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Lee ML, Martinez-Lozada Z, Krizman EN, Robinson MB. Brain endothelial cells induce astrocytic expression of the glutamate transporter GLT-1 by a Notch-dependent mechanism. J Neurochem 2017. [PMID: 28771710 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.13825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Neuron-secreted factors induce astrocytic expression of the glutamate transporter, GLT-1 (excitatory amino acid transporter 2). In addition to their elaborate anatomic relationships with neurons, astrocytes also have processes that extend to and envelop the vasculature. Although previous studies have demonstrated that brain endothelia contribute to astrocyte differentiation and maturation, the effects of brain endothelia on astrocytic expression of GLT-1 have not been examined. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that endothelia induce expression of GLT-1 by co-culturing astrocytes from mice that utilize non-coding elements of the GLT-1 gene to control expression of reporter proteins with the mouse endothelial cell line, bEND.3. We found that endothelia increased steady state levels of reporter and GLT-1 mRNA/protein. Co-culturing with primary rat brain endothelia also increases reporter protein, GLT-1 protein, and GLT-1-mediated glutamate uptake. The Janus kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription 3, bone morphogenic protein/transforming growth factor β, and nitric oxide pathways have been implicated in endothelia-to-astrocyte signaling; we provide multiple lines of evidence that none of these pathways mediate the effects of endothelia on astrocytic GLT-1 expression. Using transwells with a semi-permeable membrane, we demonstrate that the effects of the bEND.3 cell line are dependent upon contact. Notch has also been implicated in endothelia-astrocyte signaling in vitro and in vivo. The first step of Notch signaling requires cleavage of Notch intracellular domain by γ-secretase. We demonstrate that the γ-secretase inhibitor N-[N-(3,5-difluorophenacetyl)-l-alanyl]-S-phenylglycine t-butyl ester blocks endothelia-induced increases in GLT-1. We show that the levels of Notch intracellular domain are higher in nuclei of astrocytes co-cultured with endothelia, an effect also blocked by N-[N-(3,5-difluorophenacetyl)-l-alanyl]-S-phenylglycine t-butyl ester. Finally, infection of co-cultures with shRNA directed against recombination signal binding protein for immunoglobulin kappa J, a Notch effector, also reduces endothelia-dependent increases in enhanced green fluorescent protein and GLT-1. Together, these studies support a novel role for Notch in endothelia-dependent induction of GLT-1 expression. Cover Image for this issue: doi. 10.1111/jnc.13825.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meredith L Lee
- Departments of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Zila Martinez-Lozada
- Departments of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Elizabeth N Krizman
- Departments of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Michael B Robinson
- Departments of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.,Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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152
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Rojas-Gutierrez E, Muñoz-Arenas G, Treviño S, Espinosa B, Chavez R, Rojas K, Flores G, Díaz A, Guevara J. Alzheimer's disease and metabolic syndrome: A link from oxidative stress and inflammation to neurodegeneration. Synapse 2017. [PMID: 28650104 DOI: 10.1002/syn.21990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common cause of dementia and one of the most important causes of morbidity and mortality among the aging population. AD diagnosis is made post-mortem, and the two pathologic hallmarks, particularly evident in the end stages of the illness, are amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles. Currently, there is no curative treatment for AD. Additionally, there is a strong relation between oxidative stress, metabolic syndrome, and AD. The high levels of circulating lipids and glucose imbalances amplify lipid peroxidation that gradually diminishes the antioxidant systems, causing high levels of oxidative metabolism that affects cell structure, leading to neuronal damage. Accumulating evidence suggests that AD is closely related to a dysfunction of both insulin signaling and glucose metabolism in the brain, leading to an insulin-resistant brain state. Four drugs are currently used for this pathology: Three FDA-approved cholinesterase inhibitors and one NMDA receptor antagonist. However, wide varieties of antioxidants are promissory to delay or prevent the symptoms of AD and may help in treating the disease. Therefore, therapeutic efforts to achieve attenuation of oxidative stress could be beneficial in AD treatment, attenuating Aβ-induced neurotoxicity and improve neurological outcomes in AD. The term inflammaging characterizes a widely accepted paradigm that aging is accompanied by a low-grade chronic up-regulation of certain pro-inflammatory responses in the absence of overt infection, and is a highly significant risk factor for both morbidity and mortality in the elderly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Rojas-Gutierrez
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Guadalupe Muñoz-Arenas
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla, Pue, Mexico
| | - Samuel Treviño
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla, Pue, Mexico
| | - Blanca Espinosa
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias-INER, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Raúl Chavez
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Karla Rojas
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Gonzalo Flores
- Instituto de Fisiología, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla, Pue, Mexico
| | - Alfonso Díaz
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla, Pue, Mexico
| | - Jorge Guevara
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
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153
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Te Brake LHM, de Knegt GJ, de Steenwinkel JE, van Dam TJP, Burger DM, Russel FGM, van Crevel R, Koenderink JB, Aarnoutse RE. The Role of Efflux Pumps in Tuberculosis Treatment and Their Promise as a Target in Drug Development: Unraveling the Black Box. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 2017; 58:271-291. [PMID: 28715978 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-010617-052438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Insight into drug transport mechanisms is highly relevant to the efficacious treatment of tuberculosis (TB). Major problems in TB treatment are related to the transport of antituberculosis (anti-TB) drugs across human and mycobacterial membranes, affecting the concentrations of these drugs systemically and locally. Firstly, transporters located in the intestines, liver, and kidneys all determine the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of anti-TB drugs, with a high risk of drug-drug interactions in the setting of concurrent use of antimycobacterial, antiretroviral, and antidiabetic agents. Secondly, human efflux transporters limit the penetration of anti-TB drugs into the brain and cerebrospinal fluid, which is especially important in the treatment of TB meningitis. Finally, efflux transporters located in the macrophage and Mycobacterium tuberculosis cell membranes play a pivotal role in the emergence of phenotypic tolerance and drug resistance, respectively. We review the role of efflux transporters in TB drug disposition and evaluate the promise of efflux pump inhibition from a novel holistic perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsey H M Te Brake
- Department of Pharmacy, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands; .,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Gerjo J de Knegt
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Erasmus Medical Center, 3015 CN Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jurriaan E de Steenwinkel
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Erasmus Medical Center, 3015 CN Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Teunis J P van Dam
- Centre for Molecular and Biomolecular Informatics, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - David M Burger
- Department of Pharmacy, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands;
| | - Frans G M Russel
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Reinout van Crevel
- Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jan B Koenderink
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Rob E Aarnoutse
- Department of Pharmacy, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands;
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154
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Gomez-Zepeda D, Chaves C, Taghi M, Sergent P, Liu WQ, Chhuon C, Vidal M, Picard M, Thioulouse E, Broutin I, Guerrera IC, Scherrmann JM, Parmentier Y, Decleves X, Menet MC. Targeted unlabeled multiple reaction monitoring analysis of cell markers for the study of sample heterogeneity in isolated rat brain cortical microvessels. J Neurochem 2017; 142:597-609. [DOI: 10.1111/jnc.14095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2016] [Revised: 05/31/2017] [Accepted: 06/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David Gomez-Zepeda
- Inserm; UMR-S 1144; Variabilité de la réponse aux psychotropes; Paris France
- Université Paris Descartes; Paris France
- Université Paris Diderot; Paris France
| | - Catarina Chaves
- Inserm; UMR-S 1144; Variabilité de la réponse aux psychotropes; Paris France
- Université Paris Descartes; Paris France
- Université Paris Diderot; Paris France
| | - Méryam Taghi
- Inserm; UMR-S 1144; Variabilité de la réponse aux psychotropes; Paris France
- Université Paris Descartes; Paris France
- Université Paris Diderot; Paris France
| | - Philippe Sergent
- Technologie Servier; Département de recherche biopharmaceutique; Orléans France
| | - Wang-Qing Liu
- Université Paris Descartes; Paris France
- CNRS; UMR 8638; Chimie Organique; Médicinale et Extractive et Toxicologie Expérimentale; Paris France
| | - Cérina Chhuon
- Plateforme Protéomique 3P5-Necker; SFR Necker; US24; Université Paris Descartes; Paris France
| | - Michel Vidal
- Université Paris Descartes; Paris France
- CNRS; UMR 8638; Chimie Organique; Médicinale et Extractive et Toxicologie Expérimentale; Paris France
- UF Biologie du médicament et toxicologie; Hôpital Cochin, AP HP; Paris France
| | - Martin Picard
- Université Paris Descartes; Paris France
- CNRS, UMR 8015; Laboratoire de cristallographie et RMN biologiques; Paris France
- CNRS UMR 7099; Laboratoire de Biologie Physico-Chimique des Protéines Membranaires; Institut de Biologie Physico-Chimique (IBPC); Paris France
| | | | - Isabelle Broutin
- Université Paris Descartes; Paris France
- CNRS, UMR 8015; Laboratoire de cristallographie et RMN biologiques; Paris France
| | - Ida-Chiara Guerrera
- Plateforme Protéomique 3P5-Necker; SFR Necker; US24; Université Paris Descartes; Paris France
| | - Jean-Michel Scherrmann
- Inserm; UMR-S 1144; Variabilité de la réponse aux psychotropes; Paris France
- Université Paris Descartes; Paris France
- Université Paris Diderot; Paris France
| | - Yannick Parmentier
- Technologie Servier; Département de recherche biopharmaceutique; Orléans France
| | - Xavier Decleves
- Inserm; UMR-S 1144; Variabilité de la réponse aux psychotropes; Paris France
- Université Paris Descartes; Paris France
- Université Paris Diderot; Paris France
- UF Biologie du médicament et toxicologie; Hôpital Cochin, AP HP; Paris France
| | - Marie-Claude Menet
- Inserm; UMR-S 1144; Variabilité de la réponse aux psychotropes; Paris France
- Université Paris Descartes; Paris France
- Université Paris Diderot; Paris France
- Laboratoire d'hormonologie spécialisé et métabolisme; Hôpital Cochin; AP HP; Paris France
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155
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Affiliation(s)
- Wheaton T Little
- Takeda Pharmaceuticals, 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan.
| | - Ceri H Davies
- Takeda Pharmaceuticals, 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
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156
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Morris ME, Rodriguez-Cruz V, Felmlee MA. SLC and ABC Transporters: Expression, Localization, and Species Differences at the Blood-Brain and the Blood-Cerebrospinal Fluid Barriers. AAPS JOURNAL 2017; 19:1317-1331. [PMID: 28664465 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-017-0110-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2017] [Accepted: 06/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) and the blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier (BCSFB) separate the brain and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from the systemic circulation and represent a barrier to the uptake of both endogenous compounds and xenobiotics into the brain. For compounds whose passive diffusion is limited due to their ionization or hydrophilicity, membrane transporters can facilitate their uptake across the BBB or BCSFB. Members of the solute carrier (SLC) and ATP-binding case (ABC) families are present on these barriers. Differences exist in the localization and expression of transport proteins between the BBB and BCSFB, resulting in functional differences in transport properties. This review focuses on the expression, membrane localization, and different isoforms present at each barrier. Diseases that affect the central nervous system including brain tumors, HIV, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and stroke affect the integrity and expression of transporters at the BBB and BCSFB and will be briefly reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marilyn E Morris
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, 14214-8033, USA.
