151
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Hu Y, Zhao X, Zhang J, Han J, Dai M. Value of 18F-FDG PET/CT radiomic features to distinguish solitary lung adenocarcinoma from tuberculosis. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2020; 48:231-240. [PMID: 32588088 DOI: 10.1007/s00259-020-04924-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To develop a predictive model by 18F-FDG PET/CT radiomic features and to validate the predictive value of the model for distinguishing solitary lung adenocarcinoma from tuberculosis. METHODS A total of 235 18F-FDG PET/CT patients with pathologically or follow-up confirmed lung adenocarcinoma (n = 131) or tuberculosis (n = 104) were retrospectively and randomly divided into a training (n = 163) and validation (n = 72) cohort. Based on the Transparent Reporting of Multivariable Prediction Model for Individual Prognosis or Diagnosis (TRIPOD), this work was belonged to TRIPOD type 2a study. The Mann-Whitney U test and least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) algorithm were used to select the optimal predictors from 92 radiomic features that were extracted from PET/CT, and the optimal predictors were used to build the radiomic model in the training cohort. The meaningful clinical variables comprised the clinical model, and the combination of the radiomic model and clinical model was a complex model. The performances of the models were assessed by the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) in the training and validation cohorts. RESULTS In the training cohort, 9 radiomic features were selected as optimal predictors to build the radiomic model. The AUC of the radiomic model was significantly higher than that of the clinical model in the training cohort (0.861 versus 0.686, p < 0.01), and this was similar in the validation cohort (0.889 versus 0.644, p < 0.01). The AUC of the radiomic model was slightly lower than that of the complex model in the training cohort (0.861 versus 0.884, p > 0.05) and validation cohort (0.889 versus 0.909, p > 0.05), but there was no significant difference. CONCLUSION 18F-FDG PET/CT radiomic features have a significant value in differentiating solitary lung adenocarcinoma from tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujing Hu
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, 12 Jiankang Road, Shijiazhuang, 050011, Hebei, China.,Department of Nuclear Medicine, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, 050051, Hebei, China
| | - Xinming Zhao
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, 12 Jiankang Road, Shijiazhuang, 050011, Hebei, China.
| | - Jianyuan Zhang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Baoding No. 1 Central Hospital, Baoding, 071000, Hebei, China
| | - Jingya Han
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, 12 Jiankang Road, Shijiazhuang, 050011, Hebei, China
| | - Meng Dai
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, 12 Jiankang Road, Shijiazhuang, 050011, Hebei, China
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152
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Predictors of postoperative complication and prolonged intensive care unit stay after complete pericardiectomy in tuberculous constrictive pericarditis. J Cardiothorac Surg 2020; 15:148. [PMID: 32560663 PMCID: PMC7304169 DOI: 10.1186/s13019-020-01198-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The risk factors of postoperative outcomes after pericardiectomy in tuberculous constrictive pericarditis have still been unclear. This study aimed to investigate the predictors of postoperative complication and prolonged intensive care unit (ICU) stay in the patients with tuberculous constrictive pericarditis undergoing pericardiectomy. Methods A total of 88 patients with tuberculous constrictive pericarditis undergoing pericardiectomy were retrospectively enrolled. Logistic regression and Cox regression analysis were performed to identify the predictors of postoperative complication and prolonged ICU stay, respectively. Results All patients underwent complete pericardiectomy and 35 (39.8%) had postoperative complication with no mortality within 30 days after surgery and no in-hospital deaths. Postoperative complication prolonged postoperative ICU stay (P < 0.001), duration of chest drainage (P < 0.001) and postoperative hospital stay (P < 0.001). Preoperative NYHA functional class (P = 0.004, OR 4.051, 95%CI 1.558–10.533) and preoperative central venous pressure (CVP) (P = 0.031, OR 1.151, 95%CI 1.013–1.309) were independent risk factors of postoperative complication. Postoperative complication (P < 0.001, HR 4.132, 95%CI 2.217–7.692) was the independent risk factor for prolonged ICU stay. Conclusion Complete pericardiectomy was associated with high risk of postoperative complication in tuberculous constrictive pericarditis. Poor preoperative NYHA functional class and high preoperative CVP were shown to predict postoperative complication which was the predictor of prolonged ICU stay.
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153
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Pneumonia caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Microbes Infect 2020; 22:278-284. [PMID: 32561408 PMCID: PMC7297158 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2020.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2020] [Revised: 05/23/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is one of the top ten leading causes of death worldwide. The causative agent of TB is Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Acute tuberculous pneumonia (TP) is an acute form of pulmonary TB. However, acute TP and non-tuberculous community-acquired pneumonia can be easily confused, resulting in deterioration of TP due to delayed treatment. Therefore, rapid and accurate diagnosis of acute TP is crucial in order to stop the transmission of TB. Moreover, development of new diagnostic tools (technologies and approaches), and flexible application of different therapy schemes will help to reduce the incidence of TP and promote the goal of ending the TB epidemic.
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154
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Varma DM, Zahid MSH, Bachelder EM, Ainslie KM. Formulation of host-targeted therapeutics against bacterial infections. Transl Res 2020; 220:98-113. [PMID: 32268128 PMCID: PMC10132281 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2020.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Revised: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The global burden of bacterial infections is rising due to increasing resistance to the majority of first-line antibiotics, rendering these drugs ineffective against several clinically important pathogens. Limited transport of antibiotics into cells compounds this problem for gram-negative bacteria that exhibit prominent intracellular lifecycles. Furthermore, poor bioavailability of antibiotics in infected tissues necessitates higher doses and longer treatment regimens to treat resistant infections. Although emerging antibiotics can combat these problems, resistance still may develop over time. Expanding knowledge of host-pathogen interactions has inspired research and development of host-directed therapies (HDTs). HDTs target host-cell machinery critical for bacterial pathogenesis to treat bacterial infections alone or as adjunctive treatment with traditional antibiotics. Unlike traditional antibiotics that directly affect bacteria, a majority of HDTs function by boosting the endogenous antimicrobial activity of cells and are consequently less prone to bacterial tolerance induced by selection pressure. Therefore, HDTs can be quite effective against intracellular cytosolic or vacuolar bacteria, which a majority of traditional antibiotics are unable to eradicate. However, in vivo therapeutic efficacy of HDTs is reliant on adequate bioavailability. Particle-based formulations demonstrate the potential to enable targeted drug delivery, enhance cellular uptake, and increase drug concentration in the host cell of HDTs. This review selected HDTs for clinically important pathogens, identifies formulation strategies that can improve their therapeutic efficacy and offers insights toward further development of HDTs for bacterial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devika M Varma
- Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - M Shamim Hasan Zahid
- Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Eric M Bachelder
- Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Kristy M Ainslie
- Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.
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155
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Meintjes G, Brust JCM, Nuttall J, Maartens G. Management of active tuberculosis in adults with HIV. Lancet HIV 2020; 6:e463-e474. [PMID: 31272663 DOI: 10.1016/s2352-3018(19)30154-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Revised: 04/25/2019] [Accepted: 05/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Every year, about 1 million people living with HIV worldwide develop tuberculosis. Although the drug regimens used to treat tuberculosis in these patients are the same as those used in HIV-negative patients, cotreatment of tuberculosis with antiretroviral therapy involves challenges including the optimal timing of antiretroviral initiation, drug-drug interactions, drug tolerability, and the prevention and treatment of tuberculosis-associated immune reconstitution syndrome. Furthermore, mortality is high in people with HIV who are diagnosed with tuberculosis during a hospital admission, and in those with tuberculous meningitis. Studies in this field have better characterised these challenges and informed optimal management and guideline revisions. In patients with tuberculosis, antiretroviral therapy improves survival, is well tolerated, and can be adjusted to manage drug-drug interactions with rifampicin. Prednisone is effective in both preventing and treating the paradoxical tuberculosis-associated immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graeme Meintjes
- Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, South Africa; Division of Infectious Diseases and HIV Medicine, Department of Medicine, South Africa.
| | - James C M Brust
- University of Cape Town, Observatory, South Africa; Divisions of General Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - James Nuttall
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, South Africa
| | - Gary Maartens
- Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, South Africa; Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, South Africa
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156
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Kang GY, Rhyu HJ, Choi HH, Shin SJ, Hyun YM. 3D Imaging of the Transparent Mycobacterium tuberculosis-Infected Lung Verifies the Localization of Innate Immune Cells With Granuloma. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 10:226. [PMID: 32500041 PMCID: PMC7243706 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.00226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Using a novel tissue-clearing method, we aimed to visualize the three-dimensional (3D) distribution of immune cells within Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb)-infected mice lungs. Ethyl cinnamate-based tissue clearing of Mtb-infected mice lungs was performed to obtain transparent lung samples, which were then imaged using a light sheet fluorescence microscope. Using the 3D images, we performed quantitative analysis of the immune cell population within multiple granulomas. In addition, to compare the data from the tissue clearing method, we performed histopathological and immunofluorescence analyses, and flow cytometry. We then created 3D images of the Mtb-infected lung that successfully demonstrated the distribution of blood vessels, immune cells, and granulomas. Since the immune cells within a granuloma could be separately selected and counted, the immune cell population within a specific lesion could be quantified. In addition, macroscopic analysis, e.g., the size or shape of a granuloma, as well as microscopic analysis could be performed as intact lung samples were used. The use of the tissue clearing method in infected lungs could be a novel modality for understanding the role of the immune system in the pathogenesis of tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gyeong-Yi Kang
- Department of Anatomy, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.,BK21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hyeong-Jun Rhyu
- Department of Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hong-Hee Choi
- Department of Microbiology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sung Jae Shin
- BK21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.,Department of Microbiology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.,Institute for Immunology and Immunological Disease, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Young-Min Hyun
- Department of Anatomy, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.,BK21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
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157
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Touitou M, Manetti F, Ribeiro CM, Pavan FR, Scalacci N, Zrebna K, Begum N, Semenya D, Gupta A, Bhakta S, McHugh TD, Senderowitz H, Kyriazi M, Castagnolo D. Improving the Potency of N-Aryl-2,5-dimethylpyrroles against Multidrug-Resistant and Intracellular Mycobacteria. ACS Med Chem Lett 2020; 11:638-644. [PMID: 32435364 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.9b00515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
A series of N-phenyl-2,5-dimethylpyrrole derivatives, designed as hybrids of the antitubercular agents BM212 and SQ109, have been synthesized and evaluated against susceptible and drug-resistant mycobacteria strains. Compound 5d, bearing a cyclohexylmethylene side chain, showed high potency against M. tuberculosis including MDR-TB strains at submicromolar concentrations. The new compound shows bacteriostatic activity and low toxicity and proved to be effective against intracellular mycobacteria too, showing an activity profile similar to isoniazid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meir Touitou
- School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, King’s College London, 150 Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, U.K
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Exact Sciences, Bar-Ilan University Ramat-Gan 5290002, Israel
| | - Fabrizio Manetti
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Chimica e Farmacia, via A. Moro 2, I-53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Camila Maringolo Ribeiro
- Tuberculosis Research Laboratory, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), Rod. Araraquara-Jau, km1, 14800-903 Araraquara, Brazil
| | - Fernando Rogerio Pavan
- Tuberculosis Research Laboratory, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), Rod. Araraquara-Jau, km1, 14800-903 Araraquara, Brazil
| | - Nicolò Scalacci
- School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, King’s College London, 150 Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, U.K
| | - Katarina Zrebna
- School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, King’s College London, 150 Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, U.K
| | - Neelu Begum
- Centre for Clinical Microbiology, University College London, London NW3 2PF, U.K
| | - Dorothy Semenya
- School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, King’s College London, 150 Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, U.K
| | - Antima Gupta
- Mycobacteria Research Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, Birkbeck, University of London, Malet Street, London WC1E 7HX, U.K
| | - Sanjib Bhakta
- Mycobacteria Research Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, Birkbeck, University of London, Malet Street, London WC1E 7HX, U.K
| | - Timothy D. McHugh
- Centre for Clinical Microbiology, University College London, London NW3 2PF, U.K
| | - Hanoch Senderowitz
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Exact Sciences, Bar-Ilan University Ramat-Gan 5290002, Israel
| | - Melina Kyriazi
- School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, King’s College London, 150 Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, U.K
| | - Daniele Castagnolo
- School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, King’s College London, 150 Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, U.K
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158
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Chai Q, Lu Z, Liu CH. Host defense mechanisms against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Cell Mol Life Sci 2020; 77:1859-1878. [PMID: 31720742 PMCID: PMC11104961 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-019-03353-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Revised: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB), which is caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), remains the leading cause of death worldwide from a single infectious pathogen. Mtb is a paradigmatic intracellular pathogen that primarily invades the lungs after host inhalation of bacteria-containing droplets via the airway. However, the majority of Mtb-exposed individuals can spontaneously control the infection by virtue of a robust immune defense system. The mucosal barriers of the respiratory tract shape the first-line defense against Mtb through various mucosal immune responses. After arriving at the alveoli, the surviving mycobacteria further encounter a set of host innate immune cells that exert multiple cellular bactericidal functions. Adaptive immunity, predominantly mediated by a range of different T cell and B cell subsets, is subsequently activated and participates in host anti-mycobacterial defense. During Mtb infection, host bactericidal immune responses are exquisitely adjusted and balanced by multifaceted mechanisms, including genetic and epigenetic regulation, metabolic regulation and neuroendocrine regulation, which are indispensable for maintaining host immune efficiency and avoiding excessive tissue injury. A better understanding of the integrated and equilibrated host immune defense system against Mtb will contribute to the development of rational TB treatment regimens especially novel host-directed therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiyao Chai
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.
- Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
| | - Zhe Lu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Cui Hua Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.
- Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China.
- Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
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159
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Dowdy DW, Zwerling AA, Stennett A, Searle A, Dukhanin V, Taylor HA, Merritt MW. Measuring Stigma to Assess the Social Justice Implications of Health-Related Policy Decisions: Application to Novel Treatment Regimens for Multidrug-Resistant Tuberculosis. MDM Policy Pract 2020; 5:2381468320915239. [PMID: 32440569 PMCID: PMC7227142 DOI: 10.1177/2381468320915239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2019] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
In making policy decisions with constrained resources, an important consideration is the impact of alternative policy options on social justice. Social justice considers interactions between individuals and society and can be conceptualized across domains of agency, association, and respect. Despite its importance, social justice is rarely considered formally in health policy decision making, partially reflecting challenges in its measurement. We define three criteria for considering social justice in health-related policy decisions: 1) linkage of social justice to a measurable construct; 2) ability to reproducibly and feasibly estimate the impacts of a policy decision on the selected construct; and 3) appropriate presentation to decision makers of the expected social justice implications using that construct. We use preliminary data from qualitative interviews from three groups of respondents in South Africa and Uganda to demonstrate that stigma meets the first of these criteria. We then use the example of policy addressing novel treatment regimens for multidrug-resistant tuberculosis and a validated tuberculosis stigma scale to illustrate how policy effects on stigma could be estimated (criterion 2) and presented to decision makers in the form of justice-enhanced cost-effectiveness analysis (criterion 3). Finally, we provide a point-by-point guide for conducting similar assessments to facilitate consideration of social justice in health-related policy decisions. Our case study and guide for how to make social justice impacts more apparent to decision makers also illustrates the importance of local data and local capacity. Performing social justice assessments alongside more traditional evaluations of cost-effectiveness, budget impact, and burden of disease could help represent data-informed considerations of social justice in health care decision making more broadly.
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Affiliation(s)
- David W Dowdy
- Departments of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Alice A Zwerling
- School of Epidemiology & Public Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Andrea Stennett
- Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Alexandra Searle
- International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Vadim Dukhanin
- Health Policy and Management, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Holly A Taylor
- International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Maria W Merritt
- International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
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160
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Abstract
Treatment of latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) is an important component of TB control and elimination. LTBI treatment regimens include once-weekly isoniazid plus rifapentine for 3 months, daily rifampin for 4 months, daily isoniazid plus rifampin for 3-4 months, and daily isoniazid for 6-9 months. Isoniazid monotherapy is efficacious in preventing TB disease, but the rifampin- and rifapentine-containing regimens are shorter and have similar efficacy, adequate safety, and higher treatment completion rates. Novel vaccine strategies, host immunity-directed therapies and ultrashort antimicrobial regimens for TB prevention, such as daily isoniazid plus rifapentine for 1 month, are under evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moises A Huaman
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, 200 Albert Sabin Way, Room 3112, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA; Hamilton County Public Health Tuberculosis Control Program, 184 McMillan Street, Cincinnati, OH 45219, USA; Vanderbilt Tuberculosis Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, 1161 21st Avenue South, A-2200 Medical Center North, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.
| | - Timothy R Sterling
- Vanderbilt Tuberculosis Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, 1161 21st Avenue South, A-2200 Medical Center North, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, 1161 21st Avenue South, A-2209 MCN, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
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161
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Ma X, Han B, Wang A, Yang L, Huang M, Chowdhury K, Gu J, Zhang K, Lv K. Identification of benzothiazones containing a hexahydropyrrolo[3,4- c]pyrrol moiety as antitubercular agents against MDR-MTB. RSC Adv 2020; 10:14410-14414. [PMID: 35498504 PMCID: PMC9051945 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra00750a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
IMB1603, a spiro-benzothiazone compound discovered by our lab, displayed potent anti-MTB activity in vitro and in vivo. In this study, we reported a series of new BTZs containing the hexahydropyrrolo[3,4-c]pyrrol moiety based on the structure of IMB1603. Among them, BTZs 11 and 24 displayed potent anti-MTB (MIC < 0.035 μM) and MDR-MTB (MIC, 0.053–0.102 μM) activity, good solubility (1.82–1.85 μg mL−1), and low cytotoxicity (CC50 > 200 μM), suggesting BTZs 11 and 24 may serve as promising candidates for further study. The molecular docking study of 11 toward DprE was also investigated, and revealed that 11 mimicked the binding pattern of PBTZ169 in the active site of DprE1. IMB1603, a spiro-benzothiazone compound discovered by our lab, displayed potent anti-MTB activity in vitro and in vivo. In this study, benzothiazones containing a hexahydropyrrolo[3,4-c]pyrrol moiety were synthesized and evaluated based on IMB1603.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Xican Ma
- College of Pharmacy, Southwest Minzu University Chengdu 610041 China .,Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College Beijing 100050 China
| | - Bing Han
- College of Pharmacy, Southwest Minzu University Chengdu 610041 China .,Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College Beijing 100050 China
| | - Aoyu Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Hebei Medical University Shijiazhuang 050017 PR China
| | - Lu Yang
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College Beijing 100050 China
| | - Menghao Huang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine Indianapolis IN 46202 USA
| | - Kushan Chowdhury
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine Indianapolis IN 46202 USA
| | - Jian Gu
- College of Pharmacy, Southwest Minzu University Chengdu 610041 China
| | - Kai Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Hebei Medical University Shijiazhuang 050017 PR China
| | - Kai Lv
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College Beijing 100050 China
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162
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Krishnamoorthy G, Kaiser P, Abu Abed U, Weiner J, Moura-Alves P, Brinkmann V, Kaufmann SHE. FX11 limits Mycobacterium tuberculosis growth and potentiates bactericidal activity of isoniazid through host-directed activity. Dis Model Mech 2020; 13:dmm041954. [PMID: 32034005 PMCID: PMC7132771 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.041954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Lactate dehydrogenase A (LDHA) mediates interconversion of pyruvate and lactate, and increased lactate turnover is exhibited by malignant and infected immune cells. Hypoxic lung granuloma in Mycobacterium tuberculosis-infected animals present elevated levels of Ldha and lactate. Such alterations in the metabolic milieu could influence the outcome of host-M. tuberculosis interactions. Given the central role of LDHA for tumorigenicity, targeting lactate metabolism is a promising approach for cancer therapy. Here, we sought to determine the importance of LDHA for tuberculosis (TB) disease progression and its potential as a target for host-directed therapy. To this end, we orally administered FX11, a known small-molecule NADH-competitive LDHA inhibitor, to M. tuberculosis-infected C57BL/6J mice and Nos2-/- mice with hypoxic necrotizing lung TB lesions. FX11 did not inhibit M. tuberculosis growth in aerobic/hypoxic liquid culture, but modestly reduced the pulmonary bacterial burden in C57BL/6J mice. Intriguingly, FX11 administration limited M. tuberculosis replication and onset of necrotic lung lesions in Nos2-/- mice. In this model, isoniazid (INH) monotherapy has been known to exhibit biphasic killing kinetics owing to the probable selection of an INH-tolerant bacterial subpopulation. However, adjunct FX11 treatment corrected this adverse effect and resulted in sustained bactericidal activity of INH against M. tuberculosis As a limitation, LDHA inhibition as an underlying cause of FX11-mediated effect could not be established as the on-target effect of FX11 in vivo was unconfirmed. Nevertheless, this proof-of-concept study encourages further investigation on the underlying mechanisms of LDHA inhibition and its significance in TB pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Peggy Kaiser
- Department of Immunology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin 10117, Germany
| | - Ulrike Abu Abed
- Core Facility Microscopy, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin 10117, Germany
| | - January Weiner
- Department of Immunology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin 10117, Germany
| | - Pedro Moura-Alves
- Department of Immunology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin 10117, Germany
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Volker Brinkmann
- Core Facility Microscopy, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin 10117, Germany
| | - Stefan H E Kaufmann
- Department of Immunology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin 10117, Germany
- Hagler Institute for Advanced Study at Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-3572, USA
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163
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Mycobacterial Cell Wall: A Source of Successful Targets for Old and New Drugs. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/app10072278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Eighty years after the introduction of the first antituberculosis (TB) drug, the treatment of drug-susceptible TB remains very cumbersome, requiring the use of four drugs (isoniazid, rifampicin, ethambutol and pyrazinamide) for two months followed by four months on isoniazid and rifampicin. Two of the drugs used in this “short”-course, six-month chemotherapy, isoniazid and ethambutol, target the mycobacterial cell wall. Disruption of the cell wall structure can enhance the entry of other TB drugs, resulting in a more potent chemotherapy. More importantly, inhibition of cell wall components can lead to mycobacterial cell death. The complexity of the mycobacterial cell wall offers numerous opportunities to develop drugs to eradicate Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the causative agent of TB. In the past 20 years, researchers from industrial and academic laboratories have tested new molecules to find the best candidates that will change the face of TB treatment: drugs that will shorten TB treatment and be efficacious against active and latent, as well as drug-resistant TB. Two of these new TB drugs block components of the mycobacterial cell wall and have reached phase 3 clinical trial. This article reviews TB drugs targeting the mycobacterial cell wall in use clinically and those in clinical development.
