151
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Organic and perovskite solar cells: Working principles, materials and interfaces. J Colloid Interface Sci 2016; 488:373-389. [PMID: 27871725 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2016.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Revised: 11/04/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
In the last decades organic solar cells (OSCs) have been considered as a promising photovoltaic technology with the potential to provide reasonable power conversion efficiencies combined with low cost and easy processability. Unexpectedly, Perovskite Solar Cells (PSCs) have experienced unprecedented rise in Power Conversion Efficiency (PCE) thus emerging as a highly efficient photovoltaic technology. OSCs and PSCs are two different kind of devices with distinct charge generation mechanism, which however share some similarities in the materials processing, thus standard strategies developed for OSCs are currently being employed in PSCs. In this article, we recapitulate the main processes in these two types of photovoltaic technologies with an emphasis on interfacial processes and interfacial modification, spotlighting the materials and newest approaches in the interfacial engineering. We discuss on the relevance of well-known materials coming from the OSCs field, which are now being tested in the PSCs field, while maintaining a focus on the importance of the material design for highly efficient, stable and accessible solar cells.
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152
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Ahn N, Kwak K, Jang MS, Yoon H, Lee BY, Lee JK, Pikhitsa PV, Byun J, Choi M. Trapped charge-driven degradation of perovskite solar cells. Nat Commun 2016; 7:13422. [PMID: 27830709 PMCID: PMC5110646 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms13422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2016] [Accepted: 09/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Perovskite solar cells have shown unprecedent performance increase up to 22% efficiency. However, their photovoltaic performance has shown fast deterioration under light illumination in the presence of humid air even with encapulation. The stability of perovskite materials has been unsolved and its mechanism has been elusive. Here we uncover a mechanism for irreversible degradation of perovskite materials in which trapped charges, regardless of the polarity, play a decisive role. An experimental setup using different polarity ions revealed that the moisture-induced irreversible dissociation of perovskite materials is triggered by charges trapped along grain boundaries. We also identified the synergetic effect of oxygen on the process of moisture-induced degradation. The deprotonation of organic cations by trapped charge-induced local electric field would be attributed to the initiation of irreversible decomposition. Improving the stability of perovskite solar cells remains crucial. Here, Ahn et al. show that trapped charges at grain boundaries induce the dissociation of the perovskite compound in the presence of moisture, and explain why degradation is irreversible under illumination and reversible in the dark.
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Affiliation(s)
- Namyoung Ahn
- Global Frontier Center for Multiscale Energy Systems, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea.,Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Seoul National University, Shinlimdong, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Kwisung Kwak
- Global Frontier Center for Multiscale Energy Systems, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea.,Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Seoul National University, Shinlimdong, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Min Seok Jang
- School of Electrical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Heetae Yoon
- Global Frontier Center for Multiscale Energy Systems, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea.,Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Seoul National University, Shinlimdong, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Byung Yang Lee
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea
| | - Jong-Kwon Lee
- Global Frontier Center for Multiscale Energy Systems, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Peter V Pikhitsa
- Global Frontier Center for Multiscale Energy Systems, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Junseop Byun
- Global Frontier Center for Multiscale Energy Systems, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea.,Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Seoul National University, Shinlimdong, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Mansoo Choi
- Global Frontier Center for Multiscale Energy Systems, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea.,Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Seoul National University, Shinlimdong, Seoul 08826, Korea
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153
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154
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Kumar S, Jagielski J, Yakunin S, Rice P, Chiu YC, Wang M, Nedelcu G, Kim Y, Lin S, Santos EJG, Kovalenko MV, Shih CJ. Efficient Blue Electroluminescence Using Quantum-Confined Two-Dimensional Perovskites. ACS NANO 2016; 10:9720-9729. [PMID: 27684448 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.6b05775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Solution-processed hybrid organic-inorganic lead halide perovskites are emerging as one of the most promising candidates for low-cost light-emitting diodes (LEDs). However, due to a small exciton binding energy, it is not yet possible to achieve an efficient electroluminescence within the blue wavelength region at room temperature, as is necessary for full-spectrum light sources. Here, we demonstrate efficient blue LEDs based on the colloidal, quantum-confined 2D perovskites, with precisely controlled stacking down to one-unit-cell thickness (n = 1). A variety of low-k organic host compounds are used to disperse the 2D perovskites, effectively creating a matrix of the dielectric quantum wells, which significantly boosts the exciton binding energy by the dielectric confinement effect. Through the Förster resonance energy transfer, the excitons down-convert and recombine radiatively in the 2D perovskites. We report room-temperature pure green (n = 7-10), sky blue (n = 5), pure blue (n = 3), and deep blue (n = 1) electroluminescence, with record-high external quantum efficiencies in the green-to-blue wavelength region.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Peter Rice
- School of Mathematics and Physics, Queen's University Belfast , Belfast BT7 1NN, North Ireland, United Kingdom
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Queen's University Belfast , Belfast BT9 5AL, United Kingdom
| | - Yu-Cheng Chiu
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Yuan Ze University , Taoyuan 320, Taiwan
| | - Mingchao Wang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science & Engineering Program, Florida State University , Tallahassee, Florida 32310, United States
| | | | - Yeongin Kim
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University , Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Shangchao Lin
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science & Engineering Program, Florida State University , Tallahassee, Florida 32310, United States
| | - Elton J G Santos
- School of Mathematics and Physics, Queen's University Belfast , Belfast BT7 1NN, North Ireland, United Kingdom
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Queen's University Belfast , Belfast BT9 5AL, United Kingdom
| | - Maksym V Kovalenko
- Empa - Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology , CH-8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
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155
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Semonin OE, Elbaz GA, Straus DB, Hull TD, Paley DW, van der Zande AM, Hone JC, Kymissis I, Kagan CR, Roy X, Owen JS. Limits of Carrier Diffusion in n-Type and p-Type CH3NH3PbI3 Perovskite Single Crystals. J Phys Chem Lett 2016; 7:3510-3518. [PMID: 27525491 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.6b01308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Arend M van der Zande
- Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | | | | | - Cherie R Kagan
- Department of Electrical and Systems Engineering, ⊗Department of Material Science and Engineering, and #Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
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156
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Even J, Pedesseau L, Sapori D, Rolland A, Kepenekian M, Katan C. Electronic Properties of Metal Halide Perovskites. UNCONVENTIONAL THIN FILM PHOTOVOLTAICS 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/9781782624066-00202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
This chapter summarizes our current understanding of the electronic properties and related excitations of metal-halide perovskites with particular reference to concept and tools already well deployed in the field of conventional semiconductors and optoelectronics, including the intensive use of group theory. This helps to bring out the most distinctive features that make hybrid, and to a less extend all-inorganic metal-halide perovskites, a new and distinct class of semiconductors. The pseudocubic phase serves as a reference structure and many effects, such as strain, phase transitions, relativistic effects, local distortions due to the organic cations, loss of inversion symmetry, etc., can be considered as perturbations to this reference. Brillouin zone folding is shown to afford a simple yet effective tool to unravel the apparent complexity of electronic properties. The importance of spin–orbit coupling is particularly emphasized as it has a dramatic influence not only through its strength but also by alteration of the symmetry selection rules. Issues related to the nature of electronic excitation and charge carriers, as well as their possible coupling to atomic collective (phonons) or localized (polaron) modes are discussed, as well as non-radiative Auger effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacky Even
- Fonctions Optiques pour les Technologies de l'Information, FOTON UMR 6082, CNRS INSA de Rennes 35708 Rennes France
| | - Laurent Pedesseau
- Fonctions Optiques pour les Technologies de l'Information, FOTON UMR 6082, CNRS INSA de Rennes 35708 Rennes France
| | - Daniel Sapori
- Fonctions Optiques pour les Technologies de l'Information, FOTON UMR 6082, CNRS INSA de Rennes 35708 Rennes France
| | - Alain Rolland
- Fonctions Optiques pour les Technologies de l'Information, FOTON UMR 6082, CNRS INSA de Rennes 35708 Rennes France
| | - Mikaël Kepenekian
- Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes, ISCR UMR 6226, CNRS Université de Rennes 1 35042 Rennes France
| | - Claudine Katan
- Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes, ISCR UMR 6226, CNRS Université de Rennes 1 35042 Rennes France
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157
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Bisquert J, Garcia-Belmonte G, Mora-Sero I. Characterization of Capacitance, Transport and Recombination Parameters in Hybrid Perovskite and Organic Solar Cells. UNCONVENTIONAL THIN FILM PHOTOVOLTAICS 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/9781782624066-00057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The application of small perturbation frequency techniques to solar cells provides a great deal of information in terms of capacitive and resistive processes that are related to the photophysical mechanisms that lie at the basis of the photovoltaic operation. These methods can be exhaustively exploited to determine bulk and contact effects in the solar cells, and henceforth improve and optimize materials and interfaces. For photovoltaic devices, the main effects of interest in impedance spectroscopy are the capacitive charge storage and the resistive processes of transport and recombination. The combination of these parameters provides important information about properties such as conductivity, diffusion length and carrier lifetime. In this chapter, we provide an extensive review of the present status of knowledge about these aspects of solar cell operation for organic solar cells and hybrid organic–inorganic perovskite solar cells. We describe an exhaustive characterization of capacitive processes, including dielectric relaxation processes, and examine the interpretation of transport and recombination based on a variety of experimental techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Bisquert
- Institute of Advanced Materials (INAM) Universitat Jaume I 12006 Castelló Spain
| | | | - Ivan Mora-Sero
- Institute of Advanced Materials (INAM) Universitat Jaume I 12006 Castelló Spain
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158
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Yi HT, Wu X, Zhu X, Podzorov V. Intrinsic Charge Transport across Phase Transitions in Hybrid Organo-Inorganic Perovskites. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2016; 28:6509-6514. [PMID: 27185304 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201600011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2016] [Revised: 04/21/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Hall effect measurements in CH3 NH3 PbBr3 single crystals reveal that the charge-carrier mobility follows an inverse-temperature power-law dependence, μ ∝ T(-) (γ) , with the power exponent γ = 1.4 ± 0.1 in the cubic phase, indicating an acoustic-phonon-dominated carrier scattering, and γ = 0.5 ± 0.1 in the tetragonal phase, suggesting another dominant mechanism, such as a piezoelectric or space-charge scattering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hee Taek Yi
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
| | - Xiaoxi Wu
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA
| | - Xiaoyang Zhu
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA
| | - Vitaly Podzorov
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