| | - Vivian Rodriguez-Cruz
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, 14214-8033, USA
| | - Melanie A Felmlee
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Medicinal Chemistry, Thomas J Long School of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, University of the Pacific, 3601 Pacific Ave, Stockton, California, 95211, USA
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157
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Auvity S, Chapy H, Goutal S, Caillé F, Hosten B, Smirnova M, Declèves X, Tournier N, Cisternino S. Diphenhydramine as a selective probe to study H +-antiporter function at the blood-brain barrier: Application to [ 11C]diphenhydramine positron emission tomography imaging. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2017; 37:2185-2195. [PMID: 27488910 PMCID: PMC5464711 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x16662042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Diphenhydramine, a sedative histamine H1-receptor (H1R) antagonist, was evaluated as a probe to measure drug/H+-antiporter function at the blood-brain barrier. In situ brain perfusion experiments in mice and rats showed that diphenhydramine transport at the blood-brain barrier was saturable, following Michaelis-Menten kinetics with a Km = 2.99 mM and Vmax = 179.5 nmol s-1 g-1. In the pharmacological plasma concentration range the carrier-mediated component accounted for 77% of diphenhydramine influx while passive diffusion accounted for only 23%. [14C]Diphenhydramine blood-brain barrier transport was proton and clonidine sensitive but was influenced by neither tetraethylammonium, a MATE1 (SLC47A1), and OCT/OCTN (SLC22A1-5) modulator, nor P-gp/Bcrp (ABCB1a/1b/ABCG2) deficiency. Brain and plasma kinetics of [11C]diphenhydramine were measured by positron emission tomography imaging in rats. [11C]Diphenhydramine kinetics in different brain regions were not influenced by displacement with 1 mg kg-1 unlabeled diphenhydramine, indicating the specificity of the brain positron emission tomography signal for blood-brain barrier transport activity over binding to any central nervous system target in vivo. [11C]Diphenhydramine radiometabolites were not detected in the brain 15 min after injection, allowing for the reliable calculation of [11C]diphenhydramine brain uptake clearance (Clup = 0.99 ± 0.18 mL min-1 cm-3). Diphenhydramine is a selective and specific H+-antiporter substrate. [11C]Diphenhydramine positron emission tomography imaging offers a reliable and noninvasive method to evaluate H+-antiporter function at the blood-brain barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvain Auvity
- 1 Imagerie Moléculaire In Vivo, IMIV, CEA, Inserm, CNRS, Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris Saclay, CEA-SHFJ, Orsay, France.,2 Variabilité de réponse aux psychotropes, INSERM, U1144, Paris, France; Université Paris Descartes, Faculté de pharmacie, UMR-S 1144, Paris, F-75006, France. Université Paris Diderot, UMR-S 1144, Paris, F-75013, France
| | - Hélène Chapy
- 2 Variabilité de réponse aux psychotropes, INSERM, U1144, Paris, France; Université Paris Descartes, Faculté de pharmacie, UMR-S 1144, Paris, F-75006, France. Université Paris Diderot, UMR-S 1144, Paris, F-75013, France
| | - Sébastien Goutal
- 1 Imagerie Moléculaire In Vivo, IMIV, CEA, Inserm, CNRS, Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris Saclay, CEA-SHFJ, Orsay, France
| | - Fabien Caillé
- 1 Imagerie Moléculaire In Vivo, IMIV, CEA, Inserm, CNRS, Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris Saclay, CEA-SHFJ, Orsay, France
| | - Benoit Hosten
- 2 Variabilité de réponse aux psychotropes, INSERM, U1144, Paris, France; Université Paris Descartes, Faculté de pharmacie, UMR-S 1144, Paris, F-75006, France. Université Paris Diderot, UMR-S 1144, Paris, F-75013, France
| | - Maria Smirnova
- 2 Variabilité de réponse aux psychotropes, INSERM, U1144, Paris, France; Université Paris Descartes, Faculté de pharmacie, UMR-S 1144, Paris, F-75006, France. Université Paris Diderot, UMR-S 1144, Paris, F-75013, France
| | - Xavier Declèves
- 2 Variabilité de réponse aux psychotropes, INSERM, U1144, Paris, France; Université Paris Descartes, Faculté de pharmacie, UMR-S 1144, Paris, F-75006, France. Université Paris Diderot, UMR-S 1144, Paris, F-75013, France
| | - Nicolas Tournier
- 1 Imagerie Moléculaire In Vivo, IMIV, CEA, Inserm, CNRS, Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris Saclay, CEA-SHFJ, Orsay, France
| | - Salvatore Cisternino
- 1 Imagerie Moléculaire In Vivo, IMIV, CEA, Inserm, CNRS, Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris Saclay, CEA-SHFJ, Orsay, France.,2 Variabilité de réponse aux psychotropes, INSERM, U1144, Paris, France; Université Paris Descartes, Faculté de pharmacie, UMR-S 1144, Paris, F-75006, France. Université Paris Diderot, UMR-S 1144, Paris, F-75013, France
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158
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Review: The blood-brain barrier; protecting the developing fetal brain. Placenta 2017; 54:111-116. [DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2016.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2016] [Revised: 12/01/2016] [Accepted: 12/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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159
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Han H, Mann A, Ekstein D, Eyal S. Breaking Bad: the Structure and Function of the Blood-Brain Barrier in Epilepsy. AAPS JOURNAL 2017; 19:973-988. [DOI: 10.1208/s12248-017-0096-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2017] [Accepted: 04/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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160
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Sifat AE, Vaidya B, Abbruscato TJ. Blood-Brain Barrier Protection as a Therapeutic Strategy for Acute Ischemic Stroke. AAPS JOURNAL 2017; 19:957-972. [PMID: 28484963 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-017-0091-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a vital component of the neurovascular unit (NVU) containing tight junctional (TJ) proteins and different ion and nutrient transporters which maintain normal brain physiology. BBB disruption is a major pathological hallmark in the course of ischemic stroke which is regulated by the actions of different factors working at different stages of cerebral ischemia including matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), inflammatory modulators, vesicular trafficking, oxidative pathways, and junctional-cytoskeletal interactions. These components interact further to disrupt maintenance of both the paracellular and transport barriers of the central nervous system (CNS) to worsen ischemic brain injury and the propensity for hemorrhagic transformation (HT) associated with injury and/or thrombolytic therapy with tissue-type plasminogen activator (tPA). We propose that these complex molecular pathways should be evaluated further so that they could be targeted alone or in combination to protect the BBB during cerebral ischemia. These types of novel interventions should be guided by advanced imaging techniques for better diagnosis of BBB damage which may exert significant therapeutic benefit including the extension of therapeutic window of tPA. This review will focus on the different stages and mechanisms of BBB damage in acute ischemic stroke and novel therapeutic strategies to target those pathways for better therapeutic outcome in stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Ehsan Sifat
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, 1300 S. Coulter, Amarillo, Texas, 79106, USA
| | - Bhuvaneshwar Vaidya
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, 1300 S. Coulter, Amarillo, Texas, 79106, USA
| | - Thomas J Abbruscato
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, 1300 S. Coulter, Amarillo, Texas, 79106, USA.
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161
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Suhy AM, Webb A, Papp AC, Geier EG, Sadee W. Expression and splicing of ABC and SLC transporters in the human blood-brain barrier measured with RNAseq. Eur J Pharm Sci 2017; 103:47-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2017.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Revised: 01/31/2017] [Accepted: 02/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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162
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Dhers L, Ducassou L, Boucher JL, Mansuy D. Cytochrome P450 2U1, a very peculiar member of the human P450s family. Cell Mol Life Sci 2017; 74:1859-1869. [PMID: 28083596 PMCID: PMC11107762 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-016-2443-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2016] [Revised: 12/15/2016] [Accepted: 12/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 2U1 (CYP2U1) exhibits several distinctive characteristics among the 57 human CYPs, such as its presence in almost all living organisms with a highly conserved sequence, its particular gene organization with only five exons, its major location in thymus and brain, and its protein sequence involving an unusually long N-terminal region containing 8 proline residues and an insert of about 20 amino acids containing 5 arginine residues after the transmembrane helix. Few substrates, including fatty acids, N-arachidonoylserotonin (AS), and some drugs, have been reported so far. However, its biological roles remain largely unknown, even though CYP2U1 mutations have been involved in some pathological situations, such as complicated forms of hereditary spastic paraplegia. These data together with its ability to hydroxylate some fatty acids and AS suggest its possible role in lipid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Dhers
- UMR 8601 CNRS, Université Paris Descartes, Paris Sorbonne Cité, 45 rue des Saints Pères, 75006, Paris, France
| | - L Ducassou
- UMR 8601 CNRS, Université Paris Descartes, Paris Sorbonne Cité, 45 rue des Saints Pères, 75006, Paris, France
| | - J-L Boucher
- UMR 8601 CNRS, Université Paris Descartes, Paris Sorbonne Cité, 45 rue des Saints Pères, 75006, Paris, France.
| | - D Mansuy
- UMR 8601 CNRS, Université Paris Descartes, Paris Sorbonne Cité, 45 rue des Saints Pères, 75006, Paris, France
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163
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Involvement of Proton-Coupled Organic Cation Antiporter in Varenicline Transport at Blood-Brain Barrier of Rats and in Human Brain Capillary Endothelial Cells. J Pharm Sci 2017; 106:2576-2582. [PMID: 28454746 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2017.04.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2017] [Revised: 04/15/2017] [Accepted: 04/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Varenicline is a selective partial α4β2 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist, which is used to help achieve smoking cessation. Here, we investigated varenicline transport at the blood-brain barrier by means of in vivo microdialysis, in situ brain perfusion, and brain efflux index measurements in rats, and in vitro uptake studies in human brain capillary endothelial cells. Microdialysis demonstrated that varenicline is actively transported from blood to brain in rats. Blood-to-brain uptake transport of varenicline, as measured by the in situ brain perfusion technique, was strongly inhibited by diphenhydramine, a potent inhibitor of proton-coupled organic cation (H+/OC) antiporter. However, brain efflux index study showed that brain-to-blood efflux transport of varenicline was not inhibited by diphenhydramine. In human brain capillary endothelial cells, varenicline was taken up time- and concentration-dependently. The uptake was dependent on an oppositely directed proton gradient, but was independent of extracellular sodium and membrane potential. The uptake was inhibited by a metabolic inhibitor, and by substrates of H+/OC antiporter, but not by substrates or inhibitors of OCTs, OCTNs, PMAT, and MATE1, which are known organic cation transporters. The present results suggest that the H+/OC antiporter contributes predominantly to varenicline uptake at the blood-brain barrier.
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164
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Farina F, Lonati E, Brambilla A, Dal Magro R, Milani C, Botto L, Sancini G, Palestini P, Bulbarelli A. Diesel exhaust particles (DEP) pre-exposure contributes to the anti-oxidant response impairment in hCMEC/D3 during post-oxygen and glucose deprivation damage. Toxicol Lett 2017; 274:1-7. [PMID: 28400208 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2017.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2016] [Revised: 04/04/2017] [Accepted: 04/07/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Recently, air pollution has been identified as a significant modifiable risk factor to the increasing stroke burden. Diesel exhaust particles, characterized by high polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons content, constitute an important component of outdoor air pollution and is known to cause oxidative stress, and could therefore contribute to and exacerbate the effects of ROS in post-ischemic injury. hCMEC/D3 cells have been submitted to 48h treatment with diesel exhaust particles (25μg/ml and 50μg/ml, DEP50) or alternatively to 3h of oxygen and glucose deprivation, followed by 1h of oxygen and glucose restoration. The combined treatment consisted in 48h of diesel exhaust particles (25μg/ml and 50μg/ml, DEP50) followed by 3h of oxygen and glucose deprivation and 1h of restoration. A panel of markers related to oxidative stress and inflammatory responses, such as transcription factors (Nrf2 and HIF-1α), anti-oxidant proteins (HO-1, SOD-1, Hsp70) and proteins potentially inducing further oxidative-stress or inflammation (Cyp1b1, iNOS, COX-2, TNF-α, IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-8, VEGF), have been examined. Data obtained showed that diesel exhaust particles and oxygen and glucose deprivation treatments alone elicited the antioxidants response, each by means of a different transcription factor, while the combined treatment led to a dysregulation of the antioxidant response during ischemic injury reperfusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Farina
- School of Medicine and Surgery, Polaris Centre, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy; NeuroMi, Milan Center of Neuroscience, Department of Neurology and Neuroscience, University of Milano-Bicocca, San Gerardo Hospital, Monza, Italy.