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Abstract
Macozinone, a piperazine-benzothiazinone PBTZ169, is currently undergoing Phase 1/2 clinical studies for the treatment of tuberculosis (TB). In this review we summarize the key findings that led to the development of this compound and to identification of its target, decaprenylphospohoryl ribose oxidase DprE1, which is involved in the synthesis of the essential arabinan polymers of the cell wall in a TB pathogen, Mycobacterium tuberculosis. We present the results of the pilot clinical studies, which raise optimism regarding its further development towards more efficient TB drug regimens.
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165
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Tsenova L, Singhal A. Effects of host-directed therapies on the pathology of tuberculosis. J Pathol 2020; 250:636-646. [PMID: 32108337 DOI: 10.1002/path.5407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2019] [Revised: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the causative agent of tuberculosis (TB), has co-evolved with the human immune system and utilizes multiple strategies to persist within infected cells, to hijack several immune mechanisms, and to cause severe pathology and tissue damage in the host. This delays the efficacy of current antibiotic therapy and contributes to the evolution of multi-drug-resistant strains. These challenges led to the development of the novel approach in TB treatment that involves therapeutic targeting of host immune response to control disease pathogenesis and pathogen growth, namely, host-directed therapies (HDTs). Such HDT approaches can (1) enhance the effect of antibiotics, (2) shorten treatment duration for any clinical form of TB, (3) promote development of immunological memory that could protect against relapse, and (4) ameliorate the immunopathology including matrix destruction and fibrosis associated with TB. In this review we discuss TB-HDT candidates shown to be of clinical relevance that thus could be developed to reduce pathology, tissue damage, and subsequent impairment of pulmonary function. © 2020 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liana Tsenova
- Department of Biological Sciences, New York City College of Technology, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | - Amit Singhal
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore.,Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore.,Vaccine and Infectious Disease Research Centre (VIDRC), Translational Health Science and Technology Institute (THSTI), Faridabad, India
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166
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Marais BJ, Chakaya J, Swaminathan S, Fox GJ, Ehtesham NZ, Ntoumi F, Zijenah L, Maurer M, Zumla A. Tackling long-term morbidity and mortality after successful tuberculosis treatment. THE LANCET. INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2020; 20:641-642. [PMID: 32213333 DOI: 10.1016/s1473-3099(20)30167-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ben J Marais
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.
| | - Jeremiah Chakaya
- Department of Medicine, Therapeutics, Dermatology and Psychiatry, Kenyatta University, Nairobi, Kenya
| | | | - Greg J Fox
- The University of Sydney Central Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | | | - Francine Ntoumi
- Université Marien Gouabi, Fondation Congolaise pour la Recherche Médicale, Brazzaville, Congo; Institute for Tropical Diseases, University of Tübingen, Germany
| | - Lynn Zijenah
- Department of Immunology, University of Zimbabwe College of Health Sciences, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - Markus Maurer
- Immunosurgery Unit, Champalimaud Centre for the Unknown, Lisbon, Portugal; Department of Oncology and Haematology, Krankenhaus Nordwest, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Alimuddin Zumla
- Department of Infection, Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, and NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
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167
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New perspectives on the treatment of mycobacterial infections using antibiotics. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2020; 104:4197-4209. [PMID: 32185432 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-020-10513-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Revised: 02/22/2020] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
More than 100 years have passed since the discovery of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, in 1882, as the pathogen that causes tuberculosis (TB). However, globally, TB is still one of the leading causes of death by infectious diseases. In 2018, approximately 10.0 million people were diagnosed with TB owing to the development of advanced strategies by M. tuberculosis to resist antibiotics, including the development of a dormant state. The World Health Organization (WHO) and the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) are dedicated to ending TB by 2030. However, the development of strategies to discover new TB drugs and new therapies is crucial for the achievement of this goal. Unfortunately, the rapid occurrence of multidrug-resistant strains of M. tuberculosis has worsened the current situation, thereby warranting prioritized discovery of new anti-TB drugs and the development of new treatment regimens in academia and the pharmaceutical industry. In this mini review, we provide a brief overview of the current research and development pipeline for new anti-TB drugs and present our perspective of TB drug innovation. The data presented herein may enable the introduction of more effective medicines and therapeutic regimens into the market.Key Points• The Updated Global New TB Drug Pipelines are briefly summarized.• Novel strategies for the discovery of new TB drugs, including novel sources, bioinformatics, and synthetic biology strategies, are discussed.• New therapeutic options, including living therapeutics and phage therapy, are proposed.
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168
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Imipridone Anticancer Compounds Ectopically Activate the ClpP Protease and Represent a New Scaffold for Antibiotic Development. Genetics 2020; 214:1103-1120. [PMID: 32094149 PMCID: PMC7153937 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.119.302851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The imipridones ONC201 and ONC212 selectively kill cancer cells and have been ascribed multiple mechanisms-of-action. Genome-wide CRISPR knockout screens revealed that loss of the mitochondrial proteases CLPP and MIPEP confer strong resistance to both compounds... Systematic genetic interaction profiles can reveal the mechanisms-of-action of bioactive compounds. The imipridone ONC201, which is currently in cancer clinical trials, has been ascribed a variety of different targets. To investigate the genetic dependencies of imipridone action, we screened a genome-wide clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) knockout library in the presence of either ONC201 or its more potent analog ONC212. Loss of the mitochondrial matrix protease CLPP or the mitochondrial intermediate peptidase MIPEP conferred strong resistance to both compounds. Biochemical and surrogate genetic assays showed that impridones directly activate CLPP and that MIPEP is necessary for proteolytic maturation of CLPP into a catalytically competent form. Quantitative proteomic analysis of cells treated with ONC212 revealed degradation of many mitochondrial as well as nonmitochondrial proteins. Prompted by the conservation of ClpP from bacteria to humans, we found that the imipridones also activate ClpP from Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, and Staphylococcus aureus in biochemical and genetic assays. ONC212 and acyldepsipeptide-4 (ADEP4), a known activator of bacterial ClpP, caused similar proteome-wide degradation profiles in S. aureus. ONC212 suppressed the proliferation of a number of Gram-positive (S. aureus, B. subtilis, and Enterococcus faecium) and Gram-negative species (E. coli and Neisseria gonorrhoeae). Moreover, ONC212 enhanced the ability of rifampin to eradicate antibiotic-tolerant S. aureus persister cells. These results reveal the genetic dependencies of imipridone action in human cells and identify the imipridone scaffold as a new entry point for antibiotic development.
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169
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Zhang N, Strydom N, Tyagi S, Soni H, Tasneen R, Nuermberger EL, Savic RM. Mechanistic Modeling of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection in Murine Models for Drug and Vaccine Efficacy Studies. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2020; 64:e01727-19. [PMID: 31907182 PMCID: PMC7038312 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01727-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) drug, regimen, and vaccine development rely heavily on preclinical animal experiments, and quantification of bacterial and immune response dynamics is essential for understanding drug and vaccine efficacy. A mechanism-based model was built to describe Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv infection over time in BALB/c and athymic nude mice, which consisted of bacterial replication, bacterial death, and adaptive immune effects. The adaptive immune effect was best described by a sigmoidal function on both bacterial load and incubation time. Applications to demonstrate the utility of this baseline model showed (i) the important influence of the adaptive immune response on pyrazinamide (PZA) drug efficacy, (ii) a persistent adaptive immune effect in mice relapsing after chemotherapy cessation, and (iii) the protective effect of vaccines after M. tuberculosis challenge. These findings demonstrate the utility of our model for describing M. tuberculosis infection and corresponding adaptive immune dynamics for evaluating the efficacy of TB drugs, regimens, and vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Zhang
- University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Natasha Strydom
- University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Sandeep Tyagi
- Center for Tuberculosis Research, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Heena Soni
- Center for Tuberculosis Research, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Rokeya Tasneen
- Center for Tuberculosis Research, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Eric L Nuermberger
- Center for Tuberculosis Research, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Rada M Savic
- University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
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170
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Verbitskiy EV, Rusinov GL, Charushin VN, Chupakhin ON. Development of new antituberculosis drugs among of 1,3- and 1,4-diazines. Highlights and perspectives. Russ Chem Bull 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s11172-019-2686-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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171
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Sirim MM, Krishna VS, Sriram D, Unsal Tan O. Novel benzimidazole-acrylonitrile hybrids and their derivatives: Design, synthesis and antimycobacterial activity. Eur J Med Chem 2020; 188:112010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2019.112010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Revised: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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172
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Lienhardt C, Nunn A, Chaisson R, Vernon AA, Zignol M, Nahid P, Delaporte E, Kasaeva T. Advances in clinical trial design: Weaving tomorrow's TB treatments. PLoS Med 2020; 17:e1003059. [PMID: 32106220 PMCID: PMC7046183 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1003059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Christian Lienhardt and co-authors discuss the conclusions of the PLOS Medicine Collection on advances in clinical trial design for development of new tuberculosis treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Lienhardt
- Unité Mixte Internationale TransVIHMI, UMI 233 IRD–U1175 INSERM—Université de Montpellier, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Montpellier, France
- * E-mail:
| | - Andrew Nunn
- MRC Clinical Trials Unit at UCL, Institute of Clinical Trials and Methodology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Richard Chaisson
- Center for Tuberculosis Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, United States of America
| | - Andrew A. Vernon
- Division of TB Elimination, National Center for HIV, Viral Hepatitis, STD and TB Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Matteo Zignol
- Global TB Programme, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Payam Nahid
- UCSF Center for Tuberculosis and Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Eric Delaporte
- Unité Mixte Internationale TransVIHMI, UMI 233 IRD–U1175 INSERM—Université de Montpellier, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Montpellier, France
| | - Tereza Kasaeva
- Global TB Programme, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
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173
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In Vitro Susceptibility Testing of GSK656 against Mycobacterium Species. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2020; 64:AAC.01577-19. [PMID: 31791947 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01577-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, we aimed to assess the in vitro susceptibility to GSK656 among multiple mycobacterial species and to investigate the correlation between leucyl-tRNA synthetase (LeuRS) sequence variations and in vitro susceptibility to GSK656 among mycobacterial species. A total of 187 mycobacterial isolates, comprising 105 Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates and 82 nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) isolates, were randomly selected for the determination of in vitro susceptibility. For M. tuberculosis, 102 of 105 isolates had MICs of ≤0.5 mg/liter, demonstrating a MIC50 of 0.063 mg/liter and a MIC90 of 0.25 mg/liter. An epidemiological cutoff value of 0.5 mg/liter was proposed for identification of GSK656-resistant M. tuberculosis strains. For NTM, the MIC50 and MIC90 values were >8.0 mg/liter for both Mycobacterium intracellulare and Mycobacterium avium In contrast, all Mycobacterium abscessus isolates had MICs of ≤0.25 mg/liter, yielding a MIC90 of 0.063 mg/liter. LeuRS from M. abscessus showed greater sequence similarity to M. tuberculosis LeuRS than to LeuRSs from M. avium and M. intracellulare Sequence alignment revealed 28 residues differing between LeuRSs from M. avium and M. intracellulare and LeuRSs from M. tuberculosis and M. abscessus; among them, 15 residues were in the drug binding domain. Structure modeling revealed that several different residues were close to the tRNA-LeuRS interface or the entrance of the drug-tRNA binding pocket. In conclusion, our data demonstrate significant species diversity in in vitro susceptibility to GSK656 among various mycobacterial species. GSK656 has potent efficacy against M. tuberculosis and M. abscessus, whereas inherent resistance was noted for M. intracellulare and M. avium.
