Synthetic and structural aspects of the chemistry of saturated polyaza macrocyclic ligands bearing pendant coordinating groups attached to nitrogen

Redox-Triggered Molecular Movement in a Multicomponent Metal Complex in Solution and in the Solid State

The Cu(I) and Cu(II) complexes of the new 1,8-diferro-cenylmethyl-4,11-dimethyl-1,4,8,11-tetraazacyclotetra-decane ligand (denoted L) have been isolated and characterized by X-ray structure determination and electrochemical studies. The Cu(I) complex presents an unprecedented stability toward dioxygen. The two complexes adopt two energetically distinct and stable geometries, which differ mainly by the relative positioning of the substituents above or below the cyclam plane. Triggered by a copper-centered electron transfer, a fast and reversible motion of the noncoordinating subunits is obtained in homogeneous solution and in the solid state.

Lanthanide complexes of new nonadentate imino-phosphonate ligands derived from 1,4,7-triazacyclononane: synthesis, structural characterisation and NMR studies

The polyamino ligand 1,4,7-tris(2-aminoethyl)-1,4,7-triazacyclononane (1) has been used to synthesise two new ligands by Schiff-base condensation with methyl sodium acetyl phosphonate to give ligand L and methyl sodium 4-methoxybenzoyl phosphonate to give ligand L1 in the presence of lanthanide ion as templating agent to form the complexes [Ln(L)] and [Ln(L1)](Ln = Y, La, Gd, Yb). Both ligands L and L1 have nine donor atoms comprising three amine and three imine N-donors and three phosphonate O-donors and form Ln(III) complexes in which the three pendant arms of the ligands wrap around the nine-coordinate Ln(III) centres. Complexes with Y(III), La(III), Gd(III) and Yb(III) have been synthesised and the complexes [Y(L)], [Gd(L)] and [Gd(L1)] have been structurally characterised. In all the complexes the coordination polyhedron about the lanthanide centre is slightly distorted tricapped trigonal prismatic with the two triangular faces of the prism formed by the macrocyclic N-donors and the phosphonate O-donors. Interestingly, given the three chiral phosphorus centres present in [Ln(L)] and [Ln(L1)] complexes, the three crystal structures reported show the presence of only one diastereomer of the four possible. 1H, 13C and 31P NMR spectroscopic studies on diamagnetic [Y(L)] and [La(L)] and on paramagnetic [Yb(L)] complexes indicate the presence in solution of all the four different diastereomers in varying proportions. The stability of complexes [Y(L)] and [Y(L1)] in D2O in both neutral and acidic media, and the relaxivity of the Gd(III) complexes, have also been investigated.

Preparation and properties of Cu(II) complexes with N,N’,N",N’’’-tetrakis(2-pyridylmethyl)-1,4,8,11-tetraazacyclotetradecane (tpmc) and pseudohalides(NCO- orNCSe-): Part II

Two new Cu(II) complexes with N,N?,N",N???-tetrakis(2-pyridylmethyl) -1,4,8,11-tetraazacyclotetradecane (tpmc) and pseudohalides (NCO- or NCSe-) were isolated. Elemental analyses (C, H, N, Cu) corresponded to the formulas [Cu2(NCO)tpmc](ClO4)3. 2CH3CN and [Cu2(NCSe)2 tpmc] (ClO4)2. 2H2O. C2H5OH. The coordination mode of tpmc and these ambidentate pseudohalides, geometries spectral characteristics (VIS, IR) and other properties were compared with those of the previously described [Cu2(NCS)2tpmc] (ClO4)2. Antimicrobial activity towards selected bacteria and yeast was tested and found for the NCSe but not the NCO complex.

The synthesis of unsymmetrically N-substituted chiral 1,4,7-triazacyclononanes

A number of chiral unsymmetrically N-substituted 1,4,7-triazacyclononane ligands have been prepared by modular methods. The key step in the synthesis centres on the macrocyclisation of three tertiary amide precursors under standard Richman-Atkins conditions which allows for subsequent N-functionalisation.