| | - Elena Lonati
- School of Medicine and Surgery, Polaris Centre, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy; NeuroMi, Milan Center of Neuroscience, Department of Neurology and Neuroscience, University of Milano-Bicocca, San Gerardo Hospital, Monza, Italy
| | - Anna Brambilla
- School of Medicine and Surgery, Polaris Centre, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy
| | - Roberta Dal Magro
- School of Medicine and Surgery, Polaris Centre, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy; NeuroMi, Milan Center of Neuroscience, Department of Neurology and Neuroscience, University of Milano-Bicocca, San Gerardo Hospital, Monza, Italy
| | - Chiara Milani
- School of Medicine and Surgery, Polaris Centre, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy; NeuroMi, Milan Center of Neuroscience, Department of Neurology and Neuroscience, University of Milano-Bicocca, San Gerardo Hospital, Monza, Italy
| | - Laura Botto
- School of Medicine and Surgery, Polaris Centre, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy; NeuroMi, Milan Center of Neuroscience, Department of Neurology and Neuroscience, University of Milano-Bicocca, San Gerardo Hospital, Monza, Italy
| | - Giulio Sancini
- School of Medicine and Surgery, Polaris Centre, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy; NeuroMi, Milan Center of Neuroscience, Department of Neurology and Neuroscience, University of Milano-Bicocca, San Gerardo Hospital, Monza, Italy
| | - Paola Palestini
- School of Medicine and Surgery, Polaris Centre, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy; NeuroMi, Milan Center of Neuroscience, Department of Neurology and Neuroscience, University of Milano-Bicocca, San Gerardo Hospital, Monza, Italy
| | - Alessandra Bulbarelli
- School of Medicine and Surgery, Polaris Centre, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy; NeuroMi, Milan Center of Neuroscience, Department of Neurology and Neuroscience, University of Milano-Bicocca, San Gerardo Hospital, Monza, Italy
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165
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Brzica H, Abdullahi W, Ibbotson K, Ronaldson PT. Role of Transporters in Central Nervous System Drug Delivery and Blood-Brain Barrier Protection: Relevance to Treatment of Stroke. J Cent Nerv Syst Dis 2017; 9:1179573517693802. [PMID: 28469523 PMCID: PMC5392046 DOI: 10.1177/1179573517693802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2016] [Accepted: 01/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Ischemic stroke is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in the United States. The only approved pharmacologic treatment for ischemic stroke is thrombolysis via recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (r-tPA). A short therapeutic window and serious adverse events (ie, hemorrhage, excitotoxicity) greatly limit r-tPA therapy, which indicates an essential need to develop novel stroke treatment paradigms. Transporters expressed at the blood-brain barrier (BBB) provide a significant opportunity to advance stroke therapy via central nervous system delivery of drugs that have neuroprotective properties. Examples of such transporters include organic anion–transporting polypeptides (Oatps) and organic cation transporters (Octs). In addition, multidrug resistance proteins (Mrps) are transporter targets in brain microvascular endothelial cells that can be exploited to preserve BBB integrity in the setting of stroke. Here, we review current knowledge on stroke pharmacotherapy and demonstrate how endogenous BBB transporters can be targeted for improvement of ischemic stroke treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hrvoje Brzica
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Wazir Abdullahi
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Kathryn Ibbotson
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Patrick T Ronaldson
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
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Shawahna R, Ganeshamoorthy K, Huilong L, Scherrmann JM, Couraud PO, Declèves X. Effect of Long-term In Vitro Lithium Exposure on mRNA Levels of Claudin-3, CYP1A1, ABCG2 and GSTM3 Genes in the hCMEC/D3 Human Brain Endothelial Cell Line. Eur J Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2017; 42:1013-1017. [DOI: 10.1007/s13318-017-0412-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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167
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Ochiai Y, Uchida Y, Ohtsuki S, Tachikawa M, Aizawa S, Terasaki T. The blood-brain barrier fatty acid transport protein 1 (FATP1/SLC27A1) supplies docosahexaenoic acid to the brain, and insulin facilitates transport. J Neurochem 2017; 141:400-412. [PMID: 28035674 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.13943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2016] [Revised: 12/14/2016] [Accepted: 12/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We purposed to clarify the contribution of fatty acid transport protein 1 (FATP1/SLC 27A1) to the supply of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) to the brain across the blood-brain barrier in this study. Transport experiments showed that the uptake rate of [14 C]-DHA in human FATP1-expressing HEK293 cells was significantly greater than that in empty vector-transfected (mock) HEK293 cells. The steady-state intracellular DHA concentration was nearly 2-fold smaller in FATP1-expressing than in mock cells, suggesting that FATP1 works as not only an influx, but also an efflux transporter for DHA. [14 C]-DHA uptake by a human cerebral microvascular endothelial cell line (hCMEC/D3) increased in a time-dependent manner, and was inhibited by unlabeled DHA and a known FATP1 substrate, oleic acid. Knock-down of FATP1 in hCMEC/D3 cells with specific siRNA showed that FATP1-mediated uptake accounts for 59.2-73.0% of total [14 C]-DHA uptake by the cells. Insulin treatment for 30 min induced translocation of FATP1 protein to the plasma membrane in hCMEC/D3 cells and enhanced [14 C]-DHA uptake. Immunohistochemical analysis of mouse brain sections showed that FATP1 protein is preferentially localized at the basal membrane of brain microvessel endothelial cells. We found that two neuroprotective substances, taurine and biotin, in addition to DHA, undergo FATP1-mediated efflux. Overall, our results suggest that FATP1 localized at the basal membrane of brain microvessels contributes to the transport of DHA, taurine and biotin into the brain, and insulin rapidly increases DHA supply to the brain by promoting translocation of FATP1 to the membrane. Read the Editorial Comment for this article on page 324.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Ochiai
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Yasuo Uchida
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Sumio Ohtsuki
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan.,Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development (AMED) CREST, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masanori Tachikawa
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Sanshiro Aizawa
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Terasaki
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Miyagi, Japan
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168
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Ibbotson K, Yell J, Ronaldson PT. Nrf2 signaling increases expression of ATP-binding cassette subfamily C mRNA transcripts at the blood-brain barrier following hypoxia-reoxygenation stress. Fluids Barriers CNS 2017; 14:6. [PMID: 28298215 PMCID: PMC5353788 DOI: 10.1186/s12987-017-0055-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2016] [Accepted: 02/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Strategies to maintain BBB integrity in diseases with a hypoxia/reoxygenation (H/R) component involve preventing glutathione (GSH) loss from endothelial cells. GSH efflux transporters include multidrug resistance proteins (Mrps). Therefore, characterization of Mrp regulation at the BBB during H/R is required to advance these transporters as therapeutic targets. Our goal was to investigate, in vivo, regulation of Abcc1, Abcc2, and Abcc4 mRNA expression (i.e., genes encoding Mrp isoforms that transport GSH) by nuclear factor E2-related factor (Nrf2) using a well-established H/R model. Methods Female Sprague–Dawley rats (200–250 g) were subjected to normoxia (Nx, 21% O2, 60 min), hypoxia (Hx, 6% O2, 60 min) or H/R (6% O2, 60 min followed by 21% O2, 10 min, 30 min, or 1 h) or were treated with the Nrf2 activator sulforaphane (25 mg/kg, i.p.) for 3 h. Abcc mRNA expression in brain microvessels was determined using quantitative real-time PCR. Nrf2 signaling activation was examined using an electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA) and chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) respectively. Data were expressed as mean ± SD and analyzed via ANOVA followed by the post hoc Bonferroni t test. Results We observed increased microvascular expression of Abcc1, Abcc2, and Abcc4 mRNA following H/R treatment with reoxygenation times of 10 min, 30 min, and 1 h and in animals treated with sulforaphane. Using a biotinylated Nrf2 probe, we observed an upward band shift in brain microvessels isolated from H/R animals or animals administered sulforaphane. ChIP studies showed increased Nrf2 binding to antioxidant response elements on Abcc1, Abcc2, and Abcc4 promoters following H/R or sulforaphane treatment, suggesting a role for Nrf2 signaling in Abcc gene regulation. Conclusions Our data show increased Abcc1, Abcc2, and Abcc4 mRNA expression at the BBB in response to H/R stress and that Abcc gene expression is regulated by Nrf2 signaling. Since these Mrp isoforms transport GSH, these results may point to endogenous transporters that can be targeted for BBB protection during H/R stress. Experiments are ongoing to examine functional implications of Nrf2-mediated increases in Abcc transcript expression. Such studies will determine utility of targeting Mrp isoforms for BBB protection in diseases with an H/R component.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn Ibbotson
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, University of Arizona, 1295 N. Martin Avenue, P.O. Box 210202, Tucson, 85721, AZ, USA
| | - Joshua Yell
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, 1501 N. Campbell Avenue, P.O. Box 245050, Tucson, AZ, 85724-5050, USA
| | - Patrick T Ronaldson
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, 1501 N. Campbell Avenue, P.O. Box 245050, Tucson, AZ, 85724-5050, USA.
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169
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Weiler A, Volkenhoff A, Hertenstein H, Schirmeier S. Metabolite transport across the mammalian and insect brain diffusion barriers. Neurobiol Dis 2017; 107:15-31. [PMID: 28237316 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2017.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2016] [Revised: 01/02/2017] [Accepted: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The nervous system in higher vertebrates is separated from the circulation by a layer of specialized endothelial cells. It protects the sensitive neurons from harmful blood-derived substances, high and fluctuating ion concentrations, xenobiotics or even pathogens. To this end, the brain endothelial cells and their interlinking tight junctions build an efficient diffusion barrier. A structurally analogous diffusion barrier exists in insects, where glial cell layers separate the hemolymph from the neural cells. Both types of diffusion barriers, of course, also prevent influx of metabolites from the circulation. Because neuronal function consumes vast amounts of energy and necessitates influx of diverse substrates and metabolites, tightly regulated transport systems must ensure a constant metabolite supply. Here, we review the current knowledge about transport systems that carry key metabolites, amino acids, lipids and carbohydrates into the vertebrate and Drosophila brain and how this transport is regulated. Blood-brain and hemolymph-brain transport functions are conserved and we can thus use a simple, genetically accessible model system to learn more about features and dynamics of metabolite transport into the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Astrid Weiler
- Institut für Neuro- und Verhaltensbiologie, Universität Münster, Badestr. 9, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Anne Volkenhoff
- Institut für Neuro- und Verhaltensbiologie, Universität Münster, Badestr. 9, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Helen Hertenstein
- Institut für Neuro- und Verhaltensbiologie, Universität Münster, Badestr. 9, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Stefanie Schirmeier
- Institut für Neuro- und Verhaltensbiologie, Universität Münster, Badestr. 9, 48149 Münster, Germany.