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174
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Keshavjee S, Amanullah F, Cattamanchi A, Chaisson R, Dobos KM, Fox GJ, Gendelman HE, Gordon R, Hesseling A, Le Van H, Kampmann B, Kana B, Khuller G, Lewinsohn DM, Lewinsohn DA, Lin PL, Lu LL, Maartens G, Owen A, Protopopova M, Rengarajan J, Rubin E, Salgame P, Schurr E, Seddon JA, Swindells S, Tobin DM, Udwadia Z, Walzl G, Srinivasan S, Rustomjee R, Nahid P. Moving toward Tuberculosis Elimination. Critical Issues for Research in Diagnostics and Therapeutics for Tuberculosis Infection. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2020; 199:564-571. [PMID: 30335466 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201806-1053pp] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Salmaan Keshavjee
- 1 Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.,2 Harvard Medical School Center for Global Health Delivery-Dubai, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | | | - Adithya Cattamanchi
- 4 University of California San Francisco, Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, San Francisco, California
| | - Richard Chaisson
- 5 Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | | | - Gregory J Fox
- 7 University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | | | - Richard Gordon
- 9 South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town, Western Cape, South Africa
| | | | - Hoi Le Van
- 11 National Lung Hospital, Hanoi, Vietnam.,12 National TB Program in Vietnam, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Beate Kampmann
- 13 London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Bavesh Kana
- 14 University of Witwatersrand, National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa.,15 Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa, CAPRISA, Durban, South Africa
| | - Gopal Khuller
- 16 Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - David M Lewinsohn
- 17 Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon.,18 Portland VA Medical Center, Portland, Oregon
| | | | - Philiana Ling Lin
- 19 University of Pittsburgh, School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Lenette Lin Lu
- 20 Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Gary Maartens
- 21 Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Andrew Owen
- 22 University of Liverpool, Liverpool, England
| | - Marina Protopopova
- 23 Division of AIDS, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Department of Health and Human Services, Rockville, Maryland
| | | | - Eric Rubin
- 25 Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | | | - James A Seddon
- 13 London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - David M Tobin
- 28 Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina; and
| | - Zarir Udwadia
- 29 Hinduja Hospital & Research Center, Mumbai, India
| | - Gerhard Walzl
- 30 Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa.,14 University of Witwatersrand, National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Sudha Srinivasan
- 23 Division of AIDS, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Department of Health and Human Services, Rockville, Maryland
| | - Roxana Rustomjee
- 23 Division of AIDS, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Department of Health and Human Services, Rockville, Maryland
| | - Payam Nahid
- 4 University of California San Francisco, Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, San Francisco, California
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175
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Biosynthesis of Galactan in Mycobacterium tuberculosis as a Viable TB Drug Target? Antibiotics (Basel) 2020; 9:antibiotics9010020. [PMID: 31935842 PMCID: PMC7168186 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics9010020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Revised: 12/27/2019] [Accepted: 01/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
While target-based drug design has proved successful in several therapeutic areas, this approach has not yet provided compelling outcomes in the field of antibacterial agents. This statement remains especially true for the development of novel therapeutic interventions against tuberculosis, an infectious disease that is among the top ten leading causes of death globally. Mycobacterial galactan is an important component of the protective cell wall core of the tuberculosis pathogen and it could provide a promising target for the design of new drugs. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge on galactan biosynthesis in Mycobacterium tuberculosis, including landmark findings that led to the discovery and understanding of three key enzymes in this pathway: UDP-galactose mutase, and galactofuranosyl transferases GlfT1 and GlfT2. Moreover, we recapitulate the efforts aimed at their inhibition. The predicted common transition states of the three enzymes provide the lucrative possibility of multitargeting in pharmaceutical development, a favourable property in the mitigation of drug resistance. We believe that a tight interplay between target-based computational approaches and experimental methods will result in the development of original inhibitors that could serve as the basis of a new generation of drugs against tuberculosis.
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176
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Vecchione MB, Laufer N, Sued O, Corti M, Salomon H, Quiroga MF. 7-oxo-DHEA enhances impaired M. tuberculosis-specific T cell responses during HIV-TB coinfection. J Biomed Sci 2020; 27:20. [PMID: 31906962 PMCID: PMC6943934 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-019-0604-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) is the causative agent of tuberculosis (TB), affecting approximately one third of the world's population. Development of an adequate immune response will determine disease progression or progress to chronic infection. Risk of developing TB among human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-coinfected patients (HIV-TB) is 20-30 times higher than those without HIV infection, and a synergistic interplay between these two pathogens accelerates the decline in immunological functions. TB treatment in HIV-TB coinfected persons is challenging and it has a prolonged duration, mainly due to the immune system failure to provide an adequate support for the therapy. Therefore, we aimed to study the role of the hormone 7-oxo-dehydroepiandrosterone (7-OD) as a modulator of anti-tuberculosis immune responses in the context of HIV-TB coinfection. METHODS A cross-sectional study was conducted among HIV-TB patients and healthy donors (HD). We characterized the ex vivo phenotype of CD4 + T cells and also evaluated in vitro antigen-specific responses by Mtb stimulation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) in the presence or absence of 7-OD. We assessed lymphoproliferative activity, cytokine production and master transcription factor profiles. RESULTS Our results show that HIV-TB patients were not able to generate successful anti-tubercular responses in vitro compared to HD, as reduced IFN-γ/IL-10 and IFN-γ/IL-17A ratios were observed. Interestingly, treatment with 7-OD enhanced Th1 responses by increasing Mtb-induced proliferation and the production of IFN-γ and TNF-α over IL-10 levels. Additionally, in vitro Mtb stimulation augmented the frequency of cells with a regulatory phenotype, while 7-OD reduced the proportion of these subsets and induced an increase in CD4 + T-bet+ (Th1) subpopulation, which is associated with clinical data linked to an improved disease outcome. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that 7-OD modifies the cytokine balance and the phenotype of CD4 + T cells towards a more favorable profile for mycobacteria control. These results provide new data to delineate novel treatment approaches as co-adjuvant for the treatment of TB.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Belén Vecchione
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Retrovirus y Sida (INBIRS), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Natalia Laufer
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Retrovirus y Sida (INBIRS), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Omar Sued
- Área de Investigaciones Clínicas, Fundación Huésped, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Marcelo Corti
- División "B" VIH/Sida, Hospital Francisco J. Muñiz, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Horacio Salomon
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Retrovirus y Sida (INBIRS), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Maria Florencia Quiroga
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Retrovirus y Sida (INBIRS), Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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177
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Yong YK, Tan HY, Saeidi A, Wong WF, Vignesh R, Velu V, Eri R, Larsson M, Shankar EM. Immune Biomarkers for Diagnosis and Treatment Monitoring of Tuberculosis: Current Developments and Future Prospects. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:2789. [PMID: 31921004 PMCID: PMC6930807 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.02789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) treatment monitoring is paramount to clinical decision-making and the host biomarkers appears to play a significant role. The currently available diagnostic technology for TB detection is inadequate. Although GeneXpert detects total DNA present in the sample regardless live or dead bacilli present in clinical samples, all the commercial tests available thus far have low sensitivity. Humoral responses against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) antigens are generally low, which precludes the use of serological tests for TB diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment monitoring. Mtb-specific CD4+ T cells correlate with Mtb antigen/bacilli burden and hence might serve as good biomarkers for monitoring treatment progress. Omics-based techniques are capable of providing a more holistic picture for disease mechanisms and are more accurate in predicting TB disease outcomes. The current review aims to discuss some of the recent advances on TB biomarkers, particularly host biomarkers that have the potential to diagnose and differentiate active TB and LTBI as well as their use in disease prognosis and treatment monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yean K Yong
- Laboratory Center, Xiamen University Malaysia, Sepang, Malaysia
| | - Hong Y Tan
- Laboratory Center, Xiamen University Malaysia, Sepang, Malaysia.,Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xiamen University Malaysia, Sepang, Malaysia
| | - Alireza Saeidi
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory Vaccine Center, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Won F Wong
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | | | - Vijayakumar Velu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory Vaccine Center, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Rajaraman Eri
- School of Health Sciences, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Launceston, TAS, Australia
| | - Marie Larsson
- Division of Molecular Virology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linkoping University, Linkoping, Sweden
| | - Esaki M Shankar
- Division of Infection Biology and Medical Microbiology, Department of Life Sciences, Central University of Tamil Nadu (CUTN), Thiruvarur, India
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178
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Zhang Q, An X, Liu H, Wang S, Xiao T, Liu H. Uncovering the Resistance Mechanism of Mycobacterium tuberculosis to Rifampicin Due to RNA Polymerase H451D/Y/R Mutations From Computational Perspective. Front Chem 2019; 7:819. [PMID: 31850310 PMCID: PMC6902089 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2019.00819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis is still one of the top 10 causes of deaths worldwide, especially with the emergence of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis. Rifampicin, as the most effective first-line antituberculosis drug, also develops resistance due to the mutation on Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) RNA polymerase. Among these mutations, three mutations at position 451 (H451D, H451Y, H451R) are associated with high-level resistance to rifampicin. However, the resistance mechanism of Mtb to rifampicin is still unclear. In this work, to explore the resistance mechanism of Mtb to rifampicin due to H451D/Y/R mutations, we combined the molecular dynamics simulation, molecular mechanics generalized-Born surface area calculation, dynamic network analysis, and residue interactions network analysis to compare the interaction change of rifampicin with wild-type RNA polymerase and three mutants. The results of molecular mechanics generalized-Born surface area calculations indicate that the binding free energy of rifampicin with three mutants decreases. In addition, the dynamic network analysis and residue interaction network analysis show that when H451 was mutated, the interactions of residue 451 with its adjacent residues such as Q438, F439, M440, D441, and S447 disappeared or weakened, increasing the flexibility of binding pocket. At the same time, the disappearance of hydrogen bonds between R613 and rifampicin caused by the flipping of R613 is another important reason for the reduction of binding ability of rifampicin in H451D/Y mutants. In H451R mutant, the mutation causes the binding pocket change too much so that the position of rifampicin has a large movement in the binding pocket. In this study, the resistance mechanism of rifampicin at the atomic level is proposed. The proposed drug-resistance mechanism will provide the valuable guidance for the design of antituberculosis drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Xiaoli An
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry and Department of Chemistry, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Hongli Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Shuo Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Tong Xiao
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Huanxiang Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
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Tiberi S, Zumla A, Migliori GB. Multidrug and Extensively Drug-resistant Tuberculosis. Infect Dis Clin North Am 2019; 33:1063-1085. [DOI: 10.1016/j.idc.2019.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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180
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Zhang M, He JQ. Impacts of metformin on tuberculosis incidence and clinical outcomes in patients with diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 2019; 76:149-159. [PMID: 31786617 DOI: 10.1007/s00228-019-02786-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Accumulating evidence suggested that the use of metformin had more benefits for both prevention and treatment of tuberculosis (TB) than non-metformin use in patients with diabetes mellitus (DM); however, it remains to be fully elucidated on this topic. Thus, we conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of published studies to determine the association between metformin use and TB in patients with diabetes. METHODS The MEDLINE, EMBASE, Information Sciences Institute (ISI) Web of Science, and Cochrane CENTRAL databases were searched from their inception to 15 April 2019. Studies that evaluated the use of metformin and TB disease were included. The quality of each study was evaluated through the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS). For pooled data, the relative risk (RR) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated; otherwise, a systematic review. RESULTS Seventeen observational studies were included, all of which indicated a low risk of bias according to the NOS. The pooled analysis showed that metformin use was associated with a significantly lower active TB incidence and mortality among individuals with DM (RR = 0.51; 95% CI, 0.38-0.69, P ⩽ 0.001) and with TB-DM (RR = 0.34; 95% CI, 0.20-0.57, P ⩽ 0.001), respectively. CONCLUSIONS This meta-analysis indicated metformin use is related to benefits in both prevention and treatment outcomes of tuberculosis among patients with diabetes. Prospective clinical trials are needed to confirm these associations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Zhang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, No. 37,Guo Xue Alley, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Jian-Qing He
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, No. 37,Guo Xue Alley, Chengdu, 610041, China.
