151
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Kim KY, Lee G, Yoon M, Cho EH, Park CS, Kim MG. Expression Analyses Revealed Thymic Stromal Co-Transporter/Slc46A2 Is in Stem Cell Populations and Is a Putative Tumor Suppressor. Mol Cells 2015; 38:548-61. [PMID: 26013383 PMCID: PMC4469913 DOI: 10.14348/molcells.2015.0044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2015] [Revised: 03/10/2015] [Accepted: 03/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
By combining conventional single cell analysis with flow cytometry and public database searches with bioinformatics tools, we extended the expression profiling of thymic stromal cotransporter (TSCOT), Slc46A2/Ly110, that was shown to be expressed in bipotent precursor and cortical thymic epithelial cells. Genome scale analysis verified TSCOT expression in thymic tissue- and cell type- specific fashion and is also expressed in some other epithelial tissues including skin and lung. Coexpression profiling with genes, Foxn1 and Hoxa3, revealed the role of TSCOT during the organogenesis. TSCOT expression was detected in all thymic epithelial cells (TECs), but not in the CD31(+) endothelial cell lineage in fetal thymus. In addition, ABC transporter-dependent side population and Sca-1(+) fetal TEC populations both contain TSCOT-expressing cells, indicating TEC stem cells express TSCOT. TSCOT expression was identified as early as in differentiating embryonic stem cells. TSCOT expression is not under the control of Foxn1 since TSCOT is present in the thymic rudiment of nude mice. By searching variations in the expression levels, TSCOT is positively associated with Grhl3 and Irf6. Cytokines such as IL1b, IL22 and IL24 are the potential regulators of the TSCOT expression. Surprisingly, we found TSCOT expression in the lung is diminished in lung cancers, suggesting TSCOT may be involved in the suppression of lung tumor development. Based on these results, a model for TEC differentiation from the stem cells was proposed in context of multiple epithelial organ formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ki Yeon Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Inha University, Incheon 402-720,
Korea
| | - Gwanghee Lee
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110,
USA
| | - Minsang Yoon
- Department of Biological Sciences, Inha University, Incheon 402-720,
Korea
| | - Eun Hye Cho
- Department of Biological Sciences, Inha University, Incheon 402-720,
Korea
| | - Chan-Sik Park
- Department of Pathology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul 138-736,
Korea
| | - Moon Gyo Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Inha University, Incheon 402-720,
Korea
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152
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Hertsenberg AJ, Funderburgh JL. Stem Cells in the Cornea. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2015; 134:25-41. [PMID: 26310147 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2015.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The cornea is the tough, transparent tissue through which light first enters the eye and functions as a barrier to debris and infection as well as two-thirds of the refractive power of the eye. Corneal damage that is not promptly treated will often lead to scarring and vision impairment. Due to the limited options currently available to treat corneal scars, the identification and isolation of stem cells in the cornea has received much attention, as they may have potential for autologous, cell-based approaches to the treatment of damaged corneal tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Hertsenberg
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - James L Funderburgh
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.
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153
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Noseda M, Harada M, McSweeney S, Leja T, Belian E, Stuckey DJ, Abreu Paiva MS, Habib J, Macaulay I, de Smith AJ, al-Beidh F, Sampson R, Lumbers RT, Rao P, Harding SE, Blakemore AIF, Eirik Jacobsen S, Barahona M, Schneider MD. PDGFRα demarcates the cardiogenic clonogenic Sca1+ stem/progenitor cell in adult murine myocardium. Nat Commun 2015; 6:6930. [PMID: 25980517 PMCID: PMC4479024 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms7930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2015] [Accepted: 03/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiac progenitor/stem cells in adult hearts represent an attractive therapeutic target for heart regeneration, though (inter)-relationships among reported cells remain obscure. Using single-cell qRT-PCR and clonal analyses, here we define four subpopulations of cardiac progenitor/stem cells in adult mouse myocardium all sharing stem cell antigen-1 (Sca1), based on side population (SP) phenotype, PECAM-1 (CD31) and platelet-derived growth factor receptor-α (PDGFRα) expression. SP status predicts clonogenicity and cardiogenic gene expression (Gata4/6, Hand2 and Tbx5/20), properties segregating more specifically to PDGFRα(+) cells. Clonal progeny of single Sca1(+) SP cells show cardiomyocyte, endothelial and smooth muscle lineage potential after cardiac grafting, augmenting cardiac function although durable engraftment is rare. PDGFRα(-) cells are characterized by Kdr/Flk1, Cdh5, CD31 and lack of clonogenicity. PDGFRα(+)/CD31(-) cells derive from cells formerly expressing Mesp1, Nkx2-5, Isl1, Gata5 and Wt1, distinct from PDGFRα(-)/CD31(+) cells (Gata5 low; Flk1 and Tie2 high). Thus, PDGFRα demarcates the clonogenic cardiogenic Sca1(+) stem/progenitor cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michela Noseda
- British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Mutsuo Harada
- British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Sara McSweeney
- British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Thomas Leja
- British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Elisa Belian
- British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Daniel J. Stuckey
- British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
- Centre for Advanced Biomedical Imaging (CABI), University College London, London WC1E 6DD, UK
| | - Marta S. Abreu Paiva
- British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Josef Habib
- British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, King's College London, London SE1 7EH, UK
| | - Iain Macaulay
- Haematopoietic Stem Cell Biology, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Adam J. de Smith
- Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, USA
| | - Farah al-Beidh
- British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Robert Sampson
- British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - R. Thomas Lumbers
- British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Pulivarthi Rao
- Texas Children's Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Sian E. Harding
- British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | | | - Sten Eirik Jacobsen
- Haematopoietic Stem Cell Biology, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Mauricio Barahona
- British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
- Department of Mathematics, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Michael D. Schneider
- British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
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154
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Zane M, Scavo E, Catalano V, Bonanno M, Todaro M, De Maria R, Stassi G. Normal vs cancer thyroid stem cells: the road to transformation. Oncogene 2015; 35:805-15. [PMID: 25961919 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2015.138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2015] [Revised: 03/24/2015] [Accepted: 03/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Recent investigations in thyroid carcinogenesis have led to the isolation and characterisation of a subpopulation of stem-like cells, responsible for tumour initiation, progression and metastasis. Nevertheless, the cellular origin of thyroid cancer stem cells (SCs) remains unknown and it is still necessary to define the process and the target population that sustain malignant transformation of tissue-resident SCs or the reprogramming of a more differentiated cell. Here, we will critically discuss new insights into thyroid SCs as a potential source of cancer formation in light of the available information on the oncogenic role of genetic modifications that occur during thyroid cancer development. Understanding the fine mechanisms that regulate tumour transformation may provide new ground for clinical intervention in terms of prevention, diagnosis and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Zane
- Department of Surgical and Oncological Sciences, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy.,Department of Surgical, Oncological and Gastroenterological Sciences, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - E Scavo
- Department of Surgical and Oncological Sciences, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - V Catalano
- Department of Surgical and Oncological Sciences, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - M Bonanno
- Department of Surgical and Oncological Sciences, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - M Todaro
- Department of Surgical and Oncological Sciences, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - R De Maria
- Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy
| | - G Stassi
- Department of Surgical and Oncological Sciences, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
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155
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Golebiewska A, Fritah S, Girotti MR. OECI-EACR precision medicine for cancer: Conference report 1-4 March 2015, Luxembourg. Ecancermedicalscience 2015; 9:519. [PMID: 25932043 PMCID: PMC4404038 DOI: 10.3332/ecancer.2015.519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The ‘Precision Medicine for Cancer’ was the first meeting of a new series of conferences organised biannually by the European Association for Cancer Research (EACR) and the Organisation for European Cancer Institutes (OECI). The main objective of the meeting was to focus on novel topics in precision medicine by allowing strong interactions between participants and to access the speakers easily. As the first implementations of personalised medicine are appreciated in the clinic, the aim of the meeting was to further educate both researchers and clinicians and learn more from the novel approaches in the field. Similarly, the interaction between two organisations—the research-oriented EACR and the clinic-oriented OECI—was of a great value for the meeting. This OECI-EACR 2015 report will highlight the major findings of this outstanding meeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Golebiewska
- NORLUX Neuro-Oncology Laboratory, Department of Oncology, Luxembourg Institute of Health (L.I.H), Luxembourg, L-1526 Luxembourg
| | - Sabrina Fritah
- NORLUX Neuro-Oncology Laboratory, Department of Oncology, Luxembourg Institute of Health (L.I.H), Luxembourg, L-1526 Luxembourg
| | - Maria Romina Girotti
- Molecular Oncology Group, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, Manchester, M20 4BX, UK
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156
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Govaere O, Roskams T. Pathogenesis and prognosis of hepatocellular carcinoma at the cellular and molecular levels. Clin Liver Dis 2015; 19:261-76. [PMID: 25921662 DOI: 10.1016/j.cld.2015.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Different approaches predict the outcome for patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The expression of biliary-hepatic progenitor cell markers generally correlates with poor prognosis. This article focuses on the pathogenesis of HCC, how differentiation or dedifferentiation leads to a phenotype switch, and heterogeneity in the same tumor. A tumor cell decides its fate based on a complex interplay of signaling pathways. Interaction with the microenvironment decides whether it will invade, proliferate, or enter survival mode. Several signaling pathways contribute to stemness features, reflecting a small chemoresistant subpopulation of the tumor that expresses biliary-hepatic progenitor cell markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Govaere
- Translational Cell and Tissue Research, Department of Imaging and Pathology, KULeuven and University Hospitals Leuven, Minderbroedersstraat 12, Leuven B3000, Belgium.
| | - Tania Roskams
- Translational Cell and Tissue Research, Department of Imaging and Pathology, KULeuven and University Hospitals Leuven, Minderbroedersstraat 12, Leuven B3000, Belgium.