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170
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Liu H, Huang L, Li Y, Fu T, Sun X, Zhang YY, Gao R, Chen Q, Zhang W, Sahi J, Summerfield S, Dong K. Correlation between Membrane Protein Expression Levels and Transcellular Transport Activity for Breast Cancer Resistance Protein. Drug Metab Dispos 2017; 45:449-456. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.116.074245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2016] [Accepted: 02/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
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171
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Pelkonen L, Sato K, Reinisalo M, Kidron H, Tachikawa M, Watanabe M, Uchida Y, Urtti A, Terasaki T. LC–MS/MS Based Quantitation of ABC and SLC Transporter Proteins in Plasma Membranes of Cultured Primary Human Retinal Pigment Epithelium Cells and Immortalized ARPE19 Cell Line. Mol Pharm 2017; 14:605-613. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.6b00782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Pelkonen
- School
of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 70210 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Kazuki Sato
- Division
of Membrane Transport and Drug Targeting, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Mika Reinisalo
- School
of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 70210 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Heidi Kidron
- Centre
for Drug Research, Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty
of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 56, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Masanori Tachikawa
- Division
of Membrane Transport and Drug Targeting, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Michitoshi Watanabe
- Division
of Membrane Transport and Drug Targeting, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Yasuo Uchida
- Division
of Membrane Transport and Drug Targeting, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Arto Urtti
- School
of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 70210 Kuopio, Finland
- Centre
for Drug Research, Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty
of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 56, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tetsuya Terasaki
- Division
of Membrane Transport and Drug Targeting, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
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172
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Dhers L, Pietrancosta N, Ducassou L, Ramassamy B, Dairou J, Jaouen M, André F, Mansuy D, Boucher JL. Spectral and 3D model studies of the interaction of orphan human cytochrome P450 2U1 with substrates and ligands. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2017; 1861:3144-3153. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2016.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2016] [Revised: 07/06/2016] [Accepted: 07/21/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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173
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174
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Glutathione in the human brain: Review of its roles and measurement by magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Anal Biochem 2016; 529:127-143. [PMID: 28034792 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2016.12.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2016] [Revised: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 12/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
We review the transport, synthesis and catabolism of glutathione in the brain as well as its compartmentation and biochemistry in different brain cells. The major reactions involving glutathione are reviewed and the factors limiting its availability in brain cells are discussed. We also describe and critique current methods for measuring glutathione in the human brain using magnetic resonance spectroscopy, and review the literature on glutathione measurements in healthy brains and in neurological, psychiatric, neurodegenerative and neurodevelopmental conditions In summary: Healthy human brain glutathione concentration is ∼1-2 mM, but it varies by brain region, with evidence of gender differences and age effects; in neurological disease glutathione appears reduced in multiple sclerosis, motor neurone disease and epilepsy, while being increased in meningiomas; in psychiatric disease the picture is complex and confounded by methodological differences, regional effects, length of disease and drug-treatment. Both increases and decreases in glutathione have been reported in depression and schizophrenia. In Alzheimer's disease and mild cognitive impairment there is evidence for a decrease in glutathione compared to age-matched healthy controls. Improved methods to measure glutathione in vivo will provide better precision in glutathione determination and help resolve the complex biochemistry of this molecule in health and disease.
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175
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Sandwich-Cultured Hepatocytes as a Tool to Study Drug Disposition and Drug-Induced Liver Injury. J Pharm Sci 2016; 105:443-459. [PMID: 26869411 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2015.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2015] [Revised: 11/06/2015] [Accepted: 11/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Sandwich-cultured hepatocytes (SCH) are metabolically competent and have proper localization of basolateral and canalicular transporters with functional bile networks. Therefore, this cellular model is a unique tool that can be used to estimate biliary excretion of compounds. SCH have been used widely to assess hepatobiliary disposition of endogenous and exogenous compounds and metabolites. Mechanistic modeling based on SCH data enables estimation of metabolic and transporter-mediated clearances, which can be used to construct physiologically based pharmacokinetic models for prediction of drug disposition and drug-drug interactions in humans. In addition to pharmacokinetic studies, SCH also have been used to study cytotoxicity and perturbation of biological processes by drugs and hepatically generated metabolites. Human SCH can provide mechanistic insights underlying clinical drug-induced liver injury (DILI). In addition, data generated in SCH can be integrated into systems pharmacology models to predict potential DILI in humans. In this review, applications of SCH in studying hepatobiliary drug disposition and bile acid-mediated DILI are discussed. An example is presented to show how data generated in the SCH model were used to establish a quantitative relationship between intracellular bile acids and cytotoxicity, and how this information was incorporated into a systems pharmacology model for DILI prediction.
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Kanamitsu K, Nozaki Y, Nagaya Y, Sugiyama Y, Kusuhara H. Quantitative prediction of histamine H1 receptor occupancy by the sedative and non-sedative antagonists in the human central nervous system based on systemic exposure and preclinical data. Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2016; 32:135-144. [PMID: 28190755 DOI: 10.1016/j.dmpk.2016.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2016] [Revised: 10/28/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Significant histamine H1 receptor occupation in the central nervous system (CNS) is associated with sedation. Here we examined the time profiles of the H1 receptor occupancy (RO) in the CNS using sedative (diphenhydramine and ketotifen) and non-sedative (bepotastine and olopatadine) antagonists at their therapeutic doses by integrating in vitro and animal data. A pharmacokinetic model was constructed to associate plasma concentrations and receptor binding in the brain. Dissociation and association rate constants with the H1 receptor and plasma and brain unbound fractions were determined in vitro. Passive and active clearances across the blood-brain barrier (BBB) were estimated based on physicochemical properties and microdialysis studies in mice and monkeys. The estimated RO values were comparable with the reported values determined at time to maximum concentration (Tmax) of plasma by positron-emission tomography in humans. The simulation suggested that the predicted maximum ROs by bepotastine and olopatadine were greater than the reported values. Sensitivity analysis showed that active transport across BBB had a significant impact on the RO duration of the H1 antagonists examined. The present study demonstrated that modeling and simulation permits a reasonable RO estimation in the human CNS. Our findings will facilitate the development of CNS-acting drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kayoko Kanamitsu
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacokinetics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan; Tokushima Research Institute, Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 463-10 Kagasuno, Kawauchi-cho, Tokushima-shi, Tokushima, 771-0192, Japan
| | - Yoshitane Nozaki
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics Tsukuba, Tsukuba Research Laboratories, Eisai Co., Ltd., 5-1-3 Tokodai, Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki, 300-2635, Japan
| | - Yoko Nagaya
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics Tsukuba, Tsukuba Research Laboratories, Eisai Co., Ltd., 5-1-3 Tokodai, Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki, 300-2635, Japan
| | - Yuichi Sugiyama
- Sugiyama Laboratory, RIKEN Innovation Center, Research Cluster for Innovation, RIKEN, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama-shi, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Kusuhara
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacokinetics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan.
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Yokel RA. Physicochemical properties of engineered nanomaterials that influence their nervous system distribution and effects. NANOMEDICINE-NANOTECHNOLOGY BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2016; 12:2081-2093. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2016.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2015] [Revised: 05/06/2016] [Accepted: 05/10/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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178
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Toselli F, Dodd PR, Gillam EMJ. Emerging roles for brain drug-metabolizing cytochrome P450 enzymes in neuropsychiatric conditions and responses to drugs. Drug Metab Rev 2016; 48:379-404. [DOI: 10.1080/03602532.2016.1221960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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179
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Bauer M, Römermann K, Karch R, Wulkersdorfer B, Stanek J, Philippe C, Maier‐Salamon A, Haslacher H, Jungbauer C, Wadsak W, Jäger W, Löscher W, Hacker M, Zeitlinger M, Langer O. Pilot PET Study to Assess the Functional Interplay Between ABCB1 and ABCG2 at the Human Blood-Brain Barrier. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2016; 100:131-41. [PMID: 26940368 PMCID: PMC4979595 DOI: 10.1002/cpt.362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2015] [Revised: 01/20/2016] [Accepted: 02/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
ABCB1 and ABCG2 work together at the blood-brain barrier (BBB) to limit brain distribution of dual ABCB1/ABCG2 substrates. In this pilot study we used positron emission tomography (PET) to assess brain distribution of two model ABCB1/ABCG2 substrates ([(11) C]elacridar and [(11) C]tariquidar) in healthy subjects without (c.421CC) or with (c.421CA) the ABCG2 single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) c.421C>A. Subjects underwent PET scans under conditions when ABCB1 and ABCG2 were functional and during ABCB1 inhibition with high-dose tariquidar. In contrast to the ABCB1-selective substrate (R)-[(11) C]verapamil, [(11) C]elacridar and [(11) C]tariquidar showed only moderate increases in brain distribution during ABCB1 inhibition. This provides evidence for a functional interplay between ABCB1 and ABCG2 at the human BBB and suggests that both ABCB1 and ABCG2 need to be inhibited to achieve substantial increases in brain distribution of dual ABCB1/ABCG2 substrates. During ABCB1 inhibition c.421CA subjects had significantly higher increases in [(11) C]tariquidar brain distribution than c.421CC subjects, pointing to impaired cerebral ABCG2 function.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Bauer
- Department of Clinical PharmacologyMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - K Römermann
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology & PharmacyUniversity of Veterinary MedicineHannoverGermany
| | - R Karch
- Center for Medical Statistics, Informatics and Intelligent SystemsMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - B Wulkersdorfer
- Department of Clinical PharmacologyMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - J Stanek
- Department of Clinical PharmacologyMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
- Health and Environment DepartmentAIT Austrian Institute of Technology GmbHSeibersdorfAustria
| | - C Philippe
- Department of Biomedical Imaging und Image‐guided Therapy, Division of Nuclear MedicineMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - A Maier‐Salamon
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and DiagnosticsUniversity of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - H Haslacher
- Department of Laboratory MedicineMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - C Jungbauer
- Austrian Red Cross Blood Transfusion ServicesViennaAustria
| | - W Wadsak
- Department of Biomedical Imaging und Image‐guided Therapy, Division of Nuclear MedicineMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
- Medical Imaging ClusterMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - W Jäger
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and DiagnosticsUniversity of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - W Löscher
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology & PharmacyUniversity of Veterinary MedicineHannoverGermany
| | - M Hacker
- Department of Biomedical Imaging und Image‐guided Therapy, Division of Nuclear MedicineMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
- Medical Imaging ClusterMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - M Zeitlinger
- Department of Clinical PharmacologyMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - O Langer
- Department of Clinical PharmacologyMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
- Health and Environment DepartmentAIT Austrian Institute of Technology GmbHSeibersdorfAustria
- Department of Biomedical Imaging und Image‐guided Therapy, Division of Nuclear MedicineMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
- Medical Imaging ClusterMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
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180
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Nakamura K, Hirayama-Kurogi M, Ito S, Kuno T, Yoneyama T, Obuchi W, Terasaki T, Ohtsuki S. Large-scale multiplex absolute protein quantification of drug-metabolizing enzymes and transporters in human intestine, liver, and kidney microsomes by SWATH-MS: Comparison with MRM/SRM and HR-MRM/PRM. Proteomics 2016; 16:2106-17. [PMID: 27197958 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201500433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2015] [Revised: 05/02/2016] [Accepted: 05/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of the present study was to examine simultaneously the absolute protein amounts of 152 membrane and membrane-associated proteins, including 30 metabolizing enzymes and 107 transporters, in pooled microsomal fractions of human liver, kidney, and intestine by means of SWATH-MS with stable isotope-labeled internal standard peptides, and to compare the results with those obtained by MRM/SRM and high resolution (HR)-MRM/PRM. The protein expression levels of 27 metabolizing enzymes, 54 transporters, and six other membrane proteins were quantitated by SWATH-MS; other targets were below the lower limits of quantitation. Most of the values determined by SWATH-MS differed by less than 50% from those obtained by MRM/SRM or HR-MRM/PRM. Various metabolizing enzymes were expressed in liver microsomes more abundantly than in other microsomes. Ten, 13, and eight transporters listed as important for drugs by International Transporter Consortium were quantified in liver, kidney, and intestinal microsomes, respectively. Our results indicate that SWATH-MS enables large-scale multiplex absolute protein quantification while retaining similar quantitative capability to MRM/SRM or HR-MRM/PRM. SWATH-MS is expected to be useful methodology in the context of drug development for elucidating the molecular mechanisms of drug absorption, metabolism, and excretion in the human body based on protein profile information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Nakamura