Co-ordination chemistry of amino pendant arm derivatives of 1,4,7-triazacyclononane

The binding properties of 1,4,7-triazacyclononane ([9]aneN3) to metal cations can be adapted through sequential functionalisation of the secondary amines with aminoethyl or aminopropyl pendant arms to generate ligands with increasing numbers of donor atoms. The new amino functionalised pendant arm derivative of 1,4,7-triazacyclononane ([9]aneN3), L1, has been synthesised and its salt [H2L1]Cl2 characterised by X-ray diffraction. The protonation constants of the ligands L1-L4 having one, two or three aminoethyl or three aminopropyl pendant arms, respectively, on the [9]aneN3 framework, and the thermodynamic stabilities of their mononuclear complexes with CuII and ZnII have been investigated by potentiometric measurements in aqueous solutions. In order to discern the protonation sites of ligands L1-L4, 1H NMR spectroscopic studies were performed in D2O as a function of pH. While the stability constants of the CuII complexes increase on going from L1 to L2 and then decrease on going from L2 to L3 and L4, those for ZnII complexes increase from L1 to L3 and then decrease for L4. The X-ray crystal structures of the complexes [Cu(L1)(Br)]Br, [Zn(L1)(NO3)]NO3, [Cu(L2)](ClO4)2, [Ni(L2)(MeCN)](BF4)2, [Zn(L4)](BF4)2.MeCN and [Mn(L4)](NO3)2.1/2H2O have been determined. In both [Cu(L1)(Br)]Br and [Zn(L1)(NO3)]NO3 the metal ion is five co-ordinate and bound by four N-donors of the macrocyclic ligand and by one of the two counter-anions. The crystal structures of [Cu(L2)](ClO4)2 and [Ni(L2)(MeCN)](BF4)2 show the metal centre in slightly distorted square-based pyramidal and octahedral geometry, respectively, with a MeCN molecule completing the co-ordination sphere around NiII in the latter. In both [Zn(L4)](BF4)2.MeCN and [Mn(L4)](NO3)2.1/2H2O the metal ion is bound by all six N-donors of the macrocyclic ligand in a distorted octahedral geometry. Interestingly, and in agreement with the solution studies and with the marked preference of CuII to assume a square-based pyramidal geometry with these types of ligands, the reaction of L4 with one equivalent of Cu(BF4)2.4H2O in MeOH at room temperature yields a square-based pyramidal five co-ordinate CuII complex [Cu(L6)](BF4)2 where one of the three propylamino pendant arms of the starting ligand has been cleaved to give L6.

Triamidotriazacyclononane complexes of group 3 metals. Synthesis and crystal structures

Reaction of yttrium and lanthanide trichlorides (Ln = La, Eu, Yb) with 1 equiv of the trisodium salt of 1,4,7-tris(dimethylsilylaniline)-1,4,7-triazacyclononane (Na(3)[(SiMe(2)NPh)(3)-tacn](THF)(2)) gives good yields of the compounds [M[(SiMe(2)NPh)(3)-tacn]] (M = Y (1), Eu (3), Yb (4)) and [La[(SiMe(2)NPh)(3)-tacn](THF)] (2). Reduction of 3 with Na/Hg followed by recrystallization in the presence of diglyme yielded crystals of [Eu[(SiMe(2)NPh)(3)-tacn]][Na(diglyme)(2)] (5). Synthesis of the uranium(III) complex [U[(SiMe(2)NPh)(3)-tacn]] (6) is achieved by reaction of 1 equiv of Na(3)[(SiMe(2)NPh)(3)-tacn](THF)(2) with uranium triiodide. The U(IV) complexes, [U[(SiMe(2)NPh)(3)-tacn]X] (X = Cl (7); I (8)), were prepared via oxidation of 6 with benzyl chloride or I(2), but salt metathesis from UCl(4) provided a higher yield route for 7. The solid-state structures of 1-7 were determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. The ligand [(SiMe(2)NPh)(3)-tacn] generates a trigonal prismatic coordination environment for the metal center in the neutral complexes 1, 3, 4, and 6 and the ionic 5. In 2 the six nitrogen atoms of the ligand are in a trigonal prismatic configuration with the oxygen atom of the THF capping one of the triangular faces of the trigonal prism. In 7 the coordination geometry around the uranium atom is best described as bicapped trigonal bipyramidal.

