key driver of biological rhythm and a potent antioxidant with a proposed role in immune function. Here, we briefly review the evidence for melatonin as the link between LAN and changes in behaviour and physiology. We then present preliminary data supporting the potential for melatonin to act as a recovery agent mitigating the negative effects of LAN in an invertebrate. Adult crickets (Teleogryllus commodus), exposed to constant illumination, were provided with dietary melatonin (concentrations: 0, 10 or 100 µg ml(-1)) in their drinking water. We then compared survival, lifetime fecundity and, over a 4-week period, immune function (haemocyte concentration, lysozyme-like and phenoloxidase (PO) activity). Melatonin supplementation was able only partially to mitigate the detrimental effects of LAN: it did not improve survival or fecundity or PO activity, but it had a largely dose-dependent positive effect on haemocyte concentration and lysozyme-like activity. We discuss the implications of these relationships, as well as the usefulness of invertebrates as model species for future studies that explore the effects of LAN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Therésa M Jones
- Department of Zoology, The University of Melbourne, 3010 VIC, Australia
| | - Joanna Durrant
- Department of Zoology, The University of Melbourne, 3010 VIC, Australia
| | | | - Mark P Green
- Department of Zoology, The University of Melbourne, 3010 VIC, Australia
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161
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te Kulve M, Schellen L, Schlangen LJM, van Marken Lichtenbelt WD. The influence of light on thermal responses. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2016; 216:163-85. [PMID: 26172218 DOI: 10.1111/apha.12552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2015] [Revised: 07/02/2015] [Accepted: 07/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Light is essential for vision and plays an important role in non-visual responses, thus affecting alertness, mood and circadian rhythms. Furthermore, light influences physiological processes, such as thermoregulation, and therefore may be expected to play a role in thermal comfort (TC) as well. A systematic literature search was performed for human studies exploring the relation between ocular light exposure, thermophysiology and TC. Experimental results show that light in the evening can reduce melatonin secretion, delay the natural decline in core body temperature (CBT) and slow down the increase in distal skin temperature. In the morning though, bright light can result in a faster decline in melatonin levels, thus enabling a faster increase in CBT. Moreover, the colour of light can affect temperature perception of the environment. Light with colour tones towards the red end of the visual spectrum leads to a warmer perception compared to more bluish light tones. It should be noted, however, that many results of light on thermal responses are inconclusive, and a theoretical framework is largely lacking. In conclusion, light is capable of evoking thermophysiological responses and visual input can alter perception of the thermal environment. Therefore, lighting conditions should be taken into consideration during thermophysiological research and in the design of indoor climates.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. te Kulve
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM; Maastricht University; Maastricht the Netherlands
| | - L. Schellen
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM; Maastricht University; Maastricht the Netherlands
- School of Built Environment and Infrastructure; Avans University of Applied Sciences; Tilburg the Netherlands
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162
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Gunn PJ, Middleton B, Davies SK, Revell VL, Skene DJ. Sex differences in the circadian profiles of melatonin and cortisol in plasma and urine matrices under constant routine conditions. Chronobiol Int 2016; 33:39-50. [PMID: 26731571 PMCID: PMC4819823 DOI: 10.3109/07420528.2015.1112396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Conflicting evidence exists as to whether there are differences between males and females in circadian timing. The aim of the current study was to assess whether sex differences are present in the circadian regulation of melatonin and cortisol in plasma and urine matrices during a constant routine protocol. Thirty-two healthy individuals (16 females taking the oral contraceptive pill (OCP)), aged 23.8 ± 3.7 (mean ± SD) years, participated. Blood (hourly) and urine (4-hourly) samples were collected for measurement of plasma melatonin and cortisol, and urinary 6-sulfatoxymelatonin (aMT6s) and cortisol, respectively. Data from 28 individuals (14 females) showed no significant differences in the timing of plasma and urinary circadian phase markers between sexes. Females, however, exhibited significantly greater levels of plasma melatonin and cortisol than males (AUC melatonin: 937 ± 104 (mean ± SEM) vs. 642 ± 47 pg/ml.h; AUC cortisol: 13581 ± 1313 vs. 7340 ± 368 mmol/L.h). Females also exhibited a significantly higher amplitude rhythm in both hormones (melatonin: 43.8 ± 5.8 vs. 29.9 ± 2.3 pg/ml; cortisol: 241.7 ± 23.1 vs. 161.8 ± 15.9 mmol/L). Males excreted significantly more urinary cortisol than females during the CR (519.5 ± 63.8 vs. 349.2 ± 39.3 mol) but aMT6s levels did not differ between sexes. It was not possible to distinguish whether the elevated plasma melatonin and cortisol levels observed in females resulted from innate sex differences or the OCP affecting the synthetic and metabolic pathways of these hormones. The fact that the sex differences observed in total plasma concentrations for melatonin and cortisol were not reproduced in the urinary markers challenges their use as a proxy for plasma levels in circadian research, especially in OCP users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pippa J Gunn
- a Chronobiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences , University of Surrey , Guildford , United Kingdom.,b Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Level 6 , West Wing, John Radcliffe Hospital , Headington , Oxford , United Kingdom
| | - Benita Middleton
- a Chronobiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences , University of Surrey , Guildford , United Kingdom
| | - Sarah K Davies
- a Chronobiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences , University of Surrey , Guildford , United Kingdom.,c Faculty of Medicine , Imperial College London , London , United Kingdom
| | - Victoria L Revell
- a Chronobiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences , University of Surrey , Guildford , United Kingdom
| | - Debra J Skene
- a Chronobiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences , University of Surrey , Guildford , United Kingdom
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163
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Pariente R, Pariente JA, Rodríguez AB, Espino J. Melatonin sensitizes human cervical cancer HeLa cells to cisplatin-induced cytotoxicity and apoptosis: effects on oxidative stress and DNA fragmentation. J Pineal Res 2016; 60:55-64. [PMID: 26462739 DOI: 10.1111/jpi.12288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2015] [Accepted: 10/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Melatonin has antitumor activity via several mechanisms including its antiproliferative and pro-apoptotic effects as well as its potent antioxidant actions, although recent evidence has indicated that melatonin may perform pro-oxidant actions in tumor cells. Therefore, melatonin may be useful in the treatment of tumors in association with chemotherapy drugs. This study was intended to evaluate the in vitro effect of melatonin on the cytotoxic and pro-apoptotic actions of various chemotherapeutic agents in cervical cancer HeLa cells. Herein, we found that both melatonin and three of the chemotherapeutic drugs tested, namely cisplatin (CIS), 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), and doxorubicin, induced a decrease in HeLa cell viability. Furthermore, melatonin significantly increased the cytotoxic effect of such chemotherapeutic agents. Consistently, costimulation of HeLa cells with any chemotherapeutic agent in the presence of melatonin further increased caspase-3 activation, particularly in CIS- and 5-FU-challenged cells. Likewise, concomitant treatments with melatonin and CIS significantly enhanced the ratio of cells entering mitochondrial apoptosis due to reactive oxygen species (ROS) overproduction, substantially augmented the population of apoptotic cells, and markedly enlarged DNA fragmentation compared to the treatments with CIS alone. Nonetheless, melatonin only displayed moderate chemosensitizing effects in 5-FU-stimulated HeLa cells, as suggested by slight increments in the percentage of cells stimulated for ROS production and in the proportion of early apoptotic cells compared to the treatments with 5-FU alone. In summary, our findings provided evidence that in vitro melatonin strongly enhances CIS-induced cytotoxicity and apoptosis in HeLa cells and, hence, the indoleamine could be potentially applied to cervical cancer treatment as a powerful synergistic agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Pariente
- Department of Physiology (Neuroimmunophysiology and Chrononutrition Research Group), Faculty of Science, University of Extremadura, Badajoz, Spain
| | - José A Pariente
- Department of Physiology (Neuroimmunophysiology and Chrononutrition Research Group), Faculty of Science, University of Extremadura, Badajoz, Spain
| | - Ana B Rodríguez
- Department of Physiology (Neuroimmunophysiology and Chrononutrition Research Group), Faculty of Science, University of Extremadura, Badajoz, Spain
| | - Javier Espino
- Department of Physiology (Neuroimmunophysiology and Chrononutrition Research Group), Faculty of Science, University of Extremadura, Badajoz, Spain
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164
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Andersen LPH, Gögenur I, Rosenberg J, Reiter RJ. The Safety of Melatonin in Humans. Clin Drug Investig 2015; 36:169-75. [DOI: 10.1007/s40261-015-0368-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 239] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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165
