151
|
Shima F, Uto T, Akagi T, Baba M, Akashi M. Size effect of amphiphilic poly(γ-glutamic acid) nanoparticles on cellular uptake and maturation of dendritic cells in vivo. Acta Biomater 2013; 9:8894-901. [PMID: 23770225 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2013.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2012] [Revised: 05/30/2013] [Accepted: 06/07/2013] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
We prepared size-regulated nanoparticles (NPs) composed of amphiphilic poly(γ-glutamic acid) (γ-PGA). In this study, 40, 100 and 200 nm γ-PGA-graft-l-phenylalanine ethylester (γ-PGA-Phe) NPs were employed. The size of NPs significantly influenced the uptake and activation behaviors of antigen-presenting cells (APCs). When 40 nm γ-PGA-Phe NPs were applied to these cells in vitro, they were highly activated compared with 100 and 200 nm NPs, while cellular uptake was size dependent. The size of the γ-PGA-Phe NPs also significantly affected their migration to the lymph nodes and uptake behavior of NPs by dendritic cells (DCs) in vivo. The 40 nm γ-PGA-Phe NPs migrated more rapidly to the lymph nodes and were taken up by a greater number of DCs compared with 100 and 200 nm NPs. On the other hand, when the amount of γ-PGA-Phe NPs taken up per DC was evaluated, it was higher for 100 and 200 nm NPs than for 40 nm NPs, which suggests that the larger γ-PGA-Phe NPs can deliver a large amount of antigen to a single DC compared with smaller NPs. Furthermore, when examined the maturation of DCs in lymph nodes, 40 nm γ-PGA-Phe NPs efficiently stimulated DCs. These results suggest that the activation, uptake behavior by APCs, migration to lymph nodes, and DC maturation can be controlled by the size of γ-PGA-Phe NPs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fumiaki Shima
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita 565-0871, Japan; Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Kawaguchi Center Building, 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi 332-0012, Japan
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
152
|
Park YM, Lee SJ, Kim YS, Lee MH, Cha GS, Jung ID, Kang TH, Han HD. Nanoparticle-based vaccine delivery for cancer immunotherapy. Immune Netw 2013; 13:177-83. [PMID: 24198742 PMCID: PMC3817298 DOI: 10.4110/in.2013.13.5.177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2013] [Revised: 09/09/2013] [Accepted: 09/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Development of nano-sized carriers including nanoparticles, nanoemulsions or liposomes holds great potential for advanced delivery systems for cancer immunotherapy, as such nanostructures can be used to more effectively manipulate or deliver immunologically active components to specific target sites. Successful development of nanotechnology based platform in the field of immunotherapy will allow the application of vaccines, adjuvants and immunomodulatory drugs that improve clinical outcomes for immunological diseases. Here, we review current nanoparticle-based platforms in the efficacious delivery of vaccines in cancer immunotherapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yeong-Min Park
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Konkuk University, Chungju 380-701, Korea
| | - Seung Jun Lee
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Konkuk University, Chungju 380-701, Korea
| | - Young Seob Kim
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Konkuk University, Chungju 380-701, Korea
| | - Moon Hee Lee
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Konkuk University, Chungju 380-701, Korea
| | - Gil Sun Cha
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Konkuk University, Chungju 380-701, Korea
| | - In Duk Jung
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Konkuk University, Chungju 380-701, Korea
| | - Tae Heung Kang
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Konkuk University, Chungju 380-701, Korea
| | - Hee Dong Han
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Konkuk University, Chungju 380-701, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
153
|
Mahony D, Cavallaro AS, Stahr F, Mahony TJ, Qiao SZ, Mitter N. Mesoporous silica nanoparticles act as a self-adjuvant for ovalbumin model antigen in mice. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2013; 9:3138-46. [PMID: 23625779 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201300012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2013] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Immunization to the model protein antigen ovalbumin (OVA) is investigated using MCM-41 mesoporous silica nanoparticles as a novel vaccine delivery vehicle and adjuvant system in mice. The effects of amino surface functionalization and adsorption time on OVA adsorption to nanoparticles are assessed. Amino-functionalized MCM-41 (AM-41) shows an effect on the amount of OVA binding, with 2.5-fold increase in binding capacity (72 mg OVA/g AM-41) compared to nonfunctionalized MCM-41 (29 mg OVA/g MCM-41). Immunization studies in mice with a 10 μg dose of OVA adsorbed to AM-41 elicits both antibody and cell-mediated immune responses following three subcutaneous injections. Immunizations at a lower 2 μg dose of OVA adsorbed to AM-41 particles results in an antibody response but not cell-mediated immunity. The level of antibody responses following immunization with nanoformulations containing either 2 μg or 10 μg of OVA are only slightly lower than that in mice which receive 50 μg OVA adjuvanted with QuilA, a crude mixture of saponins extracted from the bark of the Quillaja saponaria Molina tree. This is a significant result, since it demonstrates that AM-41 nanoparticles are self-adjuvanting and elicit immune responses at reduced antigen doses in vivo compared to a conventional delivery system. Importantly, there are no local or systemic negative effects in animals injected with AM-41. Histopathological studies of a range of tissue organs show no changes in histopathology of the animals receiving nanoparticles over a six week period. These results establish the biocompatible MCM-41 silica nanoparticles as a new method for vaccine delivery which incorporates a self-adjuvant effect.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Donna Mahony
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
154
|
Jorquera PA, Choi Y, Oakley KE, Powell TJ, Boyd JG, Palath N, Haynes LM, Anderson LJ, Tripp RA. Nanoparticle vaccines encompassing the respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) G protein CX3C chemokine motif induce robust immunity protecting from challenge and disease. PLoS One 2013; 8:e74905. [PMID: 24040360 PMCID: PMC3769300 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0074905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2013] [Accepted: 08/06/2013] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Nanoparticle vaccines were produced using layer-by-layer fabrication and incorporating respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) G protein polypeptides comprising the CX3C chemokine motif. BALB/c mice immunized with G protein nanoparticle vaccines produced a neutralizing antibody response that inhibited RSV replication in the lungs following RSV challenge. ELISPOT analysis showed that G nanoparticle vaccinated mice had increased levels of RSV G protein-specific IL-4 and IFN-γ secreting cells compared to controls following RSV challenge. Remarkably, RSV challenge of G protein nanoparticle vaccinated mice resulted in increased RSV M2-specific IL-4 and IFN-γ secreting T cells, and increased M2-specific H-2Kd-tetramer positive CD8+ T cells in the lungs compared to controls. Cell type analysis showed vaccination was not associated with increased pulmonary eosinophilia following RSV challenge. These results demonstrate that vaccination of mice with the RSV G protein nanoparticle vaccines induces a potent neutralizing antibody response, increased G protein- and M2- specific T cell responses, and a reduction in RSV disease pathogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patricia A. Jorquera
- Department of Infectious Disease, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Youngjoo Choi
- Department of Infectious Disease, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Katie E. Oakley
- Department of Infectious Disease, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Thomas J. Powell
- Artificial Cell Technologies, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - James G. Boyd
- Artificial Cell Technologies, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Naveen Palath
- Artificial Cell Technologies, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Lia M. Haynes
- Division of Viral Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Larry J. Anderson
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Ralph A. Tripp
- Department of Infectious Disease, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
155
|
Gamvrellis A, Gloster S, Jefferies M, Mottram PL, Smooker P, Plebanski M, Scheerlinck JPY. Characterisation of local immune responses induced by a novel nano-particle based carrier-adjuvant in sheep. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2013; 155:21-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2013.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2012] [Revised: 05/20/2013] [Accepted: 05/22/2013] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
|
156
|
Knuschke T, Epple M, Westendorf AM. The type of adjuvant strongly influences the T-cell response during nanoparticle-based immunization. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2013; 10:164-9. [PMID: 23982325 DOI: 10.4161/hv.26203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Potent vaccines require the ability to effectively induce immune responses. Especially for the control of infectious diseases with intracellular pathogens, like viruses or bacteria, potent T-cell responses are indispensable. Several delivery systems such as nanoparticles have been considered to boost the immunogenicity of pathogen derived peptides or subunits for the induction of potent T-cell responses. Since they can be further functionalized with immunostimulants, like Toll-like receptor (TLR) agonists, they improve the response by enhanced activation of the innate immune system. Currently, TLR agonists like unmethylated CpG oligonucleotides and the synthetic dsRNA derivate polyriboinosinic acid-polyribocytidylic acid (poly[I:C]) are widely used as vaccine adjuvants. CpG and poly(I:C) trigger different TLRs and therefore show differential signal transduction. Recently, we established biodegradable calcium phosphate (CaP) nanoparticles as potent T cell inducing vaccination vehicles. In this commentary we discuss the role of CpG and poly(I:C) for the effective induction of virus-specific T cells during immunization with CaP nanoparticles. The presented results underline the importance of the right formulation of vaccines for specific immunization purpose.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Torben Knuschke
