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O'Brien CA, Batista SJ, Still KM, Harris TH. IL-10 and ICOS Differentially Regulate T Cell Responses in the Brain during Chronic Toxoplasma gondii Infection. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 202:1755-1766. [PMID: 30718297 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1801229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Control of chronic CNS infection with the parasite Toxoplasma gondii requires ongoing T cell responses in the brain. Immunosuppressive cytokines are also important for preventing lethal immunopathology during chronic infection. To explore the loss of suppressive cytokines exclusively during the chronic phase of infection, we blocked IL-10R in chronically infected mice. Consistent with previous reports, IL-10R blockade led to severe, fatal tissue destruction associated with widespread changes in the inflammatory response, including increased APC activation, expansion of CD4+ T cells, and neutrophil recruitment to the brain. We then sought to identify regulatory mechanisms contributing to IL-10 production, focusing on ICOS, a molecule implicated in IL-10 production. Unexpectedly, ICOS ligand (ICOSL) blockade led to a local expansion of effector T cells in the brain without affecting IL-10 production or APC activation. Instead, we found that ICOSL blockade led to changes in T cells associated with their proliferation and survival. We observed increased expression of IL-2-associated signaling molecules CD25, STAT5 phosphorylation, Ki67, and Bcl-2 in T cells in the brain, along with decreased apoptosis. Interestingly, increases in CD25 and Bcl-2 were not observed following IL-10R blockade. Also, unlike IL-10R blockade, ICOSL blockade led to an expansion of both CD8+ and CD4+ T cells in the brain, with no expansion of peripheral T cells or neutrophil recruitment to the brain and no severe tissue destruction. Overall, these results suggest that IL-10 and ICOS differentially regulate T cell responses in the brain during chronic T. gondii infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carleigh A O'Brien
- Center for Brain Immunology and Glia, Department of Neuroscience, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908
| | - Samantha J Batista
- Center for Brain Immunology and Glia, Department of Neuroscience, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908
| | - Katherine M Still
- Center for Brain Immunology and Glia, Department of Neuroscience, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908
| | - Tajie H Harris
- Center for Brain Immunology and Glia, Department of Neuroscience, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908
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152
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Omar HA, Tolba MF. Tackling molecular targets beyond PD-1/PD-L1: Novel approaches to boost patients' response to cancer immunotherapy. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2019; 135:21-29. [PMID: 30819443 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2019.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2018] [Revised: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 01/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
In the new era of immunotherapy, which has changed the clinical oncology practice guidelines, there is a pressing need for finding novel approaches to tune up the clinical outcomes of immunotherapy and extend its benefits to a wider cohort of cancer patients. Several non-classical molecular immune targets beyond PD-1/PD-L1 signaling were shown to be engaged as feedback resistance circuits to shut down the antitumor immune response mediated by the classical immune checkpoint inhibitors. Those include T-cell inducible co-stimulator (ICOS), CD40, CD47, V-domain Ig suppressor of T-cell activation (VISTA), cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK)12, enhancer of Zeste homolog 2 (EZH2), toll-like receptors (TLRs) and OX-40 (CD134). Herein we critically discussed the latest studies concerned with understanding the mechanisms involved in the negative clinical response to classical immunotherapies and strategies to optimize the efficacy of cancer immunotherapy through novel combinatorial approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hany A Omar
- Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates; College of Pharmacy, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates; Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef 62514, Egypt.
| | - Mai F Tolba
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo 11566, Egypt; Biology Department, School of Sciences and Engineering, The American University in Cairo, New Cairo, Egypt.
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153
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Follicular helper T cell and memory B cell immunity in CHC patients. J Mol Med (Berl) 2019; 97:397-407. [PMID: 30666346 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-018-01735-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2018] [Revised: 12/14/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Chronic hepatitis C (CHC) is associated with biological activity of T follicular helper (Tfh) cells and memory B cells (MBCs). However, the nature of Tfh cell subsets that are responsible for MBCs in CHC patients has not been evaluated. This study aimed to investigate Tfh and MBC immunity before and after direct-acting antiviral (DAA) therapy in patients with CHC. A total of 31 CHC patients and 15 healthy controls (HCs) were recruited. Individual patients were treated with sofosbuvir/ribavirin (SOF/RBV) or in combination with pegylated interferon alpha-2a (PEG-IFN-α-2a) for 12 weeks. Immunofluorescence revealed the frequency of ICOS+CD4+CXCR5+ active Tfh cells in liver tissue of CHC patients was higher than that of healthy control. Tfh and B cell co-culture experiments showed that Tfh2 cells from CHC patients have potential ability to induce B cell differentiation and IgG production. Flow cytometry showed that the frequencies of CD21-CD27+IgD- activated MBCs, ICOS+CD4+CXCR5+ activated Tfh cells, Tfh1 (IFN-γ+CD4+CXCR5+) cells, and Tfh2 (IL-4+CD4+CXCR5+) cells, but not of Tfh17 (IL-17+CD4+CXCR5+) cells, increased in CHC patients before and after DAA therapy. Collectively, ICOS+ Tfh, Tfh1, Tfh2 cells, and MBCs participated in the antiviral treatment process of SOF/RBV with or without PEG-IFN-α-2a in CHC patients, and their activity was further enhanced during the treatment. KEY MESSAGES: This study aimed to investigate Tfh cells and MBC immunity in CHC patients. CD21-CD27+IgD- activated MBCs increased in CHC patients before and after treatment. Tfh1 and Tfh2 cells increased in CHC patients before and after antiviral treatment. Intrahepatic activated Tfh cells increased in CHC patients before treatment. Tfh2 cells from CHC patients have a stronger ability to induce B cell differentiation.
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154
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Lownik JC, Wimberly JL, Conrad DH, Martin RK. B Cell ADAM10 Controls Murine Lupus Progression through Regulation of the ICOS:ICOS Ligand Axis. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 202:664-674. [PMID: 30610163 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1801207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The role of ICOS and its ligand (ICOSL) have both been shown to be essential for proper humoral responses as well as autoimmune Ab development in mouse models of lupus. In this paper, we report a specific role for the metalloprotease ADAM10 on B cells in regulating both ICOSL and ICOS in a mouse model of increased humoral immunity using B6mir146a-/- mice and a model of lymphoproliferative disease using the well-characterized lpr model. B6lpr mice lacking ADAM10 on B cells (A10Blpr) have decreased nodal proliferation and T cell accumulation compared with control B6lpr mice. Additionally, A10Blpr mice have a drastic reduction in autoimmune anti-dsDNA Ab production. In line with this, we found a significant reduction in follicular helper T cells and germinal center B cells in these mice. We also show that lymphoproliferation in this model is closely tied to elevated ICOS levels and decreased ICOSL levels. Overall, our data not only show a role of B cell ADAM10 in control autoimmunity but also increase our understanding of the regulation of ICOS and ICOSL in the context of autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph C Lownik
- Center for Clinical and Translational Research, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298; and
| | | | - Daniel H Conrad
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298; and
| | - Rebecca K Martin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298; and
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155
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Abstract
Immune responses are controlled by the optimal balance between protective immunity and immune tolerance. T-cell receptor (TCR) signals are modulated by co-signaling molecules, which are divided into co-stimulatory and co-inhibitory molecules. By expression at the appropriate time and location, co-signaling molecules positively and negatively control T-cell differentiation and function. For example, ligation of the CD28 on T cells provides a critical secondary signal along with TCR ligation for naive T-cell activation. In contrast, co-inhibitory signaling by the CD28-B7 family is important to regulate immune homeostasis and host defense, as these signals limit the strength and duration of immune responses to prevent autoimmunity. At the same time, microorganisms or tumor cells can use these pathways to establish an immunosuppressive environment to inhibit the immune responses against themselves. Understanding these co-inhibitory pathways will support the development of new immunotherapy for the treatment of tumors and autoimmune and infectious diseases. Here, we introduce diverse molecules belonging to the members of the CD28-B7 family.
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156
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Co-signaling Molecules in Neurological Diseases. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1189:233-265. [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-32-9717-3_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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157
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Khan MA, Shamma T. Complement factor and T-cell interactions during alloimmune inflammation in transplantation. J Leukoc Biol 2018; 105:681-694. [PMID: 30536904 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.5ru0718-288r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2018] [Revised: 10/25/2018] [Accepted: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Complement factor and T-cell signaling during an effective alloimmune response plays a key role in transplant-associated injury, which leads to the progression of chronic rejection (CR). During an alloimmune response, activated complement factors (C3a and C5a) bind to their corresponding receptors (C3aR and C5aR) on a number of lymphocytes, including T-regulatory cells (Tregs), and these cell-molecular interactions have been vital to modulate an effective immune response to/from Th1-effector cell and Treg activities, which result in massive inflammation, microvascular impairments, and fibrotic remodeling. Involvement of the complement-mediated cell signaling during transplantation signifies a crucial role of complement components as a key therapeutic switch to regulate ongoing inflammatory state, and further to avoid the progression of CR of the transplanted organ. This review highlights the role of complement-T cell interactions, and how these interactions shunt the effector immune response during alloimmune inflammation in transplantation, which could be a novel therapeutic tool to protect a transplanted organ and avoid progression of CR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Afzal Khan
- Organ Transplant Research Section, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Talal Shamma
- Organ Transplant Research Section, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
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158
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Wan Z, Shao X, Ji X, Dong L, Wei J, Xiong Z, Liu W, Qi H. Transmembrane domain-mediated Lck association underlies bystander and costimulatory ICOS signaling. Cell Mol Immunol 2018; 17:143-152. [PMID: 30523347 PMCID: PMC7000777 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-018-0183-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2018] [Accepted: 10/30/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The B7-family inducible costimulator (ICOS) activates phosphoinositide-3 kinase (PI3K) and augments calcium mobilization triggered by the T-cell receptor (TCR). We surprisingly found that the entire cytoplasmic domain of ICOS is dispensable for its costimulation of calcium mobilization. This costimulatory function relies on the unique transmembrane domain (TMD) of ICOS, which promotes association with the tyrosine kinase Lck. TMD-enabled Lck association is also required for p85 recruitment to ICOS and subsequent PI3K activation, and Lck underlies both the bystander and costimulatory signaling activity of ICOS. TMD-replaced ICOS, even with an intact cytoplasmic domain, fails to support TFH development or GC formation in vivo. When transplanted onto a chimeric antigen receptor (CAR), the ICOS TMD enhances interactions between T cells and antigen-presenting target cells. Therefore, by revealing an unexpected function of the ICOS TMD, our study offers a new perspective for the understanding and potential application of costimulation biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zurong Wan
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China.,Laboratory of Dynamic Immunobiology, Institute for Immunology, 100084, Beijing, China.,Department of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, 100084, Beijing, China.,School of Life Sciences, 100084, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Lab for Immunological Research on Chronic Diseases, 100084, Beijing, China
| | - Xingxing Shao
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China.,Laboratory of Dynamic Immunobiology, Institute for Immunology, 100084, Beijing, China.,Department of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, 100084, Beijing, China.,School of Life Sciences, 100084, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Lab for Immunological Research on Chronic Diseases, 100084, Beijing, China
| | - Xingyu Ji
- School of Life Sciences, 100084, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Lab for Immunological Research on Chronic Diseases, 100084, Beijing, China.,MOE Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China
| | - Lihui Dong
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China.,School of Life Sciences, 100084, Beijing, China
| | - Jiacheng Wei
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China.,Laboratory of Dynamic Immunobiology, Institute for Immunology, 100084, Beijing, China.,Department of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, 100084, Beijing, China.,School of Life Sciences, 100084, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Lab for Immunological Research on Chronic Diseases, 100084, Beijing, China
| | - Zhuqing Xiong
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China.,School of Life Sciences, 100084, Beijing, China
| | - Wanli Liu
- School of Life Sciences, 100084, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Lab for Immunological Research on Chronic Diseases, 100084, Beijing, China.,MOE Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China
| | - Hai Qi
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China. .,Laboratory of Dynamic Immunobiology, Institute for Immunology, 100084, Beijing, China. .,Department of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, 100084, Beijing, China. .,School of Life Sciences, 100084, Beijing, China. .,Beijing Key Lab for Immunological Research on Chronic Diseases, 100084, Beijing, China.