- Institute for Advanced Materials, Devices and Nanotechnology (IAMDN), Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
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159
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Sewvandi GA, Kodera K, Ma H, Nakanishi S, Feng Q. Antiferroelectric Nature of CH3NH3PbI3-xClx Perovskite and Its Implication for Charge Separation in Perovskite Solar Cells. Sci Rep 2016; 6:30680. [PMID: 27468802 PMCID: PMC4965787 DOI: 10.1038/srep30680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2016] [Accepted: 07/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have been attracted scientific interest due to high performance. Some researchers have suggested anomalous behavior of PSCs to the polarizations due to the ion migration or ferroelectric behavior. Experimental results and theoretical calculations have suggested the possibility of ferroelectricity in organic-inorganic perovskite. However, still no studies have been concretely discarded the ferroelectric nature of perovskite absorbers in PSCs. Hysteresis of P-E (polarization-electric field) loops is an important evidence to confirm the ferroelectricity. In this study, P-E loop measurements, in-depth structural study, analyses of dielectric behavior and the phase transitions of CH3NH3PbI3−xClx perovskite were carried out and investigated. The results suggest that CH3NH3PbI3−xClx perovskite is in an antiferroelectric phase at room temperature. The antiferroelectric phase can be switched to ferroelectric phase by the poling treatment and exhibits ferroelectric-like hysteresis P-E loops and dielectric behavior around room temperature; namely, the perovskite can generate a ferroelectric polarization under PSCs operating conditions. Furthermore, we also discuss the implications of ferroelectric polarization on PSCs charge separation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Galhenage A Sewvandi
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Moratuwa, Katubedda, SriLanka.,Department of Advanced Materials Science, Faculty of Engineering, Kagawa University, 2217-20 Hayashi-cho, Takamatsu 761-0396, Japan
| | - Kei Kodera
- Department of Advanced Materials Science, Faculty of Engineering, Kagawa University, 2217-20 Hayashi-cho, Takamatsu 761-0396, Japan
| | - Hao Ma
- Department of Advanced Materials Science, Faculty of Engineering, Kagawa University, 2217-20 Hayashi-cho, Takamatsu 761-0396, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Nakanishi
- Department of Advanced Materials Science, Faculty of Engineering, Kagawa University, 2217-20 Hayashi-cho, Takamatsu 761-0396, Japan
| | - Qi Feng
- Department of Advanced Materials Science, Faculty of Engineering, Kagawa University, 2217-20 Hayashi-cho, Takamatsu 761-0396, Japan
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160
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Zhu HL, Cheng J, Zhang D, Liang C, Reckmeier CJ, Huang H, Rogach AL, Choy WCH. Room-Temperature Solution-Processed NiOx:PbI2 Nanocomposite Structures for Realizing High-Performance Perovskite Photodetectors. ACS NANO 2016; 10:6808-6815. [PMID: 27340899 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.6b02425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
While methylammonium lead iodide (MAPbI3) with interesting properties, such as a direct band gap, high and well-balanced electron/hole mobilities, as well as long electron/hole diffusion length, is a potential candidate to become the light absorbers in photodetectors, the challenges for realizing efficient perovskite photodetectors are to suppress dark current, to increase linear dynamic range, and to achieve high specific detectivity and fast response speed. Here, we demonstrate NiOx:PbI2 nanocomposite structures, which can offer dual roles of functioning as an efficient hole extraction layer and favoring the formation of high-quality MAPbI3 to address these challenges. We introduce a room-temperature solution process to form the NiOx:PbI2 nanocomposite structures. The nanocomposite structures facilitate the growth of the compact and ordered MAPbI3 crystalline films, which is essential for efficient photodetectors. Furthermore, the nanocomposite structures work as an effective hole extraction layer, which provides a large electron injection barrier and favorable hole extraction as well as passivates the surface of the perovskite, leading to suppressed dark current and enhanced photocurrent. By optimizing the NiOx:PbI2 nanocomposite structures, a low dark current density of 2 × 10(-10) A/cm(2) at -200 mV and a large linear dynamic range of 112 dB are achieved. Meanwhile, a high responsivity in the visible spectral range of 450-750 nm, a large measured specific detectivity approaching 10(13) Jones, and a fast fall time of 168 ns are demonstrated. The high-performance perovskite photodetectors demonstrated here offer a promising candidate for low-cost and high-performance near-ultraviolet-visible photodetection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugh Lu Zhu
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Hong Kong , Pokfulam, Hong Kong, SAR China
| | - Jiaqi Cheng
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Hong Kong , Pokfulam, Hong Kong, SAR China
| | - Di Zhang
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Hong Kong , Pokfulam, Hong Kong, SAR China
- Department of Sustainable and Renewable Energy Engineering, University of Sharjah , Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Chunjun Liang
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Hong Kong , Pokfulam, Hong Kong, SAR China
| | - Claas J Reckmeier
- Department of Physics and Materials Science and Centre for Functional Photonics (CFP), City University of Hong Kong , Kowloon, Hong Kong, SAR China
| | - He Huang
- Department of Physics and Materials Science and Centre for Functional Photonics (CFP), City University of Hong Kong , Kowloon, Hong Kong, SAR China
| | - Andrey L Rogach
- Department of Physics and Materials Science and Centre for Functional Photonics (CFP), City University of Hong Kong , Kowloon, Hong Kong, SAR China
| | - Wallace C H Choy
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Hong Kong , Pokfulam, Hong Kong, SAR China
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161
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Jia Y, Kerner RA, Grede AJ, Brigeman AN, Rand BP, Giebink NC. Diode-Pumped Organo-Lead Halide Perovskite Lasing in a Metal-Clad Distributed Feedback Resonator. NANO LETTERS 2016; 16:4624-9. [PMID: 27331618 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.6b01946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Organic-inorganic lead halide perovskite semiconductors have recently reignited the prospect of a tunable, solution-processed diode laser, which has the potential to impact a wide range of optoelectronic applications. Here, we demonstrate a metal-clad, second-order distributed feedback methylammonium lead iodide perovskite laser that marks a significant step toward this goal. Optically pumping this device with an InGaN diode laser at low temperature, we achieve lasing above a threshold pump intensity of 5 kW/cm(2) for durations up to ∼25 ns at repetition rates exceeding 2 MHz. We show that the lasing duration is not limited by thermal runaway and propose instead that lasing ceases under continuous pumping due to a photoinduced structural change in the perovskite that reduces the gain on a submicrosecond time scale. Our results indicate that the architecture demonstrated here could provide the foundation for electrically pumped lasing with a threshold current density Jth < 5 kA/cm(2) under sub-20 ns pulsed drive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yufei Jia
- Department of Electrical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University , University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Ross A Kerner
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Andlinger Center for Energy and the Environment, Princeton University , Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Alex J Grede
- Department of Electrical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University , University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Alyssa N Brigeman
- Department of Electrical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University , University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Barry P Rand
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Andlinger Center for Energy and the Environment, Princeton University , Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Noel C Giebink
- Department of Electrical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University , University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
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162
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Xu W, Liu L, Yang L, Shen P, Sun B, McLeod JA. Dissociation of Methylammonium Cations in Hybrid Organic-Inorganic Perovskite Solar Cells. NANO LETTERS 2016; 16:4720-5. [PMID: 27337149 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.6b02307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Organic-inorganic lead perovskites have shown great promise as photovoltaic materials, and within this class of materials (CH3NH3)PbI3-xClx is of particular interest. Herein we use soft X-ray spectroscopy and density functional theory calculations to demonstrate that the methylammonium cations in a typical photovoltaic layer may dissociate into a metastable arrangement of CH3I-Pb2 defects and trapped NH3. The possibility that other metastable configurations of the organic components in (CH3NH3)PbI3-xClx is rarely considered but adds an entirely new dimension in understanding the charge trapping, ionic transport, and structural degradation mechanisms in these materials. Understanding the influence of these other configurations is of critical importance for further improving the performance of these photovoltaics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weidong Xu
- Institute of Functional Nano and Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials and Devices, Soochow University , Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123 China
| | - Lijia Liu
- Institute of Functional Nano and Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials and Devices, Soochow University , Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123 China
| | - Linju Yang
- Institute of Functional Nano and Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials and Devices, Soochow University , Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123 China
| | - Pengfei Shen
- Institute of Functional Nano and Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials and Devices, Soochow University , Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123 China
| | - Baoquan Sun
- Institute of Functional Nano and Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials and Devices, Soochow University , Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123 China
| | - John A McLeod
- Institute of Functional Nano and Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials and Devices, Soochow University , Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123 China
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163
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Pydzińska K, Karolczak J, Kosta I, Tena-Zaera R, Todinova A, Idígoras J, Anta JA, Ziółek M. Determination of Interfacial Charge-Transfer Rate Constants in Perovskite Solar Cells. CHEMSUSCHEM 2016; 9:1647-1659. [PMID: 27253726 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201600210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2016] [Revised: 04/28/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
A simple protocol to study the dynamics of charge transfer to selective contacts in perovskite solar cells, based on time-resolved laser spectroscopy studies, in which the effect of bimolecular electron-hole recombination has been eliminated, is proposed. Through the proposed procedure, the interfacial charge-transfer rate constants from methylammonium lead iodide perovskite to different contact materials can be determined. Hole transfer is faster for CuSCN (rate constant 0.20 ns(-1) ) than that for 2,2',7,7'-tetrakis-(N,N-di-4-methoxyphenylamino)-9,9'-spirobifluorene (spiro-OMeTAD; 0.06 ns(-1) ), and electron transfer is faster for mesoporous (0.11 ns(-1) ) than that for compact (0.02 ns(-1) ) TiO2 layers. Despite more rapid charge separation, the photovoltaic performance of CuSCN cells is worse than that of spiro-OMeTAD cells; this is explained by faster charge recombination in CuSCN cells, as revealed by impedance spectroscopy. The proposed direction of studies should be one of the key strategies to explore efficient hole-selective contacts as an alternative to spiro-OMeTAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Pydzińska
- Quantum Electronics Laboratory, Faculty of Physics, Adam Mickiewicz University, Umultowska 85, 61-614, Poznań, Poland
| | - Jerzy Karolczak
- Quantum Electronics Laboratory, Faculty of Physics, Adam Mickiewicz University, Umultowska 85, 61-614, Poznań, Poland
- Center for Ultrafast Laser Spectroscopy, Adam Mickiewicz University, Umultowska 85, 61-614, Poznań, Poland
| | - Ivet Kosta
- Materials Division, IK4-CIDETEC, Parque Tecnológico de San Sebastián, Paseo Miramón, 196, Donostia-San Sebastián, 20009, Spain
| | - Ramon Tena-Zaera
- Materials Division, IK4-CIDETEC, Parque Tecnológico de San Sebastián, Paseo Miramón, 196, Donostia-San Sebastián, 20009, Spain
| | - Anna Todinova
- Nanostructured Solar Cells Group, Department of Physical, Chemical and Natural Systems, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Ctra. Utrera, km 1, ES-41013, Seville, Spain
| | - Jesus Idígoras
- Nanostructured Solar Cells Group, Department of Physical, Chemical and Natural Systems, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Ctra. Utrera, km 1, ES-41013, Seville, Spain
| | - Juan A Anta
- Nanostructured Solar Cells Group, Department of Physical, Chemical and Natural Systems, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Ctra. Utrera, km 1, ES-41013, Seville, Spain
| | - Marcin Ziółek
- Quantum Electronics Laboratory, Faculty of Physics, Adam Mickiewicz University, Umultowska 85, 61-614, Poznań, Poland.