- Infection Immunology; Institute of Medical Microbiology; University Hospital Essen; University of Duisburg-Essen; Essen, Germany
| | - Matthias Epple
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry; University of Duisburg-Essen; Campus Essen, and Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CeNIDE); Essen, Germany
| | - Astrid M Westendorf
- Infection Immunology; Institute of Medical Microbiology; University Hospital Essen; University of Duisburg-Essen; Essen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
157
|
Muthiah M, Park IK, Cho CS. Nanoparticle-mediated delivery of therapeutic genes: focus on miRNA therapeutics. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2013; 10:1259-73. [PMID: 23826971 DOI: 10.1517/17425247.2013.798640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Micro RNAs (miRNA) are 21 - 23 nucleotides long and regulate the expression of coding genes by binding imperfectly with their 3' UTR region. The miRNA profile is altered in pathological processes, making miRNAs good targets for drug therapy. Restoration of down-regulated miRNA or inhibition of overexpressed miRNA to return miRNA to its normal state is the basis of miRNA-based therapy. This review focuses on nanocarriers used for the delivery of miRNA that confer physical stability to the unstable RNA structure, protect the RNA from nuclease degradation and aid in effective silencing of target genes. AREAS COVERED The necessity of the nanocarrier for the delivery of the miRNA is emphasized and the recent research on liposome-, metal- and polymer-mediated miRNA delivery for the inhibition or replacement of the disease-related miRNA is summarized. EXPERT OPINION The size, charge and surface properties of nanocarriers have to be tuned to ensure effective and safe delivery of the miRNA in clinical practice. The immune responses related to the nanocarriers and the double-stranded nucleotide delivery remain to be addressed. Also, the binding of miRNAs to non-specific targets has to be studied in more detail because miRNAs have multiple targets due to partial binding unlike siRNA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Muthunarayanan Muthiah
- Chonnam National University Medical School, Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Department of Biomedical Science, Gwangju, South Korea.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
158
|
Abstract
Nanoscale objects, whether of biologic origin or synthetically created, are being developed into devices for a variety of bionanotechnology diagnostic and pharmaceutical applications. However, the potential immunotoxicity of these nanomaterials and mechanisms by which they may induce adverse reactions have not received sufficient attention. Nanomaterials, depending on their characteristics and compositions, can interact with the immune system in several ways and either enhance or suppress immune system function. Cytokines perform pleiotropic functions to mediate and regulate the immune response and are generally recognized as biomarkers of immunotoxicity. While the specificity and validity of certain cytokines as markers of adverse immune response has been established for chemicals, small and macromolecular drugs, research on their applicability for predicting and monitoring the immunotoxicity of engineered nanomaterials is still ongoing. The goal of this review is to provide guidelines as to important cytokines that can be utilized for evaluating the immunotoxicity of nanomaterials and to highlight the role of those cytokines in mediating adverse reactions, which is of particular importance for the clinical development of nanopharmaceuticals and other nanotechnology-based products. Importantly, the rational design of nanomaterials of low immunotoxicity will be discussed, focusing on synthetic nanodevices, with emphasis on both the nanoparticle-forming materials and the embedded cargoes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud Elsabahy
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Chemical Engineering, and Laboratory for Synthetic-Biologic Interactions, Texas A&M University, P.O. Box 30012, 3255 TAMU, College Station, Texas 77842-3012, United States
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Assiut International Center of Nanomedicine, Al-Rajhy Liver Hospital, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Karen L. Wooley
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Chemical Engineering, and Laboratory for Synthetic-Biologic Interactions, Texas A&M University, P.O. Box 30012, 3255 TAMU, College Station, Texas 77842-3012, United States
| |
Collapse
|
159
|
Mittal A, Raber AS, Lehr CM, Hansen S. Particle based vaccine formulations for transcutaneous immunization. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2013; 9:1950-5. [PMID: 23778884 DOI: 10.4161/hv.25217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Vaccine formulations on the basis of nano- (NP) or microparticles (MP) can solve issues with stabilization, controlled release, and poor immunogenicity of antigens. Likewise transcutaneous immunization (TCI) promises superior immunogenicity as well as the advantages of needle-free application compared with conventional intramuscular injections. Thus the combination of both strategies seems to be a very valuable approach. However, until now TCI using particle based vaccine formulations has made no impact on medical practice. One of the main difficulties is that NPs and MPs cannot penetrate the skin to an extent that would allow the application of the required dose of antigen. This is due to the formidable stratum corneum (SC) barrier, the limited amount of antigen in the formulation and often an insufficient immunogenicity. A multitude of strategies are currently under investigation to overcome these issues. We highlight selected methods presenting a spectrum of solutions ranging from transfollicular delivery, to devices disrupting the SC barrier and the combination of particle based vaccines with adjuvants discussing their advantages and shortcomings. Some of these are currently at an experimental state while others are already in clinical testing. All methods have been shown to be capable of transcutaneous antigen delivery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ankit Mittal
- Biopharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology; Saarland University; Saarbruecken, Germany
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
160
|
Niikura K, Matsunaga T, Suzuki T, Kobayashi S, Yamaguchi H, Orba Y, Kawaguchi A, Hasegawa H, Kajino K, Ninomiya T, Ijiro K, Sawa H. Gold nanoparticles as a vaccine platform: influence of size and shape on immunological responses in vitro and in vivo. ACS NANO 2013; 7:3926-38. [PMID: 23631767 DOI: 10.1021/nn3057005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 422] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
This paper demonstrates how the shape and size of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) affect immunological responses in vivo and in vitro for the production of antibodies for West Nile virus (WNV). We prepared spherical (20 and 40 nm in diameter), rod (40 × 10 nm), and cubic (40 × 40 × 40 nm) AuNPs as adjuvants and coated them with WNV envelope (E) protein. We measured anti-WNVE antibodies after inoculation of these WNVE-coated AuNPs (AuNP-Es) into mice. The 40 nm spherical AuNP-Es (Sphere40-Es) induced the highest level of WNVE-specific antibodies, while rod AuNP-Es (Rod-Es) induced only 50% of that of Sphere40-E. To examine the mechanisms of the shape-dependent WNVE antibody production, we next measured the efficiency of cellular uptake of AuNP-Es into RAW264.7 macrophage cells and bone-marrow-derived dendritic cells (BMDCs) and the subsequent cytokine secretion from BMDCs. The uptake of Rod-Es into the cells proceeded more efficiently than those of Sphere-Es or cubic WNVE-coated AuNPs (Cube-Es), suggesting that antibody production was not dependent on the uptake efficiency of the different AuNP-Es. Cytokine production from BMDCs treated with the AuNP-Es revealed that only Rod-E-treated cells produced significant levels of interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and interleukin-18 (IL-18), indicating that Rod-Es activated inflammasome-dependent cytokine secretion. Meanwhile, Sphere40-Es and Cube-Es both significantly induced inflammatory cytokine production, including tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), IL-6, IL-12, and granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF). These results suggested that AuNPs are effective vaccine adjuvants and enhance the immune response via different cytokine pathways depending on their sizes and shapes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kenichi Niikura
- Research Institute for Electronic Science, Hokkaido University, N21W10, Sapporo 001-0021, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
161
|
Garg R, Shrivastava P, van Drunen Littel-van den Hurk S. The role of dendritic cells in innate and adaptive immunity to respiratory syncytial virus, and implications for vaccine development. Expert Rev Vaccines 2013; 11:1441-57. [PMID: 23252388 DOI: 10.1586/erv.12.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a common human pathogen that causes cold-like symptoms in most healthy adults and children. However, RSV often moves into the lower respiratory tract in infants and young children predisposed to respiratory illness, making it the most common cause of pediatric broncheolitis and pneumonia. The development of an appropriate balanced immune response is critical for recovery from RSV, while an unbalanced and/or excessively vigorous response may lead to immunopathogenesis. Different dendritic cell (DC) subsets influence the magnitude and quality of the host response to RSV infection, with myeloid DCs mediating and plasmacytoid DCs modulating immunopathology. Furthermore, stimulation of DCs through Toll-like receptors is essential for induction of protective immunity to RSV. These characteristics have implications for the rational design of a RSV vaccine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ravendra Garg
- VIDO-Intervac, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E3, Canada
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
162
|