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157
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Abstract
Protocols for purification of murine male germ cells by FACS based on Hoechst 33342 (Ho342) dye staining have been reported and optimized. However, the protocols are often challenging to follow, partly due to difficulties related to sample preparation, instrument parameters, data display, and selection strategies. In addition, troubleshooting of flow cytometry experiments usually requires some fluency in technical principles and instrument specifications and settings. This unit describes setup and procedures for analysis and sorting of male meiotic prophase I (MPI) cells and other germ cells. Included are procedures that guide data acquisition, display, gating, and back-gating critical for optimal data visualization and cell sorting. Additionally, a flow cytometry analysis of spermatogenesis-defective testis is provided to illustrate the applicability of the technique to the characterization and purification of cells from mutant testis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeriya Gaysinskaya
- Department of Embryology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Baltimore, Maryland.,Department of Biology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Alex Bortvin
- Department of Embryology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Baltimore, Maryland
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158
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Cojoc M, Mäbert K, Muders MH, Dubrovska A. A role for cancer stem cells in therapy resistance: Cellular and molecular mechanisms. Semin Cancer Biol 2015; 31:16-27. [DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2014.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 268] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2014] [Revised: 06/04/2014] [Accepted: 06/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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159
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Yin P, Ono M, Moravek MB, Coon JS, Navarro A, Monsivais D, Dyson MT, Druschitz SA, Malpani SS, Serna VA, Qiang W, Chakravarti D, Kim JJ, Bulun SE. Human uterine leiomyoma stem/progenitor cells expressing CD34 and CD49b initiate tumors in vivo. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2015; 100:E601-6. [PMID: 25658015 PMCID: PMC4399295 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2014-2134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Uterine leiomyoma is the most common benign tumor in reproductive-age women. Using a dye-exclusion technique, we previously identified a side population of leiomyoma cells exhibiting stem cell characteristics. However, unless mixed with mature myometrial cells, these leiomyoma side population cells did not survive or grow well in vitro or in vivo. OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to identify cell surface markers to isolate leiomyoma stem/progenitor cells. DESIGN Real-time PCR screening was used to identify cell surface markers preferentially expressed in leiomyoma side population cells. In vitro colony-formation assay and in vivo tumor-regeneration assay were used to demonstrate functions of leiomyoma stem/progenitor cells. RESULTS We found significantly elevated CD49b and CD34 gene expression in side population cells compared with main population cells. Leiomyoma cells were sorted into three populations based on the expression of CD34 and CD49b: CD34(+)/CD49b(+), CD34(+)/CD49b(-), and CD34(-)/CD49b(-) cells, with the majority of the side population cells residing in the CD34(+)/CD49b(+) fraction. Of these populations, CD34(+)/CD49b(+) cells expressed the lowest levels of estrogen receptor-α, progesterone receptor, and α-smooth muscle actin, but the highest levels of KLF4, NANOG, SOX2, and OCT4, confirming their more undifferentiated status. The stemness of CD34(+)/CD49b(+) cells was also demonstrated by their strongest in vitro colony-formation capacity and in vivo tumor-regeneration ability. CONCLUSIONS CD34 and CD49b are cell surface markers that can be used to enrich a subpopulation of leiomyoma cells possessing stem/progenitor cell properties; this technique will accelerate efforts to develop new therapies for uterine leiomyoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Yin
- Division of Reproductive Science in Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (P.Y., M.O., M.B.M., J.S.C.V., A.N., D.M., M.T.D., S.A.D., S.S.M., W.Q., D.C., J.J.K., S.E.B.), Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611; and Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry (V.A.S.), The Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210
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160
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Tegos GP, Evangelisti AM, Strouse JJ, Ursu O, Bologa C, Sklar LA. A high throughput flow cytometric assay platform targeting transporter inhibition. DRUG DISCOVERY TODAY. TECHNOLOGIES 2015; 12:e95-103. [PMID: 25027381 DOI: 10.1016/j.ddtec.2014.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
This review highlights the concepts, recent applications and limitations of High Throughput Screening (HTS) flow cytometry-based efflux inhibitory assays. This platform has been employed in mammalian and yeast efflux systems leading to the identification of small molecules with transporter inhibitory capabilities. This technology offers the possibility of substrate multiplexing and may promote novel strategies targeting microbial efflux systems. This platform can generate a comprehensive dataset that may support efforts to map the interface between chemistry and transporter biology in a variety of pathogenic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- George P Tegos
- Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, United States
| | - Annette M Evangelisti
- Center for Molecular Discovery, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, United States
| | - J Jacob Strouse
- Center for Molecular Discovery, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, United States
| | - Oleg Ursu
- Division of Translational Informatics, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131, United States
| | - Cristian Bologa
- Division of Translational Informatics, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131, United States
| | - Larry A Sklar
- Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico, School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM 87131, United States
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161
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Satoh K, Hamada S, Shimosegawa T. Involvement of epithelial to mesenchymal transition in the development of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. J Gastroenterol 2015; 50:140-6. [PMID: 25216997 DOI: 10.1007/s00535-014-0997-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2014] [Accepted: 08/29/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is an intractable disease as a result of its rapid dissemination and resistance to conventional chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Surgical resection is the only curative therapy, but most of the tumors are unresectable at the time of diagnosis. The molecular mechanisms underlying the biological aggressiveness of this tumor type remain to be clarified. Epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a developmental process that leads the phenotype shift from an epithelial morphology to a motile, fibroblast-like morphology. Recent studies showed that EMT is involved in the invasion and metastasis of many types of carcinomas including PDAC. In addition, PDAC cells with the EMT phenotype also exhibit chemoresistance and the cancer stem cell property. Various factors such as cytokines, growth factors, or transcriptional factors were found to promote the EMT program in PDAC cells. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge about the EMT in PDAC cells, focusing on the involvement of this process and its regulatory molecules including microRNA during the development of PDAC cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kennichi Satoh
- Division of Cancer Stem Cell, Miyagi Cancer Center Research Institute, 47-1 Nodayama, Medeshima-Shiote, Natori, Miyagi, Japan,
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162
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Zheng D, Liao S, Zhu G, Luo G, Xiao S, He J, Pei Z, Li G, Zhou Y. CD38 is a putative functional marker for side population cells in human nasopharyngeal carcinoma cell lines. Mol Carcinog 2015; 55:300-11. [PMID: 25630761 DOI: 10.1002/mc.22279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2014] [Revised: 11/21/2014] [Accepted: 12/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are thought to be responsible for cancer progression and therapeutic resistance but identification of this subpopulation requires selective markers. Fortunately, side population (SP) cells analysis brings a novel method to CSCs study. In this study, we identified SP cells, which are demonstrated rich in CSCs, in four nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) cell lines. We investigated SP cells from HK-1 NPC cell line and showed CSCs characteristics in this subpopulation. SP cells displayed greater proliferation and invasion and expressed high levels of CSCs markers than NSP cells. Furthermore, our microRNA microarray analysis of SP versus NSP cells revealed that CD38-related miRNAs were down-regulated in SP cell, but the mRNA and protein level of CD38 were highly expressed in SP cells. We further searched for molecules interacting with CD38 and identified ZAP70, which was also well expressed in SP cells at both mRNA and protein levels. Our results uncover a CD38 pathway that may regulate the proliferation and migration of SP cells from HK-1 NPC cell line.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danwei Zheng
- Human Provincial Tumor Hospital and the Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, P. R. China.,Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis of Ministry of Health and Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, P. R. China.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Nonresolving Inflammation and Cancer, Disease Genome Research Center, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, P. R. China
| | - Shan Liao
- Human Provincial Tumor Hospital and the Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, P. R. China.,Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis of Ministry of Health and Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, P. R. China.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Nonresolving Inflammation and Cancer, Disease Genome Research Center, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, P. R. China
| | - Guangchao Zhu
- Human Provincial Tumor Hospital and the Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, P. R. China.,Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis of Ministry of Health and Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, P. R. China.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Nonresolving Inflammation and Cancer, Disease Genome Research Center, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, P. R. China
| | - Gengqiu Luo
- Department of Pathology, Basic School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, P. R. China
| | - Songshu Xiao
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, P. R. China
| | - Junyu He
- Human Provincial Tumor Hospital and the Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, P. R. China.,Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis of Ministry of Health and Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, P. R. China.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Nonresolving Inflammation and Cancer, Disease Genome Research Center, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, P. R. China
| | - Zhen Pei
- Human Provincial Tumor Hospital and the Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, P. R. China.,Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis of Ministry of Health and Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, P. R. China.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Nonresolving Inflammation and Cancer, Disease Genome Research Center, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, P. R. China
| | - Guiyuan Li
- Human Provincial Tumor Hospital and the Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, P. R. China.,Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis of Ministry of Health and Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, P. R. China.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Nonresolving Inflammation and Cancer, Disease Genome Research Center, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, P. R. China
| | - Yanhong Zhou
- Human Provincial Tumor Hospital and the Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, P. R. China.,Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis of Ministry of Health and Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, P. R. China.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Nonresolving Inflammation and Cancer, Disease Genome Research Center, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, P. R. China
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163
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Chhabra R. Cervical cancer stem cells: opportunities and challenges. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2015; 141:1889-97. [PMID: 25563493 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-014-1905-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2014] [Accepted: 12/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cervical cancer remains a leading cause of cancer-related deaths in women in spite of screening and vaccination programs. The current treatment strategies including chemotherapy and surgery could only prolong the patient's survival rather than provide a permanent cure. In case of advanced cervical cancer, radical surgery remains the only option which not only affects the child-bearing ability of the patient, but also comes with a continual risk of recurrence of the disease. Hence, there is a need to develop innovative therapeutics. The cancer stem cell hypothesis states that a tumor has a hierarchical cellular structure in which only a small subpopulation, referred to as cancer stem cells (CSCs), is capable of tumorigenesis. The CSCs possess the stem-like properties of self-renewal and can differentiate into non-stem tumor cells. RESULTS A large number of studies suggest that CSCs are resistant to the conventional therapies used for cancer treatment. These therapies rather enrich the proportion of CSCs in the tumor by eliminating non-stem tumor cells, thereby causing enhanced drug resistance resulting in relapse of the disease. This makes CSCs as the most likely targets for therapeutic intervention. Also, the increase in the proportion of CSCs in patient samples is associated with poor survival rate, thus highlighting their potential role as prognostic biomarker. CONCLUSION The CSCs have been identified and characterized in cervical cancer cell lines, but there are hardly any reports of CSCs in cervical cancer patient samples. This review highlights the current status of research on cervical CSCs, their clinical significance and the challenges in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravindresh Chhabra
- Department of Biotechnology, Panjab University, Sector-14, Chandigarh, 160014, India.
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164
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Abstract
The side population (SP) assay has been utilized as a method for isolation and characterization of normal and cancer stem cells from a variety of tissues. However, the SP phenotype may not be a common property of all stem cells. This chapter reviews the principle and potential pitfalls of the SP assay with an emphasis on mammary gland SP cell analysis.