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164
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Neukirch AJ, Nie W, Blancon JC, Appavoo K, Tsai H, Sfeir MY, Katan C, Pedesseau L, Even J, Crochet JJ, Gupta G, Mohite AD, Tretiak S. Polaron Stabilization by Cooperative Lattice Distortion and Cation Rotations in Hybrid Perovskite Materials. NANO LETTERS 2016; 16:3809-16. [PMID: 27224519 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.6b01218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Solution-processed organometallic perovskites have rapidly developed into a top candidate for the active layer of photovoltaic devices. Despite the remarkable progress associated with perovskite materials, many questions about the fundamental photophysical processes taking place in these devices, remain open. High on the list of unexplained phenomena are very modest mobilities despite low charge carrier effective masses. Moreover, experiments elucidate unique degradation of photocurrent affecting stable operation of perovskite solar cells. These puzzles suggest that, while ionic hybrid perovskite devices may have efficiencies on par with conventional Si and GaAs devices, they exhibit more complicated charge transport phenomena. Here we report the results from an in-depth computational study of small polaron formation, electronic structure, charge density, and reorganization energies using both periodic boundary conditions and isolated structures. Using the hybrid density functional theory, we found that volumetric strain in a CsPbI3 cluster creates a polaron with binding energy of around 300 and 900 meV for holes and electrons, respectively. In the MAPbI3 (MA = CH3NH3) cluster, both volumetric strain and MA reorientation effects lead to larger binding energies at around 600 and 1300 meV for holes and electrons, respectively. Such large reorganization energies suggest appearance of small polarons in organometallic perovskite materials. The fact that both volumetric lattice strain and MA molecular rotational degrees of freedom can cooperate to create and stabilize polarons indicates that in order to mitigate this problem, formamidinium (FA = HC(NH2)2) and cesium (Cs) based crystals and alloys, are potentially better materials for solar cell and other optoelectronic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda J Neukirch
- Theoretical Physics and Chemistry of Materials, Los Alamos National Laboratory , Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
| | - Wanyi Nie
- Materials Physics and Application, Los Alamos National Laboratory , Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
| | - Jean-Christophe Blancon
- Physical Chemistry and Applied Spectroscopy Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory , Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
| | - Kannatassen Appavoo
- Center for Functional Nanomaterials, Brookhaven National Laboratory , Upton, New York 11973, United States
| | - Hsinhan Tsai
- Materials Physics and Application, Los Alamos National Laboratory , Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
| | - Matthew Y Sfeir
- Center for Functional Nanomaterials, Brookhaven National Laboratory , Upton, New York 11973, United States
| | - Claudine Katan
- Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes, ISCR, CNRS , Université de Rennes 1, 35042 Rennes, France
| | - Laurent Pedesseau
- Fonctions Optiques pour les Technologies de l'Information, FOTON UMR 6082, CNRS, INSA de Rennes , 35708 Rennes, France
| | - Jacky Even
- Fonctions Optiques pour les Technologies de l'Information, FOTON UMR 6082, CNRS, INSA de Rennes , 35708 Rennes, France
| | - Jared J Crochet
- Physical Chemistry and Applied Spectroscopy Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory , Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
| | - Gautam Gupta
- Materials Physics and Application, Los Alamos National Laboratory , Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
| | - Aditya D Mohite
- Materials Physics and Application, Los Alamos National Laboratory , Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
| | - Sergei Tretiak
- Theoretical Physics and Chemistry of Materials, Los Alamos National Laboratory , Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
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165
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Hu M, Bi C, Yuan Y, Bai Y, Huang J. Stabilized Wide Bandgap MAPbBr x I 3-x Perovskite by Enhanced Grain Size and Improved Crystallinity. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2016; 3:1500301. [PMID: 27774406 PMCID: PMC5064729 DOI: 10.1002/advs.201500301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2015] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The light instability of CH3NH3PbI x Br3-x is one of the biggest challenges for its application in tandem solar cells. Here we show that an improved crystallinity and grain size of CH3NH3PbI x Br3-x films could stabilize these materials under one sun illumination, improving both the efficiency and stability of the wide-bandgap perovskite solar cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao Hu
- Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering University of Nebraska-Lincoln Lincoln Nebraska 68588 USA
| | - Cheng Bi
- Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering University of Nebraska-Lincoln Lincoln Nebraska 68588 USA
| | - Yongbo Yuan
- Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering University of Nebraska-Lincoln Lincoln Nebraska 68588 USA
| | - Yang Bai
- Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering University of Nebraska-Lincoln Lincoln Nebraska 68588 USA
| | - Jinsong Huang
- Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering University of Nebraska-Lincoln Lincoln Nebraska 68588 USA
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166
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deQuilettes DW, Zhang W, Burlakov VM, Graham DJ, Leijtens T, Osherov A, Bulović V, Snaith HJ, Ginger DS, Stranks SD. Photo-induced halide redistribution in organic-inorganic perovskite films. Nat Commun 2016; 7:11683. [PMID: 27216703 PMCID: PMC4890321 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms11683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 290] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2016] [Accepted: 04/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Organic–inorganic perovskites such as CH3NH3PbI3 are promising materials for a variety of optoelectronic applications, with certified power conversion efficiencies in solar cells already exceeding 21%. Nevertheless, state-of-the-art films still contain performance-limiting non-radiative recombination sites and exhibit a range of complex dynamic phenomena under illumination that remain poorly understood. Here we use a unique combination of confocal photoluminescence (PL) microscopy and chemical imaging to correlate the local changes in photophysics with composition in CH3NH3PbI3 films under illumination. We demonstrate that the photo-induced ‘brightening' of the perovskite PL can be attributed to an order-of-magnitude reduction in trap state density. By imaging the same regions with time-of-flight secondary-ion-mass spectrometry, we correlate this photobrightening with a net migration of iodine. Our work provides visual evidence for photo-induced halide migration in triiodide perovskites and reveals the complex interplay between charge carrier populations, electronic traps and mobile halides that collectively impact optoelectronic performance. Visual evidence for photo-induced ionic migration in perovskite films without contacts is lacking. Here, the authors use a unique combination of confocal photoluminescence microscopy and chemical imaging to correlate the local changes in photophysics with composition in CH3NH3PbI3 films under illumination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dane W deQuilettes
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Box 351700, Seattle, Washington 98195-1700, USA
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, UK
| | - Victor M Burlakov
- Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, UK.,Mathematical Institute, OCCAM, Woodstock Road, University of Oxford, Oxford OX2 6GG, UK
| | - Daniel J Graham
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Box 351653, Seattle, Washington 98195-1653, USA
| | - Tomas Leijtens
- Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, UK
| | - Anna Osherov
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Vladimir Bulović
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Henry J Snaith
- Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, UK
| | - David S Ginger
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Box 351700, Seattle, Washington 98195-1700, USA
| | - Samuel D Stranks
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA.,Cavendish Laboratory, J. J. Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, UK
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167
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Nie W, Blancon JC, Neukirch AJ, Appavoo K, Tsai H, Chhowalla M, Alam MA, Sfeir MY, Katan C, Even J, Tretiak S, Crochet JJ, Gupta G, Mohite AD. Light-activated photocurrent degradation and self-healing in perovskite solar cells. Nat Commun 2016; 7:11574. [PMID: 27181192 PMCID: PMC4873646 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms11574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 222] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2015] [Accepted: 04/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Solution-processed organometallic perovskite solar cells have emerged as one of the most promising thin-film photovoltaic technology. However, a key challenge is their lack of stability over prolonged solar irradiation. Few studies have investigated the effect of light soaking on hybrid perovskites and have attributed the degradation in the optoelectronic properties to photochemical or field-assisted ion migration. Here we show that the slow photocurrent degradation in thin-film photovoltaic devices is due to the formation of light-activated meta-stable deep-level trap states. However, the devices can self-heal completely by resting them in the dark for <1 min or the degradation can be completely prevented by operating the devices at 0 °C. We investigate several physical mechanisms to explain the microscopic origin for the formation of these trap states, among which the creation of small polaronic states involving localized cooperative lattice strain and molecular orientations emerges as a credible microscopic mechanism requiring further detailed studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanyi Nie
- Materials Physics and Application Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | | | - Amanda J. Neukirch
- Theoretical Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - Kannatassen Appavoo
- Center for Functional Nanomaterials, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, USA
| | - Hsinhan Tsai
- Materials Physics and Application Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - Manish Chhowalla
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Rutgers University, 607 Taylor Road, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, USA
| | - Muhammad A. Alam
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
| | - Matthew Y. Sfeir
- Center for Functional Nanomaterials, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, USA
| | - Claudine Katan
- Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes, ISCR UMR 6226, CNRS, Université de Rennes 1, 35042 Rennes, France
| | - Jacky Even
- Fonctions Optiques pour les Technologies de l'Information, FOTON UMR 6082, CNRS, INSA de Rennes, 35708 Rennes, France
| | - Sergei Tretiak
- Theoretical Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - Jared J. Crochet
- Chemistry Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - Gautam Gupta
- Materials Physics and Application Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - Aditya D. Mohite
- Materials Physics and Application Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
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168