Elsabahy M, Shrestha R, Clark C, Taylor S, Leonard J, Wooley KL. Multifunctional hierarchically assembled nanostructures as complex stage-wise dual-delivery systems for coincidental yet differential trafficking of siRNA and paclitaxel. NANO LETTERS 2013; 13:2172-81. [PMID: 23574430 PMCID: PMC3681414 DOI: 10.1021/nl4006645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Development of multifunctional nanostructures that can be tuned to codeliver multiple drugs and diagnostic agents to diseased tissues is of great importance. Hierarchically assembled theranostic (HAT) nanostructures based on anionic cylindrical shell cross-linked nanoparticles and cationic shell cross-linked knedel-like nanoparticles (cSCKs) have recently been developed by our group to deliver siRNA intracellularly and to undergo radiolabeling. In the current study, paclitaxel, a hydrophobic anticancer drug, and siRNA have been successfully loaded into the cylindrical and spherical components of the hierarchical assemblies, respectively. Cytotoxicity, immunotoxicity, and intracellular delivery mechanism of the HAT nanostructures and their individual components have been investigated. Decoration of nanoparticles with F3-tumor homing peptide was shown to enhance the selective cellular uptake of the spherical particles, whereas the HAT nanoassemblies underwent an interesting disassembly process in contact with either OVCAR-3 or RAW 264.7 cell lines. The HAT nanostructures were found to "stick" to the cell membrane and "trigger" the release of spherical cSCKs templated onto their surfaces intracellularly, while retaining the cylindrical part on the cell surface. Combination of paclitaxel and cell-death siRNA (siRNA that induces cell death) into the HAT nanostructures resulted in greater reduction in cell viability than siRNA complexed with Lipofectamine and the assemblies loaded with the individual drugs. In addition, a shape-dependent immunotoxicity was observed for both spherical and cylindrical nanoparticles with the latter being highly immunotoxic. Supramolecular assembly of the two nanoparticles into the HAT nanostructures significantly reduced the immunotoxicity of both cSCKs and cylinders. HAT nanostructures decorated with targeting moieties, loaded with nucleic acids, hydrophobic drugs, radiolabels, and fluorophores, with control over their toxicity, immunotoxicity, and intracellular delivery might have great potential for biomedical delivery applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud Elsabahy
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Chemical Engineering, Laboratory for Synthetic-Biologic Interactions, Texas A&M University, P.O. Box 30012, 3255 TAMU, College Station, Texas 77842-3012, United States
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Assiut International Center of Nanomedicine, Al-Rajhy Liver Hospital, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Ritu Shrestha
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Chemical Engineering, Laboratory for Synthetic-Biologic Interactions, Texas A&M University, P.O. Box 30012, 3255 TAMU, College Station, Texas 77842-3012, United States
| | - Corrie Clark
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Chemical Engineering, Laboratory for Synthetic-Biologic Interactions, Texas A&M University, P.O. Box 30012, 3255 TAMU, College Station, Texas 77842-3012, United States
| | - Sara Taylor
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Washington University and St. Louis Children’s Hospital, St. Louis Missouri, 63110
| | - Jeffrey Leonard
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Washington University and St. Louis Children’s Hospital, St. Louis Missouri, 63110
| | - Karen L. Wooley
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Chemical Engineering, Laboratory for Synthetic-Biologic Interactions, Texas A&M University, P.O. Box 30012, 3255 TAMU, College Station, Texas 77842-3012, United States
| |
Collapse
|
163
|
Xiang SD, Wilson K, Day S, Fuchsberger M, Plebanski M. Methods of effective conjugation of antigens to nanoparticles as non-inflammatory vaccine carriers. Methods 2013; 60:232-41. [PMID: 23643867 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2013.03.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2012] [Revised: 03/24/2013] [Accepted: 03/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
It has recently become clear that nanoparticle size is a major determinant for how antigen presenting cells (APCs), and specifically dendritic cells (DC) recognize and handle particles, and hence a critical parameter for the formulation of particulate vaccines that aim to induce immunity by targeting DC. Our previous studies in mice and sheep have shown polystyrene nanoparticles of 40-50 nm (PSNPs) with covalently bound antigen offer a new class of vaccines, which contain only 2 elements, antigen and particle, and no added inflammatory stimuli, but evoke very potent combined CD8 T cell and antibody responses. Herein we have optimized the methods for antigen conjugation to PSNPs to controllably promote a single antigen (protein or peptide) layer coating on the nanoparticle. Surprisingly, these nanovaccines not only continued to induce high levels of CD8 T cells in vivo, but were further more potent antibody inducers than nanoparticles containing multiple antigen layers. Addressing the issue of antigen loading on PSNPs, we found an optimal range, above or below which immunogenicity is changed either for antibodies or CD8 T cells. The mechanism behind the induction of high levels of CD8 T cells was further explored by assessing the DC subset that takes up the PSNPs in vivo, and these were found to be preferentially CD8(+) CD11c(+) DC in the lymph node draining the injection site. Since the levels of induced antibodies were highly elevated, and CD8(+) DC do not traditionally induce antibodies, we further sought to find if, despite no detectable inflammation at the injection site, the PSNPs may perhaps induce inflammatory cytokines locally in the lymph node after injection, or systemically in sera, resulting in an adjuvant effect. The initial findings presented herein show no detectable induction of the key inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α, IL-1 or IL-6, suggesting a novel "non-inflammatory" adjuvant mechanism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sue D Xiang
- Department of Immunology, Central Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, 89 Commercial Rd., Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
164
|
Gamvrellis A, Walsh K, Tatarczuch L, Smooker P, Plebanski M, Scheerlinck JPY. Phenotypic analysis of ovine antigen presenting cells loaded with nanoparticles migrating from the site of vaccination. Methods 2013; 60:257-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2013.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2012] [Revised: 02/03/2013] [Accepted: 02/06/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
|
165
|
Core–shell-type lipid–polymer hybrid nanoparticles as a drug delivery platform. NANOMEDICINE-NANOTECHNOLOGY BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2013; 9:474-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2012.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 296] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2012] [Revised: 11/06/2012] [Accepted: 11/14/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
|
166
|
Zaman M, Good MF, Toth I. Nanovaccines and their mode of action. Methods 2013; 60:226-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2013.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2012] [Revised: 04/15/2013] [Accepted: 04/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
|
167
|
Abstract
Elevated understanding and respect for the relevance of the immune system in cancer development and therapy has led to increased development of immunotherapeutic regimens that target existing cancer cells and provide long-term immune surveillance and protection from cancer recurrence. This review discusses using particles as immune adjuvants to create vaccines and to augment the anticancer effects of conventional chemotherapeutics. Several particle prototypes are presented, including liposomes, polymer nanoparticles, and porous silicon microparticles, the latter existing as either single- or multiparticle platforms. The benefits of using particles include immune-cell targeting, codelivery of antigens and immunomodulatory agents, and sustained release of the therapeutic payload. Nanotherapeutic-based activation of the immune system is dependent on both intrinsic particle characteristics and on the immunomodulatory cargo, which may include danger signals known as pathogen-associated molecular patterns and cytokines for effector-cell activation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rita Elena Serda
- Department of Nanomedicine, The Methodist Hospital Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
168
|
Karlson TDL, Kong YY, Hardy CL, Xiang SD, Plebanski M. The signalling imprints of nanoparticle uptake by bone marrow derived dendritic cells. Methods 2013; 60:275-83. [PMID: 23459257 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2013.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2012] [Revised: 02/10/2013] [Accepted: 02/11/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanoparticles (NP) possess remarkable adjuvant and carrier capacity, therefore are used in the development of various vaccine formulations. Our previous studies demonstrated that inert non-toxic 40-50 nm polystyrene NP (PS-NP) can promote strong CD8 T cell and antibody responses to the antigen, in the absence of observable inflammatory responses. Furthermore, instillation of PS-NP inhibited the development of allergic airway inflammation by induction of an immunological imprint via modulation of dendritic cell (DC) function without inducing oxidative stress in the lungs in mice. This is in contrast to many studies which show that a variety of ambient and man-made NP promote lung immunopathology, raising concerns generally about the safe use of NPs in biomedicine. Most NPs are capable of inducing inflammatory pathways in DC largely mediated by signalling via the extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK). Herein, we investigate whether PS-NPs also activate ERK in DC in vitro. Our data show that PS-NP do not induce ERK activation in two different types of bone marrow derived (BM) DC cultures (expanded with GM-CSF or with GM-CSF together with IL-4). The absence of such signalling was not due to lack of PS-NP uptake by BM-DC as confirmed by confocal microscopy and flow cytometry. The process of NP uptake by DC usually initiates ERK signalling, suggesting an unusual uptake pathway may be engaged by PS-NPs. Indeed, data herein showns that uptake of PS-NP by BM-DC was substantially inhibited by phorbol myristate acetate (PMA) but not cytochalasin D (CCD), suggesting an uptake pathway utilising caveole for PS-NP. Together these data show that BM-DC take up PS-NP via a caveole-dependent pathway which does not trigger ERK signalling which may explain their efficient uptake by DC, without the concomitant activation of conventional inflammatory pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tanya De L Karlson
- Department of Immunology, Central Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
169
|