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Slawik H, Stoffel M, Riedl L, Veselý Z, Behr M, Lehmberg J, Pohl C, Meyer B, Wiegand M, Krieg SM. Prospective Study on Salivary Evening Melatonin and Sleep before and after Pinealectomy in Humans. J Biol Rhythms 2015; 31:82-93. [PMID: 26647380 DOI: 10.1177/0748730415616678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Melatonin is secreted systemically from the pineal gland maximally at night but is also produced locally in many tissues. Its chronobiological function is mainly exerted by pineal melatonin. It is a feedback regulator of the main circadian pacemaker in the hypothalamic suprachiasmatic nuclei and of many peripheral oscillators. Although exogenous melatonin is approved for circadian rhythm sleep disorders and old-age insomnia, research on endogenous melatonin in humans is hindered by the great interindividual variability of its amount and circadian rhythm. Single case studies on pinealectomized patients report on disrupted but also hypersomnic sleep. This is the first systematic prospective report on sleep with respect to pinealectomy due to pinealocytoma World Health Organization grade I without chemo- or radiotherapy. Before and after pinealectomy, 8 patients completed questionnaires on sleep quality and circadian rhythm (Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, Epworth Sleepiness Scale, and Morningness-Eveningness Questionnaire), 2 nights of polysomnography, salivary evening melatonin profiles, and qualitative assessment of 2 weeks of actigraphy and sleep logs. Six patients were assessed retrospectively up to 4 years after pinealectomy. Before pinealectomy, all but 1 patient showed an evening melatonin rise typical for indifferent chronotypes. After pinealectomy, evening saliva melatonin was markedly diminished, mostly below the detection limit of the assay (0.09 pg/mL). No systematic change in subjective sleep quality or standard measures of polysomnography was found. Mean pre- and postoperative sleep efficiency was 94% and 95%, and mean sleep-onset latency was 21 and 17 min, respectively. Sleep-wake rhythm during normal daily life did not change. Retrospective patients had a reduced sleep efficiency (90%) and more stage changes, although this was not significantly different from prospective patients. In conclusion, melatonin does seem to have a modulatory, not a regulatory, effect on standard measures of sleep. Study output is limited by small sample size and because only evening melatonin profiles were assessed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen Slawik
- Center of Sleep Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Klinikum rechts der Isar, TU München, Germany Universitäre Psychiatrische Kliniken, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Michael Stoffel
- Department of Neurosurgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, TU München, Germany Helios Klinikum, Krefeld, Germany
| | - Lina Riedl
- Center of Sleep Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Klinikum rechts der Isar, TU München, Germany
| | - Zdenko Veselý
- Center of Sleep Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Klinikum rechts der Isar, TU München, Germany Deceased
| | - Michael Behr
- Department of Neurosurgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, TU München, Germany
| | - Jens Lehmberg
- Department of Neurosurgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, TU München, Germany
| | - Corina Pohl
- Center of Sleep Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Klinikum rechts der Isar, TU München, Germany
| | - Bernhard Meyer
- Department of Neurosurgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, TU München, Germany
| | - Michael Wiegand
- Center of Sleep Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Klinikum rechts der Isar, TU München, Germany
| | - Sandro M Krieg
- Department of Neurosurgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, TU München, Germany
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166
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Loss of REM sleep features across nighttime in REM sleep behavior disorder. Sleep Med 2015; 17:134-7. [PMID: 26847988 DOI: 10.1016/j.sleep.2015.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2015] [Revised: 10/27/2015] [Accepted: 10/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Melatonin is a chronobiotic treatment which also alleviates rapid eye movement (REM) sleep behavior disorder (RBD). Because the mechanisms of this benefit are unclear, we evaluated the clock-dependent REM sleep characteristics in patients with RBD, whether idiopathic (iRBD) or associated with Parkinson's Disease (PD), and we compared findings with PD patients without RBD and with healthy subjects. METHODS An overnight videopolysomnography was performed in ten iRBD patients, ten PD patients with RBD (PD + RBD+), ten PD patients without RBD (PD + RBD-), and ten controls. The rapid eye movement frequency per minute (REMs index), the tonic and phasic electromyographic (EMG) activity of the levator menti muscle, and the duration of each REM sleep episode were evaluated. A generalized linear model was applied in each group, with the REM sleep cycle (four ordinal levels) as the dependent variable, as a function of REMs index, REM sleep duration, and tonic and phasic EMG activity. RESULTS From the first to the fourth sleep cycle, REM sleep duration progressively increased in controls only, REMs index increased in subjects without RBD but not in patients with RBD, whether idiopathic or associated with PD, whereas tonic and phasic EMG activity did not change. CONCLUSIONS Patients with PD or iRBD lost the physiologic nocturnal increase in REM sleep duration, and patients with RBD (either with or without PD) lost the increase of REMs frequency across the night, suggesting an alteration in the circadian system in RBD. This supports the hypothesis of a direct effect of melatonin on RBD symptoms by its chronobiotic activity.
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167
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Kepka M, Szwejser E, Pijanowski L, Verburg-van Kemenade BML, Chadzinska M. A role for melatonin in maintaining the pro- and anti-inflammatory balance by influencing leukocyte migration and apoptosis in carp. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 53:179-190. [PMID: 26188098 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2015.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2015] [Revised: 07/13/2015] [Accepted: 07/14/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Melatonin is responsible for the synchronization of many physiological processes, including the immune response. Here we focus on the expression of melatonin MT1 receptors in/on leukocytes, and on the effects of melatonin administration on the inflammatory processes of carp. For the first time, we showed that fish leukocytes express MT1 receptors, implicating direct responsiveness to melatonin stimulation. Moreover, both in vitro and in vivo, melatonin modulated the immune response. The most potent effects of melatonin concerned the regulation of leukocyte migration. Melatonin reduced chemotaxis of leukocytes towards CXC chemokines in vitro. In vivo, during zymosan induced peritonitis, i.p. administration of melatonin reduced the number of neutrophils. This correlated with a melatonin-induced decrease of gene expression of the CXCa chemokine. Moreover, melatonin induced a decrease of the respiratory burst in inflammatory leukocytes. Although these data do suggest a potent anti-inflammatory function for this hormone, melatonin-induced inhibition of leukocyte apoptosis clearly indicates towards a dual function. These results show that also in carp, melatonin performs a pleiotropic and extra-pineal function that is important in maintaining the delicate pro- and anti-inflammatory balance during infection. They furthermore demonstrate that neuroendocrine-immune interaction via melatonin is evolutionary conserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Kepka
- Department of Evolutionary Immunology, Institute of Zoology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 9, PL30-387, Krakow, Poland
| | - Ewa Szwejser
- Department of Evolutionary Immunology, Institute of Zoology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 9, PL30-387, Krakow, Poland
| | - Lukasz Pijanowski
- Department of Evolutionary Immunology, Institute of Zoology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 9, PL30-387, Krakow, Poland
| | - B M Lidy Verburg-van Kemenade
- Cell Biology and Immunology Group, Dept of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 338, 6700 AH, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Magdalena Chadzinska
- Department of Evolutionary Immunology, Institute of Zoology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 9, PL30-387, Krakow, Poland.
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168
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Royant-Parola S. La mélatonine : un hypnotique miracle ? Eur Psychiatry 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpsy.2015.09.364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
La mélatonine, libérée par l’épiphyse, est une hormone qui mesure le temps. En étroite relation avec notre horloge centrale, le noyau suprachiasmatique, elle synchronise, ajuste, décale nos rythmes biologiques pour que notre corps fonctionne au mieux et anticipe les fonctions avenir. Sensible à la lumière qui la bloque, elle est facilement décalée, altérée par notre mode de vie et particulièrement par les écrans (tablettes, smartphone) et par les décalages horaires. Les benzodiazépines et l’âge diminuent sa sécrétion. Selon l’heure de la journée où elle est administrée de façon exogène, son effet sur nos horloges internes est différent. Donnée le soir, avant le minimum du rythme de la température centrale, elle avance les rythmes et facilite donc l’endormissement. Donnée le matin, après le minimum thermique, elle retarde au contraire les rythmes et aura tendance à retarder le sommeil. La mélatonine a des propriétés hypnotiques modestes, en revanche, c’est un chronobiotique efficace dont l’utilisation n’est pas toujours simple car il faut toujours prendre en compte l’état de synchronisation de base de l’individu auquel la mélatonine est administrée.