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Liu S, Zheng F, Grinberg I, Rappe AM. Photoferroelectric and Photopiezoelectric Properties of Organometal Halide Perovskites. J Phys Chem Lett 2016; 7:1460-1465. [PMID: 27002247 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.6b00527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Piezoelectrics play a critical role in various applications. The permanent dipole associated with the molecular cations in organometal halide perovskites (OMHPs) may lead to spontaneous polarization and thus piezoelectricity. Here we explore the piezoelectric properties of OMHPs with density functional theory. We find that the piezoelectric coefficient depends sensitively on the molecular ordering and that the experimentally observed light-enhanced piezoelectricity is likely due to a nonpolar to polar structural transition. By comparing OMHPs with different atomic substitutions in the ABX3 architecture, we find that the displacement of the B-site cation contributes to nearly all of the piezoelectric response and that the competition between A-X hydrogen bond and B-X metal-halide bond in OMHPs controls the piezoelectric properties. These results highlight the potential of the OMHP architecture for designing new functional photoferroelectrics and photopiezoelectrics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi Liu
- Geophysical Laboratory, Carnegie Institution for Science , Washington, DC 20015-1305, United States
| | - Fan Zheng
- The Makineni Theoretical Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, United States
| | - Ilya Grinberg
- The Makineni Theoretical Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, United States
| | - Andrew M Rappe
- The Makineni Theoretical Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, United States
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169
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Saparov B, Mitzi DB. Organic–Inorganic Perovskites: Structural Versatility for Functional Materials Design. Chem Rev 2016; 116:4558-96. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.5b00715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1733] [Impact Index Per Article: 216.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bayrammurad Saparov
- Department
of Mechanical
Engineering and Materials Science, and Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Box 90300 Hudson Hall, Durham, North Carolina 27708-0300, United States
| | - David B. Mitzi
- Department
of Mechanical
Engineering and Materials Science, and Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Box 90300 Hudson Hall, Durham, North Carolina 27708-0300, United States
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170
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He H, Yu Q, Li H, Li J, Si J, Jin Y, Wang N, Wang J, He J, Wang X, Zhang Y, Ye Z. Exciton localization in solution-processed organolead trihalide perovskites. Nat Commun 2016; 7:10896. [PMID: 26996605 PMCID: PMC4802114 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms10896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2015] [Accepted: 02/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Organolead trihalide perovskites have attracted great attention due to the stunning advances in both photovoltaic and light-emitting devices. However, the photophysical properties, especially the recombination dynamics of photogenerated carriers, of this class of materials are controversial. Here we report that under an excitation level close to the working regime of solar cells, the recombination of photogenerated carriers in solution-processed methylammonium–lead–halide films is dominated by excitons weakly localized in band tail states. This scenario is evidenced by experiments of spectral-dependent luminescence decay, excitation density-dependent luminescence and frequency-dependent terahertz photoconductivity. The exciton localization effect is found to be general for several solution-processed hybrid perovskite films prepared by different methods. Our results provide insights into the charge transport and recombination mechanism in perovskite films and help to unravel their potential for high-performance optoelectronic devices. The recombination dynamics of photogenerated carriers in organolead trihalide perovskites are not well understood. Here, He et al. report that the recombination of photogenerated carriers in solution-processed methylammonium-lead-halide films is dominated by excitons weakly localized in band tail states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiping He
- State Key Laboratory of Silicon Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Qianqian Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Silicon Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Hui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Silicon Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Jing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Silicon Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Junjie Si
- State Key Laboratory of Silicon Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Yizheng Jin
- Center for Chemistry of High-Performance and Novel Materials and State Key Laboratory of Silicon Materials, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Nana Wang
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) &Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Jianpu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) &Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Jingwen He
- Department of Physics, Capital Normal University, Beijing Key Lab for Metamaterials and Devices, and Key Laboratory of Terahertz Optoelectronics, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Xinke Wang
- Department of Physics, Capital Normal University, Beijing Key Lab for Metamaterials and Devices, and Key Laboratory of Terahertz Optoelectronics, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Physics, Capital Normal University, Beijing Key Lab for Metamaterials and Devices, and Key Laboratory of Terahertz Optoelectronics, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Zhizhen Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Silicon Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
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171
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Abstract
Hybrid organic-inorganic perovskites (HOIPs) are crystals with the structural formula ABX3, where A, B, and X are organic and inorganic ions, respectively. While known for several decades, HOIPs have only in recent years emerged as extremely promising semiconducting materials for solar energy applications. In particular, power-conversion efficiencies of HOIP-based solar cells have improved at a record speed and, after only little more than 6 years of photovoltaics research, surpassed the 20% threshold, which is an outstanding result for a solution-processable material. It is thus of fundamental importance to reveal physical and chemical phenomena that contribute to, or limit, these impressive photovoltaic efficiencies. To understand charge-transport and light-absorption properties of semiconducting materials, one often invokes a lattice of ions displaced from their static positions only by harmonic vibrations. However, a preponderance of recent studies suggests that this picture is not sufficient for HOIPs, where a variety of structurally dynamic effects, beyond small harmonic vibrations, arises already at room temperature. In this Account, we focus on these effects. First, we review structure and bonding in HOIPs and relate them to the promising charge-transport and absorption properties of these materials, in terms of favorable electronic properties. We point out that HOIPs are much "softer" mechanically, compared to other efficient solar-cell materials, and that this can result in large ionic displacements at room temperature. We therefore focus next on dynamic structural effects in HOIPs, going beyond a static band-structure picture. Specifically, we discuss pertinent experimental and theoretical findings as to phase-transition behavior and molecular/octahedral rearrangements. We then discuss atomic diffusion phenomena in HOIPs, with an emphasis on the migration of intrinsic and extrinsic ionic species. From this combined perspective, HOIPs appear as highly dynamic materials, in which structural fluctuations and long-range ionic motion have an unusually strong impact on charge-transport and optical properties. We highlight the potential implications of these effects for several intriguing phenomenological observations, ranging from scattering mechanisms and lifetimes of charge carriers to light-induced structural effects and ionic conduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A. Egger
- Department
of Materials and Interfaces, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovoth 76100, Israel
| | - Andrew M. Rappe
- The
Makineni Theoretical Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104−6323, United States
| | - Leeor Kronik
- Department
of Materials and Interfaces, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovoth 76100, Israel
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172
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Abstract
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Organic–inorganic semiconductors, which
adopt the perovskite
crystal structure, have perturbed the landscape of contemporary photovoltaics
research. High-efficiency solar cells can be produced with solution-processed
active layers. The materials are earth abundant, and the simple processing
required suggests that high-throughput and low-cost manufacture at
scale should be possible. While these materials bear considerable
similarity to traditional
inorganic semiconductors, there are notable differences in their optoelectronic
behavior. A key distinction of these materials is that they are physically
soft, leading to considerable thermally activated motion. In
this Account, we discuss the internal motion of methylammonium
lead iodide (CH3NH3PbI3) and formamidinium
lead iodide ([CH(NH2)2]PbI3), covering:
(i) molecular rotation-libration in the cuboctahedral cavity; (ii)
drift and diffusion of large electron and hole polarons; (iii) transport
of charged ionic defects. These processes give rise to a range of
properties that are unconventional for photovoltaic materials, including
frequency-dependent permittivity, low electron–hole recombination
rates, and current–voltage hysteresis. Multiscale simulations,
drawing from electronic structure, ab initio molecular dynamic and
Monte Carlo computational techniques, have been combined with neutron
diffraction measurements, quasi-elastic neutron scattering, and ultrafast
vibrational spectroscopy to qualify the nature and time scales of
the motions. Electron and hole motion occurs on a femtosecond time
scale. Molecular libration is a sub-picosecond process. Molecular
rotations occur with a time constant of several picoseconds depending
on the cation. Recent experimental evidence and theoretical models
for simultaneous electron and ion transport in these materials has
been presented, suggesting they are mixed-mode conductors with similarities
to fast-ion conducting metal oxide perovskites developed for battery
and fuel cell applications. We expound on the implications of these
effects for the photovoltaic action. The temporal behavior displayed
by hybrid perovskites introduces
a sensitivity in materials characterization to the time and length
scale of the measurement, as well as the history of each sample. It
also poses significant challenges for accurate materials modeling
and device simulations. There are large differences between the average
and local crystal structures, and the nature of charge transport is
too complex to be described by common one-dimensional drift-diffusion
models. Herein, we critically discuss the atomistic origin of the
dynamic processes and the associated chemical disorder intrinsic to
crystalline hybrid perovskite semiconductors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jarvist M. Frost
- Centre
for Sustainable Chemical Technologies and Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, United Kingdom
| | - Aron Walsh
- Centre
for Sustainable Chemical Technologies and Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, United Kingdom
- Global
E3 Institute and Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 120-749, Korea
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173
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Abstract