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181
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Nahid P, Mase SR, Migliori GB, Sotgiu G, Bothamley GH, Brozek JL, Cattamanchi A, Cegielski JP, Chen L, Daley CL, Dalton TL, Duarte R, Fregonese F, Horsburgh CR, Ahmad Khan F, Kheir F, Lan Z, Lardizabal A, Lauzardo M, Mangan JM, Marks SM, McKenna L, Menzies D, Mitnick CD, Nilsen DM, Parvez F, Peloquin CA, Raftery A, Schaaf HS, Shah NS, Starke JR, Wilson JW, Wortham JM, Chorba T, Seaworth B. Treatment of Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis. An Official ATS/CDC/ERS/IDSA Clinical Practice Guideline. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2019; 200:e93-e142. [PMID: 31729908 PMCID: PMC6857485 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201909-1874st] [Citation(s) in RCA: 230] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: The American Thoracic Society, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, European Respiratory Society, and Infectious Diseases Society of America jointly sponsored this new practice guideline on the treatment of drug-resistant tuberculosis (DR-TB). The document includes recommendations on the treatment of multidrug-resistant TB (MDR-TB) as well as isoniazid-resistant but rifampin-susceptible TB.Methods: Published systematic reviews, meta-analyses, and a new individual patient data meta-analysis from 12,030 patients, in 50 studies, across 25 countries with confirmed pulmonary rifampin-resistant TB were used for this guideline. Meta-analytic approaches included propensity score matching to reduce confounding. Each recommendation was discussed by an expert committee, screened for conflicts of interest, according to the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) methodology.Results: Twenty-one Population, Intervention, Comparator, and Outcomes questions were addressed, generating 25 GRADE-based recommendations. Certainty in the evidence was judged to be very low, because the data came from observational studies with significant loss to follow-up and imbalance in background regimens between comparator groups. Good practices in the management of MDR-TB are described. On the basis of the evidence review, a clinical strategy tool for building a treatment regimen for MDR-TB is also provided.Conclusions: New recommendations are made for the choice and number of drugs in a regimen, the duration of intensive and continuation phases, and the role of injectable drugs for MDR-TB. On the basis of these recommendations, an effective all-oral regimen for MDR-TB can be assembled. Recommendations are also provided on the role of surgery in treatment of MDR-TB and for treatment of contacts exposed to MDR-TB and treatment of isoniazid-resistant TB.
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182
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Musso M, Mosti S, Gualano G, Mencarini P, Urso R, Ghirga P, Rianda A, Del Nonno F, Goletti D, Palmieri F. Hepatitis C virus infection: a challenge in the complex management of two cases of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis. BMC Infect Dis 2019; 19:882. [PMID: 31640579 PMCID: PMC6806539 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-019-4494-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) requires lengthy use of second-line drugs, burdened by many side effects. Hepatitis C virus (HCV) chronic infection increases risk of drug-induced liver injury (DILI) in these patients. Data on MDR-TB patients with concurrent HCV chronic infection treated at the same time with second-line antitubercular drugs and new direct-acting antivirals (DAAs) are lacking. We evaluate if treating at the same time HCV infection and pulmonary MDR-TB is feasible and effective. Cases presentation In this study, we described two cases of patients with pulmonary MDR-TB and concurrent HCV chronic infection cured with DAAs at a Tertiary Infectious Diseases Hospital in Italy. During antitubercular treatment, both patients experienced a DILI before treating HCV infection. After DAAs liver enzymes normalized and HCV RNA was undetectable. Then antitubercular regimen was started according to the institutional protocol, drawn up following WHO MDR-TB guidelines. It was completed without further liver side effects and patients were declared cured from both HCV infection and MDR-TB. Conclusions We suggest to consider treatment of chronic hepatitis C with DAAs as a useful intervention for reintroduction of second-line antitubercular agents in those patients who developed DILI, reducing the risk of treatment interruption when re-exposed to these drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Musso
- Respiratory Infectious Diseases Unit, National Institute for Infectious Diseases "L. Spallanzani" IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Silvia Mosti
- Respiratory Infectious Diseases Unit, National Institute for Infectious Diseases "L. Spallanzani" IRCCS, Rome, Italy.
| | - Gina Gualano
- Respiratory Infectious Diseases Unit, National Institute for Infectious Diseases "L. Spallanzani" IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Paola Mencarini
- Respiratory Infectious Diseases Unit, National Institute for Infectious Diseases "L. Spallanzani" IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Rocco Urso
- Respiratory Infectious Diseases Unit, National Institute for Infectious Diseases "L. Spallanzani" IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Piero Ghirga
- Respiratory Infectious Diseases Unit, National Institute for Infectious Diseases "L. Spallanzani" IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Alessia Rianda
- Hepatology Unit, National Institute for Infectious Diseases "L. Spallanzani" IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Franca Del Nonno
- Pathology Unit, National Institute for Infectious Diseases "L. Spallanzani" IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Delia Goletti
- Translational Research Unit, National Institute for Infectious Diseases "L. Spallanzani" IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Palmieri
- Respiratory Infectious Diseases Unit, National Institute for Infectious Diseases "L. Spallanzani" IRCCS, Rome, Italy
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183
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Yadav J, Verma S, Chaudhary D, Jaiwal PK, Jaiwal R. Tuberculosis: Current Status, Diagnosis, Treatment and Development of Novel Vaccines. Curr Pharm Biotechnol 2019; 20:446-458. [PMID: 31208308 DOI: 10.2174/1389201020666190430114121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2019] [Revised: 04/14/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious disease that mainly affects the lungs and spreads to other organs of the body through the haematogenous route. It is one of the ten major causes of mortality worldwide. India has the highest incidence of new- and multidrug-resistant (MDR) - TB cases in the world. Bacille Calmette-Guerin (BCG) is the vaccine commonly available against TB. BCG does offer some protection against serious forms of TB in childhood but its protective effect wanes with age. Many new innovative strategies are being trailed for the development of effective and potent vaccines like mucosal- and epitope-based vaccines, which may replace BCG or boost BCG responses. The use of nanotechnology for diagnosis and treatment of TB is also in the pipeline along with many other vaccines, which are under clinical trials. Further, in-silico models were developed for finding new drug targets and designing drugs against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). These models offer the benefit of computational experiments which are easy, inexpensive and give quick results. This review will focus on the available treatments and new approaches to develop potent vaccines for the treatment of TB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyoti Yadav
- Department of Zoology, M.D. University, Rohtak-124001, India
| | - Sonali Verma
- Department of Zoology, M.D. University, Rohtak-124001, India
| | | | - Pawan K Jaiwal
- Centre for Biotechnology, M.D. University, Rohtak-124001, India
| | - Ranjana Jaiwal
- Department of Zoology, M.D. University, Rohtak-124001, India
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184
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Urogenital tuberculosis - epidemiology, pathogenesis and clinical features. Nat Rev Urol 2019; 16:573-598. [PMID: 31548730 DOI: 10.1038/s41585-019-0228-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/15/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is the most common cause of death from infectious disease worldwide. A substantial proportion of patients presenting with extrapulmonary TB have urogenital TB (UG-TB), which can easily be overlooked owing to non-specific symptoms, chronic and cryptic protean clinical manifestations, and lack of clinician awareness of the possibility of TB. Delay in diagnosis results in disease progression, irreversible tissue and organ damage and chronic renal failure. UG-TB can manifest with acute or chronic inflammation of the urinary or genital tract, abdominal pain, abdominal mass, obstructive uropathy, infertility, menstrual irregularities and abnormal renal function tests. Advanced UG-TB can cause renal scarring, distortion of renal calyces and pelvic, ureteric strictures, stenosis, urinary outflow tract obstruction, hydroureter, hydronephrosis, renal failure and reduced bladder capacity. The specific diagnosis of UG-TB is achieved by culturing Mycobacterium tuberculosis from an appropriate clinical sample or by DNA identification. Imaging can aid in localizing site, extent and effect of the disease, obtaining tissue samples for diagnosis, planning medical or surgical management, and monitoring response to treatment. Drug-sensitive TB requires 6-9 months of WHO-recommended standard treatment regimens. Drug-resistant TB requires 12-24 months of therapy with toxic drugs with close monitoring. Surgical intervention as an adjunct to medical drug treatment is required in certain circumstances. Current challenges in UG-TB management include making an early diagnosis, raising clinical awareness, developing rapid and sensitive TB diagnostics tests, and improving treatment outcomes.