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159
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Barcella M, Bollen Pinto B, Braga D, D'Avila F, Tagliaferri F, Cazalis MA, Monneret G, Herpain A, Bendjelid K, Barlassina C. Identification of a transcriptome profile associated with improvement of organ function in septic shock patients after early supportive therapy. CRITICAL CARE : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE CRITICAL CARE FORUM 2018; 22:312. [PMID: 30463588 PMCID: PMC6249814 DOI: 10.1186/s13054-018-2242-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Accepted: 10/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Background Septic shock is the most severe complication of sepsis and this syndrome is associated with high mortality. Treatment of septic shock remains largely supportive of hemodynamics and tissue perfusion. Early changes in organ function assessed by the Sequential Organ Function Assessment (SOFA) score are highly predictive of the outcome. However, the individual patient’s response to supportive therapy is very heterogeneous, and the mechanisms underlying this variable response remain elusive. The aim of the study was to investigate the transcriptome of whole blood in septic shock patients with different responses to early supportive hemodynamic therapy assessed by changes in SOFA scores within the first 48 h from intensive care unit (ICU) admission. Methods We performed whole blood RNA sequencing in 31 patients: 17 classified as responders (R) and 14 as non-responders (NR). Gene expression was investigated at ICU admission (time point 1, or T1), comparing R with NR [padj < 0.01; Benjamini–Hochberg (BH)] and over time from T1 to T2 (48 h later) in R and NR independently (paired analysis, padj < 0.01; BH). Then the differences in gene expression trends over time were evaluated (Mann–Whitney, P <0.01). To identify enriched biological processes, we performed an over-representation analysis based on a right-sided hypergeometric test with Bonferroni step-down as multiple testing correction (padj < 0.05). Results At ICU admission, we did not identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between the two groups. In the transition from T1 to T2, the activation of genes involved in T cell–mediated immunity, granulocyte and natural killer (NK) cell functions, and pathogen lipid clearance was noted in the R group. Genes involved in acute inflammation were downregulated in both groups. Conclusions Within the limits of a small sample size, our results could suggest that early activation of genes of the adaptive immune response is associated with an improvement in organ function. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13054-018-2242-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Barcella
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Salute, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Rudini 8, 20142, Milan, Italy.,Fondazione Filarete, Viale Ortles 22/4, 20139, Milan, Italy
| | - Bernardo Bollen Pinto
- Department of Anaesthesia, Pharmacology and Intensive Care, Geneva University Hospitals, Rue Gabrielle-Perret-Gentil 4, Geneva, 1205, Switzerland
| | - Daniele Braga
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Salute, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Rudini 8, 20142, Milan, Italy.,Fondazione Filarete, Viale Ortles 22/4, 20139, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesca D'Avila
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Salute, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Rudini 8, 20142, Milan, Italy.,Fondazione Filarete, Viale Ortles 22/4, 20139, Milan, Italy
| | - Federico Tagliaferri
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Salute, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Rudini 8, 20142, Milan, Italy.,Fondazione Filarete, Viale Ortles 22/4, 20139, Milan, Italy
| | - Marie-Angelique Cazalis
- Laboratoire Commun de Recherche HCL-bioMérieux, Hôpital Edouard Herriot, 376 Chemin de l'Orme, 6928 Marcy-l'Etoile, Lyon, France
| | - Guillaume Monneret
- Hospices Civils de Lyon, Hôpital Edouard Herriot, Laboratoire d'Immunologie, 5 Place d'Arsonval, 69437, Lyon cedex 03, France
| | - Antoine Herpain
- Department of Intensive Care, Hospital Erasme, Hospital, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Route de Lennik 808, Brussels, 1070, Belgium
| | - Karim Bendjelid
- Department of Anaesthesia, Pharmacology and Intensive Care, Geneva University Hospitals, Rue Gabrielle-Perret-Gentil 4, Geneva, 1205, Switzerland
| | - Cristina Barlassina
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Salute, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Rudini 8, 20142, Milan, Italy. .,Fondazione Filarete, Viale Ortles 22/4, 20139, Milan, Italy.
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160
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The Role of Co-Stimulatory Molecules in Chagas Disease. Cells 2018; 7:cells7110200. [PMID: 30405039 PMCID: PMC6262639 DOI: 10.3390/cells7110200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2018] [Revised: 10/29/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Chagas disease, caused by Trypanosoma cruzi, is a potentially life-threatening tropical disease endemic to Latin American countries that affects approximately 8 million people. In the chronic phase of the disease, individuals are classified as belonging to the indeterminate clinical form or to the cardiac and/or digestive forms when clinical symptoms are apparent. The relationship between monocytes and lymphocytes may be an important point to help clarify the complexity that surrounds the clinical symptoms of the chronic phase of Chagas disease. The co-stimulatory signals are essential to determining the magnitude of T cell response to the antigen. The signals are known to determine the regulation of subsequent adaptive immune response. However, little is known about the expression and function of these molecules in Chagas disease. Therefore, this review aims to discuss the possible role of main pathways of co-stimulatory molecule-receptor interactions in this pathology that could be crucial to understand the disease dynamics.
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161
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Pedros C, Altman A, Kong KF. Role of TRAFs in Signaling Pathways Controlling T Follicular Helper Cell Differentiation and T Cell-Dependent Antibody Responses. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2412. [PMID: 30405612 PMCID: PMC6204373 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 09/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Follicular helper T (TFH) cells represent a highly specialized CD4+ T cell subpopulation that supports the generation of germinal centers (GC) and provides B cells with critical signals promoting antibody class switching, generation of high affinity antibodies, and memory formation. TFH cells are characterized by the expression of the chemokine receptor CXCR5, the transcription factor Bcl-6, costimulatory molecules ICOS, and PD-1, and the production of cytokine IL-21. The acquisition of a TFH phenotype is a complex and multistep process that involves signals received through engagement of the TCR along with a multitude of costimulatory molecules and cytokines receptors. Members of the Tumor necrosis factor Receptor Associated Factors (TRAF) represent one of the major classes of signaling mediators involved in the differentiation and functions of TFH cells. TRAF molecules are the canonical adaptor molecules that physically interact with members of the Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor Superfamily (TNFRSF) and actively modulate their downstream signaling cascades through their adaptor function and/or E3 ubiquitin ligase activity. OX-40, GITR, and 4-1BB are the TRAF-dependent TNFRSF members that have been implicated in the differentiation and functions of TFH cells. On the other hand, emerging data demonstrate that TRAF proteins also participate in signaling from the TCR and CD28, which deliver critical signals leading to the differentiation of TFH cells. More intriguingly, we recently showed that the cytoplasmic tail of ICOS contains a conserved TANK-binding kinase 1 (TBK1)-binding motif that is shared with TBK1-binding TRAF proteins. The presence of this TRAF-mimicking signaling module downstream of ICOS is required to mediate the maturation step during TFH differentiation. In addition, JAK-STAT pathways emanating from IL-2, IL-6, IL-21, and IL-27 cytokine receptors affect TFH development, and crosstalk between TRAF-mediated pathways and the JAK-STAT pathways can contribute to generate integrated signals required to drive and sustain TFH differentiation. In this review, we will introduce the molecular interactions and the major signaling pathways controlling the differentiation of TFH cells. In each case, we will highlight the contributions of TRAF proteins to these signaling pathways. Finally, we will discuss the role of individual TRAF proteins in the regulation of T cell-dependent humoral responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christophe Pedros
- Division of Cell Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Amnon Altman
- Division of Cell Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Kok-Fai Kong
- Division of Cell Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA, United States
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162
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Song XM, Li QL, Guo F, Peng H, Guo JJ. The Effect of ICOS Polymorphism Interactions with HBV Mutations on HBV Subtype Infection Outcomes. Ann Hepatol 2018; 17:940-947. [PMID: 30600290 DOI: 10.5604/01.3001.0012.7194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION AND AIM Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection remains a public health problem worldwide. In addition, HBV infection results are influenced by various virological, immunological, and genetic factors. Inducible T-cell costimulator (ICOS) polymorphisms involving chronic HBV infection have been confirmed in previous studies. This study was to explore the effects of ICOS single nucleotide polymorphisms in HBV subtypes and their interactions with viral mutations on HBV infection outcomes. MATERIAL AND METHODS A total of 1,636 Han Chinese individuals were recruited, including 47 asymptomatic HBV carriers (ASC), 353 chronic hepatitis B (CHB) patients, 327 HBV-related liver cirrhosis (LC) patients, 193 HBV-related hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) patients, 464 patients with spontaneous recovery from HBV infection (SR), and 252 healthy controls (HC). DNA samples from these subjects were genotyped for four ICOS SNPs (rs11883722, rs10932029, rs1559931, and rs4675379). Direct sequencing was used to determine the HBV mutations in the enhancer II, basal core promoter, and pre-core regions. RESULTS We found that the genotype "TC" of ICOS rs10932029 SNP was associated with decreased HBV-related LC risk in the genotype C group. Additionally, the A1762T, G1764A and A1762T/G1764A mutations were associated with an increased risk of LC in the genotype C group. Further study indicated that interactions between ICOS rs10932029 genotype "TC" and A1762T or A1762T/G1764A mutations significantly decreased the LC risk in the genotype C group. CONCLUSION The rs10932029 genotype "TC" might be an LC-protective factor for HBV genotype C infection. The interactions between the rs10932029 genotype "TC" and A1762T or A1762T/G1764A mutations could decrease the risk of LC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Mei Song
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, the Fourth People's Hospital of Chongqing (Chongqing Emergency Medical Center), Chongqing, China
| | - Qing-Ling Li
- Institute of Life Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Feng Guo
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hong Peng
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, the People's Hospital of Bishan District, Chongqing, China
| | - Jin-Jun Guo
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, the Fourth People's Hospital of Chongqing (Chongqing Emergency Medical Center), Chongqing, China
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163
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Daneshmandi S, Pourfathollah AA, Forouzandeh-Moghaddam M. Enhanced CD40 and ICOSL expression on dendritic cells surface improve anti-tumor immune responses; effectiveness of mRNA/chitosan nanoparticles. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 2018; 40:375-386. [PMID: 30265161 DOI: 10.1080/08923973.2018.1510959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Objective: To improve dendritic cells (DCs) function, we targeted DCs to over express CD40 and inducible costimulator ligand (ICOSL) costimulatory molecules along with total messenger RNA (mRNA) of tumor cells to achieve a safe and effective system for treatment of tumor. Materials and methods: We generated CD40 and ICOSL mRNA in vitro and manipulated DCs using chitosan nanoparticles and also lipofectamine transfection system then examined in vitro and in vivo. Results: Mice bone marrow derived DCs pulsed with total tumor mRNA/CD40 mRNA or ICOSL mRNA showed higher expression of DCs maturation markers (CD40, ICOSL, CD86, and MHC-II) and accelerated secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Co-culture of DCs with T cells enhanced proliferation of T cells and shift toward stronger Th1 cytokine responses especially in presence of CD40 over expressed DCs. Intra-tumor administration of manipulated DCs to 4T1 tumor mice model showed delay in growth of tumor volume, trend to increase in mice survival, and stronger anti-tumor cytokines production in splenocytes of mice model (with higher efficacy of mRNA/chitosan nanoparticle system). Conclusions: Hence, we suggest that targeting intra-tumor DCs to elicit expression of CD40 and ICOSL and present broad range of tumor antigens could yield effective anti-tumor responses. In this regard, CD40 molecule manipulation trigger stronger functions, while mRNA/chitosan nanoparticles system could provide a high potent tool for targeting strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeed Daneshmandi
- a Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medical Sciences , Tarbiat Modares University , Tehran , Iran
| | - Ali Akbar Pourfathollah
- a Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medical Sciences , Tarbiat Modares University , Tehran , Iran
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164