Lead-based organohalide perovskites have recently emerged as arguably the most promising of all next generation thin film solar cell technologies. Power conversion efficiencies have reached 20% in less than 5 years, and their application to other optoelectronic device platforms such as photodetectors and light emitting diodes is being increasingly reported. Organohalide perovskites can be solution processed or evaporated at low temperatures to form simple thin film photojunctions, thus delivering the potential for the holy grail of high efficiency, low embedded energy, and low cost photovoltaics. The initial device-driven "perovskite fever" has more recently given way to efforts to better understand how these materials work in solar cells, and deeper elucidation of their structure-property relationships. In this Account, we focus on this element of organohalide perovskite chemistry and physics in particular examining critical electro-optical, morphological, and architectural phenomena. We first examine basic crystal and chemical structure, and how this impacts important solar-cell related properties such as the optical gap. We then turn to deeper electronic phenomena such as carrier mobilities, trap densities, and recombination dynamics, as well as examining ionic and dielectric properties and how these two types of physics impact each other. The issue of whether organohalide perovskites are predominantly nonexcitonic at room temperature is currently a matter of some debate, and we summarize the evidence for what appears to be the emerging field consensus: an exciton binding energy of order 10 meV. Having discussed the important basic chemistry and physics we turn to more device-related considerations including processing, morphology, architecture, thin film electro-optics and interfacial energetics. These phenomena directly impact solar cell performance parameters such as open circuit voltage, short circuit current density, internal and external quantum efficiency, fill factor, and ultimately the all-important power conversion efficiency. Finally, we address the key challenges pertinent to actually delivering a new and viable solar cell technology. These include long-term cell stability, scaling to the module level, and the toxicity associated with lead. Organohalide perovskites not only offer exciting possibilities for next generation optoelectronics and photovoltaics, but are an intriguing class of material crossing the boundaries of molecular solids and banded inorganic semiconductors. This is a potential area of rich new chemistry, materials science, and physics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianqian Lin
- Centre for Organic Photonics & Electronics, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, and School of Mathematics and Physics, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia 4072
| | - Ardalan Armin
- Centre for Organic Photonics & Electronics, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, and School of Mathematics and Physics, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia 4072
| | - Paul L. Burn
- Centre for Organic Photonics & Electronics, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, and School of Mathematics and Physics, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia 4072
| | - Paul Meredith
- Centre for Organic Photonics & Electronics, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, and School of Mathematics and Physics, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia 4072
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174
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Abstract
High-performance perovskite solar cells (PSCs) based on organometal halide perovskite have emerged in the past five years as excellent devices for harvesting solar energy. Some remaining challenges should be resolved to continue the momentum in their development. The photocurrent density-voltage (J-V) responses of the PSCs demonstrate anomalous dependence on the voltage scan direction/rate/range, voltage conditioning history, and device configuration. The hysteretic J-V behavior presents a challenge for determining the accurate power conversion efficiency of the PSCs. Here, we review the recent progress on the investigation of the origin(s) of J-V hysteresis behavior in PSCs. We discuss the impact of slow transient capacitive current, trapping and detrapping process, ion migrations, and ferroelectric polarization on the hysteresis behavior. The remaining issues and future research required toward the understanding of J-V hysteresis in PSCs will also be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Chen
- Center for Energy Harvesting Materials and System, Virginia Tech , Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Mengjin Yang
- Chemistry and Nanoscience Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory , Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Shashank Priya
- Center for Energy Harvesting Materials and System, Virginia Tech , Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Kai Zhu
- Chemistry and Nanoscience Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory , Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
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175
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Yusoff ARBM, Nazeeruddin MK. Organohalide Lead Perovskites for Photovoltaic Applications. J Phys Chem Lett 2016; 7:851-66. [PMID: 26885884 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.5b02893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Perovskite solar cells have recently exhibited a significant leap in efficiency due to their broad absorption, high optical absorption coefficient, very low exciton binding energy, long carrier diffusion lengths, efficient charge collection, and very high open-circuit potential, similar to that of III-IV semiconductors. Unlike silicon solar cells, perovskite solar cells can be developed from a variety of low-temperature solutions processed from inexpensive raw materials. When the perovskite absorber film formation is optimized using solvent engineering, a power conversion efficiency of over 21% has been demonstrated, highlighting the unique photovoltaic properties of perovskite materials. Here, we review the current progress in perovskite solar cells and charge transport materials. We highlight crucial challenges and provide a summary and prospects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abd Rashid Bin Mohd Yusoff
- Group for Molecular Engineering of Functional Materials, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne , CH-1951 Sion, Switzerland
- Advanced Display Research Center, Department of Information Display, Kyung Hee University , Dongdaemoon-gu, 130-701 Seoul, Korea
| | - Mohammad Khaja Nazeeruddin
- Group for Molecular Engineering of Functional Materials, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne , CH-1951 Sion, Switzerland
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176
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Abstract
Hybrid organic-inorganic metal halide perovskites have recently emerged as exciting new light-harvesting and charge-transporting materials for efficient photovoltaic devices. Yet knowledge of the nature of the photogenerated excitations and their subsequent dynamics is only just emerging. This article reviews the current state of the field, focusing first on a description of the crystal and electronic band structure that give rise to the strong optical transitions that enable light harvesting. An overview is presented of the numerous experimental approaches toward determining values for exciton binding energies, which appear to be small (a few milli-electron volts to a few tens of milli-electron volts) and depend significantly on temperature because of associated changes in the dielectric function. Experimental evidence for charge-carrier relaxation dynamics within the first few picoseconds after excitation is discussed in terms of thermalization, cooling, and many-body effects. Charge-carrier recombination mechanisms are reviewed, encompassing trap-assisted nonradiative recombination that is highly specific to processing conditions, radiative bimolecular (electron-hole) recombination, and nonradiative many-body (Auger) mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura M Herz
- Department of Physics, University of Oxford, OX1 3PU Oxford, United Kingdom;
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177
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Brede FA, Heine J, Sextl G, Müller-Buschbaum K. Mechanochemical Synthesis of 3d Transition-Metal-1,2,4-Triazole Complexes as Precursors for Microwave-Assisted and Thermal Conversion to Coordination Polymers with a High Influence on the Dielectric Properties. Chemistry 2016; 22:2708-18. [PMID: 26797710 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201503725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The complexes [MCl2 (TzH)4] (M=Mn (1), Fe (2); TzH=1,2,4-1H-triazole) and [ZnCl2 (TzH)2] (3) have been obtained by mechanochemical reactions of the corresponding divalent metal chloride and 1,2,4-1H-triazole. They were successfully used as precursors for the formation of coordination polymers either by a microwave-assisted reaction or by thermal conversion. For manganese, the conversion directly yielded 1∞ [MnCl2 TzH] (4), whereas for the iron-containing precursor, 1∞ [FeCl2 TzH] (6), was formed via the intermediate coordination polymer 1∞ [FeCl(TzH)2]Cl (5). For cobalt, the isotypic polymer 1∞ [CoCl(TzH)2]Cl (7) was obtained, but exclusively by a microwave-induced reaction directly from CoCl2 . The crystal structures were resolved from single crystals and powders. The dielectric properties were determined and revealed large differences in permittivity between the precursor complexes and the rigid chain-like coordination polymers. Whereas the monomeric complexes exhibit very different dielectric behaviour, depending on the transition metal, from "low-k" to "high-k" with the permittivity ranging from 4.3 to >100 for frequencies of up to 1000 Hz, the coordination polymers and complexes with strong intermolecular interactions are all close to "low-k" materials with very low dielectric constants up to 50 °C. Therefore, the conversion procedures can be used to deliberately influence the dielectric properties from complex to polymer and for different 3d transition-metal ions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska A Brede
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany), Fax: (+49) 931-31-88724
| | - Johanna Heine
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany), Fax: (+49) 931-31-88724.,Fachbereich Chemie, Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Straße, 35043, Marburg, Germany
| | - Gerhard Sextl
- Institut für Chemische Technologie der Materialsynthese, Universität Würzburg, Röntgenring 11, 97070, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Klaus Müller-Buschbaum
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany), Fax: (+49) 931-31-88724.
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178
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Gottesman R, Zaban A. Perovskites for Photovoltaics in the Spotlight: Photoinduced Physical Changes and Their Implications. Acc Chem Res 2016; 49:320-9. [PMID: 26783631 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.5b00446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Organic-inorganic halide perovskites are in consensus to revolutionize the field of photovoltaics and optoelectronic devices due to their superior optical and electronic properties which are unprecedented in comparison to those of other solution processed semiconductors. These hybrid materials are used as light absorbers and also as charge carriers which makes them very versatile to be implemented and studied in a multitude of fields. Traditionally, the working paradigm in solar cells and optoelectronic devices' characterization has been that the properties of photovoltaic materials remain stable following illumination of varying times and intensities. However, recently there has been a growing number of reports on prolonged illumination-dependent physical changes in perovskite films and perovskite based devices. The changes are reversible and range from structural transformations and differences in optical characteristics, to an increase in optoelectronic properties and physical parameters. In this Account, we review the physical changes in three reported model systems which display changes under prolonged illumination of light intensities of ∼0.01-1 sun. The three systems are (i) a free-standing perovskite film on a glass substrate, (ii) a symmetrical system with nonselective electrical contacts, and (iii) a working perovskite solar cell (either a planar or a porous structure). We examine each model system and discuss its photoinduced physical changes and conclude with the implications on future experimentation design, data analysis, and characterization that involve organic-inorganic halide perovskites illumination. Since hybrid perovskites are considered to be mixed ionic-electronic conductors in nature, ions that migrate in the perovskite under electrical fields can influence its properties. Therefore, an important distinction is made between photoinduced effects and photo and electric field induced effects. Thus, photoinduced effects are designated as observed effects in illuminated free-standing films or symmetrical devices without selective contacts. In contrast, photo- and electric field induced effects are designated as observed effects under open-circuit potential or during voltage scanning (internal electrical field exists across the device). In the latter case, the two effects are superimposed and it is difficult to evaluate the relative influence of each one (light or electric field). However, we show that the magnitude and the importance of the photoinduced effect are substantial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronen Gottesman