Li, Ti(III), and Ti(IV) trisamidotriazacyclononane complexes. Syntheses, reactivity, and structures

The preparations of 1,4,7-(NHPhSiMe(2))(3)-1,4,7-triazacyclononane (H(3)N(3)-tacn) and its lithium and sodium derivatives are described. The X-ray structure of the THF adduct of the lithium derivative, Li(3)N(3)-tacn(THF)(2), shows that one of the macrocycle pendant arms is bent to allow the coordination of the its lithium ion to two tacn amines. In solution, a fluxional process makes all the pending arms magnetically equivalent. The reactions of Li(3)N(3)-tacn or Na(3)N(3)-tacn with either TiCl(4) and TiCl(3)(THF)(3) led to the formation of [Ti(N(3)-tacn)], 5. The oxidation of 5 with various oxidizing reagents gave cationic complexes [Ti(N(3)-tacn)]X, 6 (X = I, Cl, SCN, PF(6), BPh(4)), that exist as a pair of enantiomers, lambda(lambdalambdalambda)/delta(deltadeltadelta), which interconvert in solution. The molecular structures of 5 and 6 (X = I, BPh(4)) show the coordination of the six nitrogen donor set to the titanium. Due to the short length of the tacn pendant arms, the hexadentate bonding mode of the ligand is mainly achieved through the sharpening of the N-Si-N angles. The reaction of [Ti(N(3)-tacn)]I, 6a, with W(CO)(6) led to the synthesis of [Ti(N(3)-tacn)][W(CO)(5)I], 7.

Synthesis and X-ray Crystal Structure of Meso-5,5,7,12,12,14-hexamethyl-1,4,8,11-tetraazacyclotetradecane-1,8-di-(1-methylnaphthalene)

The pendant-arm macrocycle, meso-5,5,7,12,12,14-hexamethyl-1,4,8,11-tetraazacyclotetradecane-1,8-di-(1-methylnaphthalene) has been synthesized and its single crystal structure determined. The molecule crystallizes in a primitive monoclinic cell, with the space group P2₁/a (#14). The cell dimensions are a = 10.778(3)Å, b = 13.809(3) Å, c = 11.420(2) Å, ∃ = 102.49(2)°, volume = 1659.5(6) ų.

Polymethylated DOTA ligands. 1. Synthesis of rigidified ligands and studies on the effects of alkyl substitution on acid-base properties and conformational mobility

This work describes the synthesis and the conformational properties of new polymethylated macrocyclic ligands of potential interest for magnetic resonance imaging. M4cyclen, (2S,5S,8S,11S)-2,5,8,11-tetramethyl-1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane, was obtained by cyclotetramerization of (2S)-1-benzyl-2-methylaziridine followed by catalytic hydrogenation. The ligands M4DOTA, [(2S,5S,8S,11S)-4,7,10-tris-carboxymethyl-2,5,8,11-tetramethyl- 1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecan-1-yl]acetic acid, and M4DOTMA, (R)-2-[(2S,5S,8S,11S)-4,7,10-tris-((R)-1-carboxyethyl)-2,5,8,11-tetramethyl-1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecan-1-yl]propionic acid, were prepared by carboxyalkylation of M4cyclen in the presence of Na(2)CO(3). The triacetic ligand M4DO3A, [(2S,5S,8S,11S)-4,7-bis-carboxymethyl-2,5,8,11-tetramethyl-1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecan-1-yl]acetic acid, was obtained in good yields without traces of M4DOTA if NaHCO(3) was the acid scavenger when adding the carboxylic arms. In the same conditions, cyclen yielded M4DOTA in 82% yield. The difference between the reactivity of cyclen and M4cyclen is assigned to the high basicity of the substituted tetraamine as estimated by NMR titration. The one- and two-dimensional (1)H and (13)C NMR spectra of M4DOTA and M4DOTMA in the H(4)L or H(6)L(2+) forms are interpreted as arising from a slow exchange between two elongated geometries in which the methyl substituents are in one of the two possible equatorial-like positions, either close to or away from the carboxylic arms. The axial-like positions are sterically too crowded and cannot be occupied by the methyl groups. An elongated conformation is also adopted by DOTMA, (R)-2-[4,7,10-tris-((R)-carboxyethyl)-1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecan-1-yl]propionic acid, in the H(6)L(2+) form. The rigidification of the polymethylated ligands allows a detailed NMR analysis that cannot be carried out on the parent unsubstituted ligand DOTA.