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Han Y, Dong Y, Yang Q, Xu W, Jiang S, Yu Z, Yu K, Zhang S. Acute Myeloid Leukemia Cells Express ICOS Ligand to Promote the Expansion of Regulatory T Cells. Front Immunol 2018. [PMID: 30319662 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02227/full] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) accumulate in bone marrow microenvironment in acute myeloid leukemia (AML). However, little is known about how the tumor environment including tumor cells themselves affects this process. Here we demonstrated that AML cells expressed inducible T-cell costimulator ligand (ICOSL) that can provide costimulation through ICOS for the conversion and expansion of Tregs sustaining high Foxp3 and CD25 expression as well as a suppressive function. TNF-a stimulation up-regulated the expression of ICOSL. Furthermore, both the conversion and expansion of CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ T cells and CD4+ICOS+Foxp3+ T cells were induced by co-culture with AML cells overexpressed ICOSL. CD4+CD25+ICOS+ T cells possessed stronger ability to secrete IL-10 than CD4+CD25+ICOS- T cells. The mechanism by which IL-10 promoted the proliferation of AML cells was dependent on the activation of the Akt, Erk1/2, p38, and Stat3 signaling pathways. Blockade of ICOS signaling using anti-ICOSL antibody impaired the generation of Tregs and retarded the progression of an AML mice model injected with C1498 cells. The expression of ICOSL of patient AML cells and ICOS+ Tregs were found to be predictors for overall survival and disease-free survival in patients with AML, with ICOS+ Treg cell subset being a stronger predictor than total Tregs. These results suggest that ICOSL expression by AML cells may directly drive Treg expansion as a mechanism of immune evasion and ICOS+ Treg cell frequency is a better prognostic predictor in patients with AML.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yixiang Han
- Central Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Yuqing Dong
- Department of Hematology, Wenzhou Key Laboratory of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Qianqian Yang
- Department of Hematology, Wenzhou Key Laboratory of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Wanling Xu
- Department of Hematology, Wenzhou Key Laboratory of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Songfu Jiang
- Department of Hematology, Wenzhou Key Laboratory of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Zhijie Yu
- Department of Hematology, Wenzhou Key Laboratory of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Kang Yu
- Department of Hematology, Wenzhou Key Laboratory of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Shenghui Zhang
- Department of Hematology, Wenzhou Key Laboratory of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,Division of Clinical Research, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
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165
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Han Y, Dong Y, Yang Q, Xu W, Jiang S, Yu Z, Yu K, Zhang S. Acute Myeloid Leukemia Cells Express ICOS Ligand to Promote the Expansion of Regulatory T Cells. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2227. [PMID: 30319662 PMCID: PMC6168677 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2018] [Accepted: 09/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) accumulate in bone marrow microenvironment in acute myeloid leukemia (AML). However, little is known about how the tumor environment including tumor cells themselves affects this process. Here we demonstrated that AML cells expressed inducible T-cell costimulator ligand (ICOSL) that can provide costimulation through ICOS for the conversion and expansion of Tregs sustaining high Foxp3 and CD25 expression as well as a suppressive function. TNF-a stimulation up-regulated the expression of ICOSL. Furthermore, both the conversion and expansion of CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ T cells and CD4+ICOS+Foxp3+ T cells were induced by co-culture with AML cells overexpressed ICOSL. CD4+CD25+ICOS+ T cells possessed stronger ability to secrete IL-10 than CD4+CD25+ICOS− T cells. The mechanism by which IL-10 promoted the proliferation of AML cells was dependent on the activation of the Akt, Erk1/2, p38, and Stat3 signaling pathways. Blockade of ICOS signaling using anti-ICOSL antibody impaired the generation of Tregs and retarded the progression of an AML mice model injected with C1498 cells. The expression of ICOSL of patient AML cells and ICOS+ Tregs were found to be predictors for overall survival and disease-free survival in patients with AML, with ICOS+ Treg cell subset being a stronger predictor than total Tregs. These results suggest that ICOSL expression by AML cells may directly drive Treg expansion as a mechanism of immune evasion and ICOS+ Treg cell frequency is a better prognostic predictor in patients with AML.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yixiang Han
- Central Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Yuqing Dong
- Department of Hematology, Wenzhou Key Laboratory of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Qianqian Yang
- Department of Hematology, Wenzhou Key Laboratory of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Wanling Xu
- Department of Hematology, Wenzhou Key Laboratory of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Songfu Jiang
- Department of Hematology, Wenzhou Key Laboratory of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Zhijie Yu
- Department of Hematology, Wenzhou Key Laboratory of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Kang Yu
- Department of Hematology, Wenzhou Key Laboratory of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Shenghui Zhang
- Department of Hematology, Wenzhou Key Laboratory of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,Division of Clinical Research, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
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166
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Ward FJ, Dahal LN, Abu-Eid R. On the Road to Immunotherapy-Prospects for Treating Head and Neck Cancers With Checkpoint Inhibitor Antibodies. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2182. [PMID: 30319637 PMCID: PMC6165864 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2018] [Accepted: 09/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Head and neck cancers (HNC) represent a heterogeneous cluster of aggressive malignancies that account for 3% of all cancer cases in the UK. HNC is increasing in frequency particularly in the developing world, which is related to changes in risk factors. Unfortunately, the mortality rate is high, which is chiefly attributed to late diagnosis at stages where traditional treatments fail. Cancer immunotherapy has achieved great successes in anti-tumor therapy. Checkpoint inhibitor (CI) antibodies enhance anti-tumor activity by blocking inhibitory receptors to drive tumor-specific T and NK cell effector responses. Since their introduction in 2011, CI antibodies have been approved for many cancer types including HNC. Here, we examine the development of CI therapies and look forward to future developments for treatment of HNC with CI therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank J Ward
- Institute of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Lekh N Dahal
- Centre for Cancer Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Rasha Abu-Eid
- Institute of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, United Kingdom.,Institute of Dentistry, School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
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167
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Wang HX, Kang X, Chu S, Li H, Li X, Yin X, Qiu YR, Lai W. Dysregulated ICOS + proinflammatory and suppressive regulatory T cells in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Exp Ther Med 2018; 16:3728-3734. [PMID: 30233732 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2018.6657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2018] [Accepted: 07/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulatory T cells (Tregs) serve an important role in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) by regulating autoimmunity and inflammation. Humans and mice contain inducible T-cell costimulator-positive (ICOS+) Tregs, although their role in RA is unclear. A total of 33 patients with RA and 17 normal control (NC) subjects were examined. The proportion of ICOS+ Tregs in the peripheral blood and intracellular cytokine levels in these cells were assessed using flow cytometry. The percentage of ICOS+ Tregs increased in the cohort of patients with RA compared with the NCs. Such increases were much larger in patients with inactive RA compared with patients with active RA. Additionally, ICOS+ Tregs expressed multiple suppressive cytokines, including interleukin (IL)-10, transforming growth factor-β and IL-35, but expressed low levels of IL-17. Importantly, the expression of suppressive cytokines in ICOS+ Tregs from patients with active RA decreased, but IL-17 expression noticeably increased compared with patients with inactive RA. The present findings suggested that ICOS+ Tregs may perform inflammatory and inhibitory functions, and abnormal ICOS+ Tregs numbers and functions may contribute to the pathogenesis of RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Xia Wang
- Laboratory Medicine Center, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, P.R. China
| | - Xia Kang
- Laboratory Medicine Center, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, P.R. China.,Department of Clinical Laboratory, Nanlou Division, Chinese PLA General Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Beijing 100853, P.R. China
| | - Shuai Chu
- Laboratory Medicine Center, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, P.R. China
| | - Haixia Li
- Laboratory Medicine Center, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, P.R. China
| | - Xin Li
- Laboratory Medicine Center, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, P.R. China
| | - Xiaofeng Yin
- Laboratory Medicine Center, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, P.R. China
| | - Yu-Rong Qiu
- Laboratory Medicine Center, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, P.R. China
| | - Weinan Lai
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, P.R. China.,Division of Rheumatology, University of Washington Medical Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
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168
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Petersone L, Edner NM, Ovcinnikovs V, Heuts F, Ross EM, Ntavli E, Wang CJ, Walker LSK. T Cell/B Cell Collaboration and Autoimmunity: An Intimate Relationship. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1941. [PMID: 30210496 PMCID: PMC6119692 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Co-ordinated interaction between distinct cell types is a hallmark of successful immune function. A striking example of this is the carefully orchestrated cooperation between helper T cells and B cells that occurs during the initiation and fine-tuning of T-cell dependent antibody responses. While these processes have evolved to permit rapid immune defense against infection, it is becoming increasingly clear that such interactions can also underpin the development of autoimmunity. Here we discuss a selection of cellular and molecular pathways that mediate T cell/B cell collaboration and highlight how in vivo models and genome wide association studies link them with autoimmune disease. In particular, we emphasize how CTLA-4-mediated regulation of CD28 signaling controls the engagement of secondary costimulatory pathways such as ICOS and OX40, and profoundly influences the capacity of T cells to provide B cell help. While our molecular understanding of the co-operation between T cells and B cells derives from analysis of secondary lymphoid tissues, emerging evidence suggests that subtly different rules may govern the interaction of T and B cells at ectopic sites during autoimmune inflammation. Accordingly, the phenotype of the T cells providing help at these sites includes notable distinctions, despite sharing core features with T cells imparting help in secondary lymphoid tissues. Finally, we highlight the interdependence of T cell and B cell responses and suggest that a significant beneficial impact of B cell depletion in autoimmune settings may be its detrimental effect on T cells engaged in molecular conversation with B cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Lucy S. K. Walker
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, University College London, London, United Kingdom
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169
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Guerriero JL. Macrophages: Their Untold Story in T Cell Activation and Function. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2018; 342:73-93. [PMID: 30635094 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2018.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The complexity of T cell activation to maintain homeostasis and provide host defense is highlighted by the intricate step-wise process which is coordinated by multiple cell types. Crucial to T cell activation is the requirement of antigen-presenting cells (APCs) such as macrophages at each step of the activation and effector stages. Macrophages are central regulators in T cell activation and are involved in each step including initiating the series of events leading to T cell activation. Macrophages identify and present foreign antigens in classes I and II major histocompatibility complexes (MHC) to T cells, which recognize the MHC-antigen complex through their T cell receptor. This initial step is all in vain if additional costimulatory and cytokine signaling does not occur concurrently. Macrophages can mediate and provide the required costimulatory signaling and cytokine secretion required for effective T cell activation. While other cell types, especially other APCs, may be capable of playing a role during different stages of T cell activation, this review will focus on how macrophages can modulate T cell activation and effector function. This is in no way an attempt to minimize the role of other APCs but instead to bring to light to the role macrophages can play during this process. Here, the role macrophages play in cancer to either activate or inhibit T cells based on macrophage phenotype, costimulatory molecules, and cytokine secretion is highlighted as an example of how macrophages can significantly alter T cell activation and effector function in human disease.