Powell TJ, Tang J, Derome ME, Mitchell RA, Jacobs A, Deng Y, Palath N, Cardenas E, Boyd JG, Nardin E. Plasmodium falciparum synthetic LbL microparticle vaccine elicits protective neutralizing antibody and parasite-specific cellular immune responses. Vaccine 2013; 31:1898-904. [PMID: 23481177 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2013.02.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2012] [Revised: 02/08/2013] [Accepted: 02/13/2013] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Epitopes of the circumsporozoite (CS) protein of Plasmodium falciparum, the most pathogenic species of the malaria parasite, have been shown to elicit protective immunity in experimental animals and human volunteers. The mechanisms of immunity include parasite-neutralizing antibodies that can inhibit parasite motility in the skin at the site of infection and in the bloodstream during transit to the hepatocyte host cell and also block interaction with host cell receptors on hepatocytes. In addition, specific CD4+ and CD8+ cellular mechanisms target the intracellular hepatic forms, thus preventing release of erythrocytic stage parasites from the infected hepatocyte and the ensuing blood stage cycle responsible for clinical disease. An innovative method for producing particle vaccines, layer-by-layer (LbL) fabrication of polypeptide films on solid CaCO3 cores, was used to produce synthetic malaria vaccines containing a tri-epitope CS peptide T1BT comprising the antibody epitope of the CS repeat region (B) and two T-cell epitopes, the highly conserved T1 epitope and the universal epitope T. Mice immunized with microparticles loaded with T1BT peptide developed parasite-neutralizing antibodies and malaria-specific T-cell responses including cytotoxic effector T-cells. Protection from liver stage infection following challenge with live sporozoites from infected mosquitoes correlated with neutralizing antibody levels. Although some immunized mice with low or undetectable neutralizing antibodies were also protected, depletion of T-cells prior to challenge resulted in the majority of mice remaining resistant to challenge. In addition, mice immunized with microparticles bearing only T-cell epitopes were not protected, demonstrating that cellular immunity alone was not sufficient for protective immunity. Although the microparticles without adjuvant were immunogenic and protective, a simple modification with the lipopeptide TLR2 agonist Pam3Cys increased the potency and efficacy of the LbL vaccine candidate. This study demonstrates the potential of LbL particles as promising malaria vaccine candidates using the T1BT epitopes from the P. falciparum CS protein.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J Powell
- Artificial Cell Technologies, Inc., 5 Science Park, Suite 13, New Haven, CT 06511, United States.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
170
|
Gonzalez-Aramundiz JV, Cordeiro AS, Csaba N, de la Fuente M, Alonso MJ. Nanovaccines : nanocarriers for antigen delivery. Biol Aujourdhui 2013; 206:249-61. [PMID: 23419252 DOI: 10.1051/jbio/2012027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Vaccination has become one of the most important health interventions of our times, revolutionizing health care, and improving the quality of life and life expectancy of millions all over the world. In spite of this, vaccine research remains a vast field for innovation and improvement. Indeed, the shift towards the use of sub-unit antigens, much safer but less immunogenic, and the recognized need to facilitate the access to vaccines in the global framework is currently stimulating the search for safe and efficient adjuvants and delivery technologies. Within this context, nanocarriers have gained particular attention over the last years and appear as one of the most promising strategies for antigen delivery. A number of biomaterials and technologies can be used to design nanovaccines that fulfill the requirements of new vaccination approaches, such as single-dose and transmucosal immunization, critical for achieving a widespread coverage while reducing the overall costs in relation to traditional forms of vaccination. Here we present an overview of the current state of nanocarriers for antigen delivery, developed with the perspective of contributing to the global vaccination goal.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jose Vicente Gonzalez-Aramundiz
- NanoBioFar Group, Center for Research in Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases, Campus Vida, University of Santiago de Compostela USC, Avenida 15782 Barcelona s/n, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
171
|
García-Arévalo C, Bermejo-Martín JF, Rico L, Iglesias V, Martín L, Rodríguez-Cabello JC, Arias FJ. Immunomodulatory Nanoparticles from Elastin-Like Recombinamers: Single-Molecules for Tuberculosis Vaccine Development. Mol Pharm 2013; 10:586-97. [DOI: 10.1021/mp300325v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Carmen García-Arévalo
- Bioforge Group, University of Valladolid, CIBER-BBN, Paseo de Belén
11, 47011 Valladolid, Spain
| | - Jesús F. Bermejo-Martín
- Infection and Immunity Medical Research Unit (IMI), Microbiology
Department, Hospital Clínico Universitario-IECSCYL, Ramón y Cajal 3, 47005 Valladolid, Spain
| | - Lucia Rico
- Infection and Immunity Medical Research Unit (IMI), Microbiology
Department, Hospital Clínico Universitario-IECSCYL, Ramón y Cajal 3, 47005 Valladolid, Spain
| | - Verónica Iglesias
- Infection and Immunity Medical Research Unit (IMI), Microbiology
Department, Hospital Clínico Universitario-IECSCYL, Ramón y Cajal 3, 47005 Valladolid, Spain
| | - Laura Martín
- Bioforge Group, University of Valladolid, CIBER-BBN, Paseo de Belén
11, 47011 Valladolid, Spain
| | | | - F. Javier Arias
- Bioforge Group, University of Valladolid, CIBER-BBN, Paseo de Belén
11, 47011 Valladolid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
172
|
Leleux J, Roy K. Micro and nanoparticle-based delivery systems for vaccine immunotherapy: an immunological and materials perspective. Adv Healthc Mater 2013; 2:72-94. [PMID: 23225517 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201200268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2012] [Revised: 08/31/2012] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The development and widespread application of vaccines has been one of the most significant achievements of modern medicine. Vaccines have not only been instrumental in controlling and even eliminating life-threatening diseases like polio, measles, diphtheria, etc., but have also been immensely powerful in enhancing the worldwide outlook of public health over the past century. Despite these successes, there are still many complex disorders (e.g., cancer, HIV, and other emerging infectious diseases) for which effective preventative or therapeutic vaccines have been difficult to develop. This failure can be attributed primarily to our inability to precisely control and modulate the highly complex immune memory response, specifically the cellular response. Dominated by B and T cell maturation and function, the cellular response is primarily initiated by potent immunostimulators and antigens. Efficient and targeted delivery of these immunomodulatory and immunostimulatory molecules to appropriate cells is key to successful development of next generation vaccine formulations. Over the past decade, particulate carriers have emerged as an attractive means for enhancing the delivery efficacy and potency of vaccines and associated immunomodulatory molecules. Specifically, polymer-based micro and nanoparticles are being extensively studied for a wide variety of applications. In this review, we discuss the immunological fundamentals for developing effective vaccines and how materials and material properties can be exploited to improve these therapies. Particular emphasis is given to polymer-based particles and how the route of administration of particulate systems affects the phenotype and robustness of an immune response. Comparison of various strategies and recent advancements in the field are discussed along with insights into current limitations and future directions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jardin Leleux
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
173
|
Yan S, Gu W, Xu ZP. Re-considering how particle size and other properties of antigen-adjuvant complexes impact on the immune responses. J Colloid Interface Sci 2012; 395:1-10. [PMID: 23312582 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2012.11.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2012] [Revised: 11/28/2012] [Accepted: 11/29/2012] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the influences of particle properties of antigen-adjuvant complexes on immunity is crucial in designing highly active adjuvants for new-generation of vaccines. This paper briefly revisits the current opinions on the size-dependent immunity of various adjuvant particles and then comprehensively discusses a few immunity-determining processes that are affected by the antigen-adjuvant particle properties. These include particle size, surface charge, surface hydrophilicity/lipophilicity, and antigen-adjuvant binding strength. Based on current understandings, we hypothesize that a maximum immune response occurs at a certain antigen-adjuvant particle size. This hypothesis clearly explains the paradoxical opinions on the size-dependent immunity and has also been supported by the data reported by several research groups. Finally, we further hypothesize that there is a similar relationship between any immune response and any measureable antigen-adjuvant particle property, and that there is a maximum immune response when all measureable antigen-adjuvant particle properties are optimized. We believe more attention should be paid to this issue when designing and developing effective adjuvants in future research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shiyu Yan
- Australian Institute of Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
174
|
Peer D. Immunotoxicity derived from manipulating leukocytes with lipid-based nanoparticles. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2012; 64:1738-48. [PMID: 22820531 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2012.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2012] [Revised: 06/08/2012] [Accepted: 06/14/2012] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Lipid-based nanoparticles (LNPs) such as liposomes, micelles, and hybrid systems (e.g. lipid-polymer) are prominent delivery vehicles that already made an impact on the lives of millions around the globe. A common denominator of all these LNP-based platforms is to deliver drugs into specific tissues or cells in a pathological setting with minimal adverse effects on bystander cells. All these platforms must be compatible to the physiological environment and prevent undesirable interactions with the immune system. Avoiding immune stimulation or suppression is an important consideration when developing new strategies in drug and gene delivery, whereas in adjuvants for vaccine therapies, immune activation is desired. Therefore, profound understanding of how LNPs elicit immune responses is essential for the optimization of these systems for various biomedical applications. Herein, I describe general concepts of the immune system and the interaction of subsets of leukocytes with LNPs. Finally, I detail the different immune toxicities reported and propose ways to manipulate leukocytes' functions using LNPs.