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Mio Hirayama-Kurogi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan.,Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan.,AMED-CREST, Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shingo Ito
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan.,Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan.,AMED-CREST, Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takuya Kuno
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan.,Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Drug Safety Research Center, Tokushima Research Institute, Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Toshihiro Yoneyama
- Division of Membrane Transport and Drug Targeting, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Wataru Obuchi
- Division of Membrane Transport and Drug Targeting, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Terasaki
- Division of Membrane Transport and Drug Targeting, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Sumio Ohtsuki
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan.,Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan.,AMED-CREST, Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development, Tokyo, Japan
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181
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Dréan A, Goldwirt L, Verreault M, Canney M, Schmitt C, Guehennec J, Delattre JY, Carpentier A, Idbaih A. Blood-brain barrier, cytotoxic chemotherapies and glioblastoma. Expert Rev Neurother 2016; 16:1285-1300. [PMID: 27310463 DOI: 10.1080/14737175.2016.1202761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Glioblastomas (GBM) are the most common and aggressive primary malignant brain tumors in adults. The blood brain barrier (BBB) is a major limitation reducing efficacy of anti-cancer drugs in the treatment of GBM patients. Areas covered: Virtually all GBM recur after the first-line treatment, at least partly, due to invasive tumor cells protected from chemotherapeutic agents by the intact BBB in the brain adjacent to tumor. The passage through the BBB, taken by antitumor drugs, is poorly and heterogeneously documented in the literature. In this review, we have focused our attention on: (i) the BBB, (ii) the passage of chemotherapeutic agents across the BBB and (iii) the strategies investigated to overcome this barrier. Expert commentary: A better preclinical knowledge of the crossing of the BBB by antitumor drugs will allow optimizing their clinical development, alone or combined with BBB bypassing strategies, towards an increased success rate of clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonin Dréan
- a Inserm U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225 , Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06 UMR S 1127, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, ICM , Paris , France.,b Carthera SAS , Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, ICM , Paris , France
| | - Lauriane Goldwirt
- c AP-HP , Hôpital Universitaire Saint Louis, Service de Pharmacologie , Paris , France
| | - Maïté Verreault
- a Inserm U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225 , Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06 UMR S 1127, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, ICM , Paris , France
| | - Michael Canney
- b Carthera SAS , Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, ICM , Paris , France
| | - Charlotte Schmitt
- a Inserm U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225 , Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06 UMR S 1127, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, ICM , Paris , France
| | - Jeremy Guehennec
- a Inserm U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225 , Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06 UMR S 1127, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, ICM , Paris , France
| | - Jean-Yves Delattre
- a Inserm U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225 , Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06 UMR S 1127, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, ICM , Paris , France.,d AP-HP , Hôpital Universitaire La Pitié Salpêtrière, Service de Neurologie 2-Mazarin , Paris , France
| | - Alexandre Carpentier
- b Carthera SAS , Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, ICM , Paris , France.,e AP-HP , Hôpital Universitaire La Pitié Salpêtrière, Service de Neurochirurgie , Paris , France
| | - Ahmed Idbaih
- a Inserm U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225 , Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06 UMR S 1127, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, ICM , Paris , France.,d AP-HP , Hôpital Universitaire La Pitié Salpêtrière, Service de Neurologie 2-Mazarin , Paris , France
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182
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Ghosh C, Hossain M, Solanki J, Dadas A, Marchi N, Janigro D. Pathophysiological implications of neurovascular P450 in brain disorders. Drug Discov Today 2016; 21:1609-1619. [PMID: 27312874 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2016.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2016] [Revised: 04/14/2016] [Accepted: 06/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Over the past decades, the significance of cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes has expanded beyond their role as peripheral drug metabolizers in the liver and gut. CYP enzymes are also functionally active at the neurovascular interface. CYP expression is modulated by disease states, impacting cellular functions, detoxification, and reactivity to toxic stimuli and brain drug biotransformation. Unveiling the physiological and molecular complexity of brain P450 enzymes will improve our understanding of the mechanisms underlying brain drug availability, pharmacological efficacy, and neurotoxic adverse effects from pharmacotherapy targeting brain disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaitali Ghosh
- Cerebrovascular Research, Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, OH, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, OH, USA; Department of Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, OH, USA.
| | - Mohammed Hossain
- Cerebrovascular Research, Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, OH, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | | | - Aaron Dadas
- The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Nicola Marchi
- Cerebrovascular Mechanisms of Brain Disorders, Department of Neuroscience, Institute of Functional Genomics (CNRS/INSERM), Montpellier, France
| | - Damir Janigro
- Flocel Inc. and Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
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183
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Gaohua L, Neuhoff S, Johnson TN, Rostami-Hodjegan A, Jamei M. Development of a permeability-limited model of the human brain and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) to integrate known physiological and biological knowledge: Estimating time varying CSF drug concentrations and their variability using in vitro data. Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2016; 31:224-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.dmpk.2016.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2015] [Revised: 03/04/2016] [Accepted: 03/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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184
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Lack of CAR impacts neuronal function and cerebrovascular integrity in vivo. Exp Neurol 2016; 283:39-48. [PMID: 27240521 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2016.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2016] [Revised: 04/13/2016] [Accepted: 05/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Nuclear receptors (NRs) are a group of transcription factors emerging as players in normal and pathological CNS development. Clinically, an association between the constitutive androstane NR (CAR) and cognitive impairment was proposed, however never experimentally investigated. We wished to test the hypothesis that the impact of CAR on neurophysiology and behavior is underlined by cerebrovascular-neuronal modifications. We have used CAR(-/-) C57BL/6 and wild type mice and performed a battery of behavioral tests (recognition, memory, motor coordination, learning and anxiety) as well as longitudinal video-electroencephalographic recordings (EEG). Brain cell morphology was assessed using 2-photon or electron microscopy and fluorescent immunohistochemistry. We observed recognition memory impairment and increased anxiety-like behavior in CAR(-/-) mice, while locomotor activity was not affected. Concomitantly to memory deficits, EEG monitoring revealed a decrease in 3.5-7Hz waves during the awake/exploration and sleep periods. Behavioral and EEG abnormalities in CAR(-/-) mice mirrored structural changes, including tortuous fronto-parietal penetrating vessels. At the cellular level we found reduced ZO-1, but not CLDN5, tight junction protein expression in cortical and hippocampal isolated microvessel preparations. Interestingly, the neurotoxin kainic acid, when injected peripherally, provoked a rapid onset of generalized convulsions in CAR(-/-) as compared to WT mice, supporting the hypothesis of vascular permeability. The morphological phenotype of CAR(-/-) mice also included some modifications of GFAP/IBA1 glial cells in the parenchymal or adjacent to collagen-IV(+) or FITC(+) microvessels. Neuronal defects were also observed including increased cortical NEUN(+) cell density, hippocampal granule cell dispersion and increased NPY immunoreactivity in the CA1 region in CAR(-/-) mice. The latter may contribute to the in vivo phenotype. Our results indicate that behavioral and electroencephalographic changes in adult CAR(-/-) mice are concomitant to discrete developmental or structural brain defects. The latter could increase the vulnerability to neurotoxins. The possibility that interfering with nuclear receptors during development could contribute to adulthood brain changes is proposed.
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185
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Helms HC, Abbott NJ, Burek M, Cecchelli R, Couraud PO, Deli MA, Förster C, Galla HJ, Romero IA, Shusta EV, Stebbins MJ, Vandenhaute E, Weksler B, Brodin B. In vitro models of the blood-brain barrier: An overview of commonly used brain endothelial cell culture models and guidelines for their use. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2016; 36:862-90. [PMID: 26868179 PMCID: PMC4853841 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x16630991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 515] [Impact Index Per Article: 64.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Accepted: 01/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The endothelial cells lining the brain capillaries separate the blood from the brain parenchyma. The endothelial monolayer of the brain capillaries serves both as a crucial interface for exchange of nutrients, gases, and metabolites between blood and brain, and as a barrier for neurotoxic components of plasma and xenobiotics. This "blood-brain barrier" function is a major hindrance for drug uptake into the brain parenchyma. Cell culture models, based on either primary cells or immortalized brain endothelial cell lines, have been developed, in order to facilitate in vitro studies of drug transport to the brain and studies of endothelial cell biology and pathophysiology. In this review, we aim to give an overview of established in vitro blood-brain barrier models with a focus on their validation regarding a set of well-established blood-brain barrier characteristics. As an ideal cell culture model of the blood-brain barrier is yet to be developed, we also aim to give an overview of the advantages and drawbacks of the different models described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans C Helms
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - N Joan Abbott
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, UK
| | - Malgorzata Burek
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Anästhesiologie, University of Wurzburg, Germany
| | | | - Pierre-Olivier Couraud
- Institut Cochin, INSERM U1016, CNRS UMR8104, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Maria A Deli
- Institute of Biophysics, Biological Research Centre, HAS, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Carola Förster
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Anästhesiologie, University of Wurzburg, Germany
| | - Hans J Galla
- Institute of Biochemistry, University of Muenster, Germany
| | - Ignacio A Romero
- Department of Biological Sciences, The Open University, Walton Hall, Milton Keynes, UK
| | - Eric V Shusta
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, WI, USA
| | - Matthew J Stebbins
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, WI, USA
| | | | - Babette Weksler
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Weill Cornell Medical College, NY, USA
| | - Birger Brodin
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
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186
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Nyúl-Tóth Á, Suciu M, Molnár J, Fazakas C, Haskó J, Herman H, Farkas AE, Kaszaki J, Hermenean A, Wilhelm I, Krizbai IA. Differences in the molecular structure of the blood-brain barrier in the cerebral cortex and white matter: an in silico, in vitro, and ex vivo study. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2016; 310:H1702-14. [PMID: 27059078 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00774.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2015] [Accepted: 03/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is the main interface controlling molecular and cellular traffic between the central nervous system (CNS) and the periphery. It consists of cerebral endothelial cells (CECs) interconnected by continuous tight junctions, and closely associated pericytes and astrocytes. Different parts of the CNS have diverse functions and structures and may be subject of different pathologies, in which the BBB is actively involved. It is largely unknown, however, what are the cellular and molecular differences of the BBB in different regions of the brain. Using in silico, in vitro, and ex vivo techniques we compared the expression of BBB-associated genes and proteins (i.e., markers of CECs, brain pericytes, and astrocytes) in the cortical grey matter and white matter. In silico human database analysis (obtained from recalculated data of the Allen Brain Atlas), qPCR, Western blot, and immunofluorescence studies on porcine and mouse brain tissue indicated an increased expression of glial fibrillary acidic protein in astrocytes in the white matter compared with the grey matter. We have also found increased expression of genes of the junctional complex of CECs (occludin, claudin-5, and α-catenin) in the white matter compared with the cerebral cortex. Accordingly, occludin, claudin-5, and α-catenin proteins showed increased expression in CECs of the white matter compared with endothelial cells of the cortical grey matter. In parallel, barrier properties of white matter CECs were superior as well. These differences might be important in the pathogenesis of diseases differently affecting distinct regions of the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ádám Nyúl-Tóth
- Institute of Biophysics, Biological Research Centre, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Maria Suciu