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165
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Selbo PK, Bostad M, Olsen CE, Edwards VT, Høgset A, Weyergang A, Berg K. Photochemical internalisation, a minimally invasive strategy for light-controlled endosomal escape of cancer stem cell-targeting therapeutics. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2015; 14:1433-50. [DOI: 10.1039/c5pp00027k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Despite progress in radio-, chemo- and photodynamic-therapy (PDT) of cancer, treatment resistance still remains a major problem for patients with aggressive tumours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pål Kristian Selbo
- Department of Radiation Biology
- Institute for Cancer Research
- The Norwegian Radium Hospital
- Oslo University Hospital
- Montebello
| | - Monica Bostad
- Department of Radiation Biology
- Institute for Cancer Research
- The Norwegian Radium Hospital
- Oslo University Hospital
- Montebello
| | - Cathrine Elisabeth Olsen
- Department of Radiation Biology
- Institute for Cancer Research
- The Norwegian Radium Hospital
- Oslo University Hospital
- Montebello
| | - Victoria Tudor Edwards
- Department of Radiation Biology
- Institute for Cancer Research
- The Norwegian Radium Hospital
- Oslo University Hospital
- Montebello
| | - Anders Høgset
- Cancer Stem Cell Innovation Center (SFI-CAST)
- Institute for Cancer Research
- Norwegian Radium Hospital
- Oslo University Hospital
- Oslo
| | - Anette Weyergang
- Department of Radiation Biology
- Institute for Cancer Research
- The Norwegian Radium Hospital
- Oslo University Hospital
- Montebello
| | - Kristian Berg
- Department of Radiation Biology
- Institute for Cancer Research
- The Norwegian Radium Hospital
- Oslo University Hospital
- Montebello
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166
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Fack F, Espedal H, Keunen O, Golebiewska A, Obad N, Harter PN, Mittelbronn M, Bähr O, Weyerbrock A, Stuhr L, Miletic H, Sakariassen PØ, Stieber D, Rygh CB, Lund-Johansen M, Zheng L, Gottlieb E, Niclou SP, Bjerkvig R. Bevacizumab treatment induces metabolic adaptation toward anaerobic metabolism in glioblastomas. Acta Neuropathol 2015; 129:115-31. [PMID: 25322816 PMCID: PMC4282692 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-014-1352-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2014] [Revised: 09/30/2014] [Accepted: 10/01/2014] [Indexed: 10/29/2022]
Abstract
Anti-angiogenic therapy in glioblastoma (GBM) has unfortunately not led to the anticipated improvement in patient prognosis. We here describe how human GBM adapts to bevacizumab treatment at the metabolic level. By performing (13)C6-glucose metabolic flux analysis, we show for the first time that the tumors undergo metabolic re-programming toward anaerobic metabolism, thereby uncoupling glycolysis from oxidative phosphorylation. Following treatment, an increased influx of (13)C6-glucose was observed into the tumors, concomitant to increased lactate levels and a reduction of metabolites associated with the tricarboxylic acid cycle. This was confirmed by increased expression of glycolytic enzymes including pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase in the treated tumors. Interestingly, L-glutamine levels were also reduced. These results were further confirmed by the assessment of in vivo metabolic data obtained by magnetic resonance spectroscopy and positron emission tomography. Moreover, bevacizumab led to a depletion in glutathione levels indicating that the treatment caused oxidative stress in the tumors. Confirming the metabolic flux results, immunohistochemical analysis showed an up-regulation of lactate dehydrogenase in the bevacizumab-treated tumor core as well as in single tumor cells infiltrating the brain, which may explain the increased invasion observed after bevacizumab treatment. These observations were further validated in a panel of eight human GBM patients in which paired biopsy samples were obtained before and after bevacizumab treatment. Importantly, we show that the GBM adaptation to bevacizumab therapy is not mediated by clonal selection mechanisms, but represents an adaptive response to therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fred Fack
- NorLux Neuro-Oncology Laboratory, Department of Oncology, Centre de Recherche Public de la Santé, Strassen, Luxembourg
| | - Heidi Espedal
- NorLux Neuro-Oncology, Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Jonas Lies vei 91, 5019 Bergen, Norway
| | - Olivier Keunen
- NorLux Neuro-Oncology Laboratory, Department of Oncology, Centre de Recherche Public de la Santé, Strassen, Luxembourg
| | - Anna Golebiewska
- NorLux Neuro-Oncology Laboratory, Department of Oncology, Centre de Recherche Public de la Santé, Strassen, Luxembourg
| | - Nina Obad
- NorLux Neuro-Oncology, Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Jonas Lies vei 91, 5019 Bergen, Norway
| | - Patrick N. Harter
- Edinger Institute, Institute of Neurology, Goethe University, Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Michel Mittelbronn
- Edinger Institute, Institute of Neurology, Goethe University, Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Oliver Bähr
- Dr. Senckenberg Institute of Neurooncology, Goethe University, Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Astrid Weyerbrock
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Linda Stuhr
- Matrix Biology Group, Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Hrvoje Miletic
- NorLux Neuro-Oncology, Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Jonas Lies vei 91, 5019 Bergen, Norway
- Department of Pathology, Haukeland University Hospital, The Gade Institute, Bergen, Norway
- KG Jebsen Brain Tumour Research Center, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Per Ø. Sakariassen
- NorLux Neuro-Oncology, Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Jonas Lies vei 91, 5019 Bergen, Norway
| | - Daniel Stieber
- NorLux Neuro-Oncology Laboratory, Department of Oncology, Centre de Recherche Public de la Santé, Strassen, Luxembourg
| | - Cecilie B. Rygh
- Department of Biomedicine, Molecular Imaging Center, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Morten Lund-Johansen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
- KG Jebsen Brain Tumour Research Center, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Liang Zheng
- Cancer Research UK, Beatson Institute, Glasgow, Scotland, UK
| | - Eyal Gottlieb
- Cancer Research UK, Beatson Institute, Glasgow, Scotland, UK
| | - Simone P. Niclou
- NorLux Neuro-Oncology Laboratory, Department of Oncology, Centre de Recherche Public de la Santé, Strassen, Luxembourg
- KG Jebsen Brain Tumour Research Center, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Rolf Bjerkvig
- NorLux Neuro-Oncology Laboratory, Department of Oncology, Centre de Recherche Public de la Santé, Strassen, Luxembourg
- NorLux Neuro-Oncology, Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Jonas Lies vei 91, 5019 Bergen, Norway
- KG Jebsen Brain Tumour Research Center, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
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167
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Maliyakkal N, Appadath Beeran A, Balaji SA, Udupa N, Ranganath Pai S, Rangarajan A. Effects of Withania somnifera and Tinospora cordifolia extracts on the side population phenotype of human epithelial cancer cells: toward targeting multidrug resistance in cancer. Integr Cancer Ther 2014; 14:156-71. [PMID: 25549922 DOI: 10.1177/1534735414564423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent reports suggest the existence of a subpopulation of stem-like cancer cells, termed as cancer stem cells (CSCs), which bear functional and phenotypic resemblance with the adult, tissue-resident stem cells. Side population (SP) assay based on differential efflux of Hoechst 33342 has been effectively used for the isolation of CSCs. The drug resistance properties of SP cells are typically due to the increased expression of ABC transporters leading to drug efflux. Conventionally used chemotherapeutic drugs may often leads to an enrichment of SP, revealing their inability to target the drug-resistant SP and CSCs. Thus, identification of agents that can reduce the SP phenotype is currently in vogue in cancer therapeutics. Withania somnifera (WS) and Tinospora cordifolia (TC) have been used in Ayurveda for treating various diseases, including cancer. In the current study, we have investigated the effects of ethanolic (ET) extracts of WS and TC on the cancer SP phenotype. Interestingly, we found significant decrease in SP on treatment with TC-ET, but not with WS-ET. The SP-inhibitory TC-ET was further fractionated into petroleum ether (TC-PET), dichloromethane (TC-DCM), and n-butyl alcohol (TC-nBT) fractions using bioactivity-guided fractionation. Our data revealed that TC-PET and TC-DCM, but not TC-nBT, significantly inhibited SP in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, flow cytometry-based functional assays revealed that TC-PET and TC-DCM significantly inhibited ABC-B1 and ABC-G2 transporters and sensitized cancer cells toward chemotherapeutic drug-mediated cytotoxicity. Thus, the TC-PET and TC-DCM may harbor phytochemicals with the potential to reverse the drug-resistant phenotype, thus improving the efficacy of cancer chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naseer Maliyakkal
- Indian Institute of Science (IISc), Bangalore, India Manipal University, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | | | - Sai A Balaji
- Indian Institute of Science (IISc), Bangalore, India
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168
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Ffrench B, Gasch C, O'Leary JJ, Gallagher MF. Developing ovarian cancer stem cell models: laying the pipeline from discovery to clinical intervention. Mol Cancer 2014; 13:262. [PMID: 25495823 PMCID: PMC4295405 DOI: 10.1186/1476-4598-13-262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2014] [Accepted: 11/27/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite decades of research, ovarian cancer is still associated with unacceptably high mortality rates, which must be addressed by novel therapeutic approaches. One avenue through which this may be achieved is targeting of tumor-initiating 'Cancer Stem Cells' (CSCs). CSCs are sufficient to generate primary and recurrent disease through extensive rounds of asymmetric division, which maintain the CSC pool while producing the tissues that form the bulk of the tumor. CSCs thrive in the harsh tumor niche, are generally refractory to therapeutic intervention and closely-linked to the Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition process, which facilitates invasion and metastasis. While it is well-accepted that CSC-targeting must be assessed as a novel therapeutic avenue, few ovarian CSC models have been developed due to perceived and actual difficulties associated with the process of 'CSC Discovery'. In this article we review contemporary approaches to CSC Discovery and argue that this process should start with an understanding of the specific challenges associated with clinical intervention, laying the pipeline backwards towards CSC Discovery. Such an approach would expedite the bridging of the gap between laboratory isolation and clinical targeting of ovarian CSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brendan Ffrench
- Department of Histopathology, Trinity College Dublin, Trinity Centre for Health Sciences, St James Hospital, Dublin 8, Ireland.
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169
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Characterisation of human limbal side population cells isolated using an optimised protocol from an immortalised epithelial cell line and primary limbal cultures. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2014; 10:240-50. [PMID: 24174130 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-013-9481-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The challenges in limbal stem cell biology largely remain in the process of identification, isolation and expansion of these adult corneal epithelial stem cells of the eye. Due to the absence of specific limbal stem cell markers, identification and isolation of putative limbal stem cells is a complicated task. The side population assay is an isolation method that utilises the ability of stem cells to efflux the DNA-binding dye Hoechst 33342 (or other vital dyes) combined with dual wavelength flow cytometry and is a valuable strategy to enrich for limbal stem cells. This assay has been used to successfully identify stem/ progenitor cell populations in a variety of tissues and cell lines. Here we optimise this assay to identify SP cell populations in both primary human limbal epithelial cultures and in an established human corneal epithelial cell line. The limbal SP fraction showed higher expression of ATP-binding cassette sub-family G member 2 (ABCG2), ΔNp63--a common limbal stem cell marker and the stem cell marker Sox2 compared to non-SP cells (NSP).