Polynuclear complexes of the pendent-arm ligand 1,4,7-tris(acetophenoneoxime)-1,4,7-triazacyclononane

The ligand 1,4,7-tris(acetophenoneoxime)-1,4,7-triazacyclononane (H(3)L) has been synthesized and its coordination properties toward Cu(II), Ni(II), Co(II), and Mn(II) in the presence of air have been investigated. Copper(II) yields a mononuclear complex, [Cu(H(2)L)](ClO(4)) (1), cobalt(II) and manganese(II) ions yield mixed-valence Co(III)(2)Co(II) (2a) and Mn(II)(2)Mn(III) (4) complexes, whereas nickel(II) produces a tetranuclear [Ni(4)(HL)(3)](2+) (3) complex. The complexes have been structurally, magnetochemically, and spectroscopically characterized. Complex 3, a planar trigonal-shaped tetranuclear Ni(II) species, exhibits irregular spin-ladder. Variable-temperature (2-290 K) magnetic susceptibility analysis of 3 demonstrates antiferromagnetic exchange interactions (J = -13.4 cm(-1)) between the neighboring Ni(II) ions, which lead to the ground-state S(t) = 2.0 owing to the topology of the spin-carriers in 3. A bulk ferromaganetic interaction (J = +2 cm(-1)) is prevailing between the neighboring high-spin Mn(II) and high-spin Mn(III) ions leading to a ground state of S(t) = 7.0 for 4. The large ground-state spin value of S(t) = 7.0 has been confirmed by magnetization measurements at applied magnetic fields of 1, 4 and 7 T. A bridging monomethyl carbonato ligand formation occurs through an efficient CO(2) uptake from air in methanolic solutions containing a base in the case of complex 4.

Metal ion-dependent molecular inclusion chemistry: inclusion of aromatic anions by coordinated 1,4,7,10-tetrakis((S)-2-hydroxy-3-phenoxypropyl)-1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane

The ability of the pendant donor macrocyclic ligand 1,4,7,10-tetrakis((S)-2-hydroxy-3-phenoxypropyl)-1,4,7,10-tetraaza- cyclododecane((S)-thphpc12) (or [Cd((S)-thphpc12)](2+)) to act as a metal ion-dependent receptor for aromatic anions has been investigated in solution and in the solid state. [Cd((S)-thphpc12)](2+) adopts a stable conical conformation with a large hydrophobic cavity, which has been shown to contain, via complementary multiple hydrogen bonding, p-nitrophenolate, aromatic carboxylates, p-toluenesulfonate, certain aromatic amino acid anions, phenoxyacetate, and acetate. In the case of p-nitrophenolate only, one or two anions can be contained within the receptor cavity. The crystal structure of [Cd((S)-thphpc12)(p-nitrophenolate)(2)] shows a coplanar arrangement of the p-nitrophenolates, where each is retained in the cavity by a pair of hydrogen bonds to cis hydroxyl groups. The crystal structure of the p-aminobenzoate inclusion complex indicates retention of the guest via a pair of hydrogen bonds to each oxygen atom of the carboxylate moiety. The crystal structure of the (L)-phenylalaninate inclusion complex indicates that the amino acid is retained by five hydrogen bonds, two involving the nitrogen atom and three to the oxygen atoms of the carboxylate moiety. Binding constants (10(3)-10(5) M(-1)) for the inclusion of some of the aforementioned anions in [Cd((S)-thphpc12)](2+) and related receptors were measured by (1)H NMR titration in DMSO-d(6) at 298 K.

Radiolabeling and in vivo behavior of copper-64-labeled cross-bridged cyclam ligands