- Institute of Life Sciences, Vasile Goldis Western University of Arad, Arad, Romania; and
| | - Judit Molnár
- Institute of Biophysics, Biological Research Centre, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Csilla Fazakas
- Institute of Biophysics, Biological Research Centre, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szeged, Hungary
| | - János Haskó
- Institute of Biophysics, Biological Research Centre, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Hildegard Herman
- Institute of Life Sciences, Vasile Goldis Western University of Arad, Arad, Romania; and
| | - Attila E Farkas
- Institute of Biophysics, Biological Research Centre, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szeged, Hungary
| | - József Kaszaki
- Institute of Surgical Research, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Anca Hermenean
- Institute of Life Sciences, Vasile Goldis Western University of Arad, Arad, Romania; and
| | - Imola Wilhelm
- Institute of Biophysics, Biological Research Centre, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szeged, Hungary
| | - István A Krizbai
- Institute of Biophysics, Biological Research Centre, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szeged, Hungary; Institute of Life Sciences, Vasile Goldis Western University of Arad, Arad, Romania; and
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187
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Saunders NR, Habgood MD, Møllgård K, Dziegielewska KM. The biological significance of brain barrier mechanisms: help or hindrance in drug delivery to the central nervous system? F1000Res 2016; 5. [PMID: 26998242 PMCID: PMC4786902 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.7378.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Barrier mechanisms in the brain are important for its normal functioning and development. Stability of the brain's internal environment, particularly with respect to its ionic composition, is a prerequisite for the fundamental basis of its function, namely transmission of nerve impulses. In addition, the appropriate and controlled supply of a wide range of nutrients such as glucose, amino acids, monocarboxylates, and vitamins is also essential for normal development and function. These are all cellular functions across the interfaces that separate the brain from the rest of the internal environment of the body. An essential morphological component of all but one of the barriers is the presence of specialized intercellular tight junctions between the cells comprising the interface: endothelial cells in the blood-brain barrier itself, cells of the arachnoid membrane, choroid plexus epithelial cells, and tanycytes (specialized glial cells) in the circumventricular organs. In the ependyma lining the cerebral ventricles in the adult brain, the cells are joined by gap junctions, which are not restrictive for intercellular movement of molecules. But in the developing brain, the forerunners of these cells form the neuroepithelium, which restricts exchange of all but the smallest molecules between cerebrospinal fluid and brain interstitial fluid because of the presence of strap junctions between the cells. The intercellular junctions in all these interfaces are the physical basis for their barrier properties. In the blood-brain barrier proper, this is combined with a paucity of vesicular transport that is a characteristic of other vascular beds. Without such a diffusional restrain, the cellular transport mechanisms in the barrier interfaces would be ineffective. Superimposed on these physical structures are physiological mechanisms as the cells of the interfaces contain various metabolic transporters and efflux pumps, often ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters, that provide an important component of the barrier functions by either preventing entry of or expelling numerous molecules including toxins, drugs, and other xenobiotics. In this review, we summarize these influx and efflux mechanisms in normal developing and adult brain, as well as indicating their likely involvement in a wide range of neuropathologies. There have been extensive attempts to overcome the barrier mechanisms that prevent the entry of many drugs of therapeutic potential into the brain. We outline those that have been tried and discuss why they may so far have been largely unsuccessful. Currently, a promising approach appears to be focal, reversible disruption of the blood-brain barrier using focused ultrasound, but more work is required to evaluate the method before it can be tried in patients. Overall, our view is that much more fundamental knowledge of barrier mechanisms and development of new experimental methods will be required before drug targeting to the brain is likely to be a successful endeavor. In addition, such studies, if applied to brain pathologies such as stroke, trauma, or multiple sclerosis, will aid in defining the contribution of brain barrier pathology to these conditions, either causative or secondary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norman R Saunders
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Mark D Habgood
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Kjeld Møllgård
- Institute of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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188
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Aday S, Cecchelli R, Hallier-Vanuxeem D, Dehouck MP, Ferreira L. Stem Cell-Based Human Blood-Brain Barrier Models for Drug Discovery and Delivery. Trends Biotechnol 2016; 34:382-393. [PMID: 26838094 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2016.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2015] [Revised: 12/31/2015] [Accepted: 01/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The development of novel neuropharmaceuticals requires the evaluation of blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability and toxicity. Recent studies have highlighted differences in the BBB among different species, with the most important differences involving the expression of P-glycoprotein (P-gp), multidrug resistance-associated proteins, transporters, and claudins. In addition, functional studies have shown that brain pharmacokinetics of P-glycoprotein substrates are different in humans and rodents. Therefore, human BBB models may be an important platform for initial drug screening before in vivo studies. This strategy might help to reduce costs in drug development and failures in clinical studies. We review the differences in the BBB among species, recent advances in the generation of human BBB models, and their applications in drug discovery and delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Aday
- Center of Neurosciences and Cell Biology (CNC), University of Coimbra, 3004-517 Coimbra, Portugal; Center of Innovation in Biotechnology (Biocant), 3060-197 Cantanhede, Portugal; Institute for Interdisciplinary Research, University of Coimbra (IIIUC), 3030-789 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - R Cecchelli
- Blood-Brain Barrier Laboratory, Université d'Artois EA 2465, 62307 Lens, France.
| | - D Hallier-Vanuxeem
- Blood-Brain Barrier Laboratory, Université d'Artois EA 2465, 62307 Lens, France
| | - M P Dehouck
- Blood-Brain Barrier Laboratory, Université d'Artois EA 2465, 62307 Lens, France
| | - L Ferreira
- Center of Neurosciences and Cell Biology (CNC), University of Coimbra, 3004-517 Coimbra, Portugal; Center of Innovation in Biotechnology (Biocant), 3060-197 Cantanhede, Portugal; Institute for Interdisciplinary Research, University of Coimbra (IIIUC), 3030-789 Coimbra, Portugal.
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189
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Wilhelm I, Nyúl-Tóth Á, Suciu M, Hermenean A, Krizbai IA. Heterogeneity of the blood-brain barrier. Tissue Barriers 2016; 4:e1143544. [PMID: 27141424 DOI: 10.1080/21688370.2016.1143544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2015] [Revised: 01/08/2016] [Accepted: 01/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The brain microvascular network is comprised of capillaries, arterioles and venules, all of which retain - although to a different extent - blood-brain barrier (BBB) properties. Capillaries constitute the largest and tightest microvasculature. In contrast, venules have a looser junctional arrangement, while arterioles have a lower expression of P-gp. Development and maintenance of the BBB depends on the interaction of cerebral endothelial cells with pericytes and astrocytes, which are all heterogeneous in different regions of the central nervous system. At the level of circumventricular organs microvessels are permeable, containing fenestrations and discontinuous tight junctions. In addition, the blood-spinal cord barrier - where the number of pericytes is lower and expression of junctional proteins is reduced - is also more permeable than the BBB. However, much less is known about the cellular, molecular and functional differences among other regions of the brain. This review summarizes our current knowledge on the heterogeneity of the brain microvasculature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imola Wilhelm
- Institute of Biophysics, Biological Research Centre, Hungarian Academy of Sciences ; Szeged, Hungary
| | - Ádám Nyúl-Tóth
- Institute of Biophysics, Biological Research Centre, Hungarian Academy of Sciences ; Szeged, Hungary
| | - Maria Suciu
- Institute of Life Sciences, Vasile Goldis Western University of Arad ; Arad, Romania
| | - Anca Hermenean
- Institute of Life Sciences, Vasile Goldis Western University of Arad ; Arad, Romania
| | - István A Krizbai
- Institute of Biophysics, Biological Research Centre, Hungarian Academy of Sciences; Szeged, Hungary; Institute of Life Sciences, Vasile Goldis Western University of Arad; Arad, Romania
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190
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Chapy H, Saubaméa B, Tournier N, Bourasset F, Behar-Cohen F, Declèves X, Scherrmann JM, Cisternino S. Blood-brain and retinal barriers show dissimilar ABC transporter impacts and concealed effect of P-glycoprotein on a novel verapamil influx carrier. Br J Pharmacol 2016; 173:497-510. [PMID: 26507673 DOI: 10.1111/bph.13376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2015] [Revised: 09/30/2015] [Accepted: 10/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The respective impact and interplay between ABC (P-glycoprotein/P-gp/Abcb1a, BCRP/ABCG2, MRP/ABCC) and SLC transporter functions at the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and blood-retinal barriers (BRB) are incompletely understood. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH We measured the initial cerebral and retinal distribution of selected ABC substrates by in situ carotid perfusion using P-gp/Bcrp knockout mice and chemical ABC/SLC modulation strategies. P-gp, Bcrp, Mrp1 and Mrp4 were studied by confocal retina imaging. KEY RESULTS Chemical or physical disruption of P-gp increased [(3) H]-verapamil transport by ~10-fold at the BBB and ~1.5-fold at the BRB. [(3) H]-Verapamil transport involved influx-mediated by an organic cation clonidine-sensitive/diphenhydramine-sensitive proton antiporter at both barriers; this effect was unmasked when P-gp was partially or fully inhibited/disrupted at the BBB. Studies of [(3) H]-mitoxantrone and [(3) H]-zidovudine transport suggested, respectively, that Bcrp efflux was less involved at the BRB than BBB, whereas Mrps were significantly and similarly involved at both barriers. Confocal imaging showed that P-gp and Bcrp were expressed in intra-retinal vessels (inner BRB/iBRB) but absent from the blood/basal membrane of cells of the retinal pigment epithelium (outer BRB/oBRB/RPE) where, in contrast, Mrp1 and Mrp4 were localized. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS P-gp, Bcrp, Mrp1 and Mrp4 are differentially expressed at the outer and inner BRB, resulting in an altered ability to limit substrate distribution at the retina as compared with the BBB. [(3) H]-Verapamil distribution is not P-gp-specific and involves a proton antiporter at both the BBB and BRB. However, this transport is concealed by P-gp at the BBB, but not at the BRB, where P-gp activity is reduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hélène Chapy
- Variabilité de Réponse aux Psychotropes, INSERM, U1144, Paris, France.,Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Paris Descartes, UMR-S 1144, Paris, France.,Université Paris Diderot, UMR-S 1144, Paris, France
| | - Bruno Saubaméa
- Variabilité de Réponse aux Psychotropes, INSERM, U1144, Paris, France.,Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Paris Descartes, UMR-S 1144, Paris, France.,Université Paris Diderot, UMR-S 1144, Paris, France
| | - Nicolas Tournier
- INSERM, CEA, Université Paris Sud, UMR 1023 - ERL 9218 CNRS, IMIV, Orsay, France
| | - Fanchon Bourasset
- Variabilité de Réponse aux Psychotropes, INSERM, U1144, Paris, France.,Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Paris Descartes, UMR-S 1144, Paris, France.,Université Paris Diderot, UMR-S 1144, Paris, France
| | - Francine Behar-Cohen
- Université Paris Descartes, UMR-S 1138, Paris, France.,Physiopathologies des Maladies Oculaires, INSERM U1138, Paris, France
| | - Xavier Declèves
- Variabilité de Réponse aux Psychotropes, INSERM, U1144, Paris, France.,Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Paris Descartes, UMR-S 1144, Paris, France.,Université Paris Diderot, UMR-S 1144, Paris, France.,Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Paris - AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Michel Scherrmann
- Variabilité de Réponse aux Psychotropes, INSERM, U1144, Paris, France.,Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Paris Descartes, UMR-S 1144, Paris, France.,Université Paris Diderot, UMR-S 1144, Paris, France.,Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Paris - AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Salvatore Cisternino
- Variabilité de Réponse aux Psychotropes, INSERM, U1144, Paris, France.,Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Paris Descartes, UMR-S 1144, Paris, France.,Université Paris Diderot, UMR-S 1144, Paris, France.,Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Paris - AP-HP, Paris, France
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191
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Chaves C, Gómez-Zepeda D, Auvity S, Menet MC, Crété D, Labat L, Remião F, Cisternino S, Declèves X. Effect of Subchronic Intravenous Morphine Infusion and Naloxone-Precipitated Morphine Withdrawal on P-gp and Bcrp at the Rat Blood-Brain Barrier. J Pharm Sci 2016; 105:350-8. [PMID: 26554626 DOI: 10.1002/jps.24697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2015] [Revised: 09/24/2015] [Accepted: 09/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Chronic morphine regimen increases P-glycoprotein (P-gp) and breast cancer-resistance protein (Bcrp) expressions at the rat blood–brain barrier (BBB) but what drives this effect is poorly understood. The objective of this study is to assess subchronic continuous morphine infusion and naloxone-precipitated morphine withdrawal effects on P-gp/Bcrp contents and activities at the rat BBB. Rats were treated either with (i) a continuous i.v. morphine for 120 h, (ii) escalating morphine dosing (10-40 mg/kg, i.p., 5 days), (iii) a chronic morphine regimen (10 mg/kg s.c., 5 days) followed by a withdrawal period (2 days) and treatment for 3 additional days. Animal behavior was assessed after naloxone-precipitated withdrawal (1 mg/kg, s.c.). P-gp/Bcrp expressions and activities were determined in brain microvessels by qRT-PCR, Western blot, UHPLC–MS/MS, and in situ brain perfusion of P-gp or Bcrp substrates. Results show continuous i.v. morphine did not change P-gp/Bcrp protein levels in rat brain microvessels, whereas naloxone-precipitated withdrawal after escalating or chronic morphine dose regimen increased Mdr1a and Bcrp mRNA levels by 1.4-fold and 2.4-fold, respectively. Conversely, P-gp/Bcrp protein expressions remained unchanged after naloxone administration, and brain uptake of [3H]-verapamil (P-gp) and [3H]-mitoxantrone (Bcrp) was not altered. The study concludes subchronic morphine infusion and naloxone-precipitated morphine withdrawal have poor effect on P-gp/Bcrp levels at the rat BBB.