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170
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Rose JA, Erzurum S, Asosingh K. Biology and flow cytometry of proangiogenic hematopoietic progenitors cells. Cytometry A 2014; 87:5-19. [PMID: 25418030 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.22596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2014] [Revised: 10/21/2014] [Accepted: 11/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
During development, hematopoiesis and neovascularization are closely linked to each other via a common bipotent stem cell called the hemangioblast that gives rise to both hematopoietic cells and endothelial cells. In postnatal life, this functional connection between the vasculature and hematopoiesis is maintained by a subset of hematopoietic progenitor cells endowed with the capacity to differentiate into potent proangiogenic cells. These proangiogenic hematopoietic progenitors comprise a specific subset of bone marrow (BM)-derived cells that homes to sites of neovascularization and possess potent paracrine angiogenic activity. There is emerging evidence that this subpopulation of hematopoietic progenitors plays a critical role in vascular health and disease. Their angiogenic activity is distinct from putative "endothelial progenitor cells" that become structural cells of the endothelium by differentiation into endothelial cells. Proangiogenic hematopoietic progenitor cell research requires multidisciplinary expertise in flow cytometry, hematology, and vascular biology. This review provides a comprehensive overview of proangiogenic hematopoietic progenitor cell biology and flow cytometric methods to detect these cells in the peripheral blood circulation and BM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan A Rose
- Department of Pathobiology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio; Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine of Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
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171
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Pietras A, Katz AM, Ekström EJ, Wee B, Halliday JJ, Pitter KL, Werbeck JL, Amankulor NM, Huse JT, Holland EC. Osteopontin-CD44 signaling in the glioma perivascular niche enhances cancer stem cell phenotypes and promotes aggressive tumor growth. Cell Stem Cell 2014; 14:357-69. [PMID: 24607407 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2014.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 374] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2013] [Revised: 12/05/2013] [Accepted: 01/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Stem-like glioma cells reside within a perivascular niche and display hallmark radiation resistance. An understanding of the mechanisms underlying these properties will be vital for the development of effective therapies. Here, we show that the stem cell marker CD44 promotes cancer stem cell phenotypes and radiation resistance. In a mouse model of glioma, Cd44(-/-) and Cd44(+/-) animals showed improved survival compared to controls. The CD44 ligand osteopontin shared a perivascular expression pattern with CD44 and promoted glioma stem cell-like phenotypes. These effects were mediated via the γ-secretase-regulated intracellular domain of CD44, which promoted aggressive glioma growth in vivo and stem cell-like phenotypes via CBP/p300-dependent enhancement of HIF-2α activity. In human glioblastoma multiforme, expression of CD44 correlated with hypoxia-induced gene signatures and poor survival. Altogether, these data suggest that in the glioma perivascular niche, osteopontin promotes stem cell-like properties and radiation resistance in adjacent tumor cells via activation of CD44 signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Pietras
- Human Biology Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; Alvord Brain Tumor Center, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98104, USA; Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10021, USA; Brain Tumor Center, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Amanda M Katz
- Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10021, USA; Brain Tumor Center, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Elin J Ekström
- Cell Biology Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Boyoung Wee
- Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10021, USA; Brain Tumor Center, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - John J Halliday
- Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10021, USA; Brain Tumor Center, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Kenneth L Pitter
- Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10021, USA; Brain Tumor Center, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Jillian L Werbeck
- Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10021, USA; Brain Tumor Center, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Nduka M Amankulor
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Jason T Huse
- Brain Tumor Center, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10021, USA; Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program and Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Eric C Holland
- Human Biology Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; Alvord Brain Tumor Center, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98104, USA.
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172
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Garson K, Vanderhyden BC. Epithelial ovarian cancer stem cells: underlying complexity of a simple paradigm. Reproduction 2014; 149:R59-70. [PMID: 25301968 DOI: 10.1530/rep-14-0234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The lack of significant progress in the treatment of epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) underscores the need to gain a better understanding of the processes that lead to chemoresistance and recurrence. The cancer stem cell (CSC) hypothesis offers an attractive explanation of how a subpopulation of cells within a patient's tumour might remain refractory to treatment and subsequently form the basis of recurrent chemoresistant disease. This review examines the literature defining somatic stem cells of the ovary and fallopian tube, two tissues that give rise to EOC. In addition, considerable research has been reviewed, that has identified subpopulations of EOC cells, based on marker expression (CD133, CD44, CD117, CD24, epithelial cell adhesion molecule, LY6A, ALDH1 and side population (SP)), which are enriched for tumour initiating cells (TICs). While many studies identified either CD133 or CD44 as markers useful for enriching for TICs, there is little consensus. This suggests that EOC cells may have a phenotypic plasticity that may preclude the identification of universal markers defining a CSC. The assay that forms the basis of quantifying TICs is the xenograft assay. Considerable controversy surrounds the xenograft assay and it is essential that some of the potential limitations be examined in this review. Highlighting such limitations or weaknesses is required to properly evaluate data and broaden our interpretation of potential mechanisms that might be contributing to the pathogenesis of ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth Garson
- Ottawa Hospital Research InstituteCentre for Cancer Therapeutics, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1H 8L6Department of Cellular and Molecular MedicineFaculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1H 8M5
| | - Barbara C Vanderhyden
- Ottawa Hospital Research InstituteCentre for Cancer Therapeutics, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1H 8L6Department of Cellular and Molecular MedicineFaculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1H 8M5 Ottawa Hospital Research InstituteCentre for Cancer Therapeutics, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1H 8L6Department of Cellular and Molecular MedicineFaculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1H 8M5
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173
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Singh S, Chellappan S. Lung cancer stem cells: Molecular features and therapeutic targets. Mol Aspects Med 2014; 39:50-60. [PMID: 24016594 PMCID: PMC3949216 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2013.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2013] [Revised: 08/29/2013] [Accepted: 08/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Lung cancers are highly heterogeneous and resistant to available therapeutic agents, with a five year survival rate of less than 15%. Despite significant advances in our knowledge of the genetic alterations and aberrations in signaling pathways, it has been difficult to determine the basis of lung cancer heterogeneity and drug resistance. Cancer stem cell model has attracted a significant amount of attention in recent years as a viable explanation for the heterogeneity, drug resistance, dormancy and recurrence and metastasis of various tumors. At the same time, cancer stem cells have been relatively less characterized in lung cancers. This review summarizes the current understanding of lung cancer stem cells, including their molecular features and signaling pathways that drive their stemness. This review also discusses the potential startegies to inhibit the signaling pathways driving stemness, in an effort to eradicate these cells to combat lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandeep Singh
- National Institute of Biomedical Genomics (NIBMG), TB Hospital Building, 2nd floor, Kalyani, West Bengal, India
| | - Srikumar Chellappan
- Department of Tumor Biology, H. Lee Moffitt cancer Center and Research Institute, 12902 Magnolia Drive, Tampa, FL 33612, United States.
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174
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Moravek MB, Yin P, Ono M, Coon JS, Dyson MT, Navarro A, Marsh EE, Chakravarti D, Kim JJ, Wei JJ, Bulun SE. Ovarian steroids, stem cells and uterine leiomyoma: therapeutic implications. Hum Reprod Update 2014; 21:1-12. [PMID: 25205766 DOI: 10.1093/humupd/dmu048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Uterine leiomyoma is the most common benign tumor in women and is thought to arise from the clonal expansion of a single myometrial smooth muscle cell transformed by a cellular insult. Leiomyomas cause a variety of symptoms, including abnormal uterine bleeding, pelvic pain, bladder or bowel dysfunction, and recurrent pregnancy loss, and are the most common indication for hysterectomy in the USA. A slow rate of cell proliferation, combined with the production of copious amounts of extracellular matrix, accounts for tumor expansion. A common salient feature of leiomyomas is their responsiveness to steroid hormones, thus providing an opportunity for intervention. METHODS A comprehensive search of PUBMED was conducted to identify peer-reviewed literature published since 1980 pertinent to the roles of steroid hormones and somatic stem cells in leiomyoma, including literature on therapeutics that target steroid hormone action in leiomyoma. Reviewed articles were restricted to English language only. Studies in both animals and humans were reviewed for the manuscript. RESULTS Estrogen stimulates the growth of leiomyomas, which are exposed to this hormone not only through ovarian steroidogenesis, but also through local conversion of androgens by aromatase within the tumors themselves. The primary action of estrogen, together with its receptor estrogen receptor α (ERα), is likely mediated via induction of progesterone receptor (PR) expression, thereby allowing leiomyoma responsiveness to progesterone. Progesterone has been shown to stimulate the growth of leiomyoma through a set of key genes that regulate both apoptosis and proliferation. Given these findings, aromatase inhibitors and antiprogestins have been developed for the treatment of leiomyoma, but neither treatment results in complete regression of leiomyoma, and tumors recur after treatment is stopped. Recently, distinct cell populations were discovered in leiomyomas; a small population showed stem-progenitor cell properties, and was found to be essential for ovarian steroid-dependent growth of leiomyomas. Interestingly, these stem-progenitor cells were deficient in ERα and PR and instead relied on the strikingly higher levels of these receptors in surrounding differentiated cells to mediate estrogen and progesterone action via paracrine signaling. CONCLUSIONS It has been well established that estrogen and progesterone are involved in the proliferation and maintenance of uterine leiomyoma, and the majority of medical treatments currently available for leiomyoma work by inhibiting steroid hormone production or action. A pitfall of these therapeutics is that they decrease leiomyoma size, but do not completely eradicate them, and tumors tend to regrow once treatment is stopped. The recent discovery of stem cells and their paracrine interactions with more differentiated cell populations within leiomyoma has the potential to provide the missing link between developing therapeutics that temper leiomyoma growth and those that eradicate them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Molly B Moravek
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Feinberg School of Medicine at Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Ping Yin
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Feinberg School of Medicine at Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Masanori Ono
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Feinberg School of Medicine at Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - John S Coon
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Feinberg School of Medicine at Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Matthew T Dyson
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Feinberg School of Medicine at Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Antonia Navarro
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Feinberg School of Medicine at Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Erica E Marsh
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Feinberg School of Medicine at Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Debabrata Chakravarti
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Feinberg School of Medicine at Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - J Julie Kim
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Feinberg School of Medicine at Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Jian-Jun Wei
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Feinberg School of Medicine at Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA Department of Pathology, Feinberg School of Medicine at Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Serdar E Bulun
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Feinberg School of Medicine at Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
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175
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuo Maruyama
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology; School of Medicine; Keio University; Tokyo Japan
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176
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Wennerström AB, Lothe IMB, Sandhu V, Kure EH, Myklebost O, Munthe E. Generation and characterisation of novel pancreatic adenocarcinoma xenograft models and corresponding primary cell lines. PLoS One 2014; 9:e103873. [PMID: 25148029 PMCID: PMC4141735 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0103873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2014] [Accepted: 07/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic adenocarcinoma is one of the most lethal cancer types, currently lacking efficient treatment. The heterogeneous nature of these tumours are poorly represented by the classical pancreatic cell lines, which have been through strong clonal selection in vitro, and are often derived from metastases. Here, we describe the establishment of novel pancreatic adenocarcinoma models, xenografts and corresponding in vitro cell lines, from primary pancreatic tumours. The morphology, differentiation grade and gene expression pattern of the xenografts resemble the original tumours well. The cell lines were analysed for colony forming capacity, tumourigenicity and expression of known cancer cell surface markers and cancer stem-like characteristics. These primary cell models will be valuable tools for biological and preclinical studies for this devastating disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna B. Wennerström
- Cancer Stem Cell Innovation Centre and Department of Tumour Biology, Institute of Cancer Research, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Inger Marie Bowitz Lothe
- Department of Genetics, Institute of Cancer Research, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Pathology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Vandana Sandhu
- Department of Genetics, Institute of Cancer Research, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Department for Environmental Health and Science, Telemark University College, Telemark, Norway
| | - Elin H. Kure
- Department of Genetics, Institute of Cancer Research, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Department for Environmental Health and Science, Telemark University College, Telemark, Norway
| | - Ola Myklebost
- Cancer Stem Cell Innovation Centre and Department of Tumour Biology, Institute of Cancer Research, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Else Munthe
- Cancer Stem Cell Innovation Centre and Department of Tumour Biology, Institute of Cancer Research, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- * E-mail:
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177
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Guth AM, Deogracias M, Dow SW. Comparison of cancer stem cell antigen expression by tumor cell lines and by tumor biopsies from dogs with melanoma and osteosarcoma. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2014; 161:132-40. [PMID: 25146881 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2014.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2013] [Revised: 04/25/2014] [Accepted: 07/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSCs) represent a small subpopulation of tumor cells that play a critical role in initiating and sustaining tumor growth. However, we currently have an incomplete understanding of the expression patterns of CSC antigens in tumors of dogs, nor do we understand how expression of these antigens vary between tumor cell lines and tumor biopsy specimens. Therefore, we used flow cytometry and commonly reported CSC surface and intracellular markers to evaluate the phenotype and overall frequency of CSC subpopulations in tumor cell lines and primary tumor biopsy samples from dogs with melanoma and osteosarcoma. We found that cells expressing common CSC antigens were rare in tumor cell lines, with the exception of tumor cells expressing CD44 and CD90. In contrast, tumor cells expressing conventional CSC antigens such as CD133, CD34, CD44, CD24 and Oct3/4 were much more common in tumor biopsy samples. Notably, the frequency and types of putative CSC subpopulations were very similar in biopsy samples from dogs with either melanoma or osteosarcoma. Our results suggest that the tumor microenvironment significantly influences CSC subpopulations within tumors and that tumor cell lines may not accurately reflect the actual frequency or types of CSC subpopulations present in tumor tissues in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda M Guth
- Animal Cancer Center, Department of Clinical Sciences, Colorado State University, Ft. Collins, CO 80523, United States
| | - Mike Deogracias
- Animal Cancer Center, Department of Clinical Sciences, Colorado State University, Ft. Collins, CO 80523, United States
| | - Steven W Dow
- Animal Cancer Center, Department of Clinical Sciences, Colorado State University, Ft. Collins, CO 80523, United States.