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Nanotechnology & Advanced Materials, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan 52900, Israel
| | - Arie Zaban
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Nanotechnology & Advanced Materials, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan 52900, Israel
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179
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Yuan Y, Huang J. Ion Migration in Organometal Trihalide Perovskite and Its Impact on Photovoltaic Efficiency and Stability. Acc Chem Res 2016; 49:286-93. [PMID: 26820627 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.5b00420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 528] [Impact Index Per Article: 66.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Organometal trihalide perovskites (OTPs) are emerging as very promising photovoltaic materials because the power conversion efficiency (PCE) of OTP solar cells quickly rises and now rivals with that of single crystal silicon solar cells after only five-years research. Their prospects to replace silicon photovoltaics to reduce the cost of renewable clean energy are boosted by the low-temperature solution processing as well as the very low-cost raw materials and relative insensitivity to defects. The flexibility, semitransparency, and vivid colors of perovskite solar cells are attractive for niche applications such as built-in photovoltaics and portable lightweight chargers. However, the low stability of current hybrid perovskite solar cells remains a serious issue to be solved before their broad application. Among all those factors that affect the stability of perovskite solar cells, ion migration in OTPs may be intrinsic and cannot be taken away by device encapsulation. The presence of ion migration has received broad attention after the report of photocurrent hysteresis in OTP based solar cells. As suggested by much direct and indirect experimental evidence, the ion migration is speculated to be the origin or an important contributing factor for many observed unusual phenomenon in OTP materials and devices, such as current-voltage hysteresis, switchable photovoltaic effect, giant dielectric constant, diminished transistor behavior at room temperature, photoinduced phase separation, photoinduced self-poling effect, and electrical-field driven reversible conversion between lead iodide (PbI2) and methylammonium lead triiodide (MAPbI3). Undoubtedly thorough insight into the ion-migration mechanism is highly desired for the development of OTP based devices to improve intrinsic stability in the dark and under illumination. In this Account, we critically review the recent progress in understanding the fundamental science on ion migration in OTP based solar cells. We look into both theoretical and experiment advances in answering these basic questions: Does ion migration occur and cause the photocurrent hysteresis in perovskite solar cells? What are the migrating ion species? How do ions migrate? How does ion migration impact the device efficiency and stability? How can ion migration be mitigated or eliminated? We also raise some questions that need to be understood and addressed in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongbo Yuan
- Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, University of Nebraska—Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588-0656, United States
| | - Jinsong Huang
- Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, University of Nebraska—Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588-0656, United States
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180
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Pecchia A, Gentilini D, Rossi D, Auf der Maur M, Di Carlo A. Role of Ferroelectric Nanodomains in the Transport Properties of Perovskite Solar Cells. NANO LETTERS 2016; 16:988-992. [PMID: 26694919 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.5b03957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Metropolis Monte Carlo simulations are used to construct minimal energy configurations by electrostatic coupling of rotating dipoles associated with each unit cell of a perovskite CH3NH3PbI3 crystal. Short-range antiferroelectric order is found, whereas at scales of 8-10 nm, we observe the formation of nanodomains, strongly influencing the electrostatics of the device. The models are coupled to drift-diffusion simulations to study the actual role of nanodomains in the I-V characteristics, especially focusing on charge separation and recombination losses. We demonstrate that holes and electrons separate into different nanodomains following different current pathways. From our analysis we can conclude that even antiferroelectric ordering can ultimately lead to an increase of photoconversion efficiencies thanks to a decrease of trap-assisted recombination losses and the formation of good current percolation patterns along domain edges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Pecchia
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, ISMN , Via Salaria km 29.300, 00017 Monterotondo, Italy
| | - Desirée Gentilini
- Dipartimento Ing. Elettronica, Università di Roma "Tor Vergata" , Via del Politecnico 1, 00133 Roma, Italy
| | - Daniele Rossi
- Dipartimento Ing. Elettronica, Università di Roma "Tor Vergata" , Via del Politecnico 1, 00133 Roma, Italy
| | - Matthias Auf der Maur
- Dipartimento Ing. Elettronica, Università di Roma "Tor Vergata" , Via del Politecnico 1, 00133 Roma, Italy
| | - Aldo Di Carlo
- Dipartimento Ing. Elettronica, Università di Roma "Tor Vergata" , Via del Politecnico 1, 00133 Roma, Italy
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181
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Meloni S, Moehl T, Tress W, Franckevičius M, Saliba M, Lee YH, Gao P, Nazeeruddin MK, Zakeeruddin SM, Rothlisberger U, Graetzel M. Ionic polarization-induced current-voltage hysteresis in CH3NH3PbX3 perovskite solar cells. Nat Commun 2016; 7:10334. [PMID: 26852685 PMCID: PMC4748116 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms10334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 227] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2015] [Accepted: 12/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
CH3NH3PbX3 (MAPbX3) perovskites have attracted considerable attention as absorber materials for solar light harvesting, reaching solar to power conversion efficiencies above 20%. In spite of the rapid evolution of the efficiencies, the understanding of basic properties of these semiconductors is still ongoing. One phenomenon with so far unclear origin is the so-called hysteresis in the current-voltage characteristics of these solar cells. Here we investigate the origin of this phenomenon with a combined experimental and computational approach. Experimentally the activation energy for the hysteretic process is determined and compared with the computational results. First-principles simulations show that the timescale for MA(+) rotation excludes a MA-related ferroelectric effect as possible origin for the observed hysteresis. On the other hand, the computationally determined activation energies for halide ion (vacancy) migration are in excellent agreement with the experimentally determined values, suggesting that the migration of this species causes the observed hysteretic behaviour of these solar cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Meloni
- Laboratoire de Chimie et Biochimie Computationnelles, ISIC, FSB-BCH, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne CH-1015, Switzerland
- National Competence Center of Research (NCCR) MARVEL—Materials' Revolution: Computational Design and Discovery of Novel Materials, Lausanne CH-1015, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Moehl
- Laboratory of Photonics and Interfaces, ISIC, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL), Lausanne CH-1015, Switzerland
| | - Wolfgang Tress
- Laboratory of Photonics and Interfaces, ISIC, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL), Lausanne CH-1015, Switzerland
- Group for Molecular Engineering of Functional Materials, ISIC-Valais, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL), Lausanne CH-1015, Switzerland
| | - Marius Franckevičius
- Laboratory of Photonics and Interfaces, ISIC, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL), Lausanne CH-1015, Switzerland
- Center for Physical Sciences and Technology, Savanorių Avenue 231, Vilnius LT-02300, Lithuania
| | - Michael Saliba
- Group for Molecular Engineering of Functional Materials, ISIC-Valais, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL), Lausanne CH-1015, Switzerland
| | - Yong Hui Lee
- Group for Molecular Engineering of Functional Materials, ISIC-Valais, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL), Lausanne CH-1015, Switzerland
| | - Peng Gao
- Group for Molecular Engineering of Functional Materials, ISIC-Valais, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL), Lausanne CH-1015, Switzerland
| | - Mohammad Khaja Nazeeruddin
- Group for Molecular Engineering of Functional Materials, ISIC-Valais, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL), Lausanne CH-1015, Switzerland
| | - Shaik Mohammed Zakeeruddin
- Laboratory of Photonics and Interfaces, ISIC, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL), Lausanne CH-1015, Switzerland
| | - Ursula Rothlisberger
- Laboratoire de Chimie et Biochimie Computationnelles, ISIC, FSB-BCH, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne CH-1015, Switzerland
- National Competence Center of Research (NCCR) MARVEL—Materials' Revolution: Computational Design and Discovery of Novel Materials, Lausanne CH-1015, Switzerland
| | - Michael Graetzel
- Laboratory of Photonics and Interfaces, ISIC, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL), Lausanne CH-1015, Switzerland
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182
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Zarazua I, Bisquert J, Garcia-Belmonte G. Light-Induced Space-Charge Accumulation Zone as Photovoltaic Mechanism in Perovskite Solar Cells. J Phys Chem Lett 2016; 7:525-8. [PMID: 26783719 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.5b02810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
We fabricated formamidinium lead iodide perovskite solar cell for analysis of the photovoltaic mechanism based on the interpretation of the capacitance variation under illumination. It was shown that the low-frequency capacitance increases proportional to incident light intensity, and in addition it increases proportional to absorber thickness. Furthermore, the voltage dependence of capacitance is exponential with slope 1/2 (thermal energy). We conclude that the large photovoltage and capacitance are associated with electronic accumulation zone at the interface with the metal oxide contact. While this type of accumulation capacitance is common in many devices as transistors, the perovskite solar cell shows a singular behavior in that under light the electronic carrier accumulation grows unlimited by another series capacitance, reaching values as large as 10 mF cm(-2) at one sun illumination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaac Zarazua
- Institute of Advanced Materials (INAM), Universitat Jaume I , 12006 Castelló, Spain
| | - Juan Bisquert
- Institute of Advanced Materials (INAM), Universitat Jaume I , 12006 Castelló, Spain
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University , Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
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183
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Filippetti A, Mattoni A, Caddeo C, Saba MI, Delugas P. Low electron-polar optical phonon scattering as a fundamental aspect of carrier mobility in methylammonium lead halide CH3NH3PbI3 perovskites. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2016; 18:15352-62. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cp01402j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Calculated mobility of CH3NH3PbI3 in two temperature regions, characterized by the dominance of electron-acoustic phonon scattering (left) and electron-polar optical phonon scattering (right).