Macrocyclic chelators and their metal complexes have widespread applications in the biomedical sciences, including radiopharmaceutical chemistry. The use of copper radionuclides in radiopharmaceuticals is increasing. Macrocyclic chelators have been found to have enhanced in vivo stability over acyclic chelators such as ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) and diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA). The currently used chelators of choice for labeling copper radionuclides to biological molecules are analogues of TETA (1,4,8,11-tetraazacyclotetradecane-1,4,8,11-tetraacetic acid); however, recent reports have demonstrated evidence of in vivo instability of the radio-Cu(II)-TETA complexes. A new class of structurally reinforced macrocycles, the "cross-bridged" cyclam derivatives, form highly stable complexes with Cu(II) that are resistant to dissociation in strong acid. Here, we evaluate a series of (64)Cu(II) cross-bridged macrocyclic complexes for biological stability and in vivo behavior. The ligands evaluated include the parent ligand, 1,4,8,11-tetraazabicyclo[6.6.2]hexadecane (1), and three 4,11-di-pendant arm derivatives: 4,11-bis(carboxymethyl)-1,4,8,11-tetraazabicyclo[6.6.2]hexadecane (2); 4,11-bis(N,N-diethyl-amidomethyl)-1,4,8,11-tetraazabicyclo[6.6.2]hexadecane (3); and 4,11-bis(amidoethyl)-1,4,8,11-tetraazabicyclo[6.6.2]hexadecane (4). Copper-64 formed complexes with ligands 1-4 in high radiochemical yields. The (64)Cu-2 complex was neutral, while (64)Cu complexes of 1, 3, and 4 were positively charged. All complexes showed no decomposition in rat serum out to 24 h. Biodistribution experiments in Sprague-Dawley rats indicated that (64)Cu-1, -3, and -4 were taken up by the liver and kidney and cleared slowly over 24 h, whereas (64)Cu-2 cleared rapidly from all tissues. The rapid clearance of the (64)Cu-2 complex from the blood and liver, as well as liver metabolism experiments in rats, suggests that it is highly stable in vivo. A bifunctional chelator of 2 is a significant candidate for labeling copper radionuclides to biological molecules for diagnostic imaging and targeted radiotherapy.

A convenient and selective route to a trans-difunctionalized macrocyclic hexadentate N4O2 ligand

The synthesis and characterization of a novel difunctionalized tetraaza macrocycle, 1,8-bis(2-hydroxybenzyl)-1,4,8,11-tetraazacyclotetradecane (abbreviated H2bcyclamb), is described. The diprotic hexadentate ligand N4O2 was conveniently synthesized in two steps by the cyclic condensation reaction of 1,4,8,11-tetraazacyclotetradecane (abbreviated cyclam) and salicylaldehyde, followed by NaBH4 reduction of the cyclic hexahydropyrimidine condensate. The difunctionalization was selective and is the first procedure of trans-difunctionalization of a tetraazamacrocycle, without generating mono-, tri-, or tetra-functionalized products, with only 1,8-difunctionalized product being isolated, and with the convenience of the functionalization occurring as a result of deprotection. The trans-arrangement of the two functional groups in H2bcyclamb was verified by X-ray crystallographic studies of the copper(II) complex [Cu(H2bcyclamb)](OAc)2·2H2O. The crystal is monoclinic, P21/c, with a = 10.0931(2), b = 13.8820(1), c = 10.8752(1) Å, β = 106.332(1)°, V = 1462.26(3) Å3. The structure of [Cu(H2bcyclamb)](OAc)2·2H2O also shows the metal ion in an elongated octahedral geometry.Key words: 1,8-difunctionalized, cyclam, copper(II) complex.

Phenylthiyl radical complexes of gallium(III), iron(III), and cobalt(III) and comparison with their phenoxyl analogues

Three hexadentate, asymmetric pendent arm macrocycles containing a 1,4,7-triazacyclononane-1,4-diacetate backbone and a third, N-bound phenolate or thiophenolate arm have been synthesized. In [L(1)](3)(-) the third arm is 3,5-di-tert-butyl-2-hydroxybenzyl, in [L(2)](3)(-) it is 2-mercaptobenzyl, and in [L(3)](3)(-) it is 3,5-di-tert-butyl-2-mercaptobenzyl. With trivalent metal ions these ligands form very stable neutral mononuclear complexes [M(III)L(1)] (M = Ga, Fe, Co), [M(III)L(2)] (M = Ga, Fe, Co), and [M(III)L(3)] (M = Ga, Co) where the gallium and cobalt complexes possess an S = 0 and the iron complexes an S = (5)/(2) ground state. Complexes [CoL(1)].CH(3)OH.1.5H(2)O, [CoL(3)].1.17H(2)O, [FeL(1)].H(2)O, and [FeL(2)] have been characterized by X-ray crystallography. Cyclic voltammetry shows that all three [M(III)L(1)] complexes undergo a reversible, ligand-based, one-electron oxidation generating the monocations [M(III)L(1)(*)](+) which contain a coordinated phenoxyl radical as was unambiguously established by their electronic absorption, EPR, and Mössbauer spectra. In contrast, [M(III)L(2)] complexes in CH(3)CN solution undergo an irreversible one-electron oxidation where the putative thiyl radical monocationic intermediates dimerize with S-S bond formation yielding dinuclear disulfide species [M(III)L(2)-L(2)M(III)](2+). [GaL(3)] behaves similarly despite the steric bulk of two tertiary butyl groups at the 3,5-positions of the thiophenolate, but [Co(III)L(3)] in CH(2)Cl(2) at -20 to -61 degrees C displays a reversible one-electron oxidation yielding a relatively stable monocation [Co(III)L(3)(*)](+). Its electronic spectrum displays intense transitions in the visible at 509 nm (epsilon = 2.6 x 10(3) M(-)(1) cm(-)(1)) and 670sh, 784 (1.03 x 10(3)) typical of a phenylthiyl radical. The EPR spectrum of this species at 90 K proves the thiyl radical to be coordinated to a diamagnetic cobalt(III) ion (g(iso) = 2.0226; A(iso)((59)Co) = 10.7 G).