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170
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Oweida A, Hararah MK, Phan A, Binder D, Bhatia S, Lennon S, Bukkapatnam S, Van Court B, Uyanga N, Darragh L, Kim HM, Raben D, Tan AC, Heasley L, Clambey E, Nemenoff R, Karam SD. Resistance to Radiotherapy and PD-L1 Blockade Is Mediated by TIM-3 Upregulation and Regulatory T-Cell Infiltration. Clin Cancer Res 2018; 24:5368-5380. [PMID: 30042205 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-18-1038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2018] [Revised: 06/06/2018] [Accepted: 07/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Purpose: Radiotherapy (RT) can transform the immune landscape and render poorly immunogenic tumors sensitive to PD-L1 inhibition. Here, we established that the response to combined RT and PD-L1 inhibition is transient and investigated mechanisms of resistance.Experimental Design: Mechanisms of resistance to RT and PD-L1 blockade were investigated in orthotopic murine head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) tumors using mass cytometry and whole-genome sequencing. Mice were treated with anti-PD-L1 or anti-TIM-3 alone and in combination with and without RT. Tumor growth and survival were assessed. Flow cytometry was used to assess phenotypic and functional changes in intratumoral T-cell populations. Depletion of regulatory T cells (Treg) was performed using anti-CD25 antibody.Results: We show that the immune checkpoint receptor, TIM-3, is upregulated on CD8 T cells and Tregs in tumors treated with RT and PD-L1 blockade. Treatment with anti-TIM-3 concurrently with anti-PD-L1 and RT led to significant tumor growth delay, enhanced T-cell cytotoxicity, decreased Tregs, and improved survival in orthotopic models of HNSCC. Despite this treatment combination, the response was not durable, and analysis of relapsed tumors revealed resurgence of Tregs. Targeted Treg depletion, however, restored antitumor immunity in mice treated with RT and dual immune checkpoint blockade and resulted in tumor rejection and induction of immunologic memory.Conclusions: These data reveal multiple layers of immune regulation that can promote tumorigenesis and the therapeutic potential of sequential targeting to overcome tumor resistance mechanisms. We propose that targeted Treg inhibitors may be critical for achieving durable tumor response with combined radiotherapy and immunotherapy. Clin Cancer Res; 24(21); 5368-80. ©2018 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayman Oweida
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Mohammad K Hararah
- Department of Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, University of Colorado Denver - Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Andy Phan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado
| | - David Binder
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Shilpa Bhatia
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Shelby Lennon
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Sanjana Bukkapatnam
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Benjamin Van Court
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Nomin Uyanga
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Laurel Darragh
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Hyun Min Kim
- Division of Medical Oncology, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado
| | - David Raben
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Aik Choon Tan
- Division of Medical Oncology, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Lynn Heasley
- Department of Craniofacial Biology, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Eric Clambey
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Raphael Nemenoff
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Sana D Karam
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado.
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171
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Gensous N, Charrier M, Duluc D, Contin-Bordes C, Truchetet ME, Lazaro E, Duffau P, Blanco P, Richez C. T Follicular Helper Cells in Autoimmune Disorders. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1637. [PMID: 30065726 PMCID: PMC6056609 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2018] [Accepted: 07/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
T follicular helper (Tfh) cells are a distinct subset of CD4+ T lymphocytes, specialized in B cell help and in regulation of antibody responses. They are required for the generation of germinal center reactions, where selection of high affinity antibody producing B cells and development of memory B cells occur. Owing to the fundamental role of Tfh cells in adaptive immunity, the stringent control of their production and function is critically important, both for the induction of an optimal humoral response against thymus-dependent antigens but also for the prevention of self-reactivity. Indeed, deregulation of Tfh activities can contribute to a pathogenic autoantibody production and can play an important role in the promotion of autoimmune diseases. In the present review, we briefly introduce the molecular factors involved in Tfh cell formation in the context of a normal immune response, as well as markers associated with their identification (transcription factor, surface marker expression, and cytokine production). We then consider in detail the role of Tfh cells in the pathogenesis of a broad range of autoimmune diseases, with a special focus on systemic lupus erythematosus and rheumatoid arthritis, as well as on the other autoimmune/inflammatory disorders. We summarize the observed alterations in Tfh numbers, activation state, and circulating subset distribution during autoimmune and some other inflammatory disorders. In addition, central role of interleukin-21, major cytokine produced by Tfh cells, is discussed, as well as the involvement of follicular regulatory T cells, which share characteristics with both Tfh and regulatory T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noémie Gensous
- ImmunoConcept, UMR-CNRS 5164, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Manon Charrier
- ImmunoConcept, UMR-CNRS 5164, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Dorothée Duluc
- ImmunoConcept, UMR-CNRS 5164, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | | | | | - Estibaliz Lazaro
- ImmunoConcept, UMR-CNRS 5164, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Pierre Duffau
- ImmunoConcept, UMR-CNRS 5164, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Patrick Blanco
- ImmunoConcept, UMR-CNRS 5164, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Christophe Richez
- ImmunoConcept, UMR-CNRS 5164, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
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172
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Borcherding N, Kolb R, Gullicksrud J, Vikas P, Zhu Y, Zhang W. Keeping Tumors in Check: A Mechanistic Review of Clinical Response and Resistance to Immune Checkpoint Blockade in Cancer. J Mol Biol 2018; 430:2014-2029. [PMID: 29800567 PMCID: PMC6071324 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2018.05.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2018] [Revised: 05/15/2018] [Accepted: 05/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Immune checkpoints are a diverse set of inhibitory signals to the immune system that play a functional role in adaptive immune response and self-tolerance. Dysregulation of these pathways is a vital mechanism in the avoidance of immune destruction by tumor cells. Immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) refers to targeted strategies to disrupt the tumor co-opted immune suppression to enhance anti-tumor immunity. Cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (CTLA-4) and programmed cell death 1 (PD-1) are two immune checkpoints that have the widest range of antibody-based therapies. These therapies have gone from promising approaches to Food and Drug Administration-approved first- and second-line agents for a number of immunogenic cancers. The burgeoning investigations of ICB efficacy in blood and solid cancers have underscored the importance of identifying the predictors of response and resistance to ICB. Identification of response correlates is made complicated by the observations of mixed reactions, or different responses in multiple lesions from the same patient, and delayed responses that can occur over a year after the induction therapy. Factors that can influence response and resistance in ICB can illuminate underlying molecular mechanisms of immune activation and suppression. These same response predictors can guide the identification of patients who would benefit from ICB, reduce off-target immune-relate adverse events, and facilitate the use of combinatorial therapies to increase efficacy. Here we review the underlying principles of immune checkpoint therapy and results of single-agent ICB clinical trials, and summarize the predictors of response and resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Borcherding
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa, College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242-11, USA; Cancer Biology Graduate Program, University of Iowa, College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242-11, USA; Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Iowa, College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242-11, USA; Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Iowa, College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242-11, USA
| | - Ryan Kolb
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa, College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242-11, USA; Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Iowa, College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242-11, USA
| | - Jodi Gullicksrud
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Praveen Vikas
- Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Iowa, College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242-11, USA
| | - Yuwen Zhu
- Department of Surgery, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Weizhou Zhang
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa, College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242-11, USA; Cancer Biology Graduate Program, University of Iowa, College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242-11, USA; Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Iowa, College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242-11, USA; Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Iowa, College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242-11, USA.