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Filippetti
- Istituto Officina dei Materiali
- CNR-IOM SLACS Cagliari
- Cittadella Universitaria
- Monserrato 09042-I
- Italy
| | - A. Mattoni
- Istituto Officina dei Materiali
- CNR-IOM SLACS Cagliari
- Cittadella Universitaria
- Monserrato 09042-I
- Italy
| | - C. Caddeo
- Istituto Officina dei Materiali
- CNR-IOM SLACS Cagliari
- Cittadella Universitaria
- Monserrato 09042-I
- Italy
| | - M. I. Saba
- Istituto Officina dei Materiali
- CNR-IOM SLACS Cagliari
- Cittadella Universitaria
- Monserrato 09042-I
- Italy
| | - P. Delugas
- Scuola Internazionale di Studi Superiori Avanzati
- 34136 Trieste
- Italy
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184
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Xing J, Wang Q, Dong Q, Yuan Y, Fang Y, Huang J. Ultrafast ion migration in hybrid perovskite polycrystalline thin films under light and suppression in single crystals. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2016; 18:30484-30490. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cp06496e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 253] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
This study reveals the important effect of light on ion migration behavior and morphology dependent light stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Xing
- Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering
- University of Nebraska-Lincoln
- Lincoln
- USA
- School of Science
| | - Qi Wang
- Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering
- University of Nebraska-Lincoln
- Lincoln
- USA
| | - Qingfeng Dong
- Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering
- University of Nebraska-Lincoln
- Lincoln
- USA
| | - Yongbo Yuan
- Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering
- University of Nebraska-Lincoln
- Lincoln
- USA
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Super Microstructure and Ultrafast Process
| | - Yanjun Fang
- Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering
- University of Nebraska-Lincoln
- Lincoln
- USA
| | - Jinsong Huang
- Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering
- University of Nebraska-Lincoln
- Lincoln
- USA
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185
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Contreras L, Idígoras J, Todinova A, Salado M, Kazim S, Ahmad S, Anta JA. Specific cation interactions as the cause of slow dynamics and hysteresis in dye and perovskite solar cells: a small-perturbation study. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2016; 18:31033-31042. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cp05851e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Hysteresis is one of the most remarkable features of perovskite solar cells; however, it is also present in other kinds of devices such as dye-sensitized solar cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lidia Contreras
- Área de Química Física
- Universidad Pablo de Olavide
- Sevilla
- Spain
| | - Jesús Idígoras
- Área de Química Física
- Universidad Pablo de Olavide
- Sevilla
- Spain
| | - Anna Todinova
- Área de Química Física
- Universidad Pablo de Olavide
- Sevilla
- Spain
| | | | | | | | - Juan A. Anta
- Área de Química Física
- Universidad Pablo de Olavide
- Sevilla
- Spain
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186
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Zhou Z, Xu J, Xiao L, Chen J, Tan Z, Yao J, Dai S. Efficient planar perovskite solar cells prepared via a low-pressure vapor-assisted solution process with fullerene/TiO2 as an electron collection bilayer. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra14372e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cross-sectional SEM image and schematic J–V curves of the PSCs prepared with device architecture of the solar cells different C60 solution concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Alternate Electrical Power System With Renewable Energy Sources
- North China Electric Power University
- Beijing 102206
- China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Energy Safety and Clean Utilization
| | - Jia Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Alternate Electrical Power System With Renewable Energy Sources
- North China Electric Power University
- Beijing 102206
- China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Energy Safety and Clean Utilization
| | - Li Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Alternate Electrical Power System With Renewable Energy Sources
- North China Electric Power University
- Beijing 102206
- China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Energy Safety and Clean Utilization
| | - Jing Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Alternate Electrical Power System With Renewable Energy Sources
- North China Electric Power University
- Beijing 102206
- China
| | - Zhan'ao Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Alternate Electrical Power System With Renewable Energy Sources
- North China Electric Power University
- Beijing 102206
- China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Energy Safety and Clean Utilization
| | - Jianxi Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Alternate Electrical Power System With Renewable Energy Sources
- North China Electric Power University
- Beijing 102206
- China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Novel Film Solar Cell
| | - Songyuan Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Alternate Electrical Power System With Renewable Energy Sources
- North China Electric Power University
- Beijing 102206
- China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Energy Safety and Clean Utilization
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187
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Pandey K, Chauhan M, Bhatt V, Tripathi B, Yadav P, Kumar M. High-performance self-powered perovskite photodetector with a rapid photoconductive response. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra18453g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Here we report the development of a self-powered high-speed perovskite Schottky junction photodiode, which is very important for next-generation electronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kavita Pandey
- School of Technology
- Pandit Deendayal Petroleum University
- Gandhinagar – 382007
- India
| | - Mihirsinh Chauhan
- School of Technology
- Pandit Deendayal Petroleum University
- Gandhinagar – 382007
- India
| | - Vishwa Bhatt
- School of Technology
- Pandit Deendayal Petroleum University
- Gandhinagar – 382007
- India
| | - Brijesh Tripathi
- School of Technology
- Pandit Deendayal Petroleum University
- Gandhinagar – 382007
- India
| | - Pankaj Yadav
- School of Technology
- Pandit Deendayal Petroleum University
- Gandhinagar – 382007
- India
| | - Manoj Kumar
- School of Technology
- Pandit Deendayal Petroleum University
- Gandhinagar – 382007
- India
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188
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Salado M, Calio L, Berger R, Kazim S, Ahmad S. Influence of the mixed organic cation ratio in lead iodide based perovskite on the performance of solar cells. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2016; 18:27148-27157. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cp03851d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Perovskite solar cells were fabricated using the mixed organic cation of formamidinium and methylammonium. The mixed cation having the composition MA0.6FA0.4PbI3 shows almost negligible I–V hysteresis and better photostability than pure MAPbI3 and FAPbI3.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Rüdiger Berger
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research
- Mainz 55128
- Germany
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189
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Ripolles TS, Baranwal AK, Nishinaka K, Ogomi Y, Garcia-Belmonte G, Hayase S. Mechanisms of charge accumulation in the dark operation of perovskite solar cells. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2016; 18:14970-5. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cp01427e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In this work, a new current peak at forward bias in the dark current–voltage curves has been identified for standard mesoscopic perovskite solar cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa S. Ripolles
- Graduate School of Life Science and Systems Engineering
- Kyushu Institute of Technology
- Kitakyushu
- Japan
| | - Ajay K. Baranwal
- Graduate School of Life Science and Systems Engineering
- Kyushu Institute of Technology
- Kitakyushu
- Japan
| | - Koji Nishinaka
- Graduate School of Life Science and Systems Engineering
- Kyushu Institute of Technology
- Kitakyushu
- Japan
| | - Yuhei Ogomi
- Graduate School of Life Science and Systems Engineering
- Kyushu Institute of Technology
- Kitakyushu
- Japan
| | | | - Shuzi Hayase
- Graduate School of Life Science and Systems Engineering
- Kyushu Institute of Technology
- Kitakyushu
- Japan
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190
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Filippetti A, Delugas P, Saba MI, Mattoni A. Entropy-Suppressed Ferroelectricity in Hybrid Lead-Iodide Perovskites. J Phys Chem Lett 2015; 6:4909-4915. [PMID: 26589809 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.5b02117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The actual nature of the electric polarization in hybrid lead-iodide perovskites is unveiled on the basis of ab initio and model results. A finite, albeit small electric polarization of few μC/cm(2) is found to be pervasive in this system, due to the polar-uncompensated alignment of methylammonium dimers, at least for temperature lower than the activation energy of dimer rotations; however, the presence of a large number of structural local minima corresponding to differently oriented polarization directions counteracts the stabilization of an ordered ferroelectric phase at the macroscale. According to our estimate, only for temperatures lower than 40-50 K a clear ferroelectric behavior is displayed. At higher temperature the polarization is progressively suppressed and the ferroelectric ordering hindered by the large configurational entropy, giving rise to a superparaelectric-like behavior at the macroscale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessio Filippetti
- Istituto Officina dei Materiali, CNR-IOM SLACS Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria , Monserrato 09042-I Cagliari, Italy
| | - Pietro Delugas
- Istituto Officina dei Materiali, CNR-IOM SLACS Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria , Monserrato 09042-I Cagliari, Italy
- CompuNet, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia IIT , Via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, Italy
| | - Maria Ilenia Saba
- Istituto Officina dei Materiali, CNR-IOM SLACS Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria , Monserrato 09042-I Cagliari, Italy
| | - Alessandro Mattoni
- Istituto Officina dei Materiali, CNR-IOM SLACS Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria , Monserrato 09042-I Cagliari, Italy
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191
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Zheng F, Saldana-Greco D, Liu S, Rappe AM. Material Innovation in Advancing Organometal Halide Perovskite Functionality. J Phys Chem Lett 2015; 6:4862-4872. [PMID: 26631361 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.5b01830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Organometal halide perovskites (OMHPs) have garnered much attention recently for their unprecedented rate of increasing power conversion efficiency (PCE), positioning them as a promising basis for the next-generation photovoltaic devices. However, the gap between the rapid increasing PCE and the incomplete understanding of the structure-property-performance relationship prevents the realization of the true potential of OMHPs. This Perspective aims to provide a concise overview of the current status of OMHP research, highlighting the unique properties of OMHPs that are critical for solar applications but still not adequately explained. Stability and performance challenges of OMHP solar cells are discussed, calling upon combined experimental and theoretical efforts to address these challenges for pioneering commercialization of OMHP solar cells. Various material innovation strategies for improving the performance and stability of OMHPs are surveyed, showing that the OMHP architecture can serve as a promising and robust platform for the design and optimization of materials with desired functionalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Zheng
- The Makineni Theoretical Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, United States
| | - Diomedes Saldana-Greco
- The Makineni Theoretical Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, United States
| | - Shi Liu
- The Makineni Theoretical Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, United States
- Geophysical Laboratory, Carnegie Institution for Science , Washington, DC 20015, United States
| | - Andrew M Rappe
- The Makineni Theoretical Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, United States
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192
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Chen B, Yang M, Zheng X, Wu C, Li W, Yan Y, Bisquert J, Garcia-Belmonte G, Zhu K, Priya S. Impact of Capacitive Effect and Ion Migration on the Hysteretic Behavior of Perovskite Solar Cells. J Phys Chem Lett 2015; 6:4693-700. [PMID: 26550850 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.5b02229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
In the past five years, perovskite solar cells (PSCs) based on organometal halide perovskite have exhibited extraordinary photovoltaic (PV) performance. However, the PV measurements of PSCs have been widely recognized to depend on voltage scanning condition (hysteretic current density-voltage [J-V] behavior), as well as on voltage treatment history. In this study, we find that varied PSC responses are attributable to two causes. First, capacitive effect associated with electrode polarization provides a slow transient non-steady-state photocurrent that modifies the J-V response. Second, modification of interfacial barriers induced by ion migration can modulate charge-collection efficiency so that it causes a pseudo-steady-state photocurrent, which changes according to previous voltage conditioning. Both phenomena are strongly influenced by ions accumulating at outer interfaces, but their electrical and PV effects are different. The time scale for decay of capacitive current is on the order of seconds, whereas the slow redistribution of mobile ions requires several minutes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Chen
- Center for Energy Harvesting Materials and System, Virginia Tech , Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Mengjin Yang
- Chemistry and Nanoscience Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory , Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Xiaojia Zheng