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178
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Reversing paclitaxel resistance in ovarian cancer cells via inhibition of the ABCB1 expressing side population. Tumour Biol 2014; 35:9879-92. [PMID: 24993095 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-014-2277-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2014] [Accepted: 06/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The majority of deaths in ovarian cancer are caused by recurrent metastatic disease which is usually multidrug resistant. This progression has been hypothesised to be due in part to the presence of cancer stem cells, a subset of cells which are capable of self-renewal and are able to survive chemotherapy and migrate to distant sites. Side population (SP) cells, identified by the efflux of the DNA-binding dye Hoechst 33342 through ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters, are a known adult stem cell group and have been suggested as a cancer stem cell in various cancers. Despite the identification of SP cells in cancer cell lines and patient samples, little attention has been paid to the identification of specific ABC transporters within this cell fraction which efflux Hoechst dye and thus may facilitate drug resistance. In this study, we demonstrate that SP cells can be detected in both ovarian cancer cell lines and ascitic fluid samples, and these SP cells possess stem cell and drug resistance properties. We show that ABCB1 is the functioning ABC transporter in ovarian cancer cell lines, and expression of ABCB1 is associated with a paclitaxel-resistant phenotype. Moreover, silencing of ABCB1 using a specific morpholino oligonucleotide results in an inhibition of the SP phenotype and a sensitising of ovarian cancer cell lines to paclitaxel. ABCB1 should therefore be considered as a therapeutic target in ovarian cancer.
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179
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Skvortsov S, Debbage P, Lukas P, Skvortsova I. Crosstalk between DNA repair and cancer stem cell (CSC) associated intracellular pathways. Semin Cancer Biol 2014; 31:36-42. [PMID: 24954010 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2014.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2014] [Accepted: 06/09/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
DNA damaging agents (ionizing radiation and chemotherapeutics) are considered as most effective in cancer treatment. However, there is a subpopulation of carcinoma cells within the tumour demonstrating resistance to DNA damaging treatment approaches. It is suggested that limited tumour response to this kind of therapy can be associated with specific molecular properties of carcinoma stem cells (CSCs) representing the most refractory cell subpopulation. This review article presents novel data about molecular features of CSCs underlying DNA damage response and related intracellular signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergej Skvortsov
- Department of Therapeutic Radiology and Oncology, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria.
| | - Paul Debbage
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Peter Lukas
- Department of Therapeutic Radiology and Oncology, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Ira Skvortsova
- Department of Therapeutic Radiology and Oncology, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
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180
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Luanpitpong S, Wang L, Manke A, Martin K, Ammer A, Castranova V, Yang Y, Rojansakul Y. Induction of stemlike cells with fibrogenic properties by carbon nanotubes and its role in fibrogenesis. NANO LETTERS 2014; 14:3110-6. [PMID: 24873662 PMCID: PMC4055043 DOI: 10.1021/nl5002026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
We developed a three-dimensional fibroblastic nodule model for fibrogenicity testing of nanomaterials and investigated the role of fibroblast stemlike cells (FSCs) in the fibrogenic process. We showed that carbon nanotubes (CNTs) induced fibroblastic nodule formation in primary human lung fibroblast cultures resembling the fibroblastic foci in clinical fibrosis and promoted FSCs that are highly fibrogenic and a potential driving force of fibrogenesis. This study provides a predictive 3D model and mechanistic insight on CNT fibrogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudjit Luanpitpong
- Pharmaceutical
and Pharmacological Sciences Program, Mary Babb Randolph Cancer Center, Animal Models and
Imaging Facility, and Department of Chemical Engineering, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506, United States
| | - Liying Wang
- Pathology
and Physiology Research Branch, National
Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, West Virginia 26505, United States
| | - Amruta Manke
- Pharmaceutical
and Pharmacological Sciences Program, Mary Babb Randolph Cancer Center, Animal Models and
Imaging Facility, and Department of Chemical Engineering, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506, United States
| | - Karen
H. Martin
- Pharmaceutical
and Pharmacological Sciences Program, Mary Babb Randolph Cancer Center, Animal Models and
Imaging Facility, and Department of Chemical Engineering, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506, United States
| | - Amanda
Gatesman Ammer
- Pharmaceutical
and Pharmacological Sciences Program, Mary Babb Randolph Cancer Center, Animal Models and
Imaging Facility, and Department of Chemical Engineering, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506, United States
| | - Vincent Castranova
- Pathology
and Physiology Research Branch, National
Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, West Virginia 26505, United States
| | - Yong Yang
- Pharmaceutical
and Pharmacological Sciences Program, Mary Babb Randolph Cancer Center, Animal Models and
Imaging Facility, and Department of Chemical Engineering, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506, United States
| | - Yon Rojansakul
- Pharmaceutical
and Pharmacological Sciences Program, Mary Babb Randolph Cancer Center, Animal Models and
Imaging Facility, and Department of Chemical Engineering, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506, United States
- E-mail: . Phone: 304- 293-1476
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181
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Mas A, Cervello I, Gil-Sanchis C, Simón C. Current understanding of somatic stem cells in leiomyoma formation. Fertil Steril 2014; 102:613-20. [PMID: 24890270 DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2014.04.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2014] [Revised: 04/24/2014] [Accepted: 04/29/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To provide a detailed summary of current scientific knowledge of somatic stem cells (SSCs) in murine and human myometrium and their putative implication in leiomyoma formation, as well as to establish new therapeutic options. DESIGN Pubmed and Scholar One manuscripts were used to identify the most relevant studies on SSCs and their implications in human myometrium and leiomyomas. SETTING University research laboratory-affiliated infertility clinic. PATIENT(S) Not applicable. INTERVENTION(S) Not applicable. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S) Not applicable. RESULT(S) Despite numerous publications on SSCs, it was not until 2007 that scientific evidence based on the use of 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine (BrdU) and side population (SP) methods in murine and human myometrium were first published. Recently, it has been reported that SP cells are present in human leiomyomas; however, to date the pathogenesis of this benign tumor remains unclear. Besides many genetic/epigenetic alterations, changes to steroid hormones and growth factors may also be associated with the impaired function, proliferation, and differentiation of a subset of putative SSCs in human myometrium. CONCLUSION(S) These findings open up new possibilities for understanding the origin of this benign tumor and help to develop new nonsurgical approaches for their management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aymara Mas
- Fundación Instituto Valenciano de Infertilidad, Instituto Universitario IVI-University of Valencia, INCLIVA, Valencia, Spain.