N-monofunctionalized 1,4,7-triazacyclononane macrocycles as building blocks in inorganic crystal engineering

The syntheses of N-(3-prop-1-ene)-1,4,7-triazacyclononane molybdenum tricarbonyl (2), N-(4-but-1-ene)-1,4,7-triazacyclononane molybdenum tricarbonyl (3), N-(3-prop-1-ene)-1,4,7-triazacyclononane molybdenum trioxide (5), N-(4-but-1-ene)-1,4,7-triazacyclononane molybdenum trioxide (6), N-(hydroxyethyl)-1,4,7-triazacyclononane molybdenum trioxide (7), and N-(2-methylpyridyl)-1,4,7-triazacyclononane molybdenum trioxide (8) have been achieved. The objective of this work is to systematically vary the functionality of the pendant group in order to create different crystal packing in the solid state. This is evidenced in comparing the structures of 1,4,7-triazacyclononane molybdenum trioxide (4) and 5-8, which were determined using X-ray crystallography. The synthesis and characterization of the new ligand N-(2-methylpyridyl)-1,4,7-triazacyclononane (L5) is reported.

Synthesis and crystal structure determination of some asymmetrical and symmetrical CR-type macrocyclic Schiff base complexes, with a single pendant coordinating 2-aminoethyl arm

A novel, totally asymmetrical tripodal 2,3',4"-tetraamine ligand, N((CH2)2NH2)((CH2)3NH2)((CH2)4NH2), epb, has been synthesized. In the presence of copper(II) and nickel(II) ions it condenses with 2,6-diacetylpyridine in 1:1 ethanol-water solution, producing some new CR-type complexes with a pendant primary amino group. The X-ray crystal structure of the resulting copper(II) complex, [Cu(3,4(2)-CR)](PF6)2 (1), and two other related complexes, [Cu(2,4(2)-CR)](ClO4)2 (2) and [Cu(3,3(2)-CR)](ClO4)2 (3), are reported. Crystal data: complex 1, monoclinic, P2(1)/n, a = 8.366(3) A, b = 15.549(3) A, c = 20.283(2) A, beta = 98.73(2) degrees, V = 2607.8(11) A3, Z = 4, R1 = 0.0621, wR2 = 0.1615; complex 2, monoclinic, P2(1)/c, a = 7.981(10) A, b = 18.882(3) A, c = 15.185(3) A, beta = 96.40(2) degrees, V = 2275.7(6) A3, Z = 4, R1 = 0.0773, wR2 = 0.1635; complex 3, monoclinic, P2(1)/n, a = 7.8764(10) A, b = 15.361(2) A, c = 19.370(2) A, beta = 100.330(10) degrees, V = 2305.7(5) A3, Z = 4, R1 = 0.0537, wR2 = 0.1397. In all of these, copper atoms are bonded to four nitrogens of a macrocyclic ring and a nitrogen of the pendant arm. The arrangements are slightly distorted square-pyramidal in which the primary amino groups occupy apical positions and have the longest Cu-N distances. For all isomers, copper(II) ions are somewhat above the plane of the imino-pyridine system of the macrocylic ring in the direction of the pendant coordinated primary amino group.