Collapse
|
175
|
Kaba SA, McCoy ME, Doll TAPF, Brando C, Guo Q, Dasgupta D, Yang Y, Mittelholzer C, Spaccapelo R, Crisanti A, Burkhard P, Lanar DE. Protective antibody and CD8+ T-cell responses to the Plasmodium falciparum circumsporozoite protein induced by a nanoparticle vaccine. PLoS One 2012; 7:e48304. [PMID: 23144750 PMCID: PMC3483151 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0048304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2012] [Accepted: 09/24/2012] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The worldwide burden of malaria remains a major public health problem due, in part, to the lack of an effective vaccine against the Plasmodium falciparum parasite. An effective vaccine will most likely require the induction of antigen specific CD8+ and CD4+ T-cells as well as long-lasting antibody responses all working in concert to eliminate the infection. We report here the effective modification of a self-assembling protein nanoparticle (SAPN) vaccine previously proven effective in control of a P. berghei infection in a rodent model to now present B- and T-cell epitopes of the human malaria parasite P. falciparum in a platform capable of being used in human subjects. Methodology/Principal Findings To establish the basis for a SAPN-based vaccine, B- and CD8+ T-cell epitopes from the P. falciparum circumsporozoite protein (PfCSP) and the universal CD4 T-helper epitope PADRE were engineered into a versatile small protein (∼125 amino acids) that self-assembles into a spherical nanoparticle repetitively displaying the selected epitopes. P. falciparum epitope specific immune responses were evaluated in mice using a transgenic P. berghei malaria parasite of mice expressing the human malaria full-length P. falciparum circumsporozoite protein (Tg-Pb/PfCSP). We show that SAPN constructs, delivered in saline, can induce high-titer, long-lasting (1 year) protective antibody and poly-functional (IFNγ+, IL-2+) long-lived central memory CD8+ T-cells. Furthermore, we demonstrated that these Ab or CD8+ T–cells can independently provide sterile protection against a lethal challenge of the transgenic parasites. Conclusion The SAPN construct induces long-lasting antibody and cellular immune responses to epitope specific sequences of the P. falciparum circumsporozoite protein (PfCSP) and prevents infection in mice by a transgenic P. berghei parasite displaying the full length PfCSP.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Adoptive Transfer
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Antibodies, Protozoan/immunology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Epitopes, B-Lymphocyte/chemistry
- Epitopes, B-Lymphocyte/genetics
- Epitopes, B-Lymphocyte/immunology
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/chemistry
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/genetics
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/immunology
- Female
- Humans
- Malaria/immunology
- Malaria/prevention & control
- Malaria Vaccines/administration & dosage
- Malaria Vaccines/immunology
- Malaria, Falciparum/immunology
- Malaria, Falciparum/prevention & control
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Microscopy, Electron, Transmission
- Models, Molecular
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Nanoparticles/administration & dosage
- Nanoparticles/ultrastructure
- Plasmodium berghei/genetics
- Plasmodium berghei/immunology
- Plasmodium berghei/metabolism
- Plasmodium falciparum/genetics
- Plasmodium falciparum/immunology
- Plasmodium falciparum/metabolism
- Protein Multimerization
- Protozoan Proteins/chemistry
- Protozoan Proteins/genetics
- Protozoan Proteins/immunology
- Vaccines, DNA/administration & dosage
- Vaccines, DNA/immunology
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephen A. Kaba
- Malaria Vaccine Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Margaret E. McCoy
- Malaria Vaccine Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Tais A. P. F. Doll
- Institute of Materials Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Clara Brando
- Malaria Vaccine Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Qin Guo
- Malaria Vaccine Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Debleena Dasgupta
- Malaria Vaccine Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Yongkun Yang
- Institute of Materials Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, United States of America
| | | | - Roberta Spaccapelo
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Microbiology Section, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | | | - Peter Burkhard
- Institute of Materials Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, United States of America
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - David E. Lanar
- Malaria Vaccine Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
176
|
Stano A, Nembrini C, Swartz MA, Hubbell JA, Simeoni E. Nanoparticle size influences the magnitude and quality of mucosal immune responses after intranasal immunization. Vaccine 2012; 30:7541-6. [PMID: 23103199 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2012.10.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2012] [Revised: 09/28/2012] [Accepted: 10/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The development of nanoparticulate antigen-delivery systems is an important emerging area of vaccinology, being sought to amplify immune responses to recombinant antigens that are poorly immunogenic. Nanoparticle size may play an important role in influencing the activity of such particulate-based adjuvants. METHODS To explore how the size of nanoparticles that are in the range of many common viruses can modulate the magnitude and quality of mucosal immune responses, the model antigen ovalbumin (OVA) was conjugated to 30 nm or 200 nm polypropylene sulfide nanoparticles (NPs) and administered intranasally to C57BL/6 mice. RESULTS We show that by increasing the size of the NPs from 30 to 200 nm, OVA was more effectively delivered into both MHC class I and MHC class II-presentation pathways. Intranasal immunization with the 200 nm NPs increased the magnitude of CD4(+) T cell responses in the lungs, as well as systemic and mucosal humoral responses. Most importantly, 200 nm NPs increased the proportion of antigen-specific polyfunctional CD4(+) T cells as compared to 30 nm NPs. CONCLUSIONS The 200 nm NPs are a very interesting antigen nanocarrier for prophylactic vaccines against mucosal pathogens that require multifunctional CD4(+) T cells for protection. These results contribute to our understanding of how the size of an antigen-conjugated nanoparticle modulates mucosal immune responses to a protein antigen and may be useful to engineer subunit vaccines able to elicit appropriate mucosal immune responses that correlate with protection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Armando Stano
- Institute of Bioengineering, School of Life Sciences and School of Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
177
|
Bhargava A, Mishra D, Banerjee S, Mishra PK. Engineered dendritic cells for gastrointestinal tumor immunotherapy: opportunities in translational research. J Drug Target 2012; 21:126-36. [PMID: 23061479 DOI: 10.3109/1061186x.2012.731069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
|
178
|
Frick SU, Bacher N, Baier G, Mailänder V, Landfester K, Steinbrink K. Functionalized polystyrene nanoparticles trigger human dendritic cell maturation resulting in enhanced CD4+ T cell activation. Macromol Biosci 2012; 12:1637-47. [PMID: 23042770 DOI: 10.1002/mabi.201200223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2012] [Revised: 08/03/2012] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Nanoparticles (NP) represent a promising tool for biomedical applications. Here, sulfonate- and phosphonate-functionalized polystyrene NP are analyzed for their interaction with human monocyte-derived dendritic cells (DC). Immature dendritic cells (iDC) display a higher time- and dose-dependent uptake of functionalized polystyrene NP compared to mature dendritic cells (mDC). Notably, NP induce an enhanced maturation of iDC but not of mDC (upregulation of stimulatory molecules and cytokines). NP-triggered maturation results in a significantly enhanced T cell stimulatory capacity (increased CD4(+) T cell proliferation and IFN-γ production), indicating a shift to a pronounced Th1 response. Immunomodulatory properties of NP may be a useful strategy for strengthening the efficacy of NP-based approaches in immunotherapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie U Frick
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Langenbeckstrasse 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
179
|
|
180
|
Polymer micelles with pyridyl disulfide-coupled antigen travel through lymphatics and show enhanced cellular responses following immunization. Acta Biomater 2012; 8:3210-7. [PMID: 22698945 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2012.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2012] [Revised: 05/03/2012] [Accepted: 06/06/2012] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Poly(ethylene glycol)-stabilized poly(propylene sulfide) core (PEG-PPS) nanoparticles (NPs) smaller than 50 nm efficiently travel to draining lymph nodes and interact with antigen-presenting cells (APCs) to induce potent immune responses following intradermal immunization. To determine if a similar system could be developed that could be more easily and reproducibly prepared and eliminated faster in vivo, we created block copolymers of PEG-bl-PPS capable of self-assembling into 25-35 nm micelles (MCs). Biodistribution studies showed that these MCs were able to travel to draining lymph nodes, where they preferentially interacted with APCs. To couple cysteine-containing antigens to the surface of the MCs, a new polymer was synthesized with a terminal pyridyl disulfide (PDS), forming PDS-PEG-bl-PPS-benzyl. When mice were immunized in conjunction with free CpG as an adjuvant, ovalbumin-conjugated MCs (MC-Ova) generated more (2.4-fold) Ova-specific CD8(+) T cells in the blood and higher (1.7-fold) interferon-gamma levels from splenocytes upon restimulation than in mice immunized with free Ova and CpG. When comparing this MC platform to our PEG-PPS NPs with disulfide-linked Ova, no significant differences were found in the measured responses. These results indicate that PDS-functionalized MCs are efficient antigen delivery vehicles that enhance immune responses compared to immunization with free protein.