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169
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Lee HR, Kim TD, Kim HJ, Jung Y, Lee D, Lee KH, Kim DY, Woo KC, Kim KT. Heterogeneous ribonucleoprotein R regulates arylalkylamine N-acetyltransferase synthesis via internal ribosomal entry site-mediated translation in a circadian manner. J Pineal Res 2015; 59:518-29. [PMID: 26444903 DOI: 10.1111/jpi.12284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2015] [Accepted: 10/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Rhythmic arylalkylamine N-acetyltransferase (AANAT) synthesis is a prominent circadian-controlled response that occurs in most mammals. AANAT is the core enzyme in melatonin production; because melatonin participates in many physiological processes, the regulation of AANAT is an important research topic. In this study, we focused on the role of heterogeneous ribonucleoprotein R (hnRNP R) in the translation of AANAT. A novel RNA-binding protein hnRNP R widely interacted with the 5' untranslated region (UTR) of AANAT mRNA and contributed to translation through an internal ribosomal entry site (IRES). Fine-tuning of AANAT protein synthesis occurred in response to knockdown and overexpression of hnRNP R. Nocturnal elevation of AANAT protein was dependent on the rhythmic changes of hnRNP R, whose levels are elevated in the pineal gland during nighttime. Increases in hnRNP R additionally improved AANAT production in rat pinealocytes under norepinephrine (NE) treatment. These results suggest that cap-independent translation of AANAT mRNA plays a role in the rhythmic synthesis of melatonin through the recruitment of translational machinery to hnRNP R-bound AANAT mRNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hwa-Rim Lee
- School of Interdisciplinary Bioscience and Bioengineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Gyeongbuk, Korea
| | - Tae-Don Kim
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Gyeongbuk, Korea
- Immunotherapy Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Department of Functional Genomics, University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon, Korea
| | - Hyo-Jin Kim
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Gyeongbuk, Korea
| | - Youngseob Jung
- Division of Integrative Biosciences and Biotechnology, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Gyeongbuk, Korea
| | - Dohyun Lee
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Gyeongbuk, Korea
| | - Kyung-Ha Lee
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Gyeongbuk, Korea
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Do-Yeon Kim
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Gyeongbuk, Korea
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Dentistry, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
| | - Kyung-Chul Woo
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Gyeongbuk, Korea
- Newlife Cosmetics R&D Center for Skin Science, Gyeongsansi, Gyeongbuk, Korea
| | - Kyong-Tai Kim
- School of Interdisciplinary Bioscience and Bioengineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Gyeongbuk, Korea
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Gyeongbuk, Korea
- Division of Integrative Biosciences and Biotechnology, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Gyeongbuk, Korea
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170
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Liu J, Clough SJ, Hutchinson AJ, Adamah-Biassi EB, Popovska-Gorevski M, Dubocovich ML. MT1 and MT2 Melatonin Receptors: A Therapeutic Perspective. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 2015; 56:361-83. [PMID: 26514204 PMCID: PMC5091650 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-010814-124742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 367] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Melatonin, or 5-methoxy-N-acetyltryptamine, is synthesized and released by the pineal gland and locally in the retina following a circadian rhythm, with low levels during the day and elevated levels at night. Melatonin activates two high-affinity G protein-coupled receptors, termed MT1 and MT2, to exert beneficial actions in sleep and circadian abnormality, mood disorders, learning and memory, neuroprotection, drug abuse, and cancer. Progress in understanding the role of melatonin receptors in the modulation of sleep and circadian rhythms has led to the discovery of a novel class of melatonin agonists for treating insomnia, circadian rhythms, mood disorders, and cancer. This review describes the pharmacological properties of a slow-release melatonin preparation (i.e., Circadin®) and synthetic ligands (i.e., agomelatine, ramelteon, tasimelteon), with emphasis on identifying specific therapeutic effects mediated through MT1 and MT2 receptor activation. Discovery of selective ligands targeting the MT1 or the MT2 melatonin receptors may promote the development of novel and more efficacious therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiabei Liu
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, New York 14214; , , , , ,
| | - Shannon J Clough
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, New York 14214; , , , , ,
| | - Anthony J Hutchinson
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, New York 14214; , , , , ,
| | - Ekue B Adamah-Biassi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, New York 14214; , , , , ,
| | - Marina Popovska-Gorevski
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, New York 14214; , , , , ,
| | - Margarita L Dubocovich
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, New York 14214; , , , , ,
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171
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Sleep patterns in Amazon rubber tappers with and without electric light at home. Sci Rep 2015; 5:14074. [PMID: 26361226 PMCID: PMC4566125 DOI: 10.1038/srep14074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2014] [Accepted: 08/18/2015] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Today’s modern society is exposed to artificial electric lighting in addition to the natural light-dark cycle. Studies assessing the impact of electric light exposure on sleep and its relation to work hours are rare due to the ubiquitous presence of electricity. Here we report a unique study conducted in two phases in a homogenous group of rubber tappers living and working in a remote area of the Amazon forest, comparing those living without electric light (n = 243 in first phase; n = 25 in second phase) to those with electric light at home (n = 97 in first phase; n = 17 in second phase). Questionnaire data (Phase 1) revealed that rubber tappers with availability of electric light had significantly shorter sleep on work days (30 min/day less) than those without electric light. Analysis of the data from the Phase 2 sample showed a significant delay in the timing of melatonin onset in workers with electric light compared to those without electric light (p < 0.01). Electric lighting delayed sleep onset and reduced sleep duration during the work week and appears to interfere with alignment of the circadian timing system to the natural light/dark cycle.
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172
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Comparison of precipitating factors for mania and partial seizures: Indicative of shared pathophysiology? J Affect Disord 2015; 183:57-67. [PMID: 26001664 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2015.04.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2014] [Revised: 03/23/2015] [Accepted: 04/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Mania in bipolar disorder (BD) and partial (focal) seizures (PS) arising from the temporal lobes, have a number of similarities. Typically, a chronic course of the disorders is punctuated by acute illness episodes. Common features of episodes may include sensory, perceptual, cognitive and affective changes. Both respond to anticonvulsant treatment. Common mechanisms imputed include neurotransmitters and kindling processes. Further investigation may improve understanding of the occurrence of both mania and PS, casting light on the relevance of temporal lobe mediated processes and pathology. One avenue of investigation is to compare aetiological factors and determine the extent of overlap which may indicate shared brain localization or pathophysiology. Aetiology includes predisposing, precipitating or perpetuating factors. This paper examines the literature on precipitating factors of mania, first or subsequent episode, and of PS in diagnosed epilepsy, which is the second or subsequent seizure, to identify the extent and nature of their overlap. METHOD Narrative review based on a literature search of PubMed and Google Scholar. RESULTS Precipitating factors for both mania and PS were stress, sleep deprivation, antidepressant medication and, tentatively, emotion. For mania alone, goal-attainment events, spring and summer season, postpartum, and drugs include steroids and stimulants. For PS alone, winter season, menstruation and specific triggers in complex reflex epilepsies. Those not substantiated include lunar phase and menopause. A wide range of chemicals may provoke isolated seizures but by definition epilepsy requires at least two seizures. CONCLUSIONS The overlap of precipitating factors in mania and PS imply that common brain processes may contribute to both, consistent with findings from neuroscience research.
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173
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Abstract
Daily variations of metabolism, physiology and behaviour are controlled by a network of coupled circadian clocks, comprising a master clock in the suprachiasmatic nuclei of the hypothalamus and a multitude of secondary clocks in the brain and peripheral organs. Light cues synchronize the master clock that conveys temporal cues to other body clocks via neuronal and hormonal signals. Feeding at unusual times can reset the phase of most peripheral clocks. While the neuroendocrine aspect of circadian regulation has been underappreciated, this review aims at showing that the role of hormonal rhythms as internal time-givers is the rule rather than the exception. Adrenal glucocorticoids, pineal melatonin and adipocyte-derived leptin participate in internal synchronization (coupling) within the multi-oscillatory network. Furthermore, pancreatic insulin is involved in food synchronization of peripheral clocks, while stomach ghrelin provides temporal signals modulating behavioural anticipation of mealtime. Circadian desynchronization induced by shift work or chronic jet lag has harmful effects on metabolic regulation, thus favouring diabetes and obesity. Circadian deregulation of hormonal rhythms may participate in internal desynchronization and associated increase in metabolic risks. Conversely, adequate timing of endocrine therapies can promote phase-adjustment of the master clock (e.g. via melatonin agonists) and peripheral clocks (e.g. via glucocorticoid agonists).