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173
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Moysi E, Pallikkuth S, De Armas LR, Gonzalez LE, Ambrozak D, George V, Huddleston D, Pahwa R, Koup RA, Petrovas C, Pahwa S. Altered immune cell follicular dynamics in HIV infection following influenza vaccination. J Clin Invest 2018; 128:3171-3185. [PMID: 29911996 PMCID: PMC6025971 DOI: 10.1172/jci99884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2018] [Accepted: 04/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV infection changes the lymph node (LN) tissue architecture, potentially impairing the immunologic response to antigenic challenge. The tissue-resident immune cell dynamics in virologically suppressed HIV+ patients on combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) are not clear. We obtained LN biopsies before and 10 to 14 days after trivalent seasonal influenza immunization from healthy controls (HCs) and HIV+ volunteers on cART to investigate CD4+ T follicular helper (Tfh) and B cell dynamics by flow cytometry and quantitative imaging analysis. Prior to vaccination, compared with those in HCs, HIV+ LNs exhibited an altered follicular architecture, but harbored higher numbers of Tfh cells and increased IgG+ follicular memory B cells. Moreover, Tfh cell numbers were dependent upon preservation of the follicular dendritic cell (FDC) network and were predictive of the magnitude of the vaccine-induced IgG responses. Interestingly, postvaccination LN samples in HIV+ participants had significantly (P = 0.0179) reduced Tfh cell numbers compared with prevaccination samples, without evidence for peripheral Tfh (pTfh) cell reduction. We conclude that influenza vaccination alters the cellularity of draining LNs of HIV+ persons in conjunction with development of antigen-specific humoral responses. The underlying mechanism of Tfh cell decline warrants further investigation, as it could bear implications for the rational design of HIV vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eirini Moysi
- Tissue Analysis Core, Immunology Laboratory, Vaccine Research Center (VRC), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Suresh Pallikkuth
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Lesley R. De Armas
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Louis E. Gonzalez
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - David Ambrozak
- Immunology Laboratory, VRC, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Varghese George
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - David Huddleston
- Department of Trauma Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Rajendra Pahwa
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Richard A. Koup
- Immunology Laboratory, VRC, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Constantinos Petrovas
- Tissue Analysis Core, Immunology Laboratory, Vaccine Research Center (VRC), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Savita Pahwa
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
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174
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Zhang M, Wu Y, Bastian D, Iamsawat S, Chang J, Daenthanasanmak A, Nguyen HD, Schutt S, Dai M, Chen F, Suh WK, Yu XZ. Inducible T-Cell Co-Stimulator Impacts Chronic Graft-Versus-Host Disease by Regulating Both Pathogenic and Regulatory T Cells. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1461. [PMID: 29988391 PMCID: PMC6023972 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The incidence of chronic graft-versus-host disease (cGVHD) is on the rise and still the major cause of morbidity and mortality among patients after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HCT). Both donor T and B cells contribute to the pathogenesis of cGVHD. Inducible T-cell co-stimulator (ICOS), a potent co-stimulatory receptor, plays a key role in T-cell activation and differentiation. Yet, how ICOS regulates the development of cGVHD is not well understood. Here, we investigated the role of ICOS in cGVHD pathogenesis using mice with germline or regulatory T cell (Treg)-specific ICOS deficiency. The recipients of ICOS−/− donor grafts had reduced cGVHD compared with wild-type controls. In recipients of ICOS−/− donor grafts, we observed significant reductions in donor T follicular helper (Tfh), Th17, germinal center B-cell, and plasma cell differentiation, coupled with lower antibody production. Interestingly, Tregs, including follicular regulatory T (Tfr) cells, were also impaired in the absence of ICOS. Using ICOS conditional knockout specific for Foxp3+ cells, we found that ICOS was indispensable for optimal survival and homeostasis of induced Tregs during cGVHD. Furthermore, administration of anti-ICOS alleviated cGVHD severity via suppressing T effector cells without affecting Treg generation. Taken together, ICOS promotes T- and B-cell activation and differentiation, which can promote cGVHD development; however, ICOS is critical for the survival and homeostasis of iTregs, which can suppress cGVHD. Hence, ICOS balances the development of cGVHD and could offer a potential target after allo-HCT in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengmeng Zhang
- Department of Hematology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yongxia Wu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
| | - David Bastian
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
| | - Supinya Iamsawat
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
| | - Jinsam Chang
- Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal (IRCM), Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Anusara Daenthanasanmak
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
| | - Hung D Nguyen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
| | - Steven Schutt
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
| | - Min Dai
- Department of Hematology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Fangping Chen
- Department of Hematology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Woong-Kyung Suh
- Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal (IRCM), Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Xue-Zhong Yu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States.,Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
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175
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Amelioration of progressive autoimmune encephalomyelitis by epigenetic regulation involves selective repression of mature neutrophils during the preclinical phase. Exp Neurol 2018; 304:14-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2018.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2017] [Revised: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 02/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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176
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Jogdand GM, Sengupta S, Bhattacharya G, Singh SK, Barik PK, Devadas S. Inducible Costimulator Expressing T Cells Promote Parasitic Growth During Blood Stage Plasmodium berghei ANKA Infection. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1041. [PMID: 29892278 PMCID: PMC5985291 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2018] [Accepted: 04/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The lethality of blood stage Plasmodium berghei ANKA (PbA) infection is associated with the expression of T-bet and production of cytokine IFN-γ. Expression of inducible costimulator (ICOS) and its downstream signaling has been shown to play a critical role in the T-bet expression and IFN-γ production. Although earlier studies have examined the role of ICOS in the control of acute blood-stage infection of Plasmodium chabaudi chabaudi AS (a non-lethal model of malaria infection), its significance in the lethal blood-stage of PbA infection remains unclear. Thus, to address the seminal role of ICOS in lethal blood-stage of PbA infection, we treated PbA-infected mice with anti-ICOS antibody and observed that these mice survived longer than their infected counterparts with significantly lower parasitemia. Anti-ICOS treatment notably depleted ICOS expressing CD4+ and CD8+ T cells with a concurrent reduction in plasma IFN-γ, which strongly indicated that ICOS expressing T cells are major IFN-γ producers. Interestingly, we observed that while ICOS expressing CD4+ and CD8+ T cells produced IFN-γ, ICOS-CD8+ T cells were also found to be producers of IFN-γ. However, we report that ICOS+CD8+ T cells were higher producers of IFN-γ than ICOS-CD8+ T cells. Moreover, correlation of ICOS expression with IFN-γ production in ICOS+IFN-γ+ T cell population (CD4+ and CD8+ T cells) suggested that ICOS and IFN-γ could positively regulate each other. Further, master transcription factor T-bet importantly involved in regulating IFN-γ production was also found to be expressed by ICOS expressing CD4+ and CD8+ T cells during PbA infection. As noted above with IFN-γ and ICOS, a positive correlation of expression of ICOS with the transcription factor T-bet suggested that both of them could regulate each other. Taken together, our results depicted the importance of ICOS expressing CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in malaria parasite growth and lethality through IFN-γ production and T-bet expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gajendra M Jogdand
- Infectious Disease Biology, Institute of Life Sciences, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Soumya Sengupta
- Infectious Disease Biology, Institute of Life Sciences, Bhubaneswar, India
| | | | | | | | - Satish Devadas
- Infectious Disease Biology, Institute of Life Sciences, Bhubaneswar, India
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177
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Abstract
Gastric adenocarcinoma (GAC) is estimated as the fifteenth most common cancer in the USA. Incidence rate has been gradually decreasing, but prognosis remains dismal. For patients with locally advanced GAC (stage > T1B and < T4B), multimodality therapies, such as surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy, are needed. Perioperative chemotherapy or postoperative chemoradiation/chemotherapy is recommended. For metastatic GAC patients, combination of two cytotoxics (platinum compound and fluoropyrimidine) has become a common place in the USA, and when HER2 is positive, trastuzumab is added. When GAC progresses after the first line therapy, additional biomarkers (microsatellite instability and programmed death ligand 1) should be tested so that checkpoint inhibitors can be used. Overall, the options for advanced GAC patients are limited and more research is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuto Harada
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA.,Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan
| | - Hideo Baba
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan
| | - Jaffer A Ajani
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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178
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The Costimulatory Pathways and T Regulatory Cells in Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury: A Strong Arm in the Inflammatory Response? Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19051283. [PMID: 29693595 PMCID: PMC5983665 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19051283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2018] [Revised: 04/14/2018] [Accepted: 04/19/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Costimulatory molecules have been identified as crucial regulators in the inflammatory response in various immunologic disease models. These molecules are classified into four different families depending on their structure. Here, we will focus on various ischemia studies that use costimulatory molecules as a target to reduce the inherent inflammatory status. Furthermore, we will discuss the relevant role of T regulatory cells in these inflammatory mechanisms and the costimulatory pathways in which they are involved.
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179
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Mao Y, Wang C, Meng F, Kong J, Cao S, Jiang Y, Wang W, Hua D. Polymorphisms in the ICOS/CD28-ICOSL pathway are related to capecitabine-based chemotherapy response in advanced colon cancer patients. Mol Immunol 2018; 96:78-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2018.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2017] [Revised: 01/26/2018] [Accepted: 02/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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180
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Shamsdin SA, Karimi MH, Hosseini SV, Geramizadeh B, Fattahi MR, Mehrabani D, Moravej A. Associations of ICOS and PD.1 Gene Variants with Colon Cancer Risk in The Iranian Population. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2018; 19:693-698. [PMID: 29580042 PMCID: PMC5980843 DOI: 10.22034/apjcp.2018.19.3.693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Positive and negative co-stimulatory molecules are important factors determining the outcome of immune responses to the presence of tumors. Since co-stimulatory molecule expression may be affected by gene polymorphisms, we aimed to investigate associations between variants of PD.1 and ICOS and susceptibility to colon cancer. Material and methods: ICOS (-693A/G), ICOS (+1720C/T) and PD.1 (-538G/A) gene polymorphisms were evaluated by the PCR-RFLP method in 76 colon cancer patients and 73 healthy controls. Results: The frequencies of the GG genotype and the G allele at position -693 of the ICOS gene were significantly higher in the patient group (P=0.014 and p=0.0002), while the AA genotype was significantly more common in controls (P=0.0016). At position -538 of PD.1, GG genotype and G allele frequencies were higher in the patient group (P<0.0001and P<0.0001). Again, AA and also AG genotypes significantly predominated in controls (P<0.0001 and P=0.012). Regarding genotypes and alleles of ICOS at position +1720. Frequencies of GCG and GTG haplotypes were higher in patients compared to those of controls (P=0.016 and P<0.0001), while, frequencies of GTA, ATA and ATG haplotypes were higher in controls (P=0.0017, P<0.0001 and P=0.015). GTG/GTG and GTG/GCG double haplotypes were more frequent in patients compared to controls (P=0.0147 and P=0.0071). Conclusion: Our study clarified that PD.1 (-538G/A) and ICOS (-693A/G) gene polymorphisms can be considered as genetic risk factors for the development of colon cancer among Iranian patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyedeh Azra Shamsdin
- Gastroenterohepatology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
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181
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Panneton V, Bagherzadeh Yazdchi S, Witalis M, Chang J, Suh WK. ICOS Signaling Controls Induction and Maintenance of Collagen-Induced Arthritis. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 200:3067-3076. [PMID: 29581356 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1701305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2017] [Accepted: 03/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