Collapse
|
181
|
Mant A, Chinnery F, Elliott T, Williams AP. The pathway of cross-presentation is influenced by the particle size of phagocytosed antigen. Immunology 2012; 136:163-75. [PMID: 22260486 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2567.2012.03558.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cross-presentation is the presentation by MHC class I of antigenic peptides from exogenous proteins that have been internalized and processed by professional antigen-presenting cells, e.g. dendritic cells. We have investigated the influence of particle size and antigen load on cross-presentation following antigen delivery on microspheres (MS). Cross-presentation from small particles (0·8-μm) is sensitive to proteasome inhibition and the blockade of endoplasmic reticulum-resident MHC class I complex export, whereas cross-presentation from larger particles (aggregated clumps of 0·8-μm MS) is resistant to these antagonists. This observation may have been overlooked previously, because of the heterogeneity of particle size and MS uptake in unsorted dendritic cell populations. Larger particles carry more antigen, but we show that antigen load does not influence the cross-presentation pathway used. Whereas early endosome autoantigen 1 (EEA1) could be observed in all phagosomes, we observed endoplasmic reticulum SNARE of molecular weight 24 000 (ERS24) and cathepsin S in association with 3·0-μm and aggregated 0·8-μm MS, but not individual 0·8-μm MS. A potential mechanism underlying our observations may be the activation of β-catenin by disruption of E-cadherin-mediated adhesion. Activated β-catenin was detected in the cytoplasm of cells after phagocytosis of MS (highest levels for the largest particles). We propose that particle size can direct the use of different pathways for the cross-presentation of an identical antigen. Furthermore, these pathways have differing yields of MHC class I-peptide complexes, which is an important variable in designing vaccination strategies for maximal antigen expression and CD8(+) T-cell priming.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Mant
- Cancer Sciences Division, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
182
|
Zhang Z, Guo Y, Feng SS. Nanoimmunotherapy: application of nanotechnology for sustained and targeted delivery of antigens to dendritic cells. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2012; 7:1-4. [DOI: 10.2217/nnm.11.171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Zhiping Zhang
- Tongji School of Pharmacy, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Yajun Guo
- International Joint Cancer Institute, The Second Military Medical University, 800 Xiang Yin Road, Shanghai 200433, PR China
| | - Si-Shen Feng
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, Block E5, 02-11, 4 Engineering Drive 4, Singapore 117576, Singapore
| |
Collapse
|
183
|
Landesman-Milo D, Peer D. Altering the immune response with lipid-based nanoparticles. J Control Release 2011; 161:600-8. [PMID: 22230342 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2011.12.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2011] [Revised: 12/21/2011] [Accepted: 12/22/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Lipid-based nanoparticles (LNPs) hold great promise as delivery vectors in the treatment of cancer, inflammation, and infections and are already used in clinical practice. Numerous strategies based on LNPs are being developed to carry drugs into specific target sites. The common denominator for all of these LNPs-based platforms is to improve the payloads' pharmacokinetics, biodistribution, stability and therapeutic benefit, and to reduce to minimal adverse effects. In addition, the delivery system must be biocompatible and non-toxic and avoid undesirable interactions with the immune system. In order to achieve optimal benefits from these delivery strategies, interactions with the immune system must be thoroughly investigated. This report will center on the interactions of LNPs with different subsets of leukocytes and will detail representative examples of suppression or activation of the immune system by these carriers. By understanding the interactions of LNPs with the innate and the adaptive arms of the immune system it might be possible to attain improved therapeutic benefits and to avoid immune toxicity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dalit Landesman-Milo
- Laboratory of Nanomedicine, Dept. of Cell Research and Immunology, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Science, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 69978, Israel
| | | |
Collapse
|
184
|
Hardy CL, LeMasurier JS, Belz GT, Scalzo-Inguanti K, Yao J, Xiang SD, Kanellakis P, Bobik A, Strickland DH, Rolland JM, O'Hehir RE, Plebanski M. Inert 50-nm polystyrene nanoparticles that modify pulmonary dendritic cell function and inhibit allergic airway inflammation. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 188:1431-41. [PMID: 22190179 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1100156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Nanoparticles are being developed for diverse biomedical applications, but there is concern about their potential to promote inflammation, particularly in the lung. Although a variety of ambient, anthropogenic and man-made nanoparticles can promote lung inflammation, little is known about the long-term immunomodulatory effects of inert noninflammatory nanoparticles. We previously showed polystyrene 50-nm nanoparticles coated with the neutral amino acid glycine (PS50G nanoparticles) are not inflammatory and are taken up preferentially by dendritic cells (DCs) in the periphery. We tested the effects of such nanoparticles on pulmonary DC function and the development of acute allergic airway inflammation. Surprisingly, exposure to PS50G nanoparticles did not exacerbate but instead inhibited key features of allergic airway inflammation including lung airway and parenchymal inflammation, airway epithelial mucus production, and serum allergen-specific IgE and allergen-specific Th2 cytokines in the lung-draining lymph node (LN) after allergen challenge 1 mo later. PS50G nanoparticles themselves did not induce lung oxidative stress or cardiac or lung inflammation. Mechanistically, PS50G nanoparticles did not impair peripheral allergen sensitization but exerted their effect at the lung allergen challenge phase by inhibiting expansion of CD11c(+)MHCII(hi) DCs in the lung and draining LN and allergen-laden CD11b(hi)MHCII(hi) DCs in the lung after allergen challenge. PS50G nanoparticles further suppressed the ability of CD11b(hi) DCs in the draining LN of allergen-challenged mice to induce proliferation of OVA-specific CD4(+) T cells. The discovery that a defined type of nanoparticle can inhibit, rather than promote, lung inflammation via modulation of DC function opens the door to the discovery of other nanoparticle types with exciting beneficial properties.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Charles L Hardy
- Department of Immunology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
185
|
Chua BY, Al Kobaisi M, Zeng W, Mainwaring D, Jackson DC. Chitosan Microparticles and Nanoparticles as Biocompatible Delivery Vehicles for Peptide and Protein-Based Immunocontraceptive Vaccines. Mol Pharm 2011; 9:81-90. [DOI: 10.1021/mp200264m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Brendon Y. Chua
- Department of Microbiology and
Immunology, The University of Melbourne, Royal Parade, Parkville, Australia 3010
| | - Mohammad Al Kobaisi
- School of Applied Sciences, Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology, Melbourne,
Australia 3010
| | - Weiguang Zeng
- Department of Microbiology and
Immunology, The University of Melbourne, Royal Parade, Parkville, Australia 3010
| | - David Mainwaring
- School of Applied Sciences, Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology, Melbourne,
Australia 3010
| | - David C. Jackson
- Department of Microbiology and
Immunology, The University of Melbourne, Royal Parade, Parkville, Australia 3010
| |
Collapse
|
186
|