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Affiliation(s)
- E Challet
- Institute of Cellular and Integrative Neurosciences, UPR3212 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
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174
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Johnston JD, Skene DJ. 60 YEARS OF NEUROENDOCRINOLOGY: Regulation of mammalian neuroendocrine physiology and rhythms by melatonin. J Endocrinol 2015; 226:T187-98. [PMID: 26101375 DOI: 10.1530/joe-15-0119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The isolation of melatonin was first reported in 1958. Since the demonstration that pineal melatonin synthesis reflects both daily and seasonal time, melatonin has become a key element of chronobiology research. In mammals, pineal melatonin is essential for transducing day-length information into seasonal physiological responses. Due to its lipophilic nature, melatonin is able to cross the placenta and is believed to regulate multiple aspects of perinatal physiology. The endogenous daily melatonin rhythm is also likely to play a role in the maintenance of synchrony between circadian clocks throughout the adult body. Pharmacological doses of melatonin are effective in resetting circadian rhythms if taken at an appropriate time of day, and can acutely regulate factors such as body temperature and alertness, especially when taken during the day. Despite the extensive literature on melatonin physiology, some key questions remain unanswered. In particular, the amplitude of melatonin rhythms has been recently associated with diseases such as type 2 diabetes mellitus but understanding of the physiological significance of melatonin rhythm amplitude remains poorly understood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan D Johnston
- Faculty of Health and Medical SciencesUniversity of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey GU2 7XH, UK
| | - Debra J Skene
- Faculty of Health and Medical SciencesUniversity of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey GU2 7XH, UK
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175
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Durrant J, Michaelides EB, Rupasinghe T, Tull D, Green MP, Jones TM. Constant illumination reduces circulating melatonin and impairs immune function in the cricket Teleogryllus commodus. PeerJ 2015; 3:e1075. [PMID: 26339535 PMCID: PMC4558066 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.1075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2015] [Accepted: 06/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Exposure to constant light has a range of negative effects on behaviour and physiology, including reduced immune function in both vertebrates and invertebrates. It is proposed that the associated suppression of melatonin (a ubiquitous hormone and powerful antioxidant) in response to the presence of light at night could be an underlying mechanistic link driving the changes to immune function. Here, we investigated the relationship between constant illumination, melatonin and immune function, using a model invertebrate species, the Australian black field cricket, Teleogryllus commodus. Crickets were reared under either a 12 h light: 12 h dark regimen or a constant 24 h light regimen. Circulating melatonin concentration and immune function (haemocyte concentration, lytic activity and phenoloxidase (PO) activity) were assessed in individual adult crickets through the analysis of haemolymph. Constant illumination reduced melatonin and had a negative impact on haemocyte concentrations and lytic activity, but its effect on PO activity was less apparent. Our data provide the first evidence, to our knowledge, of a link between exposure to constant illumination and variation in haemocyte concentration in an invertebrate model, while also highlighting the potential complexity of the immune response following exposure to constant illumination. This study provides insight into the possible negative effect of artificial night-time lighting on the physiology of invertebrates, but whether lower and potentially more ecologically relevant levels of light at night produce comparable results, as has been reported in several vertebrate taxa, remains to be tested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Durrant
- School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne , Melbourne, Victoria , Australia
| | - Ellie B Michaelides
- School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne , Melbourne, Victoria , Australia
| | - Thusitha Rupasinghe
- Metabolomics Australia, Bio21 Institute, The University of Melbourne , Melbourne, Victoria , Australia
| | - Dedreia Tull
- Metabolomics Australia, Bio21 Institute, The University of Melbourne , Melbourne, Victoria , Australia
| | - Mark P Green
- School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne , Melbourne, Victoria , Australia
| | - Therésa M Jones
- School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne , Melbourne, Victoria , Australia
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176
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Belaid H, Adrien J, Karachi C, Hirsch EC, François C. Effect of melatonin on sleep disorders in a monkey model of Parkinson's disease. Sleep Med 2015; 16:1245-51. [PMID: 26429753 DOI: 10.1016/j.sleep.2015.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2015] [Revised: 05/21/2015] [Accepted: 06/02/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To evaluate and compare the effects of melatonin and levodopa (L-dopa) on sleep disorders in a monkey model of Parkinson's disease. MATERIALS AND METHODS The daytime and nighttime sleep patterns of four macaques that were rendered parkinsonian by administration of 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) were recorded using polysomnography in four conditions: at baseline, during the parkinsonian condition; after administration of L-dopa, and after administration of a combination of melatonin with L-dopa. RESULTS It was confirmed that MPTP intoxication induces sleep disorders, with sleep episodes during daytime and sleep fragmentation at nighttime. L-dopa treatment significantly reduced the awake time during the night and tended to improve all other sleep parameters, albeit not significantly. In comparison to the parkinsonian condition, combined treatment with melatonin and L-dopa significantly increased total sleep time and sleep efficiency, and reduced the time spent awake during the night in all animals. A significant decrease in sleep latencies was also observed in three out of four animals. Compared with L-dopa alone, combined treatment with melatonin and L-dopa significantly improved all these sleep parameters in two animals. On the other hand, combined treatment had no effect on sleep architecture and daytime sleep. CONCLUSION These data demonstrated, for the first time, objective improvement on sleep parameters of melatonin treatment in MPTP-intoxicated monkeys, showing that melatonin treatment has a real therapeutic potential to treat sleep disturbances in people with Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayat Belaid
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, INSERM, CNRS, UM75, U1127, UMR 7225, ICM, F-75013 Paris, France
| | - Joelle Adrien
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, INSERM, CNRS, UM75, U1127, UMR 7225, ICM, F-75013 Paris, France
| | - Carine Karachi
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, INSERM, CNRS, UM75, U1127, UMR 7225, ICM, F-75013 Paris, France
| | - Etienne C Hirsch
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, INSERM, CNRS, UM75, U1127, UMR 7225, ICM, F-75013 Paris, France
| | - Chantal François
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, INSERM, CNRS, UM75, U1127, UMR 7225, ICM, F-75013 Paris, France.
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177
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von Schantz M, Skene DJ. Telling biological time from a blood sample: current capabilities and future potential. Ann Clin Biochem 2015; 52:699-701. [PMID: 26169057 DOI: 10.1177/0004563215597943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Circadian rhythms, near-24 h oscillations that reflect homeostatic control by an internal timing system rather than the influence of external factors, are an important and sometimes underappreciated aspect of human physiology and biochemistry. Over the past few decades, the pineal gland hormone melatonin has been established both as a robust marker of circadian phase in plasma or saliva and as a chronobiotic drug administered to reset the timing of the circadian oscillator. Recent work by our own and other laboratories has sought to systematically investigate whole categories of molecular components in blood samples in a hypothesis-free fashion by employing metabolomic methodologies to study low molecular weight compounds and transcriptomic methodologies to study gene expression in white blood cells, respectively. A number of components have been pinpointed that show a rhythmic circadian variation or are affected by imposed factors such as sleep deprivation. Although melatonin, a robust and reliable circadian phase marker, will be a hard act to follow, these lines of research suggest numerous potential leads for useful new markers of biological timing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malcolm von Schantz
- Chronobiology Section, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Surrey, UK
| | - Debra J Skene
- Chronobiology Section, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Surrey, UK
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178
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Prophylactic melatonin significantly reduces Alzheimer's neuropathology and associated cognitive deficits independent of antioxidant pathways in AβPP(swe)/PS1 mice. Mol Neurodegener 2015; 10:27. [PMID: 26159703 PMCID: PMC4702331 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-015-0027-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2015] [Accepted: 06/30/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Alzheimer’s disease (AD) underlies dementia for millions of people worldwide, and its occurrence is set to double in the next 20 years. Currently, approved drugs for treating AD only marginally ameliorate cognitive deficits, and provide limited symptomatic relief, while newer substances under therapeutic development are potentially years away from benefiting patients. Melatonin (MEL) for insomnia has been proven safe with >15 years of over-the-counter access in the US. MEL exerts multiple complementary mechanisms of action against AD in animal models; thus it may be an excellent disease-modifying therapeutic. While presumed to provide neuroprotection via activation of known G-protein-coupled melatonin receptors (MTNRs), some data indicate MEL acts intracellularly to protect mitochondria and neurons by scavenging reactive oxygen species and reducing free radical formation. We examined whether genetic deletion of MTNRs abolishes MEL’s neuroprotective actions in the AβPPswe/PSEN1dE9 mouse model of AD (2xAD). Beginning at 4 months of age, both AD and control mice either with or without both MTNRs were administered either MEL or vehicle in drinking water for 12 months. Results Behavioral and cognitive assessments of 15-month-old AD mice revealed receptor-dependent effects of MEL on spatial learning and memory (Barnes maze, Morris Water Maze), but receptor-independent neuroprotective actions of MEL on non-spatial cognitive performance (Novel Object Recognition Test). Similarly, amyloid plaque loads in hippocampus and frontal cortex, as well as plasma Aβ1–42 levels, were significantly reduced by MEL in a receptor-independent manner, in contrast to MEL’s efficacy in reducing cortical antioxidant gene expression (Catalase, SOD1, Glutathione Peroxidase-1, Nrf2) only when receptors were present. Increased cytochrome c oxidase activity was seen in 16mo AD mice as compared to non-AD control mice. This increase was completely prevented by MEL treatment of 2xAD/MTNR+ mice, but only partially prevented in 2xAD/MTNR- mice, consistent with mixed receptor-dependent and independent effects of MEL on this measure of mitochondrial function. Conclusions These findings demonstrate that prophylactic MEL significantly reduces AD neuropathology and associated cognitive deficits in a manner that is independent of antioxidant pathways. Future identification of direct molecular targets for MEL action in the brain should open new vistas for development of better AD therapeutics.