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MESH Headings
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Member 1/genetics
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Member 1/metabolism
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily G, Member 2
- ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters/genetics
- ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters/metabolism
- Analgesics, Opioid/administration & dosage
- Analgesics, Opioid/blood
- Analgesics, Opioid/pharmacology
- Animals
- Blood-Brain Barrier/drug effects
- Blood-Brain Barrier/metabolism
- Cerebral Cortex/drug effects
- Cerebral Cortex/metabolism
- Infusions, Intravenous
- Male
- Morphine/administration & dosage
- Morphine/blood
- Morphine/pharmacology
- Naloxone/pharmacology
- Narcotic Antagonists/pharmacology
- Proteomics
- Rats
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Substance Withdrawal Syndrome/metabolism
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192
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Liu F, Koval M, Ranganathan S, Fanayan S, Hancock WS, Lundberg EK, Beavis RC, Lane L, Duek P, McQuade L, Kelleher NL, Baker MS. Systems Proteomics View of the Endogenous Human Claudin Protein Family. J Proteome Res 2016; 15:339-59. [PMID: 26680015 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.5b00769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Claudins are the major transmembrane protein components of tight junctions in human endothelia and epithelia. Tissue-specific expression of claudin members suggests that this protein family is not only essential for sustaining the role of tight junctions in cell permeability control but also vital in organizing cell contact signaling by protein-protein interactions. How this protein family is collectively processed and regulated is key to understanding the role of junctional proteins in preserving cell identity and tissue integrity. The focus of this review is to first provide a brief overview of the functional context, on the basis of the extensive body of claudin biology research that has been thoroughly reviewed, for endogenous human claudin members and then ascertain existing and future proteomics techniques that may be applicable to systematically characterizing the chemical forms and interacting protein partners of this protein family in human. The ability to elucidate claudin-based signaling networks may provide new insight into cell development and differentiation programs that are crucial to tissue stability and manipulation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michael Koval
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, and Department of Cell Biology, Emory University School of Medicine , 205 Whitehead Biomedical Research Building, 615 Michael Street, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | | | | | - William S Hancock
- Barnett Institute and Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University , Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Emma K Lundberg
- SciLifeLab, School of Biotechnology, Royal Institute of Technology (KTH) , SE-171 21 Solna, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ronald C Beavis
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Genetics, University of Manitoba , 744 Bannatyne Avenue, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3E 0W3, Canada
| | - Lydie Lane
- SIB-Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics , CMU - Rue Michel-Servet 1, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Paula Duek
- SIB-Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics , CMU - Rue Michel-Servet 1, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | - Neil L Kelleher
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Molecular Biosciences, and Proteomics Center of Excellence, Northwestern University , 2145 North Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
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193
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Sivapackiam J, Harpstrite SE, Prior JL, Mattingly S, Sharma V. (67/68)Galmydar: A metalloprobe for monitoring breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP)-mediated functional transport activity. Nucl Med Biol 2015; 43:191-7. [PMID: 26924499 DOI: 10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2015.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2014] [Revised: 11/23/2015] [Accepted: 12/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION For stratification of chemotherapeutic choices, radiopharmaceuticals capable of imaging breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP/ABCG2)-mediated functional transport are desired. To accomplish this objective, Galmydar, a fluorescent and moderately hydrophobic Ga(III) cationic complex and its (67/68)Ga-radiolabeled counterparts were interrogated in HEK293 cells stably transfected with BCRP and their WT counterparts transfected with empty vector. Additionally, the sensitivity and specificity of (68)Ga-Galmydar to evaluate functional expression of BCRP at the blood-brain barrier (BBB) was investigated in gene-knockout mdr1a/1b(-/-) (double knockout, dKO) and mdr1a/1b(-/-)ABCG2(-/-) (triple knockout, tKO) mouse models. METHODS For radiotracer uptake assays and live cell fluorescence imaging, either (67)Ga-Galmydar or its unlabeled counterpart was incubated in HEK293 cells transfected with BCRP (HEK293/BCRP) and their WT counterparts at 37°C under a continuous flux of CO2 (5%) in the presence or absence of Ko143, a potent BCRP antagonist, and cellular uptake was measured to assess the sensitivity of Galmydar to probe BCRP-mediated functional transport activity in cellulo. For assessing the potential of Galmydar to enable diagnostic imaging of targeted tissues in vivo, the (67)Ga-radiolabeled counterpart was incubated in either human serum albumin or human serum at 37°C and the percentage of unbound (67)Ga-Galmydar was determined. To evaluate the sensitivity of (68)Ga-Galmydar for molecular imaging of BCRP-mediated efflux activity in vivo, microPET/CT brain imaging was performed in dKO and tKO mice and their age-matched WT counterparts, 60min post-intravenous injection. RESULTS (67)Ga-Galmydar shows uptake profiles in HEK293 cells inversely proportional to BCRP expression, and antagonist (Ko143) induced accumulation in HEK293/BCRP cells, thus indicating target sensitivity and specificity. Furthermore, employing the fluorescent characteristics of Galmydar, optical imaging in HEK293/BCRP cells shows an excellent correlation with the radiotracer cellular accumulation data. (67)Ga-Galmydar shows > 85% unbound fraction and presence of parental compound in human serum. Finally, microPET/CT imaging shows higher retention of (68)Ga-Galmydar in brains of dKO and tKO mice compared to their age-matched WT counterparts, 60min post-intravenous tail-vein injection. CONCLUSIONS Combined data indicate that Galmydar could provide a template scaffold for development of a PET tracer for imaging BCRP-mediated functional transport activity in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jothilingam Sivapackiam
- ICCE Institute, Molecular Imaging Center, Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Scott E Harpstrite
- ICCE Institute, Molecular Imaging Center, Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Julie L Prior
- ICCE Institute, Molecular Imaging Center, Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Stephen Mattingly
- ICCE Institute, Molecular Imaging Center, Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Students and Teachers As Research Scientists (STARS), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Vijay Sharma
- ICCE Institute, Molecular Imaging Center, Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Students and Teachers As Research Scientists (STARS), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering & Applied Science, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63105, USA.
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194
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Harwood MD, Achour B, Neuhoff S, Russell MR, Carlson G, Warhurst G. In Vitro-In Vivo Extrapolation Scaling Factors for Intestinal P-Glycoprotein and Breast Cancer Resistance Protein: Part I: A Cross-Laboratory Comparison of Transporter-Protein Abundances and Relative Expression Factors in Human Intestine and Caco-2 Cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 44:297-307. [PMID: 26631742 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.115.067371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2015] [Accepted: 12/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Over the last 5 years the quantification of transporter-protein absolute abundances has dramatically increased in parallel to the expanded use of in vitro-in vivo extrapolation (IVIVE) and physiologically based pharmacokinetics (PBPK)-linked models, for decision-making in pharmaceutical company drug development pipelines and regulatory submissions. Although several research groups have developed laboratory-specific proteomic workflows, it is unclear if the large range of reported variability is founded on true interindividual variability or experimental variability resulting from sample preparation or the proteomic methodology used. To assess the potential for methodological bias on end-point abundance quantification, two independent laboratories, the University of Manchester (UoM) and Bertin Pharma (BPh), employing different proteomic workflows, quantified the absolute abundances of Na/K-ATPase, P-gp, and breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP) in the same set of biologic samples from human intestinal and Caco-2 cell membranes. Across all samples, P-gp abundances were significantly correlated (P = 0.04, Rs = 0.72) with a 2.4-fold higher abundance (P = 0.001) generated at UoM compared with BPh. There was a systematically higher BCRP abundance in Caco-2 cell samples quantified by BPh compared with UoM, but not in human intestinal samples. Consequently, a similar intestinal relative expression factor (REF), derived from distal jejunum and Caco-2 monolayer samples, between laboratories was found for P-gp. However, a 2-fold higher intestinal REF was generated by UoM (2.22) versus BPh (1.11). We demonstrate that differences in absolute protein abundance are evident between laboratories and they probably result from laboratory-specific methodologies relating to peptide choice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew D Harwood
- Gut Barrier Group, Inflammation and Repair, University of Manchester, Salford Royal NHS Trust, Salford, United Kingdom (M.D.H., G.C., G.W.); Centre for Applied Pharmacokinetic Research, Manchester Pharmacy School, Stopford Building, Manchester, United Kingdom (B.A., M.R.R., A.R-H.); Simcyp Limited (a Certara Company), Sheffield (M.D.H., S.N., A.R-H.), United Kingdom
| | - Brahim Achour
- Gut Barrier Group, Inflammation and Repair, University of Manchester, Salford Royal NHS Trust, Salford, United Kingdom (M.D.H., G.C., G.W.); Centre for Applied Pharmacokinetic Research, Manchester Pharmacy School, Stopford Building, Manchester, United Kingdom (B.A., M.R.R., A.R-H.); Simcyp Limited (a Certara Company), Sheffield (M.D.H., S.N., A.R-H.), United Kingdom
| | - Sibylle Neuhoff
- Gut Barrier Group, Inflammation and Repair, University of Manchester, Salford Royal NHS Trust, Salford, United Kingdom (M.D.H., G.C., G.W.); Centre for Applied Pharmacokinetic Research, Manchester Pharmacy School, Stopford Building, Manchester, United Kingdom (B.A., M.R.R., A.R-H.); Simcyp Limited (a Certara Company), Sheffield (M.D.H., S.N., A.R-H.), United Kingdom
| | - Matthew R Russell
- Gut Barrier Group, Inflammation and Repair, University of Manchester, Salford Royal NHS Trust, Salford, United Kingdom (M.D.H., G.C., G.W.); Centre for Applied Pharmacokinetic Research, Manchester Pharmacy School, Stopford Building, Manchester, United Kingdom (B.A., M.R.R., A.R-H.); Simcyp Limited (a Certara Company), Sheffield (M.D.H., S.N., A.R-H.), United Kingdom
| | - Gordon Carlson
- Gut Barrier Group, Inflammation and Repair, University of Manchester, Salford Royal NHS Trust, Salford, United Kingdom (M.D.H., G.C., G.W.); Centre for Applied Pharmacokinetic Research, Manchester Pharmacy School, Stopford Building, Manchester, United Kingdom (B.A., M.R.R., A.R-H.); Simcyp Limited (a Certara Company), Sheffield (M.D.H., S.N., A.R-H.), United Kingdom
| | - Geoffrey Warhurst
- Gut Barrier Group, Inflammation and Repair, University of Manchester, Salford Royal NHS Trust, Salford, United Kingdom (M.D.H., G.C., G.W.); Centre for Applied Pharmacokinetic Research, Manchester Pharmacy School, Stopford Building, Manchester, United Kingdom (B.A., M.R.R., A.R-H.); Simcyp Limited (a Certara Company), Sheffield (M.D.H., S.N., A.R-H.), United Kingdom
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195
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Al-Qadi S, Schiøtt M, Hansen SH, Nielsen PA, Badolo L. An invertebrate model for CNS drug discovery: Transcriptomic and functional analysis of a mammalian P-glycoprotein ortholog. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2015; 1850:2439-51. [PMID: 26363463 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2015.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2015] [Revised: 07/28/2015] [Accepted: 09/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Al-Qadi
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100 København Ø, Denmark; Faculty of Nursing, Pharmacy and Health professions, Birzeit University, PO Box 14, Birzeit, West Bank, Palestine. Telephone: +972-2-298-2000, Fax: +972-2-281-0656..