Tsai CY, Lu SL, Hu CW, Yeh CS, Lee GB, Lei HY. Size-dependent attenuation of TLR9 signaling by gold nanoparticles in macrophages. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 188:68-76. [PMID: 22156340 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1100344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Gold nanoparticles (GNPs), which are generally thought to be bio-inert and non-cytotoxic, have become one of the most ideal nanomaterials for medical applications. Once engulfed by phagocytes, the immunological effects of GNPs are still of concern and require detailed investigation. Therefore, this study explored the immunological significance of GNPs on TLR-mediated innate immunity in murine macrophages. GNP causes specific inhibition of TLR9 (CpG oligodeoxynucleotides; CpG-ODNs) signal in macrophages. The impaired CpG-ODN-induced TNF-α production is GNP concentration- and size-dependent in murine Raw264.7 cells: a GNP of 4 nm in size is more potent than a GNP of 11, 19, 35, or 45 nm in size. Consistent with cytokine inhibition, the CpG-ODN-induced phosphorylation of NF-κB and JNK as well as NF-κB activation are suppressed by GNPs. GNPs accumulate in lysosomes after phagocytosis and also increase TLR9-associated lysosomal cathepsin expression and activities, but this is irrelevant to TLR9 inhibition by GNPs in our studies. In addition, GNPs affected TLR9 translocation in response to CpG-ODNs and to phagosomes. Further exploring how GNPs inhibited TLR9 function, we found that GNPs could bind to high-mobility group box-1 (which is involved in the regulation of TLR9 signaling) inside the lysosomes. The current studies demonstrate that size-dependent inhibition of TLR9 function by GNP may be attributed to its binding to high-mobility group box-1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chiau-Yuang Tsai
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
187
|
Hussain S, Vanoirbeek JAJ, Hoet PHM. Interactions of nanomaterials with the immune system. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-NANOMEDICINE AND NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY 2011; 4:169-83. [DOI: 10.1002/wnan.166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Salik Hussain
- Unit of Functional and Adaptive Biology, Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Responses to Xenobiotics, Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France
- Research Unit for Lung Toxicology, K.U. Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
188
|
Liard C, Munier S, Arias M, Joulin-Giet A, Bonduelle O, Duffy D, Shattock RJ, Verrier B, Combadière B. Targeting of HIV-p24 particle-based vaccine into differential skin layers induces distinct arms of the immune responses. Vaccine 2011; 29:6379-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.04.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2010] [Revised: 04/17/2011] [Accepted: 04/21/2011] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
|
189
|
Villa CH, Dao T, Ahearn I, Fehrenbacher N, Casey E, Rey DA, Korontsvit T, Zakhaleva V, Batt CA, Philips MR, Scheinberg DA. Single-walled carbon nanotubes deliver peptide antigen into dendritic cells and enhance IgG responses to tumor-associated antigens. ACS NANO 2011; 5:5300-11. [PMID: 21682329 PMCID: PMC3143710 DOI: 10.1021/nn200182x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
We studied the feasibility of using single-wall carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) as antigen carriers to improve immune responses to peptides that are weak immunogens, a characteristic typical of human tumor antigens. Binding and presentation of peptide antigens by the MHC molecules of antigen presenting cells (APCs) is essential to mounting an effective immune response. The Wilm's tumor protein (WT1) is upregulated in many human leukemias and cancers and several vaccines directed at this protein are in human clinical trials. WT1 peptide 427 induces human CD4 T cell responses in the context of multiple human HLA-DR.B1 molecules, but the peptide has a poor binding affinity to BALB/c mouse MHC class II molecules. We used novel, spectrally quantifiable chemical approaches to covalently append large numbers of peptide ligands (0.4 mmol/g) onto solubilized SWNT scaffolds. Peptide-SWNT constructs were rapidly internalized into professional APCs (dendritic cells and macrophages) within minutes in vitro, in a dose dependent manner. Immunization of BALB/c mice with the SWNT-peptide constructs mixed with immunological adjuvant induced specific IgG responses against the peptide, while the peptide alone or peptide mixed with the adjuvant did not induce such a response. The conjugation of the peptide to SWNT did not enhance the peptide-specific CD4 T cell response in human and mouse cells, in vitro. The solubilized SWNTs alone were nontoxic in vitro, and we did not detect antibody responses to SWNT in vivo. These results demonstrated that SWNTs are able to serve as antigen carriers for delivery into APCs to induce humoral immune responses against weak tumor antigens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carlos H. Villa
- Molecular Pharmacology and Chemistry and Program. Departments of Medicine and Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10021, United States
| | - Tao Dao
- Molecular Pharmacology and Chemistry and Program. Departments of Medicine and Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10021, United States
| | - Ian Ahearn
- Departments of Medicine, Cell Biology, and Pharmacology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York 10016, United States
| | - Nicole Fehrenbacher
- Departments of Medicine, Cell Biology, and Pharmacology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York 10016, United States
| | - Emily Casey
- Molecular Pharmacology and Chemistry and Program. Departments of Medicine and Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10021, United States
| | - Diego A. Rey
- Departments of Biomedical Engineering and Food Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Tatyana Korontsvit
- Molecular Pharmacology and Chemistry and Program. Departments of Medicine and Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10021, United States
| | - Victoriya Zakhaleva
- Molecular Pharmacology and Chemistry and Program. Departments of Medicine and Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10021, United States
| | - Carl A. Batt
- Departments of Biomedical Engineering and Food Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Mark R. Philips
- Departments of Medicine, Cell Biology, and Pharmacology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York 10016, United States
| | - David A. Scheinberg
- Molecular Pharmacology and Chemistry and Program. Departments of Medicine and Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10021, United States
- Address correspondence to
| |
Collapse
|
190
|
An overview on the field of micro- and nanotechnologies for synthetic Peptide-based vaccines. JOURNAL OF DRUG DELIVERY 2011; 2011:181646. [PMID: 21773041 PMCID: PMC3134826 DOI: 10.1155/2011/181646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2010] [Accepted: 04/05/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The development of synthetic peptide-based vaccines has many advantages in comparison with vaccines based on live attenuated organisms, inactivated or killed organism, or toxins. Peptide-based vaccines cannot revert to a virulent form, allow a better conservation, and are produced more easily and safely. However, they generate a weaker immune response than other vaccines, and the inclusion of adjuvants and/or the use of vaccine delivery systems is almost always needed. Among vaccine delivery systems, micro- and nanoparticulated ones are attractive, because their particulate nature can increase cross-presentation of the peptide. In addition, they can be passively or actively targeted to antigen presenting cells. Furthermore, particulate adjuvants are able to directly activate innate immune system in vivo. Here, we summarize micro- and nanoparticulated vaccine delivery systems used in the field of synthetic peptide-based vaccines as well as strategies to increase their immunogenicity.