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Horton WJ, Gissel HJ, Saboy JE, Wright KP, Stitzel JA. Melatonin administration alters nicotine preference consumption via signaling through high-affinity melatonin receptors. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2015; 232:2519-30. [PMID: 25704105 PMCID: PMC4482784 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-015-3886-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2014] [Accepted: 02/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE While it is known that tobacco use varies across the 24-h day, the time-of-day effects are poorly understood. Findings from several previous studies indicate a potential role for melatonin in these time-of-day effects; however, the specific underlying mechanisms have not been well characterized. Understanding of these mechanisms may lead to potential novel smoking cessation treatments. OBJECTIVE The objective of this study is examine the role of melatonin and melatonin receptors in nicotine free-choice consumption METHODS A two-bottle oral nicotine choice paradigm was utilized with melatonin supplementation in melatonin-deficient mice (C57BL/6J) or without melatonin supplementation in mice proficient at melatonin synthesis (C3H/Ibg) compared to melatonin-proficient mice lacking both or one of the high-affinity melatonin receptors (MT1 and MT2; double-null mutant DM, or MT1 or MT2). Preference for bitter and sweet tastants also was assessed in wild-type and MT1 and MT2 DM mice. Finally, home cage locomotor monitoring was performed to determine the effect of melatonin administration on activity patterns. RESULTS Supplemental melatonin in drinking water significantly reduced free-choice nicotine consumption in C57BL/6J mice, which do not produce endogenous melatonin, while not altering activity patterns. Independently, genetic deletion of both MT1 and MT2 receptors in a melatonin-proficient mouse strain (C3H) resulted in significantly more nicotine consumption than controls. However, single genetic deletion of either the MT1 or MT2 receptor alone did not result in increased nicotine consumption. Deletion of MT1 and MT2 did not impact taste preference. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates that nicotine consumption can be affected by exogenous or endogenous melatonin and requires at least one of the high-affinity melatonin receptors. The fact that expression of either the MT1 or MT2 melatonin receptor is sufficient to maintain lower nicotine consumption suggests functional overlap and potential mechanistic explanations.
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Affiliation(s)
- William J. Horton
- Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, 80303,Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, 80303
| | - Hannah J. Gissel
- Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, 80303
| | - Jennifer E. Saboy
- Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, 80303
| | - Kenneth P. Wright
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, 80303
| | - Jerry A. Stitzel
- Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, 80303,Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, 80303
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180
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Abstract
Coordinated daily rhythms are evident in most aspects of our physiology, driven by internal timing systems known as circadian clocks. Our understanding of how biological clocks are built and function has grown exponentially over the past 20 years. With this has come an appreciation that disruption of the clock contributes to the pathophysiology of numerous diseases, from metabolic disease to neurological disorders to cancer. However, it remains to be determined whether it is the disruption of our rhythmic physiology per se (loss of timing itself), or altered functioning of individual clock components that drive pathology. Here, we review the importance of circadian rhythms in terms of how we (and other organisms) relate to the external environment, but also in relation to how internal physiological processes are coordinated and synchronized. These issues are of increasing importance as many aspects of modern life put us in conflict with our internal clockwork.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander C West
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - David A Bechtold
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
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181
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de Farias TDSM, de Oliveira AC, Andreotti S, do Amaral FG, Chimin P, de Proença ARA, Leal FLT, Sertié RAL, Campana AB, Lopes AB, de Souza AH, Cipolla-Neto J, Lima FB. Pinealectomy interferes with the circadian clock genes expression in white adipose tissue. J Pineal Res 2015; 58:251-61. [PMID: 25626464 DOI: 10.1111/jpi.12211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2014] [Accepted: 01/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Melatonin, the main hormone produced by the pineal gland, is secreted in a circadian manner (24-hr period), and its oscillation influences several circadian biological rhythms, such as the regulation of clock genes expression (chronobiotic effect) and the modulation of several endocrine functions in peripheral tissues. Assuming that the circadian synchronization of clock genes can play a role in the regulation of energy metabolism and it is influenced by melatonin, our study was designed to assess possible alterations as a consequence of melatonin absence on the circadian expression of clock genes in the epididymal adipose tissue of male Wistar rats and the possible metabolic repercussions to this tissue. Our data show that pinealectomy indeed has impacts on molecular events: it abolishes the daily pattern of the expression of Clock, Per2, and Cry1 clock genes and Pparγ expression, significantly increases the amplitude of daily expression of Rev-erbα, and affects the pattern of and impairs adipokine production, leading to a decrease in leptin levels. However, regarding some metabolic aspects of adipocyte functions, such as its ability to synthesize triacylglycerols from glucose along 24 hr, was not compromised by pinealectomy, although the daily profile of the lipogenic enzymes expression (ATP-citrate lyase, malic enzyme, fatty acid synthase, and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase) was abolished in pinealectomized animals.