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185
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Lange C, Dheda K, Chesov D, Mandalakas AM, Udwadia Z, Horsburgh CR. Management of drug-resistant tuberculosis. Lancet 2019; 394:953-966. [PMID: 31526739 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(19)31882-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Revised: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Drug-resistant tuberculosis is a major public health concern in many countries. Over the past decade, the number of patients infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis resistant to the most effective drugs against tuberculosis (ie, rifampicin and isoniazid), which is called multidrug-resistant tuberculosis, has continued to increase. Globally, 4·6% of patients with tuberculosis have multidrug-resistant tuberculosis, but in some areas, like Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Moldova, and Ukraine, this proportion exceeds 25%. Treatment for patients with multidrug-resistant tuberculosis is prolonged (ie, 9-24 months) and patients with multidrug-resistant tuberculosis have less favourable outcomes than those treated for drug-susceptible tuberculosis. Individualised multidrug-resistant tuberculosis treatment with novel (eg, bedaquiline) and repurposed (eg, linezolid, clofazimine, or meropenem) drugs and guided by genotypic and phenotypic drug susceptibility testing can improve treatment outcomes. Some clinical trials are evaluating 6-month regimens to simplify management and improve outcomes of patients with multidrug-resistant tuberculosis. Here we review optimal diagnostic and treatment strategies for patients with drug-resistant tuberculosis and their contacts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Lange
- Clinical Infectious Diseases, Research Center Borstel, Borstel, Germany; Respiratory Medicine and International Health, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany; German Center for Infection Research Clinical Tuberculosis Unit, Borstel, Germany; Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Keertan Dheda
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonology, Centre for Lung Infection and Immunity, Lung Institute, and Centre for the Study of Antimicrobial Resistance, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa; Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Department of Immunology and Infection, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Dumitru Chesov
- Clinical Infectious Diseases, Research Center Borstel, Borstel, Germany; Department of Pneumology and Alergollogy, Nicoale Testemitanu State University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Chisinau, Moldova
| | - Anna Maria Mandalakas
- The Global Tuberculosis Programme, Texas Children's Hospital, and Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Zarir Udwadia
- Hinduja Hospital and Research Center, Veer Savarkar Marg, Mumbai, India
| | - C Robert Horsburgh
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, and Department of Epidemiology, Department of Biostatistics, and Department of Global Health, School of Public Health, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
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186
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Li C, Tang Y, Sang Z, Yang Y, Gao Y, Yang T, Fang C, Zhang T, Luo Y. Discovery of napabucasin derivatives for the treatment of tuberculosis. MEDCHEMCOMM 2019; 10:1635-1640. [PMID: 31814956 PMCID: PMC6839812 DOI: 10.1039/c9md00295b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2019] [Accepted: 07/10/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Tuberculosis is the contagious disease responsible for the highest number of deaths worldwide. Here, we screened a commercially available compound library and found napabucasin to possess a moderate anti-tubercular activity against M. tuberculosis H37Ra (MIC 2.5 μg mL-1, 10.4 μM). Three series of napabucasin derivatives were further evaluated for their in vitro anti-tubercular activities against Mtb H37Ra. The activity of most derivatives was either retained or enhanced compared with that of napabucasin. Compound 3s was the most active compound showing a MIC value of 0.3125 μg mL-1 (0.9 μM). Furthermore, several compounds were selected and evaluated against the Mtb H37Rv standard strain and six Mtb clinical isolates. Importantly, these compounds were found to be effective against Mtb clinical isolates with multi-resistance to isoniazid, rifampicin, and ethambutol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chungen Li
- Cancer Center , West China Hospital , West China Medical School , Sichuan University , Chengdu , 610041 , China .
| | - Yunxiang Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease , Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong Laboratory (GRMH-GDL) , Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health (GIBH), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) Guangzhou , 510530 , China .
- Institute of Physical Science and Information Technology , Anhui University , Hefei , 230601 , China
| | - Zitai Sang
- Cancer Center , West China Hospital , West China Medical School , Sichuan University , Chengdu , 610041 , China .
| | - Yang Yang
- Cancer Center , West China Hospital , West China Medical School , Sichuan University , Chengdu , 610041 , China .
| | - Yamin Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease , Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong Laboratory (GRMH-GDL) , Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health (GIBH), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) Guangzhou , 510530 , China .
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (UCAS) , Beijing , 100049 , China
| | - Tao Yang
- Cancer Center , West China Hospital , West China Medical School , Sichuan University , Chengdu , 610041 , China .
- Laboratory of Human Diseases and Immunotherapies , West China Hospital , Sichuan University , Chengdu , Sichuan , China
| | - Cuiting Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease , Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong Laboratory (GRMH-GDL) , Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health (GIBH), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) Guangzhou , 510530 , China .
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (UCAS) , Beijing , 100049 , China
| | - Tianyu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease , Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong Laboratory (GRMH-GDL) , Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health (GIBH), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) Guangzhou , 510530 , China .
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (UCAS) , Beijing , 100049 , China
| | - Youfu Luo
- Cancer Center , West China Hospital , West China Medical School , Sichuan University , Chengdu , 610041 , China .
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187
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Development of new TB regimens: Harmonizing trial design, product registration requirements, and public health guidance. PLoS Med 2019; 16:e1002915. [PMID: 31490921 PMCID: PMC6730844 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1002915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Christian Lienhardt and colleagues discuss the importance of communication and coordination between regulators, researchers, and policy makers to ensure tuberculosis trials provide high-quality evidence for policy decisions.
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188
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First-Time-in-Human Study and Prediction of Early Bactericidal Activity for GSK3036656, a Potent Leucyl-tRNA Synthetase Inhibitor for Tuberculosis Treatment. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2019; 63:AAC.00240-19. [PMID: 31182528 PMCID: PMC6658769 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00240-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 05/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
This first-time-in-human (FTIH) study evaluated the safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics, and food effect of single and repeat oral doses of GSK3036656, a leucyl-tRNA synthetase inhibitor. In part A, GSK3036656 single doses of 5 mg (fed and fasted), 15 mg, and 25 mg and placebo were administered. In part B, repeat doses of 5 and 15 mg and placebo were administered for 14 days once daily. This first-time-in-human (FTIH) study evaluated the safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics, and food effect of single and repeat oral doses of GSK3036656, a leucyl-tRNA synthetase inhibitor. In part A, GSK3036656 single doses of 5 mg (fed and fasted), 15 mg, and 25 mg and placebo were administered. In part B, repeat doses of 5 and 15 mg and placebo were administered for 14 days once daily. GSK3036656 showed dose-proportional increase following single-dose administration and after dosing for 14 days. The maximum concentration of drug in serum (Cmax) and area under the concentration-time curve from 0 h to the end of the dosing period (AUC0–τ) showed accumulation with repeated administration of approximately 2- to 3-fold. Pharmacokinetic parameters were not altered in the presence of food. Unchanged GSK3036656 was the only drug-related component detected in plasma and accounted for approximately 90% of drug-related material in urine. Based on total drug-related material detected in urine, the minimum absorbed doses after single (25 mg) and repeat (15 mg) dosing were 50 and 78%, respectively. Unchanged GSK3036656 represented at least 44% and 71% of the 25- and 15-mg doses, respectively. Clinical trial simulations were performed to guide dose escalation during the FTIH study and to predict the GSK3036656 dose range that produces the highest possible early bactericidal activity (EBA0–14) in the prospective phase II trial, with consideration of the predefined exposure limit. GSK3036656 was well tolerated after single and multiple doses, with no reports of serious adverse events. (This study has been registered at ClinicalTrials.gov under identifier NCT03075410.)
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189
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Mashabela GT, de Wet TJ, Warner DF. Mycobacterium tuberculosis Metabolism. Microbiol Spectr 2019; 7:10.1128/microbiolspec.gpp3-0067-2019. [PMID: 31350832 PMCID: PMC10957194 DOI: 10.1128/microbiolspec.gpp3-0067-2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis is the cause of tuberculosis (TB), a disease which continues to overwhelm health systems in endemic regions despite the existence of effective combination chemotherapy and the widespread use of a neonatal anti-TB vaccine. For a professional pathogen, M. tuberculosis retains a surprisingly large proportion of the metabolic repertoire found in nonpathogenic mycobacteria with very different lifestyles. Moreover, evidence that additional functions were acquired during the early evolution of the M. tuberculosis complex suggests the organism has adapted (and augmented) the metabolic pathways of its environmental ancestor to persistence and propagation within its obligate human host. A better understanding of M. tuberculosis pathogenicity, however, requires the elucidation of metabolic functions under disease-relevant conditions, a challenge complicated by limited knowledge of the microenvironments occupied and nutrients accessed by bacilli during host infection, as well as the reliance in experimental mycobacteriology on a restricted number of experimental models with variable relevance to clinical disease. Here, we consider M. tuberculosis metabolism within the framework of an intimate host-pathogen coevolution. Focusing on recent advances in our understanding of mycobacterial metabolic function, we highlight unusual adaptations or departures from the better-characterized model intracellular pathogens. We also discuss the impact of these mycobacterial "innovations" on the susceptibility of M. tuberculosis to existing and experimental anti-TB drugs, as well as strategies for targeting metabolic pathways. Finally, we offer some perspectives on the key gaps in the current knowledge of fundamental mycobacterial metabolism and the lessons which might be learned from other systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel T Mashabela
- SAMRC/NHLS/UCT Molecular Mycobacteriology Research Unit, DST/NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical TB Research, Department of Pathology and Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, South Africa
- Current address: Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Timothy J de Wet
- SAMRC/NHLS/UCT Molecular Mycobacteriology Research Unit, DST/NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical TB Research, Department of Pathology and Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, South Africa
- Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, University of Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Digby F Warner
- SAMRC/NHLS/UCT Molecular Mycobacteriology Research Unit, DST/NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical TB Research, Department of Pathology and Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, South Africa
- Wellcome Centre for Infectious Disease Research in Africa, University of Cape Town, South Africa
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190
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Bahuguna A, Rawat DS. An overview of new antitubercular drugs, drug candidates, and their targets. Med Res Rev 2019; 40:263-292. [PMID: 31254295 DOI: 10.1002/med.21602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2018] [Revised: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 05/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The causative agent of tuberculosis (TB), Mycobacterium tuberculosis and more recently totally drug-resistant strains of M. tuberculosis, display unique mechanisms to survive in the host. A four-drug treatment regimen was introduced 40 years ago but the emergence of multidrug-resistance and more recently TDR necessitates the identification of new targets and drugs for the cure of M. tuberculosis infection. The current efforts in the drug development process are insufficient to completely eradicate the TB epidemic. For almost five decades the TB drug development process remained stagnant. The last 10 years have made sudden progress giving some new and highly promising drugs including bedaquiline, delamanid, and pretomanid. Many of the candidates are repurposed compounds, which were developed to treat other infections but later, exhibited anti-TB properties also. Each class of drug has a specific target and a definite mode of action. These targets are either involved in cell wall biosynthesis, protein synthesis, DNA/RNA synthesis, or metabolism. This review discusses recent progress in the discovery of newly developed and Food and Drug Administration approved drugs as well as repurposed drugs, their targets, mode of action, drug-target interactions, and their structure-activity relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Diwan S Rawat
- Department of Chemistry, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
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191
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Li X, Huang S, Yu T, Liang G, Liu H, Pu D, Peng N. MiR-140 modulates the inflammatory responses of Mycobacterium tuberculosis-infected macrophages by targeting TRAF6. J Cell Mol Med 2019; 23:5642-5653. [PMID: 31199066 PMCID: PMC6653720 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.14472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Revised: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to examine miR‐140 expression in clinical samples from tuberculosis (TB) patients and to explore the molecular mechanisms of miR‐140 in host‐bacterial interactions during Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M tb) infections. The miR‐140 expression and relevant mRNA expression were detected by quantitative real‐time PCR (qRT‐PCR); the protein expression levels were analysed by ELISA and western blot; M tb survival was measured by colony formation unit assay; potential interactions between miR‐140 and the 3′ untranslated region (UTR) of tumour necrosis factor receptor‐associated factor 6 (TRAF6) was confirmed by luciferase reporter assay. MiR‐140 was up‐regulated in the human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from TB patients and in THP‐1 and U937 cells with M tb infection. Overexpression of miR‐140 promoted M tb survival; on the other hand, miR‐140 knockdown attenuated M tb survival. The pro‐inflammatory cytokines including interleukin 6, tumour necrosis‐α, interleukin‐1β and interferon‐γ were enhanced by M tb infection in THP‐1 and U937 cells. MiR‐140 overexpression reduced these pro‐inflammatory cytokines levels in THP‐1 and U937 cells with M tb infection; while knockdown of miR‐140 exerted the opposite actions. TRAF6 was identified to be a downstream target of miR‐140 and was negatively modulated by miR‐140. TRAF6 overexpression increased the pro‐inflammatory cytokines levels and partially restored the suppressive effects of miR‐140 overexpression on pro‐inflammatory cytokines levels in THP‐1 and U937 cells with M tb infection. In conclusion, our results implied that miR‐140 promoted M tb survival and reduced the pro‐inflammatory cytokines levels in macrophages with M tb infection partially via modulating TRAF6 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofei Li