ICOS is a key costimulatory receptor facilitating differentiation and function of follicular helper T cells and inflammatory T cells. Rheumatoid arthritis patients were shown to have elevated levels of ICOS+ T cells in the synovial fluid, suggesting a potential role of ICOS-mediated T cell costimulation in autoimmune joint inflammation. In this study, using ICOS knockout and knockin mouse models, we found that ICOS signaling is required for the induction and maintenance of collagen-induced arthritis (CIA), a murine model of rheumatoid arthritis. For the initiation of CIA, the Tyr181-based SH2-binding motif of ICOS that is known to activate PI3K was critical for Ab production and expansion of inflammatory T cells. Furthermore, we found that Tyr181-dependent ICOS signaling is important for maintenance of CIA in an Ab-independent manner. Importantly, we found that a small molecule inhibitor of glycolysis, 3-bromopyruvate, ameliorates established CIA, suggesting an overlap between ICOS signaling, PI3K signaling, and glucose metabolism. Thus, we identified ICOS as a key costimulatory pathway that controls induction and maintenance of CIA and provide evidence that T cell glycolytic pathways can be potential therapeutic targets for rheumatoid arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Panneton
- Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec H2W 1R7, Canada.,Department of Microbiology, Infectiology, and Immunology, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Sahar Bagherzadeh Yazdchi
- Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec H2W 1R7, Canada.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 2B4, Canada; and
| | - Mariko Witalis
- Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec H2W 1R7, Canada.,Molecular Biology Program, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec H1T 2M4, Canada
| | - Jinsam Chang
- Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec H2W 1R7, Canada.,Molecular Biology Program, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec H1T 2M4, Canada
| | - Woong-Kyung Suh
- Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec H2W 1R7, Canada; .,Department of Microbiology, Infectiology, and Immunology, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec H3C 3J7, Canada.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 2B4, Canada; and.,Molecular Biology Program, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec H1T 2M4, Canada
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182
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Affiliation(s)
- Norio Chihara
- Division of Neurology; Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine; Kobe Japan
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183
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Louis C, Burns C, Wicks I. TANK-Binding Kinase 1-Dependent Responses in Health and Autoimmunity. Front Immunol 2018; 9:434. [PMID: 29559975 PMCID: PMC5845716 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2017] [Accepted: 02/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is driven by genetic predisposition and environmental triggers that lead to dysregulated immune responses. These include the generation of pathogenic autoantibodies and aberrant production of inflammatory cytokines. Current therapies for RA and other autoimmune diseases reduce inflammation by targeting inflammatory mediators, most of which are innate response cytokines, resulting in generalized immunosuppression. Overall, this strategy has been very successful, but not all patients respond, responses can diminish over time and numerous side effects can occur. Therapies that target the germinal center (GC) reaction and/or antibody-secreting plasma cells (PC) potentially provide a novel approach. TANK-binding kinase 1 (TBK1) is an IKK-related serine/threonine kinase best characterized for its involvement in innate antiviral responses through the induction of type I interferons. TBK1 is also gaining attention for its roles in humoral immune responses. In this review, we discuss the role of TBK1 in immunological pathways involved in the development and maintenance of antibody responses, with particular emphasis on its potential relevance in the pathogenesis of humoral autoimmunity. First, we review the role of TBK1 in the induction of type I IFNs. Second, we highlight how TBK1 mediates inducible T cell co-stimulator signaling to the GC T follicular B helper population. Third, we discuss emerging evidence on the contribution of TBK1 to autophagic pathways and the potential implications for immune cell function. Finally, we discuss the therapeutic potential of TBK1 inhibition in autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia Louis
- Inflammation Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Chris Burns
- Chemical Biology Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Ian Wicks
- Inflammation Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Rheumatology Unit, Royal Melbourne Hospital, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
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184
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Tremble LF, O'Brien MA, Forde PF, Soden DM. ICOS activation in combination with electrochemotherapy generates effective anti-cancer immunological responses in murine models of primary, secondary and metastatic disease. Cancer Lett 2018; 420:109-115. [PMID: 29408339 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2018.01.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2017] [Revised: 01/30/2018] [Accepted: 01/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Electrochemotherapy is an evolving therapy which has recently been shown to induce an immunogenic form of cell death. It is hypothesized that the immunogenic cell death induced by electrochemotherapy may compliment the responses seen with anti-cancer immunotherapies. We therefore examined the effect of electrochemotherapy in combination with ICOS activation, which promotes the activity of previously activated T cells. In comparison to either monotherapy which resulted in no curative outcomes in any model, in a CT26 primary tumour 50% of mice were cured, with 100% of cured mice surviving tumour rechallenge. In a dual flank CT26 model mimicking secondary disease 20% of mice were cured, and 30% of mice were cured using an aggressively metastatic Lewis Lung Carcinoma model. We have shown the novel combination of electrochemotherapy with ICOS activation can inhibit local and distal tumour growth, including total tumour clearance with long lasting immunological memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liam F Tremble
- Cork Cancer Research Centre, Western Gateway Building, University College Cork, Western Road, Cork, Ireland
| | - Morgan A O'Brien
- Cork Cancer Research Centre, Western Gateway Building, University College Cork, Western Road, Cork, Ireland
| | - Patrick F Forde
- Cork Cancer Research Centre, Western Gateway Building, University College Cork, Western Road, Cork, Ireland.
| | - Declan M Soden
- Cork Cancer Research Centre, Western Gateway Building, University College Cork, Western Road, Cork, Ireland
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185
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Hrusch CL, Manns ST, Bryazka D, Casaos J, Bonham CA, Jaffery MR, Blaine KM, Mills KA, Verhoef PA, Adegunsoye AO, Williams JW, Tjota MY, Moore TV, Strek ME, Noth I, Sperling AI. ICOS protects against mortality from acute lung injury through activation of IL-5 + ILC2s. Mucosal Immunol 2018; 11:61-70. [PMID: 28488693 PMCID: PMC5681437 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2017.42] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2016] [Accepted: 04/02/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a progressive lung disease causing irreversible lung scarring and loss of pulmonary function. IPF Patients suffer from a high rate of pulmonary infections and acute exacerbations of disease that further contribute to pulmonary decline. Low expression of the inducible T-cell costimulatory molecule (ICOS) in peripheral blood mononuclear cells predicts decreased survival of IPF patients, but the mechanisms by which ICOS protects are unclear. Using a model of bleomycin-induced lung injury and fibrosis, we now demonstrate that ICOS expression enhances survival from lung injury rather than regulating fibrogenesis. Of ICOS-expressing cells, type 2 innate lymphocytes (ILC2s) are the first to respond to bleomycin-induced injury, and this expansion is ICOS dependent. Interestingly, a similar decrease in ICOS+ ILCs was found in lung tissue from IPF patients. Interleukin (IL)-5, produced primarily by ILC2s, was significantly reduced after lung injury in ICOS-/- mice, and strikingly, treatment with IL-5 protected both ICOS-/- and wild-type mice from mortality. These results imply that low ICOS expression and decreased lung ILC2s in IPF patients may contribute to poor recovery from infections and acute exacerbation and that IL-5 treatment may be a novel therapeutic strategy to overcome these defects and protect against lung injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cara L. Hrusch
- Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL
| | - Stephenie T. Manns
- Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL
| | - Dana Bryazka
- Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL
| | - Joshua Casaos
- Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL
| | - Catherine A. Bonham
- Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL
| | - Mohammad R. Jaffery
- Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL
| | - Kelly M. Blaine
- Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL
| | - Kathleen A.M. Mills
- Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL
| | - Philip A. Verhoef
- Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL
| | - Ayodeji O. Adegunsoye
- Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL
| | - Jesse W. Williams
- Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL
| | - Melissa Y. Tjota
- Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL
| | - Tamson V. Moore
- Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL
| | - Mary E. Strek
- Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL
| | - Imre Noth
- Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL
| | - Anne I. Sperling
- Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL,Committee on Immunology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL
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186
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Weinstein JS, Laidlaw BJ, Lu Y, Wang JK, Schulz VP, Li N, Herman EI, Kaech SM, Gallagher PG, Craft J. STAT4 and T-bet control follicular helper T cell development in viral infections. J Exp Med 2017; 215:337-355. [PMID: 29212666 PMCID: PMC5748849 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20170457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2017] [Revised: 09/10/2017] [Accepted: 11/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Follicular helper T (Tfh) cells promote germinal center (GC) B cell survival and proliferation and guide their differentiation and immunoglobulin isotype switching by delivering contact-dependent and soluble factors, including IL-21, IL-4, IL-9, and IFN-γ. IL-21 and IFN-γ are coexpressed by Tfh cells during viral infections, but transcriptional regulation of these cytokines is not completely understood. In this study, we show that the T helper type 1 cell (Th1 cell) transcriptional regulators T-bet and STAT4 are coexpressed with Bcl6 in Tfh cells after acute viral infection, with a temporal decline in T-bet in the waning response. T-bet is important for Tfh cell production of IFN-γ, but not IL-21, and for a robust GC reaction. STAT4, phosphorylated in Tfh cells upon infection, is required for expression of T-bet and Bcl6 and for IFN-γ and IL-21. These data indicate that T-bet is expressed with Bcl6 in Tfh cells and is required alongside STAT4 to coordinate Tfh cell IL-21 and IFN-γ production and for promotion of the GC response after acute viral challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason S Weinstein
- Department of Internal Medicine (Rheumatology), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Brian J Laidlaw
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Yisi Lu
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Jessica K Wang
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Vincent P Schulz
- Department of Pediatrics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Ningcheng Li
- Department of Internal Medicine (Rheumatology), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Edward I Herman
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Susan M Kaech
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Patrick G Gallagher
- Department of Pediatrics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT.,Department of Pathology and Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Joe Craft
- Department of Internal Medicine (Rheumatology), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT .,Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
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187
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Buus TB, Schmidt JD, Bonefeld CM, Geisler C, Lauritsen JPH. Development of interleukin-17-producing Vγ2+ γδ T cells is reduced by ICOS signaling in the thymus. Oncotarget 2017; 7:19341-54. [PMID: 27235509 PMCID: PMC4991387 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.8464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Accepted: 03/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Co-stimulation is an integral part of T cell signaling involved in almost all facets of T cell biology. While much is known about co-stimulation in differentiation and function of conventional αβ T cells, less is known about how co-stimulation affects the development and programming of γδ T cells. In this study, we have investigated the role of inducible T cell co-stimulator (ICOS) on the development of γδ T cells. We show that ICOS is expressed by a population of immature Vγ2+CD45RBlow γδ T cells predisposed to interleukin-17 (IL-17) production. We found that treatment with ICOS specific antibodies drastically reduces fetal development of IL-17-producing γδ T cells by agonistic actions, and that ICOS deficient mice have a significant increase in the population of IL-17-producing Vγ2+ γδ T cells in the thymus, spleen, lymph nodes and skin and exhibit exacerbated sensitization responses to 2,4-dinitrofluorobenzene. In conclusion, this study demonstrates that development of IL-17-producing Vγ2+ γδ T cells is reduced by ICOS signaling in the thymus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terkild Brink Buus
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jonas Damgård Schmidt
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Charlotte Menné Bonefeld
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Carsten Geisler
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jens Peter Holst Lauritsen
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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188
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Gerdes N, Zirlik A. Co-stimulatory molecules in and beyond co-stimulation – tipping the balance in atherosclerosis? Thromb Haemost 2017; 106:804-13. [DOI: 10.1160/th11-09-0605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2011] [Accepted: 09/28/2011] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
SummaryA plethora of basic laboratory and clinical studies has uncovered the chronic inflammatory nature of atherosclerosis. The adaptive immune system with its front-runner, the T cell, drives the atherogenic process at all stages. T cell function is dependent on and controlled by a variety of either co-stimulatory or co-inhibitory signals. In addition, many of these proteins enfold T cell-independent pro-atherogenic functions on a variety of cell types. Accordingly they represent potential targets for immune- modulatory and/or anti-inflammatory therapy of atherosclerosis. This review focuses on the diverse role of co-stimulatory molecules of the B7 and tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-superfamily and their downstream signalling effectors in atherosclerosis. In particular, the contribution of CD28/CD80/CD86/CTLA4, ICOS/ICOSL, PD-1/PDL-1/2, TRAF, CD40/CD154, OX40/OX40L, CD137/CD137L, CD70/CD27, GITR/GITRL, and LIGHT to arterial disease is reviewed. Finally, the potential for a therapeutic exploitation of these molecules in the treatment of atherosclerosis is discussed.