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182
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Roth T, Nir T, Zisapel N. Prolonged release melatonin for improving sleep in totally blind subjects: a pilot placebo-controlled multicenter trial. Nat Sci Sleep 2015; 7:13-23. [PMID: 25678831 PMCID: PMC4319556 DOI: 10.2147/nss.s71838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Melatonin, secreted by the pineal gland during the night phase, is a regulator of the biological clock and sleep tendency. Totally blind subjects frequently report severe, periodic sleep problems, with 50%-75% of cases displaying non-24-hour sleep-wake disorder (N24HSWD) due to inability to synchronize with the environmental day-night cycle. Melatonin immediate-release preparations are reportedly effective in N24HSWD. Here, we studied the efficacy and safety of prolonged-release melatonin (PRM), a registered drug for insomnia, for sleep disorders in totally blind subjects living in normal social environments. The primary endpoint was demonstration of clinically meaningful effects on sleep duration (upper confidence interval [CI] limit >20 minutes whether significant or not) to allow early decision-making on further drug development in this indication. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov registry - NCT00972075. METHODS In a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled proof-of-principle study, 13 totally blind subjects had 2 weeks' placebo run-in, 6 weeks' randomized (1:1) PRM (Circadin(®)) or placebo nightly, and 2 weeks' placebo run-out. Outcome measures included daily voice recorded sleep diary, Clinical Global Impression of Change (CGIC), WHO-Five Well-being Index (WHO-5), and safety. RESULTS Mean nightly sleep duration improved by 43 minutes in the PRM and 16 minutes in the placebo group (mean difference: 27 minutes, 95% CI: -14.4 to 69 minutes; P=0.18; effect size: 0.82) meeting the primary endpoint. Mean sleep latency decreased by 29 minutes with PRM over placebo (P=0.13; effect size: 0.92) and nap duration decreased in the PRM but not placebo group. The variability in sleep onset/offset and latency tended to decrease during PRM but not placebo treatment. The potentially beneficial effects of PRM persisted during the 2 weeks of discontinuation period, consistent with clock stabilizing effects. PRM was well-tolerated, adverse events were of mild or moderate severity and similar between PRM and placebo. CONCLUSION Nightly use of PRM may potentially improve patient-reported sleep difficulties in totally blind individuals trying to adhere to normal social lifestyle. A larger study powered to demonstrate a statistically significant effect is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Roth
- Henry Ford Sleep Disorders Center, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Tali Nir
- Neurim Pharmaceuticals Ltd, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Nava Zisapel
- Neurim Pharmaceuticals Ltd, Tel Aviv, Israel ; Department of Neurobiology Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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183
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Chronobiology and Sleep. Sleep Med 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-2089-1_46] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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184
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Landry GJ, Liu-Ambrose T. Buying time: a rationale for examining the use of circadian rhythm and sleep interventions to delay progression of mild cognitive impairment to Alzheimer's disease. Front Aging Neurosci 2014; 6:325. [PMID: 25538616 PMCID: PMC4259166 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2014.00325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2014] [Accepted: 11/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
As of 2010, the worldwide economic impact of dementia was estimated at $604 billion USD; and without discovery of a cure or effective interventions to delay disease progression, dementia's annual global economic impact is expected to surpass $1 trillion USD as early as 2030. Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the leading cause of dementia accounting for over 75% of all cases. Toxic accumulation of amyloid beta (Aβ), either by overproduction or some clearance failure, is thought to be an underlying mechanism of the neuronal cell death characteristic of AD-though this amyloid hypothesis has been increasingly challenged in recent years. A compelling alternative hypothesis points to chronic neuroinflammation as a common root in late-life degenerative diseases including AD. Apolipoprotein-E (APOE) genotype is the strongest genetic risk factor for AD: APOE-ε4 is proinflammatory and individuals with this genotype accumulate more Aβ, are at high risk of developing AD, and almost half of all AD patients have at least one ε4 allele. Recent studies suggest a bidirectional relationship exists between sleep and AD pathology. Sleep may play an important role in Aβ clearance, and getting good quality sleep vs. poor quality sleep might reduce the AD risk associated with neuroinflammation and the ε4 allele. Taken together, these findings are particularly important given the sleep disruptions commonly associated with AD and the increased burden disrupted sleep poses for AD caregivers. The current review aims to: (1) identify individuals at high risk for dementia who may benefit most from sleep interventions; (2) explore the role poor sleep quality plays in exacerbating AD type dementia; (3) examine the science of sleep interventions to date; and (4) provide a road map in pursuit of comprehensive sleep interventions, specifically targeted to promote cognitive function and delay progression of dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glenn J. Landry
- Aging, Mobility, and Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of British ColumbiaVancouver, BC, Canada
- Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British ColumbiaVancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Teresa Liu-Ambrose
- Aging, Mobility, and Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of British ColumbiaVancouver, BC, Canada
- Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British ColumbiaVancouver, BC, Canada
- Brain Research Centre, University of British ColumbiaVancouver, BC, Canada
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185
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Singh R, Ghosh S, Joshi A, Haldar C. Human pineal gland: Histomorphological study in different age groups and different causes of death. J ANAT SOC INDIA 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jasi.2014.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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186
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Nycthemeral variation in melatonin receptor expression in the lymphoid organs of a tropical seasonal breeder Funambulus pennanti. J Comp Physiol A Neuroethol Sens Neural Behav Physiol 2014; 200:1045-55. [DOI: 10.1007/s00359-014-0959-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2013] [Revised: 10/24/2014] [Accepted: 10/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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187
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Karthikeyan R, Marimuthu G, Spence DW, Pandi-Perumal SR, BaHammam AS, Brown GM, Cardinali DP. Should we listen to our clock to prevent type 2 diabetes mellitus? Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2014; 106:182-90. [PMID: 25172521 DOI: 10.1016/j.diabres.2014.07.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2013] [Revised: 05/25/2014] [Accepted: 07/31/2014] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The circadian clock drives a number of metabolic processes including energy intake, storage and utilization coupled with the sleep/wake cycles. Globally, the increasing prevalence of type 2 diabetes (T2DM) has become a significant international public health concern. In view of the heavy societal burden caused by diabetes, and further, to reduce its growing incidence, it is clearly essential to understand the causes of this disease and to devise more effective strategies for its treatment. Although many factors cause T2DM, this article centers on the role of circadian regulation of metabolism. The correlation between the increased occurrence of T2DM and the ubiquity of modern social pressures such as 24/7 lifestyles as well as nocturnal lighting conditions point strongly to the hypothesis that malfunctioning of circadian controls may be involved in the etiology of the illness. Nocturnal light exposure, unusual timing of food, irregular sleep/wake schedules and traveling between different time zones are some of the factors responsible for improper entrainment of the clock. Recent reports have proposed that strengthening of circadian clock functioning and proper timing of food intake could stabilize glucose homeostasis. This strategy thus represents a chronotherapeutic option for non-pharmaceutical intervention in treating T2DM patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramanujam Karthikeyan
- Department of Animal Behaviour, School of Biological Sciences, Madurai Kamaraj University, Madurai 625 021, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Ganapathy Marimuthu
- Department of Animal Behaviour, School of Biological Sciences, Madurai Kamaraj University, Madurai 625 021, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | | | - Seithikurippu R Pandi-Perumal
- Center for Healthful Behavior Change (CHBC), Division of Health and Behavior, Department of Population Health, New York University Medical Center, Clinical & Translational Research Institute, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Ahmed S BaHammam
- University Sleep Disorders Center, College of Medicine, National Plan for Science and Technology, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Gregory M Brown
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, University of Toronto, 100 Stokes St., Toronto, ON M6J 1H4, Canada
| | - Daniel P Cardinali
- Department of Teaching and Research, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Católica Argentina, Buenos Aires, 1107, Argentina
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188
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Pévet P. The internal time-giver role of melatonin. A key for our health. Rev Neurol (Paris) 2014; 170:646-52. [PMID: 25287733 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurol.2014.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2014] [Revised: 05/07/2014] [Accepted: 05/15/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Daily rhythms in physiological and behavioural processes are controlled by a network of circadian clocks. In mammals, at the top of the network is a master clock located in the suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN) of the hypothalamus. The nocturnal synthesis and release of melatonin by the pineal gland are tightly controlled by the SCN clock. Several roles of melatonin in the circadian system have been identified. As a major hormonal output, melatonin distributes temporal cues generated by the SCN to the multitude of tissues expressing melatonin receptors. In some target tissues, these melatonin signals can drive daily rhythmicity that would otherwise be lacking. In other target structures, melatonin signals are used for the synchronization (i.e., adjustment of the timing of existing oscillations) of peripheral oscillators. Due to the expression of melatonin receptors in the SCN, endogenous melatonin is also able to feedback onto the master clock. Of note, pharmacological treatment with exogenous melatonin can synchronize the SCN clock. From a clinical point of view, provided that the subject is not exposed to light at night, the daily profile of circulating melatonin provides a reliable estimate of the timing of the human SCN. During the past decade, a number of melatonin agonists have been developed. These drugs may target the SCN for improving circadian timing or act indirectly at some downstream level of the circadian network to restore proper internal synchronization.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Pévet
- UPR 3212, CNRS-university of Strasbourg, institute for cellular and integrative neurosciences, 5, rue Blaise-Pascal, 67084 Strasbourg, France.