| | - Morten Schiøtt
- Centre for Social Evolution, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 15, 2100 København Ø, Denmark
| | - Steen Honoré Hansen
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100 København Ø, Denmark
| | - Peter Aadal Nielsen
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100 København Ø, Denmark
| | - Lassina Badolo
- Division of Discovery Chemistry, H. Lundbeck A/S, Copenhagen, Denmark; Division of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, H. Lundbeck A/S, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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196
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Recent advance in molecular angiogenesis in glioblastoma: the challenge and hope for anti-angiogenic therapy. Brain Tumor Pathol 2015; 32:229-36. [PMID: 26437643 DOI: 10.1007/s10014-015-0233-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2015] [Accepted: 09/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most highly malignant brain tumor in the human central nerve system. In this paper, we review new and significant molecular findings on angiogenesis and possible resistance mechanisms. Expression of a number of genes and regulators has been shown to be upregulated in GBM microvessel cells, such as interleukin-8, signal transducer and activator of transcription 3, Tax-interacting protein-1, hypoxia induced factor-1 and anterior gradient protein 2. The regulator factors that may strongly promote angiogenesis by promoting endothelial cell metastasis, changing the microenvironment, enhancing the ability of resistance to anti-angiogenic therapy, and that inhibit angiogenesis are reviewed. Based on the current knowledge, several potential targets and strategies are proposed for better therapeutic outcomes, such as its mRNA interference of DII4-Notch signaling pathway and depletion of b1 integrin expression. We also discuss possible mechanisms underlying the resistance to anti-angiogenesis and future directions and challenges in developing new targeted therapy for GBM.
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197
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Pan W. From blood to brain through BBB and astrocytic signaling. Peptides 2015; 72:121-7. [PMID: 26111490 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2015.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2015] [Revised: 06/11/2015] [Accepted: 06/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
In this Festschrift, I discuss the career and guiding principles to which Abba J. Kastin has adhered during the last 20 years we worked together. I briefly describe the history of our joint laboratory group, the context of studies of peptide permeation across the blood-brain barrier (BBB), and newer developments in the BBB Group as Abba steps down after serving 35 years as the founding Editor-in-Chief for Peptides. Abba's BBB studies on peptides have contributed to concepts in the neuroendocrinology of feeding and developed information on molecular trafficking across BBB cells. The astroglial leptin signaling studies and the interactions of sleep and BBB are two major directions, whereas the long-term MIF-1 project demarcates a tortuous road on translational research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weihong Pan
- Biopotentials Sleep Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70809, USA.
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198
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Liu L, Collier AC, Link JM, Domino KB, Mankoff DA, Eary JF, Spiekerman CF, Hsiao P, Deo AK, Unadkat JD. Modulation of P-glycoprotein at the Human Blood-Brain Barrier by Quinidine or Rifampin Treatment: A Positron Emission Tomography Imaging Study. Drug Metab Dispos 2015; 43:1795-804. [PMID: 26354948 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.114.058685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2014] [Accepted: 09/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Permeability-glycoprotein (P-glycoprotein, P-gp), an efflux transporter at the human blood-brain barrier (BBB), is a significant obstacle to central nervous system (CNS) delivery of P-gp substrate drugs. Using positron emission tomography imaging, we investigated P-gp modulation at the human BBB by an approved P-gp inhibitor, quinidine, or the P-gp inducer, rifampin. Cerebral blood flow (CBF) and BBB P-gp activity were respectively measured by administration of (15)O-water followed by (11)C-verapamil. In a crossover design, healthy volunteers received quinidine and 11-29 days of rifampin treatment during different study periods. CBF and P-gp activity was measured in the absence (control; prior to quinidine treatment) and presence of P-gp modulation. At clinically relevant quinidine plasma concentrations, P-gp inhibition resulted in a 60% increase in (11)C-radioactivity distribution across the human BBB as measured by the brain extraction ratio (ER) of (11)C-radioactivity. Furthermore, the magnitude of BBB P-gp inhibition by quinidine was successfully predicted by a combination of in vitro and macaque data, but not by rat data. Although our findings demonstrated that quinidine did not completely inhibit P-gp at the human BBB, it has the potential to produce clinically significant CNS drug interactions with P-gp substrate drugs that exhibit a narrow therapeutic window and are significantly excluded from the brain by P-gp. Rifampin treatment induced systemic CYP3A metabolism of (11)C-verapamil; however, it reduced the ER by 6%. Therefore, we conclude that rifampin, at its usual clinical dose, cannot be used to induce P-gp at the human BBB to a clinically meaningful extent and is unlikely to cause inadvertent BBB-inductive drug interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Liu
- Department of Pharmaceutics (L.L., P.H., A.K.D., J.D.U.), Department of Medicine (A.C.C.), Division of Nuclear Medicine (J.M.L., D.A.M., J.F.E.), Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine (K.B.D.), and Department of Oral Health Sciences (C.F.S.), University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Ann C Collier
- Department of Pharmaceutics (L.L., P.H., A.K.D., J.D.U.), Department of Medicine (A.C.C.), Division of Nuclear Medicine (J.M.L., D.A.M., J.F.E.), Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine (K.B.D.), and Department of Oral Health Sciences (C.F.S.), University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Jeanne M Link
- Department of Pharmaceutics (L.L., P.H., A.K.D., J.D.U.), Department of Medicine (A.C.C.), Division of Nuclear Medicine (J.M.L., D.A.M., J.F.E.), Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine (K.B.D.), and Department of Oral Health Sciences (C.F.S.), University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Karen B Domino
- Department of Pharmaceutics (L.L., P.H., A.K.D., J.D.U.), Department of Medicine (A.C.C.), Division of Nuclear Medicine (J.M.L., D.A.M., J.F.E.), Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine (K.B.D.), and Department of Oral Health Sciences (C.F.S.), University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - David A Mankoff
- Department of Pharmaceutics (L.L., P.H., A.K.D., J.D.U.), Department of Medicine (A.C.C.), Division of Nuclear Medicine (J.M.L., D.A.M., J.F.E.), Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine (K.B.D.), and Department of Oral Health Sciences (C.F.S.), University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Janet F Eary
- Department of Pharmaceutics (L.L., P.H., A.K.D., J.D.U.), Department of Medicine (A.C.C.), Division of Nuclear Medicine (J.M.L., D.A.M., J.F.E.), Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine (K.B.D.), and Department of Oral Health Sciences (C.F.S.), University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Charles F Spiekerman
- Department of Pharmaceutics (L.L., P.H., A.K.D., J.D.U.), Department of Medicine (A.C.C.), Division of Nuclear Medicine (J.M.L., D.A.M., J.F.E.), Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine (K.B.D.), and Department of Oral Health Sciences (C.F.S.), University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Peng Hsiao
- Department of Pharmaceutics (L.L., P.H., A.K.D., J.D.U.), Department of Medicine (A.C.C.), Division of Nuclear Medicine (J.M.L., D.A.M., J.F.E.), Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine (K.B.D.), and Department of Oral Health Sciences (C.F.S.), University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Anand K Deo
- Department of Pharmaceutics (L.L., P.H., A.K.D., J.D.U.), Department of Medicine (A.C.C.), Division of Nuclear Medicine (J.M.L., D.A.M., J.F.E.), Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine (K.B.D.), and Department of Oral Health Sciences (C.F.S.), University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Jashvant D Unadkat
- Department of Pharmaceutics (L.L., P.H., A.K.D., J.D.U.), Department of Medicine (A.C.C.), Division of Nuclear Medicine (J.M.L., D.A.M., J.F.E.), Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine (K.B.D.), and Department of Oral Health Sciences (C.F.S.), University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
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199
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Matsson P, Bergström CAS. Computational modeling to predict the functions and impact of drug transporters. In Silico Pharmacol 2015; 3:8. [PMID: 26820893 PMCID: PMC4559557 DOI: 10.1186/s40203-015-0012-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2015] [Accepted: 08/14/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Transport proteins are important mediators of cellular drug influx and efflux and play crucial roles in drug distribution, disposition and clearance. Drug-drug interactions have increasingly been found to occur at the transporter level and, hence, computational tools for studying drug-transporter interactions have gained in interest. In this short review, we present the most important transport proteins for drug influx and efflux. Computational tools for predicting and understanding the substrate and inhibitor interactions with these membrane-bound proteins are discussed. We have primarily focused on ligand-based and structure-based modeling, for which the state-of-the-art and future challenges are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pär Matsson
- Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Box 580, SE-751 23, Uppsala, Sweden. .,Uppsala University Drug Optimization and Pharmaceutical Profiling Platform (UDOPP) - a node of the Chemical Biology Consortium Sweden, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Christel A S Bergström
- Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Box 580, SE-751 23, Uppsala, Sweden. .,Uppsala University Drug Optimization and Pharmaceutical Profiling Platform (UDOPP) - a node of the Chemical Biology Consortium Sweden, Uppsala, Sweden.
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Chapy H, Klieber S, Brun P, Gerbal-Chaloin S, Boulenc X, Nicolas O. PBPK modeling of irbesartan: incorporation of hepatic uptake. Biopharm Drug Dispos 2015; 36:491-506. [PMID: 26037524 DOI: 10.1002/bdd.1961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2015] [Revised: 05/05/2015] [Accepted: 05/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Physiological based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modeling is now commonly used in drug development to integrate human or animal physiological data in order to predict pharmacokinetic profiles. The aim of this work was to construct and refine a PBPK model of irbesartan taking into account its active uptake via OATP1B1/B3 in order to predict more accurately its pharmacokinetic profile using Simcyp(®). The activity and expression of the human hepatocyte transporters OATP1B1 and OATP1B3 were studied. The relative activity factors (RAFs) for OATP1B1 and OATP1B3 transporters were calculated from intrinsic clearances obtained by concentration dependent uptake experiments in human hepatocytes and HEK overexpressing cells: RAF1B1 using estrone-3-sulfate and pitavastatine clearances, and RAF1B3 using cholecystokinine octapeptide (CCK-8) clearances. The relative expression factor (REF) was calculated by comparing immunoblotting of hepatocytes (REFHH ) or tissues (REFtissue) with those of overexpressing HEK cells for each transporter. These scaling factors were applied in a PBPK model of irbesartan using the Simcyp® simulator. Pharmacokinetic simulation using REFHH (1.82 for OATP1B1, 8.03 for OATP1B3) as an extrapolation factor was the closest to the human clinical pharmacokinetic profile of irbesartan. These investigations show the importance of integrating the contribution of the active uptake of a drug in the liver to improve PBPK modeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helene Chapy
- Drug Disposition Domain, Disposition Safety and Animal Research, Sanofi, Montpellier, France
| | - Sylvie Klieber
- Drug Disposition Domain, Disposition Safety and Animal Research, Sanofi, Montpellier, France
| | - Priscilla Brun
- Drug Disposition Domain, Disposition Safety and Animal Research, Sanofi, Montpellier, France
| | - Sabine Gerbal-Chaloin
- INSERM, U1040, Institut de Recherche en Biothérapie, Montpellier, F-34293, France.,Université Montpellier 1, UMR 1040, Montpellier, F-34293, France
| | - Xavier Boulenc
- Drug Disposition Domain, Disposition Safety and Animal Research, Sanofi, Montpellier, France
| | - Olivier Nicolas
- Drug Disposition Domain, Disposition Safety and Animal Research, Sanofi, Montpellier, France
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