- School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an City, China.,Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Third People's Hospital of Kunming City, Kunming, China
| | - Shan Huang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Third People's Hospital of Kunming City, Kunming, China
| | - Tingting Yu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Third People's Hospital of Kunming City, Kunming, China
| | - Guiliang Liang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Third People's Hospital of Kunming City, Kunming, China
| | - Hongwei Liu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Third People's Hospital of Kunming City, Kunming, China
| | - Dong Pu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Third People's Hospital of Kunming City, Kunming, China
| | - Niancai Peng
- School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an City, China.,School of Mechanical Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an City, China
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192
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Migliori GB, Nardell E, Yedilbayev A, D'Ambrosio L, Centis R, Tadolini M, van den Boom M, Ehsani S, Sotgiu G, Dara M. Reducing tuberculosis transmission: a consensus document from the World Health Organization Regional Office for Europe. Eur Respir J 2019; 53:13993003.00391-2019. [PMID: 31023852 DOI: 10.1183/13993003.00391-2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Evidence-based guidance is needed on 1) how tuberculosis (TB) infectiousness evolves in response to effective treatment and 2) how the TB infection risk can be minimised to help countries to implement community-based, outpatient-based care.This document aims to 1) review the available evidence on how quickly TB infectiousness responds to effective treatment (and which factors can lower or boost infectiousness), 2) review policy options on the infectiousness of TB patients relevant to the World Health Organization European Region, 3) define limitations of the available evidence and 4) provide recommendations for further research.The consensus document aims to target all professionals dealing with TB (e.g TB specialists, pulmonologists, infectious disease specialists, primary healthcare professionals, and other clinical and public health professionals), as well as health staff working in settings where TB infection is prevalent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Battista Migliori
- Respiratory Diseases Clinical Epidemiology Unit, Clinical Scientific Institutes Maugeri, IRCCS, Tradate, Italy.,These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Edward Nardell
- Division of Global Health Equity, Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,These authors contributed equally to this work
| | | | | | - Rosella Centis
- Respiratory Diseases Clinical Epidemiology Unit, Clinical Scientific Institutes Maugeri, IRCCS, Tradate, Italy
| | - Marina Tadolini
- Dept of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Martin van den Boom
- Joint Tuberculosis, HIV and Viral Hepatitis Programme, WHO Regional Office for Europe, Copenhagen, Denmark.,These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Soudeh Ehsani
- Joint Tuberculosis, HIV and Viral Hepatitis Programme, WHO Regional Office for Europe, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Giovanni Sotgiu
- Clinical Epidemiology and Medical Statistics Unit, Dept of Medical, Surgical and Experimental Sciences, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy.,These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Masoud Dara
- Joint Tuberculosis, HIV and Viral Hepatitis Programme, WHO Regional Office for Europe, Copenhagen, Denmark
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193
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Xu P, Tang P, Song H, Zhao J, Chen H, Xue J, Zhai Y, Pang Y, Wu M. The incremental value of bronchoalveolar lavage for the diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis in a high-burden urban setting. J Infect 2019; 79:24-29. [PMID: 31100361 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinf.2019.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2019] [Revised: 04/14/2019] [Accepted: 05/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We prospectively evaluated the use of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) specimens to assess their added incremental value to pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) diagnostic strategies used currently in a high-burden urban setting in China. METHODS A prospective study was conducted of patients with presumptive pulmonary TB registered at the Fifth Hospital of Suzhou between March 2018 and July 2018. BALF samples from patients with initial Xpert-negative sputum results were tested to diagnose TB. RESULTS Of 440 participants, 316 (71.8%) were initially diagnosed with TB from sputum, including 245 (55.7%) definitive TB cases based on a positive culture and/or Xpert result(s) and 71 (16.1%) positive cases based on clinical diagnosis. Of 153 patients with initial positive cultures, a significantly higher proportion were confirmed as TB-positive using Xpert (94.1%) versus smear microscopy (45.8%, P < 0.01). Xpert testing of BALF from 182 Xpert-negative cases exhibited greater detection sensitivity (97.4%) than did smear microscopy (23.4%, P < 0.01). Meanwhile, 74.1% of TB patients initially diagnosed as TB-negative via smear microscopy were identified using Xpert testing of BALF at reduced diagnostic cost/patient (from USD 266.9 to 171.5). CONCLUSIONS BALF samples added incremental value to pulmonary TB diagnostic strategies for patients with Xpert-negative sputum. Xpert outperformed smear microscopy for tubercle bacilli detection in both sputum and BALF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Xu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Fifth People's Hospital of Suzhou, Infectious Disease Hospital Affiliated to Soochow University, No. 10, Guangqian Road, Xiangcheng District, Suzhou 215000, China; The Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity of Suzhou City, Suzhou, China
| | - Peijun Tang
- Department of Tuberculosis, The Fifth People's Hospital of Suzhou, Infectious Disease Hospital Affiliated to Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Huafeng Song
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Fifth People's Hospital of Suzhou, Infectious Disease Hospital Affiliated to Soochow University, No. 10, Guangqian Road, Xiangcheng District, Suzhou 215000, China; The Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity of Suzhou City, Suzhou, China
| | - Jing Zhao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Fifth People's Hospital of Suzhou, Infectious Disease Hospital Affiliated to Soochow University, No. 10, Guangqian Road, Xiangcheng District, Suzhou 215000, China; The Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity of Suzhou City, Suzhou, China
| | - Hui Chen
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Fifth People's Hospital of Suzhou, Infectious Disease Hospital Affiliated to Soochow University, No. 10, Guangqian Road, Xiangcheng District, Suzhou 215000, China; The Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity of Suzhou City, Suzhou, China
| | - Jing Xue
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Fifth People's Hospital of Suzhou, Infectious Disease Hospital Affiliated to Soochow University, No. 10, Guangqian Road, Xiangcheng District, Suzhou 215000, China; The Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity of Suzhou City, Suzhou, China
| | - Yunxia Zhai
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Fifth People's Hospital of Suzhou, Infectious Disease Hospital Affiliated to Soochow University, No. 10, Guangqian Road, Xiangcheng District, Suzhou 215000, China; The Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity of Suzhou City, Suzhou, China
| | - Yu Pang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Fifth People's Hospital of Suzhou, Infectious Disease Hospital Affiliated to Soochow University, No. 10, Guangqian Road, Xiangcheng District, Suzhou 215000, China; National Clinical Laboratory on Tuberculosis, Beijing Chest Hospital affiliated to Capital Medical University, Beijing Tuberculosis and Thoracic Tumor Research Institute, No 9, Beiguan Street, Tongzhou District, Beijing 101149, China.
| | - Meiying Wu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Fifth People's Hospital of Suzhou, Infectious Disease Hospital Affiliated to Soochow University, No. 10, Guangqian Road, Xiangcheng District, Suzhou 215000, China; The Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity of Suzhou City, Suzhou, China; Department of Tuberculosis, The Fifth People's Hospital of Suzhou, Infectious Disease Hospital Affiliated to Soochow University, Suzhou, China.
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194
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Xu J, Li SY, Almeida DV, Tasneen R, Barnes-Boyle K, Converse PJ, Upton AM, Mdluli K, Fotouhi N, Nuermberger EL. Contribution of Pretomanid to Novel Regimens Containing Bedaquiline with either Linezolid or Moxifloxacin and Pyrazinamide in Murine Models of Tuberculosis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2019; 63:e00021-19. [PMID: 30833432 PMCID: PMC6496099 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00021-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Novel regimens combining bedaquiline and pretomanid with either linezolid (BPaL regimen) or moxifloxacin and pyrazinamide (BPaMZ regimen) shorten the treatment duration needed to cure tuberculosis (TB) in BALB/c mice compared to that of the first-line regimen and have yielded promising results in initial clinical trials. However, the independent contribution of the investigational new drug pretomanid to the efficacy of BPaMZ has not been examined, and its contribution to BPaL has been examined only over the first 2 months of treatment. In the present study, the addition of pretomanid to BL increased bactericidal activity, prevented emergence of bedaquiline resistance, and shortened the duration needed to prevent relapse with drug-susceptible isolates by at least 2 months in BALB/c mice. Addition of pretomanid to bedaquiline, moxifloxacin, and pyrazinamide (BMZ) resulted in a 1-log10 greater CFU reduction after 1 month of treatment and/or reduced the number of mice relapsing in each of 2 experiments in BALB/c mice and in immunocompromised nude mice. Bedaquiline-resistant isolates were found at relapse in only one BMZ-treated nude mouse. Treatment of infection with a pyrazinamide-resistant mutant in BALB/c mice with BPaMZ prevented selection of bedaquiline-resistant mutants and reduced the proportion of mice relapsing compared to that for BMZ treatment alone. Among severely ill C3HeB/FeJ mice with caseous pneumonia and cavitation, BPaMZ increased median survival (≥60 versus 21 days) and reduced median lung CFU by 2.4 log10 at 1 month compared to the level for BMZ. In conclusion, in 3 different mouse models, pretomanid contributed significantly to the efficacy of the BPaMZ and BPaL regimens, including restricting the selection of bedaquiline-resistant mutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Xu
- Center for Tuberculosis Research, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Resistance Tuberculosis Research, Beijing Tuberculosis and Thoracic Tumor Research Institute, and Beijing Chest Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Si-Yang Li
- Center for Tuberculosis Research, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Deepak V Almeida
- Center for Tuberculosis Research, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Rokeya Tasneen
- Center for Tuberculosis Research, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Kala Barnes-Boyle
- Center for Tuberculosis Research, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Paul J Converse
- Center for Tuberculosis Research, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Anna M Upton
- Global Alliance for Tuberculosis Drug Development, New York, New York, USA
| | - Khisimuzi Mdluli
- Global Alliance for Tuberculosis Drug Development, New York, New York, USA
| | - Nader Fotouhi
- Global Alliance for Tuberculosis Drug Development, New York, New York, USA
| | - Eric L Nuermberger
- Center for Tuberculosis Research, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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195
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Kendall EA, Sahu S, Pai M, Fox GJ, Varaine F, Cox H, Cegielski JP, Mabote L, Vassall A, Dowdy DW. What will it take to eliminate drug-resistant tuberculosis? Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 2019; 23:535-546. [PMID: 31097060 PMCID: PMC6600801 DOI: 10.5588/ijtld.18.0217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Drug-resistant tuberculosis (DR-TB) is challenging to diagnose, treat, and prevent, but this situation is slowly changing. If the world is to drastically reduce the incidence of DR-TB, we must stop creating new DR-TB as an essential first step. The DR-TB epidemic that is ongoing should also be directly addressed. First-line drug resistance must be rapidly detected using universal molecular testing for resistance to at least rifampin and, preferably, other key drugs at initial TB diagnosis. DR-TB treatment outcomes must also improve dramatically. Effective use of currently available, new, and repurposed drugs, combined with patient-centered treatment that aids adherence and reduces catastrophic costs, are essential. Innovations within sight, such as short, highly effective, broadly indicated regimens, paired with point-of-care drug susceptibility testing, could accelerate progress in treatment outcomes. Preventing or containing resistance to second-line and novel drugs is also critical and will require high-quality systems for diagnosis, regimen selection, and treatment monitoring. Finally, earlier detection and/or prevention of DR-TB is necessary, with particular attention to airborne infection control, case finding, and preventive therapy for contacts of patients with DR-TB. Implementing these strategies can overcome the barrier that DR-TB represents for global TB elimination efforts, and could ultimately make global elimination of DR-TB (fewer than one annual case per million population worldwide) attainable. There is a strong cost-effectiveness case to support pursuing DR-TB elimination; however, achieving this goal will require substantial global investment plus political and societal commitment at national and local levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- E A Kendall
- Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - S Sahu
- Stop TB Partnership, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - M Pai
- McGill International TB Center, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - G J Fox
- Central Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - F Varaine
- Médecins Sans Frontières, Paris, France
| | - H Cox
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; **Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | | | - L Mabote
- AIDS and Rights Alliance for Southern Africa, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - A Vassall
- London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - D W Dowdy
- Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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196
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Arandjelovic P, Doerflinger M, Pellegrini M. Current and emerging therapies to combat persistent intracellular pathogens. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2019; 48:33-39. [PMID: 31051429 DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2019.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Revised: 03/03/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Intracellular pathogens such as HIV, hepatitis B virus, and Mycobacterium tuberculosis are responsible for millions of deaths worldwide and represent major obstacles to global health. Current treatment options have improved patient outcomes and extended life-expectancy in many countries; however, challenges such as latency, drug-resistance, and inflammatory pathology have necessitated advancements in curative strategies which go beyond the traditional antimicrobial focus. This review highlights recent advances in host-directed therapies to eradicate intracellular pathogens or augment the endogenous immune response by targeting host cell pathways. The 'kick and kill' strategy for HIV latency, adjunct immunomodulatory compounds for tuberculosis, and pro-apoptotic small-molecule inhibitors in the case of chronic Hepatitis B are promising examples of host-directed therapies that signal a paradigm shift in treatment and management of chronic infectious disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip Arandjelovic
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Marcel Doerflinger
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Marc Pellegrini
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.