| | - Irene Cervello
- Fundación Instituto Valenciano de Infertilidad, Instituto Universitario IVI-University of Valencia, INCLIVA, Valencia, Spain
| | - Claudia Gil-Sanchis
- Fundación Instituto Valenciano de Infertilidad, Instituto Universitario IVI-University of Valencia, INCLIVA, Valencia, Spain
| | - Carlos Simón
- Fundación Instituto Valenciano de Infertilidad, Instituto Universitario IVI-University of Valencia, INCLIVA, Valencia, Spain; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California
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182
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Wen J, Li H, Tao W, Savoldo B, Foglesong JA, King LC, Zu Y, Chang CC. High throughput quantitative reverse transcription PCR assays revealing over-expression of cancer testis antigen genes in multiple myeloma stem cell-like side population cells. Br J Haematol 2014; 166:711-9. [PMID: 24889268 DOI: 10.1111/bjh.12951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2013] [Accepted: 04/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Multiple myeloma (MM) stem cells, proposed to be responsible for the tumourigenesis, drug resistance and recurrence of this disease, are enriched in the cancer stem cell-like side population (SP). Cancer testis antigens (CTA) are attractive targets for immunotherapy because they are widely expressed in cancers but only in limited types of normal tissues. We designed a high throughput assay, which allowed simultaneous relative quantifying expression of 90 CTA genes associated with MM. In the three MM cell lines tested, six CTA genes were over-expressed in two and LUZP4 and ODF1 were universally up-regulated in all three cell lines. Subsequent study of primary bone marrow (BM) from eight MM patients and four healthy donors revealed that 19 CTA genes were up-regulated in SP of MM compared with mature plasma cells. In contrast, only two CTA genes showed a moderate increase in SP cells of healthy BM. Furthermore, knockdown using small interfering RNA (siRNA) revealed that LUZP4 expression is required for colony-forming ability and drug resistance in MM cells. Our findings indicate that multiple CTA have unique expression profiles in MM SP, suggesting that CTA may serve as targets for immunotherapy that it specific for MM stem cells and which may lead to the long-term cure of MM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianguo Wen
- Department of Pathology and Genomic Medicine, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
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183
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Anaplastic large cell lymphoma-propagating cells are detectable by side population analysis and possess an expression profile reflective of a primitive origin. Oncogene 2014; 34:1843-52. [PMID: 24814516 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2014.112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2013] [Revised: 03/13/2014] [Accepted: 03/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Cancer stem cells or tumour-propagating cells (TPCs) have been identified for a number of cancers, but data pertaining to their existence in lymphoma so far remain elusive. We show for the first time that a small subset of cells purified from human anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK)-positive and -negative, anaplastic large cell lymphoma cell lines and primary patient tumours using the side population (SP) technique have serial tumour-propagating capacity both in vitro and in vivo; they give rise to both themselves and the bulk tumour population as well as supporting growth of the latter through the production of soluble factors. In vivo serial dilution assays utilising a variety of model systems inclusive of human cell lines, primary human tumours and nucleophosmin (NPM)-ALK-induced murine tumours demonstrate the TPC frequency to vary from as many as 1/54 to 1/1336 tumour cells. In addition, the SP cells express higher levels of pluripotency-associated transcription factors and are enriched for a gene expression profile consistent with early thymic progenitors. Finally, our data show that the SP cells express higher levels of the NPM-ALK oncogene and are sensitive to an ALK inhibitor.
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184
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Sotiropoulou PA, Christodoulou MS, Silvani A, Herold-Mende C, Passarella D. Chemical approaches to targeting drug resistance in cancer stem cells. Drug Discov Today 2014; 19:1547-62. [PMID: 24819719 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2014.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2014] [Revised: 03/24/2014] [Accepted: 05/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are a subpopulation of cancer cells with high clonogenic capacity and ability to reform parental tumors upon transplantation. Resistance to therapy has been shown for several types of CSC and, therefore, they have been proposed as the cause of tumor relapse. Consequently, much effort has been made to design molecules that can target CSCs specifically and sensitize them to therapy. In this review, we summarize the mechanisms underlying CSC resistance, the potential biological targets to overcome resistance and the chemical compounds showing activity against different types of CSC. The chemical compounds discussed here have been divided according to their origin: natural, natural-derived and synthetic compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panagiota A Sotiropoulou
- Interdisciplinary Research Institute (IRIBHM), Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), 808 route de Lennik, BatC, 1070 Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Michael S Christodoulou
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Golgi 19, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Alessandra Silvani
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Golgi 19, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Christel Herold-Mende
- Division of Experimental Neurosurgery, Department of Neurosurgery, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Daniele Passarella
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Golgi 19, 20133 Milano, Italy.
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185
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Abstract
Cardiac side population (CSP) cells, defined by their ability to efflux the vital dye Hoechst 33342, have been identified as putative cardiac stem cells based on their potential to give rise to both cardiomyocytes and endothelial cells. The CSP phenotype relies on an active metabolic pathway and cell viability to identify a rare population of cells and therefore technical differences in the CSP staining protocol can lead to inconsistent results and discrepancies between studies. Here we describe an established protocol for CSP identification and have optimised a protocol for CSP analysis utilizing an automated cardiac digestion procedure using gentleMACs dissociation and Hoechst 33342 staining followed by dual wavelength flow cytometric analysis.
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186
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Khan MI, Czarnecka AM, Duchnowska R, Kukwa W, Szczylik C. Metastasis-Initiating Cells in Renal Cancer. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 8:240-246. [PMID: 25152705 PMCID: PMC4141324 DOI: 10.2174/1574362409666140206222431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2013] [Revised: 11/27/2013] [Accepted: 01/29/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Metastasis is a complex process that propagates cells from the primary or initial site of the cancer occurrence to distant parts of the body. Cancer cells break from the cancer site and circulate through the bloodstream or lymph vessels, allowing them to reach nearly all parts of the body. These circulating tumour cells (CTCs) contain specialized metastasis-initiating cells (MICs) that reside in the biological heterogeneous primary tumour. Researchers have hypothesized that metastasis of renal cell carcinoma is initiated by circulation of MICs in patients’ blood and bone marrow. Based on the cancer stem/progenitor cell concept of carcinogenesis, understanding the molecular phenotypes of metastasis-initiating cells (MICs) in renal cancer could play a vital role in developing strategies for therapeutic interventions in renal cancer. Existence of MICs among CTCs in renal carcinoma has not been proven in large scale. However, some studies have reported that specialized markers are found on the surface of circulating cells from the primary tumour. In mice, MICs have been isolated from CTCs using such markers, which have then been transplanted into xenograft model to show whether they give rise to metastasis in different organs. Considering these findings, in this review we have attempted to summarize the studies connected with MICs and their gene expression profiles that are responsible for metastasis in renal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed I Khan
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Clinic of Oncology, Military Institute of Medicine, ul. Szaserów 128, 04-141 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anna M Czarnecka
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Clinic of Oncology, Military Institute of Medicine, ul. Szaserów 128, 04-141 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Renata Duchnowska
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Clinic of Oncology, Military Institute of Medicine, ul. Szaserów 128, 04-141 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Wojciech Kukwa
- Department of Otolaryngology, Czerniakowski Hospital, Medical University of Warsaw, ul. Stepinska 19/25, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Cezary Szczylik
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Clinic of Oncology, Military Institute of Medicine, ul. Szaserów 128, 04-141 Warsaw, Poland
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187
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Gaysinskaya V, Soh IY, van der Heijden GW, Bortvin A. Optimized flow cytometry isolation of murine spermatocytes. Cytometry A 2014; 85:556-65. [PMID: 24664803 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.22463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2013] [Revised: 02/25/2014] [Accepted: 03/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Meiotic prophase I (MPI), is an initial stage of meiosis characterized by intricate homologous chromosome interactions, synapsis, and DNA recombination. These processes depend on the complex, but poorly understood early MPI events of homologous chromosome search, alignment, and pairing. Detailed molecular investigation of these early events requires isolation of individual MPI substages. Enrichment for Pachytene (P) and Diplotene (D) substages of late MPI was previously accomplished using flow cytometry. However, separation of early MPI spermatocytes, specifically, of Leptotene (L) and Zygotene (Z) substages, has been a challenge due to these cells' similar characteristics. In this report, we describe an optimized Hoechst-33342 (Hoechst)-based flow cytometry approach for isolating individual MPI populations from adult mouse testis. We get significant enrichment for individual L and Z spermatocytes, previously inseparable from each other, and optimize the isolation of other MPI substages. Our flow cytometry approach is a combination of three optimized strategies. The first is optimization of testis dissociation protocol that yields more consistent and reproducible testicular single cell suspension. The second involves optimization of flow cytometric gating protocol where a critical addition to the standard protocol for cell discrimination based on Hoechst fluorescence, involves a back-gating technique based on light scattering parameters. This step specifies selection of individual MPI substages. The third, is an addition of DNA content restriction to the gating protocol to minimize contamination from non-meiotic cells. Finally, we confirm significant enrichment of high-purity Preleptotene (PreL), L, Z, P, and D MPI spermatocytes using stage-specific marker distribution. The technique will facilitate understanding of the molecular events underlying MPI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeriya Gaysinskaya
- Department of Embryology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Baltimore, Maryland, 21218; Department of Biology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, 21218
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188
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The culture of cancer cell lines as tumorspheres does not systematically result in cancer stem cell enrichment. PLoS One 2014; 9:e89644. [PMID: 24586931 PMCID: PMC3933663 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0089644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2013] [Accepted: 01/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSC) have raised great excitement during the last decade and are promising targets for an efficient treatment of tumors without relapses and metastases. Among the various methods that enable to enrich cancer cell lines in CSC, tumorspheres culture has been predominantly used. In this report, we attempted to generate tumorspheres from several murine and human cancer cell lines: B16-F10, HT-29, MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cells. Tumorspheres were obtained with variable efficiencies from all cell lines except from MDA-MB-231 cells. Then, we studied several CSC characteristics in both tumorspheres and adherent cultures of the B16-F10, HT-29 and MCF-7 cells. Unexpectedly, tumorspheres-forming cells were less clonogenic and, in the case of B16-F10, less proliferative than attached cells. In addition, we did not observe any enrichment in the population expressing CSC surface markers in tumorspheres from B16-F10 (CD133, CD44 and CD24 markers) or MCF-7 (CD44 and CD24 markers) cells. On the contrary, tumorspheres culture of HT-29 cells appeared to enrich in cells expressing colon CSC markers, i.e. CD133 and CD44 proteins. For the B16-F10 cell line, when 1 000 cells were injected in syngenic C57BL/6 mice, tumorspheres-forming cells displayed a significantly lower tumorigenic potential than adherent cells. Finally, tumorspheres culture of B16-F10 cells induced a down-regulation of vimentin which could explain, at least partially, the lower tumorigenicity of tumorspheres-forming cells. All these results, along with the literature, indicate that tumorspheres culture of cancer cell lines can induce an enrichment in CSC but in a cell line-dependent manner. In conclusion, extensive characterization of CSC properties in tumorspheres derived from any cancer cell line or cancer tissue must be performed in order to ensure that the generated tumorspheres are actually enriched in CSC.