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189
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Gamaldo CE, Chung Y, Kang YM, Salas RME. Tick-tock-tick-tock: the impact of circadian rhythm disorders on cardiovascular health and wellness. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 8:921-9. [PMID: 25492836 DOI: 10.1016/j.jash.2014.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2014] [Revised: 08/14/2014] [Accepted: 08/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Humans spend a third of their lives asleep. A well-balanced synchrony between sleep and wakefulness is needed to maintain a healthy lifestyle. Optimal sleep is based on an individual's inherent sleep requirement and circadian rhythm. If either one or both of these critical elements are disrupted, daytime dysfunction, non-restorative sleep, and/or reduced sense of well-being may result. While the medical community is more familiar with sleep disorders such as sleep apnea, insomnia, and narcolepsy, circadian rhythm sleep wake disorders (CRSWDs) are less known, despite these being common within the general population. CRSWDs are comprised of the following: shiftwork disorder, delayed sleep phase disorder, advanced sleep phase disorder, jet lag disorder, non-24-hour sleep-wake disorder, and irregular sleep-wake rhythm disorder. In general, a CRSWD results when there is misalignment between the sleep pattern and the desired sleep schedule, dictated by work, family, and social schedules. Subsequently, patients have difficulty falling asleep, maintaining sleep, and/or experience poor quality sleep predisposing them to insomnia or excessive sleepiness. In this article, we review the core concepts related to sleep, and sleep deprivation in the context of CRSWDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlene E Gamaldo
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
| | - Youjin Chung
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Yu Min Kang
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Rachel Marie E Salas
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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190
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Chang YS, Chou YT, Lee JH, Lee PL, Dai YS, Sun C, Lin YT, Wang LC, Yu HH, Yang YH, Chen CA, Wan KS, Chiang BL. Atopic dermatitis, melatonin, and sleep disturbance. Pediatrics 2014; 134:e397-405. [PMID: 25022734 DOI: 10.1542/peds.2014-0376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Sleep disturbance is common in patients with atopic dermatitis (AD). However, studies have largely been questionnaire-based, and the pathophysiology remains unclear. The aims of this study were to determine objective characteristics of sleep disturbance in children with AD and explore contributing factors and clinical predictors. METHODS Sleep parameters were measured by actigraphy and polysomnography in 72 patients with AD and 32 controls ages 1 to 18 years. Urinary 6-sulfatoxymelatonin levels, serum cytokines, and total and allergen-specific immunoglobulin E (IgE) levels were also measured. RESULTS The patients with AD had significantly reduced sleep efficiency, longer sleep onset latency, more sleep fragmentation, and less nonrapid eye movement sleep. Results from actigraphy correlated well with those from polysomnography. The AD disease severity was associated with sleep disturbance (r = 0.55-0.7), and a Scoring Atopic Dermatitis index of ≥48.7 predicted poor sleep efficiency with a sensitivity of 83.3% and a specificity of 75% (area under the curve = 0.81, P = .001). Lower nocturnal melatonin secretion was significantly associated with sleep disturbance in the patients with AD. Other correlates of sleep disturbance included pruritus, scratching movements, higher total serum IgE levels, and allergic sensitization to dust mite and staphylococcal enterotoxins. CONCLUSIONS Poor sleep efficiency is common in children with AD and can be predicted by the Scoring Atopic Dermatitis index. Melatonin and IgE might play a role in the sleep disturbance. Further studies are required to explore the mechanisms and clinical implications, and actigraphy could serve as a useful evaluating tool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yung-Sen Chang
- Department of Pediatrics, Taipei City Hospital Renai Branch, Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Ting Chou
- Department of Pediatrics, Cardinal Tien Hospital Yonghe Branch, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Kong-Sang Wan
- Department of Pediatrics, Taipei City Hospital Renai Branch, Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Bor-Luen Chiang
- Departments of Pediatrics,Graduate Institute of Immunology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, TaiwanMedical Research, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei City, Taiwan; and
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191
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Gögenur I, Kücükakin B, Panduro Jensen L, Reiter RJ, Rosenberg J. Melatonin reduces cardiac morbidity and markers of myocardial ischemia after elective abdominal aortic aneurism repair: a randomized, placebo-controlled, clinical trial. J Pineal Res 2014; 57:10-5. [PMID: 24708480 DOI: 10.1111/jpi.12138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2013] [Accepted: 04/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The aim was to examine the effect of perioperative melatonin treatment on clinical cardiac morbidity and markers of myocardial ischemia in patients undergoing elective surgery for abdominal aortic aneurism. Reperfusion injury results in increased cardiac morbidity in patients undergoing surgery for abdominal aortic aneurisms (AAA). A randomized, placebo-controlled, clinical trial including patients undergoing surgery for AAA was performed. The patients received by infusion over a 2-hr period either, 50 mg melatonin or placebo intra-operatively, and 10 mg melatonin or placebo orally, the first three nights after surgery. Postoperative cardiac morbidity was registered, and blood samples for analysis of troponin-I (TpI) were collected preoperatively, and at 5 min, 6, 24, 48, 72, and 96 hr after clamp removal/recirculation of the first leg. Continuous measurement of ST-segment depression was performed by Holter monitoring. A total of 26 patients received melatonin, while 24 received placebo. A significant reduction in cardiac morbidity was seen in the melatonin-treated patients compared with those given placebo [4% versus 29% (P = 0.02)]. Five patients (19%) who received melatonin had increased TpI levels in the postoperative period compared with 12 patients (50%) who were given placebo (P = 0.036). The median number of ST-segment deviations was less in the melatonin-treated patients compared with the placebo group [median 1 (range 0-4) versus 6 (range 0-13) (P = 0.01)], but no differences were found in the duration of ST-segment deviations. Melatonin treatment in the perioperative period decreased clinical cardiac morbidity as well as the occurrence of myocardial ischemia after abdominal aortic aneurism repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ismail Gögenur
- Department of Surgery, University of Copenhagen, Herlev Hospital, Herlev, Denmark
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192
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Lorca RA, Prabagaran M, England SK. Functional insights into modulation of BKCa channel activity to alter myometrial contractility. Front Physiol 2014; 5:289. [PMID: 25132821 PMCID: PMC4116789 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2014.00289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2014] [Accepted: 07/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The large-conductance voltage- and Ca(2+)-activated K(+) channel (BKCa) is an important regulator of membrane excitability in a wide variety of cells and tissues. In myometrial smooth muscle, activation of BKCa plays essential roles in buffering contractility to maintain uterine quiescence during pregnancy and in the transition to a more contractile state at the onset of labor. Multiple mechanisms of modulation have been described to alter BKCa channel activity, expression, and cellular localization. In the myometrium, BKCa is regulated by alternative splicing, protein targeting to the plasma membrane, compartmentation in membrane microdomains, and posttranslational modifications. In addition, interaction with auxiliary proteins (i.e., β1- and β2-subunits), association with G-protein coupled receptor signaling pathways, such as those activated by adrenergic and oxytocin receptors, and hormonal regulation provide further mechanisms of variable modulation of BKCa channel function in myometrial smooth muscle. Here, we provide an overview of these mechanisms of BKCa channel modulation and provide a context for them in relation to myometrial function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramón A Lorca
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Monali Prabagaran
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Sarah K England
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine St. Louis, MO, USA
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Nishiyama K, Hirai K. The melatonin agonist ramelteon induces duration-dependent clock gene expression through cAMP signaling in pancreatic INS-1 β-cells. PLoS One 2014; 9:e102073. [PMID: 25013953 PMCID: PMC4094524 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0102073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2014] [Accepted: 06/13/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Prolonged exposure to melatonin improves glycemic control in animals. Although glucose metabolism is controlled by circadian clock genes, little is known about the role of melatonin signaling and its duration in the regulation of clock gene expression in pancreatic β-cells. Activation of MT1 and MT2 melatonin receptors inhibits cAMP signaling, which mediates clock gene expression. Therefore, this study investigated exposure duration-dependent alterations in cAMP element-binding protein (CREB) phosphorylation and clock gene expression that occur during and after exposure to ramelteon, a selective melatonin agonist used to treat insomnia. In rat INS-1 cells, a pancreatic β-cell line endogenously expressing melatonin receptors, ramelteon persistently decreased CREB phosphorylation during the treatment period (2-14 h), whereas the subsequent washout induced an enhancement of forskolin-stimulated CREB phosphorylation in a duration- and concentration-dependent manner. This augmentation was blocked by forskolin or the melatonin receptor antagonist luzindole. Similarly, gene expression analyses of 7 clock genes revealed the duration dependency of the effects of ramelteon on Rev-erbα and Bmal1 expression through melatonin receptor-mediated cAMP signaling; longer exposure times (14 h) resulted in greater increases in the expression and signaling of Rev-erbα, which is related to β-cell functions. Interestingly, this led to amplified oscillatory Rev-erbα and Bmal1 expression after agonist washout and forskolin stimulation. These results provide new insights into the duration-dependent effects of ramelteon on clock gene expression in INS-1 cells and may improve the understanding of its effect in vivo. The applicability of these results to pancreatic islets awaits further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiji Nishiyama
- CNS Drug Discovery Unit, Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Ltd., Fujisawa, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Keisuke Hirai
- CNS Drug Discovery Unit, Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Ltd., Fujisawa, Kanagawa, Japan