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189
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Perruzza L, Gargari G, Proietti M, Fosso B, D'Erchia AM, Faliti CE, Rezzonico-Jost T, Scribano D, Mauri L, Colombo D, Pellegrini G, Moregola A, Mooser C, Pesole G, Nicoletti M, Norata GD, Geuking MB, McCoy KD, Guglielmetti S, Grassi F. T Follicular Helper Cells Promote a Beneficial Gut Ecosystem for Host Metabolic Homeostasis by Sensing Microbiota-Derived Extracellular ATP. Cell Rep 2017; 18:2566-2575. [PMID: 28297661 PMCID: PMC5368345 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2017.02.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2016] [Revised: 01/24/2017] [Accepted: 02/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The ATP-gated ionotropic P2X7 receptor regulates T follicular helper (Tfh) cell abundance in the Peyer’s patches (PPs) of the small intestine; deletion of P2rx7, encoding for P2X7, in Tfh cells results in enhanced IgA secretion and binding to commensal bacteria. Here, we show that Tfh cell activity is important for generating a diverse bacterial community in the gut and that sensing of microbiota-derived extracellular ATP via P2X7 promotes the generation of a proficient gut ecosystem for metabolic homeostasis. The results of this study indicate that Tfh cells play a role in host-microbiota mutualism beyond protecting the intestinal mucosa by induction of affinity-matured IgA and suggest that extracellular ATP constitutes an inter-kingdom signaling molecule important for selecting a beneficial microbial community for the host via P2X7-mediated regulation of B cell help. P2X7 receptor activity in Tfh cells is important for shaping the gut microbiota Control of secretory IgA by Tfh cells promotes a healthy gut ecosystem Lack of P2X7 in Tfh cells results in selection of an obesogenic microbiota Sensing of extracellular ATP by P2X7 in Tfh cells promotes host metabolic balance
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Perruzza
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Università della Svizzera Italiana, 6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland; Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Bern, 3001 Bern 9, Switzerland
| | - Giorgio Gargari
- Department of Food, Environmental, and Nutritional Sciences (DeFENS), Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Michele Proietti
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Università della Svizzera Italiana, 6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Bruno Fosso
- Institute of Biomembranes and Bioenergetics, National Research Council, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Anna Maria D'Erchia
- Institute of Biomembranes and Bioenergetics, National Research Council, 70126 Bari, Italy; Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Caterina Elisa Faliti
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Università della Svizzera Italiana, 6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland; Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Bern, 3001 Bern 9, Switzerland
| | - Tanja Rezzonico-Jost
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Università della Svizzera Italiana, 6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Daniela Scribano
- Department of Medical and Oral Sciences and Biotechnologies, University "Gabriele D'Annunzio", 66100 Chieti, Italy; Departement of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, University "La Sapienza" of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Laura Mauri
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine (BIOMETRA), Università degli Studi di Milano, 20129 Milan, Italy
| | - Diego Colombo
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine (BIOMETRA), Università degli Studi di Milano, 20129 Milan, Italy
| | - Giovanni Pellegrini
- Laboratory for Animal Model Pathology, Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Annalisa Moregola
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences (DiSFeB), Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Catherine Mooser
- Maurice Müller Laboratories, Universitätsklinik für Viszerale Chirurgie und Medizin (UVCM), University of Bern, 3010 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Graziano Pesole
- Institute of Biomembranes and Bioenergetics, National Research Council, 70126 Bari, Italy; Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Mauro Nicoletti
- Department of Medical and Oral Sciences and Biotechnologies, University "Gabriele D'Annunzio", 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Danilo Norata
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences (DiSFeB), Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy; School of Biomedical Sciences, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Perth, WA 6845, Australia
| | - Markus B Geuking
- Maurice Müller Laboratories, Universitätsklinik für Viszerale Chirurgie und Medizin (UVCM), University of Bern, 3010 Bern, Switzerland; Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases and Calvin, Phoebe and Joan Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Kathy D McCoy
- Maurice Müller Laboratories, Universitätsklinik für Viszerale Chirurgie und Medizin (UVCM), University of Bern, 3010 Bern, Switzerland; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology and Calvin, Phoebe and Joan Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Simone Guglielmetti
- Department of Food, Environmental, and Nutritional Sciences (DeFENS), Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Fabio Grassi
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Università della Svizzera Italiana, 6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland; Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine (BIOMETRA), Università degli Studi di Milano, 20129 Milan, Italy; Istituto Nazionale Genetica Molecolare "Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi," 20122 Milan, Italy.
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190
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de Armas LR, Pallikkuth S, George V, Rinaldi S, Pahwa R, Arheart KL, Pahwa S. Reevaluation of immune activation in the era of cART and an aging HIV-infected population. JCI Insight 2017; 2:e95726. [PMID: 29046481 PMCID: PMC5846952 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.95726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2017] [Accepted: 09/20/2017] [Indexed: 09/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Biological aging is associated with immune activation (IA) and declining immunity due to systemic inflammation. It is widely accepted that HIV infection causes persistent IA and premature immune senescence despite effective antiretroviral therapy and virologic suppression; however, the effects of combined HIV infection and aging are not well defined. Here, we assessed the relationship between markers of IA and inflammation during biological aging in HIV-infected and -uninfected populations. Antibody response to seasonal influenza vaccination was implemented as a measure of immune competence and relationships between IA, inflammation, and antibody responses were explored using statistical modeling appropriate for integrating high-dimensional data sets. Our results show that markers of IA, such as coexpression of HLA antigen D related (HLA-DR) and CD38 on CD4+ T cells, exhibit strong associations with HIV infection but not with biological age. Certain variables that showed a strong relationship with aging, such as declining naive and CD38+ CD4 and CD8+ T cells, did so regardless of HIV infection. Interestingly, the variable of biological age was not identified in a predictive model as significantly impacting vaccine responses in either group, while distinct IA and inflammatory variables were closely associated with vaccine response in HIV-infected and -uninfected populations. These findings shed light on the most relevant and persistent immune defects during virological suppression with antiretroviral therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Kristopher L. Arheart
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Division of Biostatistics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
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191
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Eilebrecht S, Benecke BJ, Benecke AG. Latent HIV-1 TAR Regulates 7SK-responsive P-TEFb Target Genes and Targets Cellular Immune Responses in the Absence of Tat. GENOMICS PROTEOMICS & BIOINFORMATICS 2017; 15:313-323. [PMID: 29037489 PMCID: PMC5673678 DOI: 10.1016/j.gpb.2017.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2017] [Revised: 05/10/2017] [Accepted: 05/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The transactivating response element (TAR) structure of the nascent HIV-1 transcript is critically involved in the recruitment of inactive positive transcription elongation factor b (P-TEFb) to the promoter proximal paused RNA polymerase II. The viral transactivator Tat is responsible for subsequent P-TEFb activation in order to start efficient viral transcription elongation. In the absence of the viral transactivator of transcription (Tat), e.g., during latency or in early stages of HIV transcription, TAR mediates an interaction of P-TEFb with its inhibitor hexamethylene bis-acetamide-inducible protein 1 (HEXIM1), keeping P-TEFb in its inactive form. In this study, we address the function of HIV-1 TAR in the absence of Tat by analyzing consequences of HIV-1 TAR overexpression on host cellular gene expression. An RNA chimera consisting of Epstein-Barr virus-expressed RNA 2 (EBER2) and HIV-1 TAR was developed to assure robust overexpression of TAR in HEK293 cells. The overexpression results in differential expression of more than 800 human genes. A significant proportion of these genes is involved in the suppression of cellular immune responses, including a significant set of 7SK-responsive P-TEFb target genes. Our findings identify a novel role for HIV-1 TAR in the absence of Tat, involving the interference with host cellular immune responses by targeting 7SK RNA-mediated gene expression and P-TEFb inactivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Eilebrecht
- CNRS UMR8246, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris 75005, France; ACSIOMA GmbH, Technologiezentrum Ruhr, Bochum 44799, Germany.