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189
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Glioblastomas are composed of genetically divergent clones with distinct tumourigenic potential and variable stem cell-associated phenotypes. Acta Neuropathol 2014; 127:203-19. [PMID: 24154962 PMCID: PMC3895194 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-013-1196-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2013] [Revised: 10/10/2013] [Accepted: 10/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is known to be a heterogeneous disease; however, the genetic composition of the cells within a given tumour is only poorly explored. In the advent of personalised medicine the understanding of intra-tumoural heterogeneity at the cellular and the genetic level is mandatory to improve treatment and clinical outcome. By combining ploidy-based flow sorting with array-comparative genomic hybridization we show that primary GBMs present as either mono- or polygenomic tumours (64 versus 36 %, respectively). Monogenomic tumours were limited to a pseudodiploid tumour clone admixed with normal stromal cells, whereas polygenomic tumours contained multiple tumour clones, yet always including a pseudodiploid population. Interestingly, pseudodiploid and aneuploid fractions carried the same aberrations as defined by identical chromosomal breakpoints, suggesting that evolution towards aneuploidy is a late event in GBM development. Interestingly, while clonal heterogeneity could be recapitulated in spheroid-based xenografts, we find that genetically distinct clones displayed different tumourigenic potential. Moreover, we show that putative cancer stem cell markers including CD133, CD15, A2B5 and CD44 were present on genetically distinct tumour cell populations. These data reveal the clonal heterogeneity of GBMs at the level of DNA content, tumourigenic potential and stem cell marker expression, which is likely to impact glioma progression and treatment response. The combined knowledge of intra-tumour heterogeneity at the genetic, cellular and functional level is crucial to assess treatment responses and to design personalized treatment strategies for primary GBM.
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190
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Gao YJ, Li B, Wu XY, Cui J, Han JK. Thyroid tumor-initiating cells: increasing evidence and opportunities for anticancer therapy (review). Oncol Rep 2014; 31:1035-42. [PMID: 24424445 PMCID: PMC3926673 DOI: 10.3892/or.2014.2978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2013] [Accepted: 12/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Accumulating evidence supports the notion that thyroid cancer is initiated by tumor-initiating cells (TICs) (commonly known as cancer stem cells), which are thought to play a crucial role in malignant progression, therapeutic resistance and recurrence. Thyroid TICs have been isolated and identified using specific biomarkers (such as CD133), the side population, sphere formation and aldehyde dehydrogenase activity assays. Although their characteristics remain largely unknown, TICs provide an attractive cellular mechanism to explain therapeutic refractoriness. Efforts are currently being directed toward the identification of therapeutic strategies that could target these cells. The present review discusses the cellular origins of TICs and the main approaches used to isolate and identify thyroid TICs, with a focus on the remaining challenges and opportunities for anticancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Ju Gao
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China
| | - Bo Li
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Henan Provincial People's Hospital and the People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450003, P.R. China
| | - Xin-Yu Wu
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Henan Provincial People's Hospital and the People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450003, P.R. China
| | - Jing Cui
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Henan Provincial People's Hospital and the People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450003, P.R. China
| | - Jian-Kui Han
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China
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191
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Abstract
Many tissues if not all are thought to contain stem cells that are responsible for regeneration and repair of the tissue after injury. Dysregulation of tissue regeneration may result in various pathological conditions, among which cancer is the most extensively studied. Notably, the so-called cancer stem cells or tumor-initiating cells, have been studied in order to understand the mechanisms of carcinogenesis and/or metastasis. However, the nature of cancer stem cells, let alone normal stem/progenitor cells, particularly those of the thyroid remains elusive. There remains a gap in knowledge between adult thyroid stem/progenitor cells and cancer stem cells of the thyroid, and if and/or how they are related to each other. Understanding of the mechanism for thyroid regeneration and mode of participation of normal adult thyroid stem/progenitor cells in this process will hopefully yield a more complete understanding of the nature of thyroid cancer stem cells, and/or help understand the pathogenesis of other thyroid diseases. This review summarizes the current understanding of adult thyroid stem/progenitor cells, with particular emphasis on how they contribute to thyroid regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shioko Kimura
- Laboratory of Metabolism, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- *Correspondence: Shioko Kimura, Laboratory of Metabolism, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Building 37, Room 3106, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA e-mail:
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Hara ES, Ono M, Eguchi T, Kubota S, Pham HT, Sonoyama W, Tajima S, Takigawa M, Calderwood SK, Kuboki T. miRNA-720 controls stem cell phenotype, proliferation and differentiation of human dental pulp cells. PLoS One 2013; 8:e83545. [PMID: 24386225 PMCID: PMC3875457 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0083545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2013] [Accepted: 11/05/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Dental pulp cells (DPCs) are known to be enriched in stem/progenitor cells but not well characterized yet. Small non-coding microRNAs (miRNAs) have been identified to control protein translation, mRNA stability and transcription, and have been reported to play important roles in stem cell biology, related to cell reprogramming, maintenance of stemness and regulation of cell differentiation. In order to characterize dental pulp stem/progenitor cells and its mechanism of differentiation, we herein sorted stem-cell-enriched side population (SP) cells from human DPCs and periodontal ligament cells (PDLCs), and performed a locked nucleic acid (LNA)-based miRNA array. As a result, miR-720 was highly expressed in the differentiated main population (MP) cells compared to that in SP cells. In silico analysis and a reporter assay showed that miR-720 targets the stem cell marker NANOG, indicating that miR-720 could promote differentiation of dental pulp stem/progenitor cells by repressing NANOG. Indeed, gain-and loss-of-function analyses showed that miR-720 controls NANOG transcript and protein levels. Moreover, transfection of miR-720 significantly decreased the number of cells positive for the early stem cell marker SSEA-4. Concomitantly, mRNA levels of DNA methyltransferases (DNMTs), which are known to play crucial factors during stem cell differentiation, were also increased by miR-720 through unknown mechanism. Finally, miR-720 decreased DPC proliferation as determined by immunocytochemical analysis against ki-67, and promoted odontogenic differentiation as demonstrated by alizarin red staining, as well as alkaline phosphatase and osteopontin mRNA levels. Our findings identify miR-720 as a novel miRNA regulating the differentiation of DPCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilio Satoshi Hara
- Department of Oral Rehabilitation and Regenerative Medicine, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama-shi, Okayama-ken, Japan
| | - Mitsuaki Ono
- Department of Oral Rehabilitation and Regenerative Medicine, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama-shi, Okayama-ken, Japan
| | - Takanori Eguchi
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Division of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Satoshi Kubota
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Dentistry, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama-shi, Okayama-ken, Japan
| | - Hai Thanh Pham
- Department of Oral Rehabilitation and Regenerative Medicine, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama-shi, Okayama-ken, Japan
| | - Wataru Sonoyama
- Department of Oral Rehabilitation and Regenerative Medicine, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama-shi, Okayama-ken, Japan
| | - Shoji Tajima
- Laboratory of Epigenetics, Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masaharu Takigawa
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Dentistry, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama-shi, Okayama-ken, Japan
| | - Stuart K. Calderwood
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Division of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Takuo Kuboki
- Department of Oral Rehabilitation and Regenerative Medicine, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama-shi, Okayama-ken, Japan
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193
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O'Connor ML, Xiang D, Shigdar S, Macdonald J, Li Y, Wang T, Pu C, Wang Z, Qiao L, Duan W. Cancer stem cells: A contentious hypothesis now moving forward. Cancer Lett 2013; 344:180-7. [PMID: 24333726 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2013.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2013] [Revised: 11/11/2013] [Accepted: 11/19/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cancer stem cells are a progressive concept to account for the cell biological nature of cancer. Despite the controversies regarding the cancer stem cell model, it has the potential to provide a foundation for new innovative treatment targeting the roots of cancer. The last two years have witnessed exceptional progress in cancer stem cell research, in particular on solid tumours, which holds promise for improved treatment outcomes. Here, we review recent advances in cancer stem cell research, discuss challenges in the field and explore future strategies and opportunities in cancer stem cell studies to overcome resistance to chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael L O'Connor
- School of Medicine, Deakin University, Pigdons Road, Waurn Ponds, Victoria 3217, Australia
| | - Dongxi Xiang
- School of Medicine, Deakin University, Pigdons Road, Waurn Ponds, Victoria 3217, Australia
| | - Sarah Shigdar
- School of Medicine, Deakin University, Pigdons Road, Waurn Ponds, Victoria 3217, Australia
| | - Joanna Macdonald
- School of Medicine, Deakin University, Pigdons Road, Waurn Ponds, Victoria 3217, Australia
| | - Yong Li
- Cancer Care Centre, St. George Hospital, and St. George Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Kensington, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Tao Wang
- School of Medicine, Deakin University, Pigdons Road, Waurn Ponds, Victoria 3217, Australia
| | - Chunwen Pu
- Dalian Sixth People's Hospital, Dalian 116033, China
| | - Zhidong Wang
- Dalian Sixth People's Hospital, Dalian 116033, China
| | - Liang Qiao
- Storr Liver Unit, Westmead Millennium Institute, The University of Sydney at the Westmead Hospital, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia.
| | - Wei Duan
- School of Medicine, Deakin University, Pigdons Road, Waurn Ponds, Victoria 3217, Australia.
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194
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Wu K, Ning Z, Zeng J, Fan J, Zhou J, Zhang T, Zhang L, Chen Y, Gao Y, Wang B, Guo P, Li L, Wang X, He D. Silibinin inhibits β-catenin/ZEB1 signaling and suppresses bladder cancer metastasis via dual-blocking epithelial-mesenchymal transition and stemness. Cell Signal 2013; 25:2625-33. [PMID: 24012496 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2013.08.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2013] [Revised: 08/27/2013] [Accepted: 08/27/2013] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Muscle-invasive bladder cancer is associated with a high frequency of metastasis, and fewer therapies substantially prolong survival. Silibinin, a nontoxic natural flavonoid, has been shown to exhibit pleiotropic anticancer effects in many cancer types, including bladder cancer. Our and other previous studies have demonstrated that silibinin induced apoptosis and inhibited proliferation of bladder cancer cells, whether silibinin could suppress bladder cancer metastasis has not been elucidated. In the present study, we utilized a novel highly metastatic T24-L cell model, and found that silibinin treatment not only resulted in the suppression of cell migration and invasion in vitro, but also decreased bladder cancer lung metastasis and prolonged animal survival in vivo. Mechanistically, silibinin could inhibit glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK3β) phosphorylation, β-catenin nuclear translocation and transactivation, and ZEB1 gene transcription that subsequently regulated the expression of cytokeratins, vimentin and matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP2) to reverse epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). On the other hand, silibinin inhibited ZEB1 expression and then suppressed the properties of cancer stem cells (CSCs), which were evidenced as decreased spheroid colony formation, side population, and the expression of stem cell factor CD44. Overall, this study reveals a novel mechanism for silibinin targeting bladder cancer metastasis, in which inactivation of β-catenin/ZEB1 signaling by silibinin leads to dual-block of EMT and stemness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaijie Wu
- Department of Urology, First Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China
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195
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Side population cells as prototype of chemoresistant, tumor-initiating cells. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 2013:517237. [PMID: 24294611 PMCID: PMC3834974 DOI: 10.1155/2013/517237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2013] [Accepted: 09/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Classically, isolation of CSCs from tumors exploits the detection of cell surface markers associated with normal stem cells. Invariable expression of these cell surface markers in almost all proliferating tumor cells that albeit impart specific functionality, the universality, and clinical credibility of CSC phenotype based on markers is still dubious. Side Population (SP) cells, as defined by Hoechst dye exclusion in flow cytometry, have been identified in many solid tumors and cell lines and the SP phenotype can be considered as an enriched source of stem cells as well as an alternative source for the isolation of cancer stem cells especially when molecular markers for stem cells are unknown. SP cells may be responsible for the maintenance and propagation of tumors and the proportion of SP cells may be a predictor of patient outcome. Several of these markers used in cell sorting have emerged as prognostic markers of disease progression though it is seen that the development of new CSC-targeted strategies is often hindered by poor understanding of their regulatory networks and functions. This review intends to appraise the experimental progress towards enhanced isolation and drug screening based on property of acquired chemoresistance of cancer stem cells.