Collapse
|
191
|
Henriksen-Lacey M, Korsholm KS, Andersen P, Perrie Y, Christensen D. Liposomal vaccine delivery systems. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2011; 8:505-19. [DOI: 10.1517/17425247.2011.558081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
|
192
|
Ho J, Al-Deen FMN, Al-Abboodi A, Selomulya C, Xiang SD, Plebanski M, Forde GM. N,N′-Carbonyldiimidazole-mediated functionalization of superparamagnetic nanoparticles as vaccine carrier. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2011; 83:83-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2010.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2010] [Revised: 10/29/2010] [Accepted: 11/01/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
193
|
Powell TJ, Palath N, DeRome ME, Tang J, Jacobs A, Boyd JG. Synthetic nanoparticle vaccines produced by layer-by-layer assembly of artificial biofilms induce potent protective T-cell and antibody responses in vivo. Vaccine 2011; 29:558-69. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2010.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2010] [Revised: 07/14/2010] [Accepted: 10/01/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|
194
|
Li X, Sloat BR, Yanasarn N, Cui Z. Relationship between the size of nanoparticles and their adjuvant activity: data from a study with an improved experimental design. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2010; 78:107-16. [PMID: 21182941 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2010.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2010] [Revised: 12/07/2010] [Accepted: 12/13/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
There is a growing interest in identifying the relationship between the size of nanoparticles and their adjuvant activity, but the results from recent studies remain controversial. To address the controversy, it was thought that one should pay attention to the nanoparticle formulations to make sure that the antigen-loaded nanoparticles to be compared are not only different in particle size, but more importantly, as identical to each other as possible in all other formulation properties. In the present study, using ovalbumin (OVA) as a model antigen conjugated onto nanoparticles engineered from lecithin/glyceryl monostearate-in-water emulsions, we prepared OVA-nanoparticles of 230 nm and 708 nm. Before evaluating the immune responses induced by them in a mouse model, we made sure that: (i) the sizes of the two OVA-nanoparticles did not extensively overlap, (ii) the nanoparticles have similar zeta potentials and comparable antigen-loading, and (iii) the nanoparticles did not aggregate when suspended in simulated biological media. We then showed that when subcutaneously injected into mice, the 230 nm OVA-conjugated nanoparticles induced stronger OVA-specific antibody and cellular immune responses than the 708 nm OVA-nanoparticles. Future studies attempting to correlate the size of nanoparticles and their adjuvant activities need to consider formulation parameters to ensure that the particles are different only in size and are stable before and after injection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xinran Li
- The University of Texas at Austin, College of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutics Division, Austin, TX 78723, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
195
|
Oyewumi MO, Kumar A, Cui Z. Nano-microparticles as immune adjuvants: correlating particle sizes and the resultant immune responses. Expert Rev Vaccines 2010; 9:1095-107. [PMID: 20822351 DOI: 10.1586/erv.10.89] [Citation(s) in RCA: 363] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The development of novel immune adjuvants is emerging as a significant area of vaccine delivery based on the continued necessity to amplify immune responses to a wide array of new antigens that are poorly immunogenic. This article specifically focuses on the application of nanoparticles and microparticles as vaccine adjuvants. Many investigators are in agreement that the size of the particles is crucial to their adjuvant activities. However, reports on correlating the size of particle-based adjuvants and the resultant immune responses have been conflicting, with investigators on both sides of the fence with impressive data in support of the effectiveness of particles with small sizes (submicron) over those with larger sizes (micron) and vice versa, while other investigators reported data that showed submicron- and micron-sized particles are effective to the same degree as immune adjuvants. We have generated a list of biological, immunological and, more importantly, vaccine formulation parameters that may have contributed to the inconsistency from different studies and made recommendations on future studies attempting to correlate the size of particulate adjuvants and the immune responses induced. The information gathered could lead to strategies to optimize the performance of nano-microparticles as immune adjuvants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Moses O Oyewumi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeastern Ohio Universities Colleges of Medicine and Pharmacy, Rootstown, OH 44272, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
196
|
|
197
|
Black M, Trent A, Tirrell M, Olive C. Advances in the design and delivery of peptide subunit vaccines with a focus on toll-like receptor agonists. Expert Rev Vaccines 2010; 9:157-73. [PMID: 20109027 DOI: 10.1586/erv.09.160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Considerable success has been made with many peptide antigen formulations, and peptide-based vaccines are emerging as the next generation of prophylactic and remedial immunotherapy. However, finding an optimal platform balancing all of the requirements for an effective, specific and safe immune response remains a major challenge for many infectious and chronic diseases. This review outlines how peptide immunogenicity is influenced by the way in which peptides are presented to the immune system, underscoring the need for multifunctional delivery systems that couple antigen and adjuvant into a single construct. Particular attention is given to the ability of Toll-like receptor agonists to act as adjuvants. A survey of recent approaches to developing peptide antigen delivery systems is given, many of which incorporate Toll-like receptor agonists into the design.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Black
- University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
198
|
Bal SM, Slütter B, van Riet E, Kruithof AC, Ding Z, Kersten GF, Jiskoot W, Bouwstra JA. Efficient induction of immune responses through intradermal vaccination with N-trimethyl chitosan containing antigen formulations. J Control Release 2010; 142:374-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2009.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2009] [Revised: 11/11/2009] [Accepted: 11/15/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
|
199
|
Schreiber HA, Prechl J, Jiang H, Zozulya A, Fabry Z, Denes F, Sandor M. Using carbon magnetic nanoparticles to target, track, and manipulate dendritic cells. J Immunol Methods 2010; 356:47-59. [PMID: 20219468 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2010.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2009] [Revised: 02/14/2010] [Accepted: 02/17/2010] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are crucial in the initiation of immune responses and are primary targets in vaccination. Here, we describe fluorescent, carbon magnetic nanoparticles (CMNPs) within the 20-80 nm size range that are non-toxic and preferentially endocytosed by DCs. These attributes allow for DC tracing in vitro, ex vivo and in vivo, by both fluorescence and MRI. We show that CMNPs conjugated with an array of proteins are able to induce strong immune responses in mice. The addition of TLR ligand, CpG, to the CMNPs along with protein results in both T cell activation, but also a selective IFNgamma response. The magnetism afforded by the CMNPs facilitates a simple DC enrichment ex vivo by magnetic means from both secondary lymphoid organs, and sites of chronic inflammation. The magnetic and fluorescent properties of the CMNPs allow for visualization, recovery, and potentially the facilitation of directed DC migration. These particles may support more efficient immunization protocols or new diagnostic assays to characterize functionalities of DCs from patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Heidi A Schreiber
- University of Wisconsin Department of Pathology and Laboratory Sciences, 1300 University Avenue, Madison, WI 53705, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
200
|
Yang D, Zhao Y, Guo H, Li Y, Tewary P, Xing G, Hou W, Oppenheim JJ, Zhang N. [Gd@C(82)(OH)(22)](n) nanoparticles induce dendritic cell maturation and activate Th1 immune responses. ACS NANO 2010; 4:1178-86. [PMID: 20121217 PMCID: PMC2835518 DOI: 10.1021/nn901478z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Dendritic cells play a pivotal role in host immune defense, such as elimination of foreign pathogen and inhibition of tumorigenesis. In this paper, we report that [Gd@C(82)(OH)(22)](n) could induce phenotypic maturation of dendritic cells by stimulating DC production of cytokines including IL-12p70, upregulating DC co-stimulatory (CD80, CD83, and CD86) and MHC (HLA-A,B,C and HLA-DR) molecules, and switching DCs from a CCL5-responsive to a CCL19-responsive phenotype. We found that [Gd@C(82)(OH)(22)](n) can induce dendritic cells to become functionally mature as illustrated by their capacity to activate allogeneic T cells. Mice immunized with ovalbumin in the presence of [Gd@C(82)(OH)(22)](n) exhibit enhanced ovalbumin-specific Th1-polarized immune response as evidenced by the predominantly increased production of IFNgamma, IL-1beta, and IL-2. The [Gd@C(82)(OH)(22)](n) nanoparticle is a potent activator of dendritic cells and Th1 immune responses. These new findings also provide a rational understanding of the potent anticancer activities of [Gd@C(82)(OH)(22)](n) nanoparticles reported previously.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- De Yang
- Tianjin Medical University, Research Center of Basic Medic Sciences, Cancer Institute and Hospital, Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer Research (Ministry of Education), Tianjin 300060, China
- Basic Research Program, SAIC-Frederick, Inc.; Laboratory of Molecular Immunoregulation, Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research; National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Yuliang Zhao
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100049, China, and National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of China
| | - Hua Guo
- Tianjin Medical University, Research Center of Basic Medic Sciences, Cancer Institute and Hospital, Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer Research (Ministry of Education), Tianjin 300060, China
| | - Yana Li
- Basic Research Program, SAIC-Frederick, Inc.; Laboratory of Molecular Immunoregulation, Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research; National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Poonam Tewary
- Basic Research Program, SAIC-Frederick, Inc.; Laboratory of Molecular Immunoregulation, Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research; National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Gengmei Xing
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100049, China, and National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of China
- Correspondence should be addressed to: Ning Zhang, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, China. (Tel: 086-13502179648; ). Gengmei Xing, Laboratory for Bio-Environmental Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, Institute of High Energy Physics, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China, and National Center for Nanoscience and Technology
| | - Wei Hou
- Tianjin Medical University, Research Center of Basic Medic Sciences, Cancer Institute and Hospital, Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer Research (Ministry of Education), Tianjin 300060, China
| | - Joost J. Oppenheim
- Basic Research Program, SAIC-Frederick, Inc.; Laboratory of Molecular Immunoregulation, Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research; National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Ning Zhang
- Tianjin Medical University, Research Center of Basic Medic Sciences, Cancer Institute and Hospital, Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer Research (Ministry of Education), Tianjin 300060, China
- Correspondence should be addressed to: Ning Zhang, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, China. (Tel: 086-13502179648; ). Gengmei Xing, Laboratory for Bio-Environmental Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, Institute of High Energy Physics, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China, and National Center for Nanoscience and Technology
| |
Collapse
|