- Center for Energy Harvesting Materials and System, Virginia Tech , Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Congcong Wu
- Center for Energy Harvesting Materials and System, Virginia Tech , Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Wenle Li
- Chemical Engineering, Virginia Tech , Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Yongke Yan
- Center for Energy Harvesting Materials and System, Virginia Tech , Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Juan Bisquert
- Institute of Advanced Materials (INAM), Universitat Jaume I , 12006 Castelló, Spain
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University , Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Kai Zhu
- Chemistry and Nanoscience Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory , Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Shashank Priya
- Center for Energy Harvesting Materials and System, Virginia Tech , Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
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193
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Zhu XY, Podzorov V. Charge Carriers in Hybrid Organic-Inorganic Lead Halide Perovskites Might Be Protected as Large Polarons. J Phys Chem Lett 2015; 6:4758-61. [PMID: 26575427 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.5b02462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 249] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- X-Y Zhu
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University , New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - V Podzorov
- Department of Physics and the Institute for Advanced Materials and Devices for Nanotechnology (IAMDN), Rutgers University , Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States
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194
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Brenner TM, Egger DA, Rappe AM, Kronik L, Hodes G, Cahen D. Are Mobilities in Hybrid Organic-Inorganic Halide Perovskites Actually "High"? J Phys Chem Lett 2015; 6:4754-7. [PMID: 26631359 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.5b02390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas M Brenner
- Department of Materials and Interfaces, Weizmann Institute of Science , Rehovoth, Israel 76100
| | - David A Egger
- Department of Materials and Interfaces, Weizmann Institute of Science , Rehovoth, Israel 76100
| | - Andrew M Rappe
- The Makineni Theoretical Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, United States
| | - Leeor Kronik
- Department of Materials and Interfaces, Weizmann Institute of Science , Rehovoth, Israel 76100
| | - Gary Hodes
- Department of Materials and Interfaces, Weizmann Institute of Science , Rehovoth, Israel 76100
| | - David Cahen
- Department of Materials and Interfaces, Weizmann Institute of Science , Rehovoth, Israel 76100
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195
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Qiu C, Grey JK. Modulating charge recombination and structural dynamics in isolated organometal halide perovskite crystals by external electric fields. J Phys Chem Lett 2015; 6:4560-4565. [PMID: 26523607 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.5b02168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Time-resolved photoluminescence (PL) of isolated methylammonium lead tribromide (MAPbBr3) perovskite crystalline platelets is studied under applied electric fields to understand the influence of ion conformational and translational dynamics on charge recombination dynamics. MAPbBr3 PL decays and intensity transients over ∼100 ps to 10 s time scales show large modulation upon application of electric fields up to ∼ ±10(7) V/m that we attribute primarily to reorientation of the methylammonium cation (MA(+)) dipole moments. On longer time scales, a large fraction of electric field-dependent PL intensity transients exhibit oscillatory behavior and undergo spontaneous switching on time scales comparable to ion drift (∼1-10 s). PL modulation behavior decreases significantly with aging, suggesting diminished reorientational susceptibility (conformational flexibility) of MA(+) groups to applied electric fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Qiu
- Department of Chemistry, University of New Mexico , Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, United States
| | - John K Grey
- Department of Chemistry, University of New Mexico , Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, United States
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196
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Kim HS, Jang IH, Ahn N, Choi M, Guerrero A, Bisquert J, Park NG. Control of I-V hysteresis in CH3NH3PbI3 perovskite solar cell. J Phys Chem Lett 2015; 6:4633-9. [PMID: 26551249 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.5b02273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Mismatch of current (I)-voltage (V) curves with respect to the scan direction, so-called I-V hysteresis, raises critical issue in MAPbI3 (MA = CH3NH3) perovskite solar cell. Although ferroelectric and ion migration have been proposed as a basis for the hysteresis, origin of hysteresis has not been apparently unraveled. We report here on the origin of I-V hysteresis of perovskite solar cell that was systematically evaluated by the interface-dependent electrode polarizations. Frequency (f)-dependent capacitance (C) revealed that the normal planar structure with the TiO2/MAPbI3/spiro-MeOTAD configuration showed most significant I-V hysteresis along with highest capacitance (10(-2) F/cm(2)) among the studied cell configurations. Substantial reduction in capacitance to 10(-3) F/cm(2) was observed upon replacing TiO2 with PCBM, indicative of the TiO2 layer being mainly responsible for the hysteresis. The capacitance was intensively reduced to 10(-5) F/cm(2) and C-f feature shifted to higher frequency for the hysteresis-free planar structures with combination of PEDOT PSS, NiO, and PCBM, which underlines the spiro-MeOTAD in part contributes to the hysteresis. This work is expected to provide a key to the solution of the problem on I-V hysteresis in perovskite solar cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Seon Kim
- School of Chemical Engineering and Department of Energy Science, Sungkyunkwan University , Suwon 440-746, Korea
| | - In-Hyuk Jang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Department of Energy Science, Sungkyunkwan University , Suwon 440-746, Korea
| | - Namyoung Ahn
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Seoul National University , Seoul 151-742, Korea
| | - Mansoo Choi
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Seoul National University , Seoul 151-742, Korea
| | - Antonio Guerrero
- Institute of Advanced Materials (INAM), Universitat Jaume I , 12006 Castelló, Spain
| | - Juan Bisquert
- Institute of Advanced Materials (INAM), Universitat Jaume I , 12006 Castelló, Spain
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University , Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nam-Gyu Park
- School of Chemical Engineering and Department of Energy Science, Sungkyunkwan University , Suwon 440-746, Korea
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197
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Sveinbjörnsson K, Aitola K, Zhang X, Pazoki M, Hagfeldt A, Boschloo G, Johansson EMJ. Probing Photocurrent Generation, Charge Transport, and Recombination Mechanisms in Mesostructured Hybrid Perovskite through Photoconductivity Measurements. J Phys Chem Lett 2015; 6:4259-64. [PMID: 26538041 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.5b02044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Conductivity of methylammonium lead triiodide (MAPbI3) perovskite was measured on different mesoporous metal oxide scaffolds: TiO2, Al2O3, and ZrO2, as a function of incident light irradiation and temperature. It was found that MAPbI3 exhibits intrinsic charge separation, and its conductivity stems from a majority of free charge carriers. The crystal morphology of the MAPbI3 was found to significantly affect the photoconductivity, whereas in the dark the conductivity is governed by the perovskite in the pores of the mesoporous scaffold. The temperature-dependent conductivity measurements also indicate the presence of states within the band gap of the perovskite. Despite a relatively large amount of crystal defects in the measured material, the main recombination mechanism of the photogenerated charges is bimolecular (band-to-band), which suggests that the defect states are rather inactive in the recombination. This may explain the remarkable efficiencies obtained for perovskite solar cells prepared with wet-chemical methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kári Sveinbjörnsson
- Department of Chemistry - Ångström Laboratory, Physical Chemistry, Uppsala University , Box 523, 751 20 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Kerttu Aitola
- Department of Chemistry - Ångström Laboratory, Physical Chemistry, Uppsala University , Box 523, 751 20 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Xiaoliang Zhang
- Department of Chemistry - Ångström Laboratory, Physical Chemistry, Uppsala University , Box 523, 751 20 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Meysam Pazoki
- Department of Chemistry - Ångström Laboratory, Physical Chemistry, Uppsala University , Box 523, 751 20 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Anders Hagfeldt
- Department of Chemistry - Ångström Laboratory, Physical Chemistry, Uppsala University , Box 523, 751 20 Uppsala, Sweden
- École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Laboratory of Photomolecular Science, EPFL SB ISIC LSPM, CH G1 523, Chemin des Alambics, Station 6, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Gerrit Boschloo
- Department of Chemistry - Ångström Laboratory, Physical Chemistry, Uppsala University , Box 523, 751 20 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Erik M J Johansson
- Department of Chemistry - Ångström Laboratory, Physical Chemistry, Uppsala University , Box 523, 751 20 Uppsala, Sweden
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198
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Qin P, Paulose M, Dar MI, Moehl T, Arora N, Gao P, Varghese OK, Grätzel M, Nazeeruddin MK. Stable and Efficient Perovskite Solar Cells Based on Titania Nanotube Arrays. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2015; 11:5533-5539. [PMID: 26313216 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201501460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2015] [Revised: 07/14/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Highly ordered 1D TiO2 nanotube arrays are fabricated and applied as nanocontainers and electron transporting material in CH3 NH3 PbI3 perovskite solar cells. The optimized device shows a power conversion efficiency of 14.8%, and improved stability under an illumination of 100 mW cm(-2). This is the best result based on 1D TiO2 nanostructures so far.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Qin
- Group for Molecular Engineering of Functional Materials, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Maggie Paulose
- Nanomaterials and Devices Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Houston, Houston, TX, 77204, USA
| | - M Ibrahim Dar
- Group for Molecular Engineering of Functional Materials, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Moehl
- Laboratory of Photonics and Interfaces, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Neha Arora
- Group for Molecular Engineering of Functional Materials, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Peng Gao
- Group for Molecular Engineering of Functional Materials, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Oomman K Varghese
- Nanomaterials and Devices Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Houston, Houston, TX, 77204, USA
| | - Michael Grätzel
- Laboratory of Photonics and Interfaces, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Mohammad Khaja Nazeeruddin
- Group for Molecular Engineering of Functional Materials, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Center of Excellence for Advanced Materials Research (CEAMR), King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia
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199
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Yoo EJ, Lyu M, Yun JH, Kang CJ, Choi YJ, Wang L. Resistive Switching Behavior in Organic-Inorganic Hybrid CH3 NH3 PbI3-x Clx Perovskite for Resistive Random Access Memory Devices. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2015; 27:6170-5. [PMID: 26331363 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201502889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Revised: 07/21/2015] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The CH3 NH3 PbI3- x Clx organic-inorganic hybrid perovskite material demonstrates remarkable resistive switching behavior, which can be applicable in resistive random access memory devices. The simply designed Au/CH3 NH3 PbI3- x Clx /FTO structure is fabricated by a low-temperature, solution-processable method, which exhibits remarkable bipolar resistive switching and nonvolatile properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun Ji Yoo
- Department of Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials Engineering, Sejong University, Seoul, 143-747, South Korea
- Nanomaterials Centre, School of Chemical Engineering and AIBN, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Miaoqiang Lyu
- Nanomaterials Centre, School of Chemical Engineering and AIBN, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Jung-Ho Yun
- Nanomaterials Centre, School of Chemical Engineering and AIBN, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Chi Jung Kang
- Department of Physics, Myong Ji University, Yongin-si, 449-728, South Korea
| | - Young Jin Choi
- Department of Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials Engineering, Sejong University, Seoul, 143-747, South Korea
| | - Lianzhou Wang
- Nanomaterials Centre, School of Chemical Engineering and AIBN, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
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200
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Ong KP, Goh TW, Xu Q, Huan A. Structural Evolution in Methylammonium Lead Iodide CH3NH3PbI3. J Phys Chem A 2015; 119:11033-8. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.5b09884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Khuong P. Ong
- Institute of High Performance Computing, Agency of Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 1 Fusionopolis
Way, 138632 Singapore
| | - Teck Wee Goh
- Division
of Physics and Applied Physics, School of Physical and Mathematical
Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, 637371 Singapore
| | - Qiang Xu
- Division
of Physics and Applied Physics, School of Physical and Mathematical
Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, 637371 Singapore
| | - Alfred Huan
- Institute of High Performance Computing, Agency of Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 1 Fusionopolis
Way, 138632 Singapore
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