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197
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Prabowo SA, Painter H, Zelmer A, Smith SG, Seifert K, Amat M, Cardona PJ, Fletcher HA. RUTI Vaccination Enhances Inhibition of Mycobacterial Growth ex vivo and Induces a Shift of Monocyte Phenotype in Mice. Front Immunol 2019; 10:894. [PMID: 31114572 PMCID: PMC6503078 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is a major global health problem and there is a dire need for an improved treatment. A strategy to combine vaccination with drug treatment, termed therapeutic vaccination, is expected to provide benefit in shortening treatment duration and augmenting treatment success rate. RUTI candidate vaccine has been specifically developed as a therapeutic vaccine for TB. The vaccine is shown to reduce bacillary load when administered after chemotherapy in murine and guinea pig models, and is also immunogenic when given to healthy adults and individuals with latent TB. In the absence of a validated correlate of vaccine-induced protection for TB vaccine testing, mycobacterial growth inhibition assay (MGIA) has been developed as a comprehensive tool to evaluate vaccine potency ex vivo. In this study, we investigated the potential of RUTI vaccine to control mycobacterial growth ex vivo and demonstrated the capacity of MGIA to aid the identification of essential immune mechanism. We found an association between the peak response of vaccine-induced growth inhibition and a shift in monocyte phenotype following RUTI vaccination in healthy mice. The vaccination significantly increased the frequency of non-classical Ly6C− monocytes in the spleen after two doses of RUTI. Furthermore, mRNA expressions of Ly6C−-related transcripts (Nr4a1, Itgax, Pparg, Bcl2) were upregulated at the peak vaccine response. This is the first time the impact of RUTI has been assessed on monocyte phenotype. Given that non-classical Ly6C− monocytes are considered to play an anti-inflammatory role, our findings in conjunction with previous studies have demonstrated that RUTI could induce a balanced immune response, promoting an effective cell-mediated response whilst at the same time limiting excessive inflammation. On the other hand, the impact of RUTI on non-classical monocytes could also reflect its impact on trained innate immunity which warrants further investigation. In summary, we have demonstrated a novel mechanism of action of the RUTI vaccine, which suggests the importance of a balanced M1/M2 monocyte function in controlling mycobacterial infection. The MGIA could be used as a screening tool for therapeutic TB vaccine candidates and may aid the development of therapeutic vaccination regimens for TB in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satria A Prabowo
- Department of Immunology and Infection, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom.,Tuberculosis Centre, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Hannah Painter
- Department of Immunology and Infection, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom.,Tuberculosis Centre, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Andrea Zelmer
- Department of Immunology and Infection, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom.,Tuberculosis Centre, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Steven G Smith
- Department of Immunology and Infection, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom.,Tuberculosis Centre, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Karin Seifert
- Department of Immunology and Infection, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Pere-Joan Cardona
- Experimental Tuberculosis Unit (UTE), Fundació Institut Germans Trias i Pujol (IGTP), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Badalona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red (CIBER) de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Madrid, Spain
| | - Helen A Fletcher
- Department of Immunology and Infection, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom.,Tuberculosis Centre, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
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198
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Braesel J, Lee JH, Arnould B, Murphy BT, Eustáquio AS. Diazaquinomycin Biosynthetic Gene Clusters from Marine and Freshwater Actinomycetes. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2019; 82:937-946. [PMID: 30896942 PMCID: PMC6902439 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.8b01028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Tuberculosis is an infectious disease of global concern. Members of the diazaquinomycin (DAQ) class of natural products have shown potent and selective activity against drug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis. However, poor solubility has prevented further development of this compound class. Understanding DAQ biosynthesis may provide a viable route for the generation of derivatives with improved properties. We have sequenced the genomes of two actinomycete bacteria that produce distinct DAQ derivatives. While software tools for automated biosynthetic gene cluster (BGC) prediction failed to detect DAQ BGCs, comparative genomics using MAUVE alignment led to the identification of putative BGCs in the marine Streptomyces sp. F001 and in the freshwater Micromonospora sp. B006. Deletion of the identified daq BGC in strain B006 using CRISPR-Cas9 genome editing abolished DAQ production, providing experimental evidence for BGC assignment. A complete model for DAQ biosynthesis is proposed based on the genes identified. Insufficient knowledge of natural product biosynthesis is one of the major challenges of productive genome mining approaches. The results reported here fill a gap in knowledge regarding the genetic basis for the biosynthesis of DAQ antibiotics. Moreover, identification of the daq BGC shall enable future generations of improved derivatives using biosynthetic methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Braesel
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy and Center for Biomolecular Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607, USA
| | - Jung-Ho Lee
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy and Center for Biomolecular Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607, USA
| | - Benoit Arnould
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy and Center for Biomolecular Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607, USA
| | - Brian T. Murphy
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy and Center for Biomolecular Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607, USA
| | - Alessandra S. Eustáquio
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy and Center for Biomolecular Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607, USA
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199
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In Vitro and In Vivo Activities of the Riminophenazine TBI-166 against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2019; 63:AAC.02155-18. [PMID: 30782992 DOI: 10.1128/aac.02155-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2018] [Accepted: 02/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The riminophenazine agent clofazimine (CFZ) is repurposed as an important component of the new short-course multidrug-resistant tuberculosis regimen and significantly shortens first-line regimen for drug-susceptible tuberculosis in mice. However, CFZ use is hampered by its unwelcome skin discoloration in patients. A new riminophenazine analog, TBI-166, was selected as a potential next-generation antituberculosis riminophenazine following an extensive medicinal chemistry effort. Here, we evaluated the activity of TBI-166 against Mycobacterium tuberculosis and its potential to accumulate and discolor skin. The in vitro activity of TBI-166 against both drug-sensitive and drug-resistant M. tuberculosis is more potent than that of CFZ. Spontaneous mutants resistant to TBI-166 were found at a frequency of 2.3 × 10-7 in wild strains of M. tuberculosis TBI-166 demonstrates activity at least equivalent to that of CFZ against intracellular M. tuberculosis and in low-dose aerosol infection models of acute and chronic murine tuberculosis. Most importantly, TBI-166 causes less skin discoloration than does CFZ despite its higher tissue accumulation. The efficacy of TBI-166, along with its decreased skin pigmentation, warrants further study and potential clinical use.
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200
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Nzungize L, Ali MK, Wang X, Huang X, Yang W, Duan X, Yan S, Li C, Abdalla AE, Jeyakkumar P, Xie J. Mycobacterium tuberculosis metC (Rv3340) derived hydrogen sulphide conferring bacteria stress survival. J Drug Target 2019; 27:1004-1016. [DOI: 10.1080/1061186x.2019.1579820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lambert Nzungize
- Institute of Modern Biopharmaceuticals, State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Eco-Environment and Bio-Resource of the Three Gorges Area, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Md Kaisar Ali
- Institute of Modern Biopharmaceuticals, State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Eco-Environment and Bio-Resource of the Three Gorges Area, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaoyu Wang
- Institute of Modern Biopharmaceuticals, State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Eco-Environment and Bio-Resource of the Three Gorges Area, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xue Huang
- Institute of Modern Biopharmaceuticals, State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Eco-Environment and Bio-Resource of the Three Gorges Area, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Wenmin Yang
- Institute of Modern Biopharmaceuticals, State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Eco-Environment and Bio-Resource of the Three Gorges Area, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiangke Duan
- Institute of Modern Biopharmaceuticals, State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Eco-Environment and Bio-Resource of the Three Gorges Area, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Shuangquan Yan
- Institute of Modern Biopharmaceuticals, State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Eco-Environment and Bio-Resource of the Three Gorges Area, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Chunyan Li
- Institute of Modern Biopharmaceuticals, State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Eco-Environment and Bio-Resource of the Three Gorges Area, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Abualgasim Elgaili Abdalla
- Institute of Modern Biopharmaceuticals, State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Eco-Environment and Bio-Resource of the Three Gorges Area, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, College of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Omdurman, Islamic University, Omdurman, Sudan
| | - Ponmani Jeyakkumar
- Institute of Bioorganic and Medical Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Applied Chemistry of Chongqing Municipality, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jianping Xie
- Institute of Modern Biopharmaceuticals, State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Eco-Environment and Bio-Resource of the Three Gorges Area, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
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