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194
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Thrift AP, Xiao L, Patel SR, Tworoger SS, McTiernan A, Duggan C. Effects of physical activity on melatonin levels in previously sedentary men and women. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2014; 23:1696-9. [PMID: 24859868 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-14-0299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The inverse association between physical activity and cancer risk may be mediated by higher melatonin levels. However, few studies have examined the effect of increased physical activity on melatonin levels. METHODS The parent study was a randomized controlled trial that randomized 51 men and 49 women to a 12-month moderate-to-vigorous aerobic exercise intervention ("exercisers") and 51 men and 51 women to a stretching control ("controls"). Participants were of ages 40 to 75 years, and previously sedentary. Levels of the principal urinary metabolite of melatonin, 6-sulfatoxymelatonin (aMT6s), corrected for creatinine levels, were measured in spot morning urine samples by immunoassay at baseline and 12 months. Changes in levels between exercisers and controls were compared using generalized estimating equations for linear regression. RESULTS We observed no statistically significant difference in the change in aMT6s levels from baseline to 12 months in exercisers compared with controls (change in aMT6s levels: exercisers, +6.5%; controls, +13%; P = 0.66). There was no evidence of effect modification by age, sex, or body mass index. CONCLUSIONS A 12-month moderate-intensity exercise intervention did not affect levels of aMT6s. IMPACT Further research needs to focus on other potential mechanisms through which physical activity may reduce the risk of cancer. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 23(8); 1696-9. ©2014 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron P Thrift
- Division of Public Health Services, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington; Cancer Control Group, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Liren Xiao
- Division of Public Health Services, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington
| | | | - Shelley S Tworoger
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School; Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts; and
| | - Anne McTiernan
- Division of Public Health Services, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington
| | - Catherine Duggan
- Division of Public Health Services, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington;
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195
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Andersen LPH, Werner MU, Rosenberg J, Gögenur I. A systematic review of peri-operative melatonin. Anaesthesia 2014; 69:1163-71. [DOI: 10.1111/anae.12717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- L. P. H. Andersen
- Department of Surgery D; Herlev Hospital; University of Copenhagen; Copenhagen Denmark
| | - M. U. Werner
- Multidisciplinary Pain Center 7612; Neuroscience Center; Copenhagen Denmark
| | - J. Rosenberg
- Department of Surgery D; Herlev Hospital; University of Copenhagen; Copenhagen Denmark
| | - I. Gögenur
- Department of Surgery D; Herlev Hospital; University of Copenhagen; Copenhagen Denmark
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196
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Cipolla-Neto J, Amaral FG, Afeche SC, Tan DX, Reiter RJ. Melatonin, energy metabolism, and obesity: a review. J Pineal Res 2014; 56:371-81. [PMID: 24654916 DOI: 10.1111/jpi.12137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 359] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2014] [Accepted: 03/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Melatonin is an old and ubiquitous molecule in nature showing multiple mechanisms of action and functions in practically every living organism. In mammals, pineal melatonin functions as a hormone and a chronobiotic, playing a major role in the regulation of the circadian temporal internal order. The anti-obesogen and the weight-reducing effects of melatonin depend on several mechanisms and actions. Experimental evidence demonstrates that melatonin is necessary for the proper synthesis, secretion, and action of insulin. Melatonin acts by regulating GLUT4 expression and/or triggering, via its G-protein-coupled membrane receptors, the phosphorylation of the insulin receptor and its intracellular substrates mobilizing the insulin-signaling pathway. Melatonin is a powerful chronobiotic being responsible, in part, by the daily distribution of metabolic processes so that the activity/feeding phase of the day is associated with high insulin sensitivity, and the rest/fasting is synchronized to the insulin-resistant metabolic phase of the day. Furthermore, melatonin is responsible for the establishment of an adequate energy balance mainly by regulating energy flow to and from the stores and directly regulating the energy expenditure through the activation of brown adipose tissue and participating in the browning process of white adipose tissue. The reduction in melatonin production, as during aging, shift-work or illuminated environments during the night, induces insulin resistance, glucose intolerance, sleep disturbance, and metabolic circadian disorganization characterizing a state of chronodisruption leading to obesity. The available evidence supports the suggestion that melatonin replacement therapy might contribute to restore a more healthy state of the organism.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Cipolla-Neto
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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197
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Papagiannidou E, Skene DJ, Ioannides C. Potential drug interactions with melatonin. Physiol Behav 2014; 131:17-24. [PMID: 24732412 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2014.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2013] [Revised: 03/31/2014] [Accepted: 04/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Possible interactions of melatonin with concurrently administered drugs were investigated in in vitro studies utilising human hepatic post-mitochondrial preparations; similar studies were conducted with rat preparations to ascertain whether rat is a suitable surrogate for human. Drugs were selected based not only on the knowledge that the 6-hydroxylation of exogenous melatonin, its principal pathway of metabolism, is mainly mediated by hepatic CYP1A2, but also on the likelihood of the drug being concurrently administered with melatonin. Hepatic preparations were incubated with either melatonin or 6-hydroxymelatonin in the presence and absence of a range of concentrations of interacting drug, and the production of 6-sulphatoxymelatonin monitored using a radioimmunoassay procedure. Of the drugs screened, only the potent CYP1A2 inhibitor 5-methoxypsoralen impaired the 6-melatonin hydroxylation at pharmacologically relevant concentrations, and is likely to lead to clinical interactions; diazepam, tamoxifen and acetaminophen (paracetamol) did not impair the metabolic conversion of melatonin to 6-sulphatoxymelatonin at concentrations attained following therapeutic administration. 17-Ethinhyloestradiol appeared not to suppress the 6-hydroxylation of melatonin but inhibited the sulphation of 6-hydroxymelatonin, but this is unlikely to result in an interaction following therapeutic intake of the steroid. Species differences in the inhibition of melatonin metabolism in human and rat hepatic post-mitochondrial preparations were evident implying that the rat may not be an appropriate surrogate of human in such studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleni Papagiannidou
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey GU2 7XH, UK
| | - Debra J Skene
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey GU2 7XH, UK.
| | - Costas Ioannides
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey GU2 7XH, UK
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198
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Costa-Martins JM, Pereira M, Martins H, Moura-Ramos M, Coelho R, Tavares J. The influence of women's attachment style on the chronobiology of labour pain, analgesic consumption and pharmacological effect. Chronobiol Int 2014; 31:787-96. [PMID: 24673295 DOI: 10.3109/07420528.2014.901973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Circadian variation in biological rhythms has been identified as affecting both labour pain and the pharmacological properties of analgesics. In the context of pain, there is also a growing body of evidence suggesting the importance of adult attachment. The purpose of this study was to examine whether labour pain, analgesic consumption and pharmacological effect are significantly affected by the time of day and to analyse whether this circadian variation is influenced by women's attachment style. This prospective observational study included a sample of 81 pregnant women receiving patient-controlled epidural analgesia (PCEA). Attachment was assessed with the Adult Attachment Scale - Revised. The perceived intensity of labour pain in the early stage of labour (3 cm of cervical dilatation and before the administration of PCEA) was measured using a visual analogue scale (VAS). Pain was also indirectly assessed by measuring the consumption of anaesthetics. The latency period and the duration of effect were recorded for a chronopharmacology characterisation. Pain, as assessed with the VAS, was significantly higher in the night-time group than in the daytime group. An insecure attachment style was significantly associated with greater labour pain at 3 cm of cervical dilatation (p < 0.001) and before the beginning of analgesia (p < 0.001) as well as with higher analgesic consumption and lower pharmacological efficacy (p < 0.05). The time of day was significantly associated with the pharmacological effect: the latency period was longer at night, and the duration of the pharmacological effect was longer during the daytime. The interaction between time of day and attachment style was not significant for any of the study variables. Our results provide evidence of the importance of circadian variation in studying labour pain and the pharmacological effect of labour analgesia involving epidural blockage with a PCEA regimen. Moreover, although there was no evidence that attachment style influenced the circadian variation, these data emphasise that insecure attachment patterns are a risk factor for greater labour pain and analgesic consumption, which should be considered in pain management approaches.
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199
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Neuroscience-driven discovery and development of sleep therapeutics. Pharmacol Ther 2014; 141:300-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2013.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2013] [Accepted: 10/25/2013] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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200
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Piromelatine, a novel melatonin receptor agonist, stabilizes metabolic profiles and ameliorates insulin resistance in chronic sleep restricted rats. Eur J Pharmacol 2014; 727:60-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2014.01.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2013] [Revised: 01/15/2014] [Accepted: 01/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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