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196
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Koshkin V, Yang BB, Krylov SN. Kinetics of MDR transport in tumor-initiating cells. PLoS One 2013; 8:e79222. [PMID: 24223908 PMCID: PMC3815210 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0079222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2013] [Accepted: 09/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Multidrug resistance (MDR) driven by ABC (ATP binding cassette) membrane transporters is one of the major causes of treatment failure in human malignancy. MDR capacity is thought to be unevenly distributed among tumor cells, with higher capacity residing in tumor-initiating cells (TIC) (though opposite finding are occasionally reported). Functional evidence for enhanced MDR of TICs was previously provided using a "side population" assay. This assay estimates MDR capacity by a single parameter - cell's ability to retain fluorescent MDR substrate, so that cells with high MDR capacity ("side population") demonstrate low substrate retention. In the present work MDR in TICs was investigated in greater detail using a kinetic approach, which monitors MDR efflux from single cells. Analysis of kinetic traces obtained allowed for the estimation of both the velocity (V max) and affinity (K M) of MDR transport in single cells. In this way it was shown that activation of MDR in TICs occurs in two ways: through the increase of V max in one fraction of cells, and through decrease of K M in another fraction. In addition, kinetic data showed that heterogeneity of MDR parameters in TICs significantly exceeds that of bulk cells. Potential consequences of these findings for chemotherapy are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasilij Koshkin
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Research on Biomolecular Interactions, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Burton B. Yang
- Sunnybrook Research Institute, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sergey N. Krylov
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Research on Biomolecular Interactions, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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197
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Ke XY, Lin Ng VW, Gao SJ, Tong YW, Hedrick JL, Yang YY. Co-delivery of thioridazine and doxorubicin using polymeric micelles for targeting both cancer cells and cancer stem cells. Biomaterials 2013; 35:1096-108. [PMID: 24183698 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2013.10.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2013] [Accepted: 10/18/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In this study, thioridazine (THZ), which was reported to kill cancer stem cells, was used in a combination therapy with doxorubicin (DOX) to eradicate both cancer cells and DOX-resistant cancer stem cells to mitigate the reoccurrence of the disease. Both THZ and DOX were loaded into micelles with sizes below 100 nm, narrow size distribution and high drug content. The micelles were self-assembled from a mixture of acid-functionalized poly(carbonate) and poly(ethylene glycol) diblock copolymer (PEG-PAC) and urea-functionalized poly(carbonate) (PUC) and PEG diblock copolymer (PEG-PUC). The drug-loaded mixed micelles (MM) were used to target both cancer cells and stem cells via co-delivery. Cancer stem cells were sorted by a side population assay from BT-474 and MCF-7 human breast cancer cell lines, and identified by CD44+/CD24- phenotype. The cytotoxicity of various formulations was evaluated on the sorted cancer stem cells (side population SP cells), sorted non-stem-like cancer cells (non-side population NSP cells) and unsorted cancer cells. Antitumor activity was also evaluated on BT-474 xenografts in nude mice. As compared with NSP cells, DOX suppressed SP cell growth less effectively, while THZ and THZ-MM were more effective in the inhibition of SP cells. A stronger inhibitory effect was observed on SP cells with the co-delivery of free DOX and THZ or DOX-MM and THZ-MM as compared to free DOX or DOX-MM. THZ and THZ-MM were capable of lowering the population of SP cells in unsorted cells. In the BT-474 xenografts, the co-delivery of DOX-MM and THZ-MM produced the strongest antitumor efficacy, and both THZ and THZ-MM showed strong activity against cancer stem cells. This combination therapy may provide a promising strategy for breast cancer treatment by targeting both cancer cells and cancer stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi-Yu Ke
- Institute of Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, 31 Biopolis Way, Singapore 138669, Singapore; NUS Graduate School for Integrative Sciences & Engineering (NGS), National University of Singapore, 28 Medical Drive, Singapore 117456, Singapore
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198
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Wei L, Chen P, Chen Y, Shen A, Chen H, Lin W, Hong Z, Sferra TJ, Peng J. Pien Tze Huang suppresses the stem-like side population in colorectal cancer cells. Mol Med Rep 2013; 9:261-6. [PMID: 24173665 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2013.1760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2013] [Accepted: 10/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Accumulating evidence suggests that a small population of cells termed cancer stem cells (CSCs) are crucial in tumor development and drug resistance, leading to cancer relapse and metastasis and eventually the failure of clinical cancer treatment. Therefore, targeting CSCs is a promising approach for anticancer therapies. Due to the drug resistance and adverse effects of currently used chemotherapies, traditional Chinese medicines (TCM) have recently received attention due to the relatively few side-effects. Thus, they have been used as important alternative remedies for various diseases, including cancer. Pien Tze Huang (PZH), a well-known TCM formula that was first prescribed more than 450 years ago in the Ming Dynasty, has been used in China and Southeast Asia for centuries as a folk remedy for various types of cancer. Previously, it was reported that PZH inhibits colon cancer growth via the promotion of cancer cell apoptosis and inhibition of cell proliferation and tumor angiogenesis, which is probably mediated by its regulatory effect on multiple intracellular signaling pathways. To elucidate the mechanism of the tumoricidal activity of PZH, the aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of PZH on CSCs that were isolated as the side population (SP) from the HT-29 colorectal cancer cell line. The results demonstrated that PZH significantly and dose-dependently reduced the percentage of the colorectal cancer stem-like SP cells, decreased the viability and sphere-forming capacity of HT-29 SP cells, indicating that PZH is potent in suppressing the growth of colorectal cancer stem cells. Moreover, PZH treatment in HT-29 SP cells markedly inhibited the mRNA levels of ABCB1 and ABCG2, which are members of the ABC transporter superfamily, thereby contributing to the SP phenotype and multi-drug resistance. Findings of the present study suggest that inhibiting the growth of CSCs is a potential mechanism by which PZH can be used in cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihui Wei
- Academy of Integrative Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian 350122, P.R. China
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199
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Scheller M, Schönheit J, Zimmermann K, Leser U, Rosenbauer F, Leutz A. Cross talk between Wnt/β-catenin and Irf8 in leukemia progression and drug resistance. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 210:2239-56. [PMID: 24101380 PMCID: PMC3804946 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20130706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cross talk between Wnt and IFN signaling determines the development of CML-leukemia–initiating cells and represents a mechanism for the acquisition of resistance to Imatinib at later stages of CML. Progression and disease relapse of chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) depends on leukemia-initiating cells (LIC) that resist treatment. Using mouse genetics and a BCR-ABL model of CML, we observed cross talk between Wnt/β-catenin signaling and the interferon-regulatory factor 8 (Irf8). In normal hematopoiesis, activation of β-catenin results in up-regulation of Irf8, which in turn limits oncogenic β-catenin functions. Self-renewal and myeloproliferation become dependent on β-catenin in Irf8-deficient animals that develop a CML-like disease. Combined Irf8 deletion and constitutive β-catenin activation result in progression of CML into fatal blast crisis, elevated leukemic potential of BCR-ABL–induced LICs, and Imatinib resistance. Interestingly, activated β-catenin enhances a preexisting Irf8-deficient gene signature, identifying β-catenin as an amplifier of progression-specific gene regulation in the shift of CML to blast crisis. Collectively, our data uncover Irf8 as a roadblock for β-catenin–driven leukemia and imply both factors as targets in combinatorial therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Scheller
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, 13125 Berlin, Germany
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200
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Ingram WJ, Crowther LM, Little EB, Freeman R, Harliwong I, Veleva D, Hassall TE, Remke M, Taylor MD, Hallahan AR. ABC transporter activity linked to radiation resistance and molecular subtype in pediatric medulloblastoma. Exp Hematol Oncol 2013; 2:26. [PMID: 24219920 PMCID: PMC3851566 DOI: 10.1186/2162-3619-2-26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2013] [Accepted: 09/30/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Resistance to radiation treatment remains a major clinical problem for patients with brain cancer. Medulloblastoma is the most common malignant brain tumor of childhood, and occurs in the cerebellum. Though radiation treatment has been critical in increasing survival rates in recent decades, the presence of resistant cells in a substantial number of medulloblastoma patients leads to relapse and death. Methods Using the established medulloblastoma cell lines UW228 and Daoy, we developed a novel model system to enrich for and study radiation tolerant cells early after radiation exposure. Using fluorescence-activated cell sorting, dead cells and cells that had initiated apoptosis were removed, allowing surviving cells to be investigated before extensive proliferation took place. Results Isolated surviving cells were tumorigenic in vivo and displayed elevated levels of ABCG2, an ABC transporter linked to stem cell behavior and drug resistance. Further investigation showed another family member, ABCA1, was also elevated in surviving cells in these lines, as well as in early passage cultures from pediatric medulloblastoma patients. We discovered that the multi-ABC transporter inhibitors verapamil and reserpine sensitized cells from particular patients to radiation, suggesting that ABC transporters have a functional role in cellular radiation protection. Additionally, verapamil had an intrinsic anti-proliferative effect, with transient exposure in vitro slowing subsequent in vivo tumor formation. When expression of key ABC transporter genes was assessed in medulloblastoma tissue from 34 patients, levels were frequently elevated compared with normal cerebellum. Analysis of microarray data from independent cohorts (n = 428 patients) showed expression of a number of ABC transporters to be strongly correlated with certain medulloblastoma subtypes, which in turn are associated with clinical outcome. Conclusions ABC transporter inhibitors are already being trialed clinically, with the aim of decreasing chemotherapy resistance. Our findings suggest that the inhibition of ABC transporters could also increase the efficacy of radiation treatment for medulloblastoma patients. Additionally, the finding that certain family members are associated with particular molecular subtypes (most notably high ABCA8 and ABCB4 expression in Sonic Hedgehog pathway driven tumors), along with cell membrane location, suggests ABC transporters are worthy of consideration for the diagnostic classification of medulloblastoma.
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