| | | | - Arndt G Benecke
- CNRS UMR8246, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris 75005, France; Center for Innate Immunity and Immune Disease, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
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192
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Lownik JC, Luker AJ, Damle SR, Cooley LF, El Sayed R, Hutloff A, Pitzalis C, Martin RK, El Shikh MEM, Conrad DH. ADAM10-Mediated ICOS Ligand Shedding on B Cells Is Necessary for Proper T Cell ICOS Regulation and T Follicular Helper Responses. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2017; 199:2305-2315. [PMID: 28814605 PMCID: PMC5605448 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1700833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2017] [Accepted: 07/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The proper regulation of ICOS and ICOS ligand (ICOSL) has been shown to be essential for maintaining proper immune homeostasis. Loss of either protein results in defective humoral immunity, and overexpression of ICOS results in aberrant Ab production resembling lupus. How ICOSL is regulated in response to ICOS interaction is still unclear. We demonstrate that a disintegrin and metalloproteinase (ADAM)10 is the primary physiological sheddase of ICOSL in mice and humans. Using an in vivo system in which ADAM10 is deleted only on B cells, elevated levels of ICOSL were seen. This increase is also seen when ADAM10 is deleted from human B cell lines. Identification of the primary sheddase has allowed the characterization of a novel mechanism of ICOS regulation. In wild-type mice, interaction of ICOS/ICOSL results in ADAM10-induced shedding of ICOSL on B cells and moderate ICOS internalization on T cells. When this shedding is blocked, excessive ICOS internalization occurs. This results in severe defects in T follicular helper development and TH2 polarization, as seen in a house dust mite exposure model. In addition, enhanced TH1 and TH17 immune responses are seen in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Blockade of ICOSL rescues T cell ICOS surface expression and rescues, at least in part, T follicular helper numbers and the abnormal Ab production previously reported in these mice. Overall, we propose a novel regulation of the ICOS/ICOSL axis, with ADAM10 playing a direct role in regulating ICOSL, as well as indirectly regulating ICOS, thus controlling ICOS/ICOSL-dependent responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph C Lownik
- Center for Clinical and Translational Research, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298
| | - Andrea J Luker
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298
| | - Sheela R Damle
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298
| | - Lauren Folgosa Cooley
- Center for Clinical and Translational Research, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298
| | - Riham El Sayed
- Experimental Medicine and Rheumatology, William Harvey Research Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, United Kingdom
- Department of Clinical and Chemical Pathology, Kasr Al-Ainy Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo 11562, Egypt; and
| | - Andreas Hutloff
- German Rheumatism Research Centre Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Costantino Pitzalis
- Experimental Medicine and Rheumatology, William Harvey Research Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, United Kingdom
| | - Rebecca K Martin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298
| | - Mohey Eldin M El Shikh
- Experimental Medicine and Rheumatology, William Harvey Research Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel H Conrad
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298;
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193
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Brzoza Z, Grzeszczak W, Trautsolt W, Moczulski D. Inducible T-cell costimulator (ICOS) and CD28 polymorphisms possibly play a role in the pathogenesis of chronic autoreactive urticaria. Clin Exp Dermatol 2017; 42:863-867. [PMID: 28940644 DOI: 10.1111/ced.13212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Clinical experience emphasizes the coexistence of chronic spontaneous urticaria (CSU) and autoimmune disturbances. In chromosome 2q33-34, there is a cluster of homologous genes that are considered promising candidate genes for susceptibility to autoimmune diseases. AIM To examine the possible role of polymorphisms in the genes for CD28 and inducible T-cell costimulator (ICOS) in the background of CSU. METHODS In total, 149 patients with CSU with positive autologous serum skin test were enrolled in the study. The healthy control (HC) group consisted of 100 healthy volunteers. In all subjects, the CD28 rs2140148 and rs3116496 and the ICOS rs6726035 polymorphisms were analysed. Disease severity was assessed by means of Urticaria Activity Score. RESULTS We found a statistically significantly lower prevalence of the ICOS rs6726035 TT genotype among patients with CSU compared with HCs. Furthermore, the haplotype rs2140148A, rs3116496T and rs6726035C presented a possible association with CSU. We did not find any association between the examined polymorphisms and either urticaria severity or age of disease onset. CONCLUSIONS Our results underline the role of autoimmune components in the pathogenesis of chronic autoreactive urticaria, and indicate it as a potentially genetically related disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Brzoza
- Department of Internal Diseases, Allergology and Clinical Immunology, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | - W Grzeszczak
- Department of Internal Diseases, Diabetology and Nephrology, School of Medicine with the Division of Dentistry in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | - W Trautsolt
- Department of Internal Diseases, Diabetology and Nephrology, School of Medicine with the Division of Dentistry in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | - D Moczulski
- Department of Internal Diseases and Nephrodiabetology, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
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194
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Abstract
The immune system is guided by a series of checks and balances, a major component of which is a large array of co-stimulatory and co-inhibitory pathways that modulate the host response. Although co-stimulation is essential for boosting and shaping the initial response following signaling through the antigen receptor, inhibitory pathways are also critical for modulating the immune response. Excessive co-stimulation and/or insufficient co-inhibition can lead to a breakdown of self-tolerance and thus to autoimmunity. In this review, we will focus on the role of co-stimulatory and co-inhibitory pathways in two systemic (systemic lupus erythematosus and rheumatoid arthritis) and two organ-specific (multiple sclerosis and type 1 diabetes) emblematic autoimmune diseases. We will also discuss how mechanistic analysis of these pathways has led to the identification of potential therapeutic targets and initiation of clinical trials for autoimmune diseases, as well as outline some of the challenges that lie ahead.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianxia Zhang
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Dario A A Vignali
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; Tumor Microenvironment Center, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA 15232, USA.
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195
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Effects of ICOS+ T cell depletion via afucosylated monoclonal antibody MEDI-570 on pregnant cynomolgus monkeys and the developing offspring. Reprod Toxicol 2017; 74:116-133. [PMID: 28916434 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2017.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2017] [Revised: 08/15/2017] [Accepted: 08/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
MEDI-570 is a fully human afucosylated monoclonal antibody (MAb) against Inducible T-cell costimulator (ICOS), highly expressed on CD4+ T follicular helper (TFH) cells. Effects of MEDI-570 were evaluated in an enhanced pre-postnatal development toxicity (ePPND) study in cynomolgus monkeys. Administration to pregnant monkeys did not cause any abortifacient effects. Changes in hematology and peripheral blood T lymphocyte subsets in maternal animals and infants and the attenuated infant IgG immune response to keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH) were attributed to MEDI-570 pharmacology. Adverse findings included aggressive fibromatosis in one dam and two infant losses in the high dose group with anatomic pathology findings suggestive of atypical lymphoid hyperplasia. The margin of safety relative to the no observed adverse effect level (NOAEL) for the highest planned clinical dose in the Phase 1a study was 7. This study suggests that women of child bearing potential employ effective methods of contraception while being treated with MEDI-570.
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196
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Abstract
Induction of broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) is a major goal of HIV vaccine development. BNAbs are made during HIV infection by a subset of individuals but currently cannot be induced in the setting of vaccination. Considerable progress has been made recently in understanding host immunologic controls of bNAb induction and maturation in the setting of HIV infection, and point to key roles for both central and peripheral immunologic tolerance mechanisms in limiting bnAb development. Immune tolerance checkpoint inhibition has been transformative in promotion of anti-tumor CD8 T-cell responses in the treatment of certain malignancies. Here, we review the evidence for host controls of bNAb responses, and discuss strategies for the transient modulation of immune responses with vaccines toward the goal of enhancing germinal center B-cell responses to favor bNAb B-cell lineages and to foster their maturation to full neutralization potency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garnett Kelsoe
- Departments of Immunology and Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Barton F Haynes
- Departments of Immunology and Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
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197
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Abstract
T follicular helper (Tfh) cells are a distinct type of CD4+ T cell specialized in providing help to B cells during the germinal centre (GC) reaction. As such, they are critical determinants of the quality of an antibody response following antigen challenge. Excessive production of Tfh cells can result in autoimmunity whereas too few can result in inadequate protection from infection. Hence, their differentiation and maintenance must be tightly regulated to ensure appropriate but limited help to B cells. Unlike the majority of other CD4+ T-cell subsets, Tfh cell differentiation occurs in three phases defined by their anatomical location. During each phase of differentiation the emerging Tfh cells express distinct patterns of co-receptors, which work together with the T-cell receptor (TCR) to drive Tfh differentiation. These signals provided by both TCR and co-receptors during Tfh differentiation alter proliferation, survival, metabolism, cytokine production and transcription factor expression. This review will discuss how engagement of TCR and co-receptors work together to shape the formation and function of Tfh cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise M C Webb
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Signalling and Development, Babraham Institute, Cambridge, UK
| | - Michelle A Linterman
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Signalling and Development, Babraham Institute, Cambridge, UK
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198
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Burlion A, Brunel S, Petit NY, Olive D, Marodon G. Targeting the Human T-Cell Inducible COStimulator Molecule with a Monoclonal Antibody Prevents Graft-vs-Host Disease and Preserves Graft vs Leukemia in a Xenograft Murine Model. Front Immunol 2017; 8:756. [PMID: 28713380 PMCID: PMC5491549 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2017] [Accepted: 06/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Graft-vs-host disease (GVHD) is a major complication of allogenic bone marrow transplantation (BMT). Targeting costimulatory molecules with antagonist antibodies could dampen the excessive immune response that occurs, while preserving the beneficial graft vs leukemia (GVL) of the allogeneic response. Previous studies using a mouse model of GVHD have shown that targeting the T-cell Inducible COStimulator (ICOS, CD278) molecule is beneficial, but it is unclear whether the same applies to human cells. METHODS Here, we assessed whether a monoclonal antibody (mAb) to human ICOS was able to antagonize the costimulatory signal delivered in vivo to human T cells. To test this hypothesis, we used a xenogeneic model of GVHD where human peripheral blood mononuclear cells were adoptively transferred in immunocompromised NOD.SCID.gc-null mice (NSG). RESULTS In this model, control mice invariably lost weight and died by day 50. In contrast, 65% of the mice receiving a single injection of the anti-hICOS mAb survived beyond 100 days. Moreover, a significant improvement in survival was obtained in a curative xeno-GVHD setting. Mechanistically, administration of the anti-hICOS mAb was associated with a strong reduction in perivascular infiltrates in liver and lungs and reduction in frequencies and numbers of human T cells in the spleen. In addition, the mAb prevented T-cell expansion in the blood during xeno-GVHD. Importantly, GVHD-protected mice retained the ability to control the P815 mastocytoma cell line, mimicking GVL in humans. CONCLUSION A mAb-targeting human ICOS alleviated GVHD without impairing GVL in a xenograft murine model. Thus, ICOS represents a promising target in the management of BMT, preventing GVHD while preserving GVL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aude Burlion
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 06, CIMI-PARIS (Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses), INSERM U 1135, CNRS ERL 8255, Paris, France
| | - Simon Brunel
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 06, CIMI-PARIS (Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses), INSERM U 1135, CNRS ERL 8255, Paris, France
| | - Nicolas Y Petit
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 06, CIMI-PARIS (Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses), INSERM U 1135, CNRS ERL 8255, Paris, France
| | - Daniel Olive
- Centre de recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille, INSERM U1068, CNRS U7258, Aix Marseille Université, Institut Paoli - Calmettes, Marseille, France
| | - Gilles Marodon
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 06, CIMI-PARIS (Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses), INSERM U 1135, CNRS ERL 8255, Paris, France
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199
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Gensous N, Schmitt N, Richez C, Ueno H, Blanco P. T follicular helper cells, interleukin-21 and systemic lupus erythematosus. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2017; 56:516-523. [PMID: 27498357 DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/kew297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
SLE is a chronic systemic autoimmune disease characterized by a breakdown of tolerance to nuclear antigens and generation of high-affinity pathogenic autoantibodies. These autoantibodies form, with autoantigens, immune complexes that are involved in organ and tissue damages. Understanding how the production of these pathogenic autoantibodies arises is of prime importance. T follicular helper cells (Tfh) and IL-21 have emerged as central players in this process. This article reviews the pathogenic role of Tfh cells and IL-21 in SLE.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Hideki Ueno
- Baylor Institute for Immunology Research, Baylor Research Institute, Dallas, TX, USA
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200
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Franzese O, Torino F, Fuggetta MP, Aquino A, Roselli M, Bonmassar E, Giuliani A, D’Atri S. Tumor immunotherapy: drug-induced neoantigens (xenogenization) and immune checkpoint inhibitors. Oncotarget 2017; 8:41641-41669. [PMID: 28404974 PMCID: PMC5522228 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.16335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2016] [Accepted: 01/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
More than 40 years ago, we discovered that novel transplantation antigens can be induced in vivo or in vitro by treating murine leukemia with dacarbazine. Years later, this phenomenon that we called "Chemical Xenogenization" (CX) and more recently, "Drug-Induced Xenogenization" (DIX), was reproduced by Thierry Boon with a mutagenic/carcinogenic compound (i.e. N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine). In both cases, the molecular bases of DIX rely on mutagenesis induced by methyl adducts to oxygen-6 of DNA guanine. In the present review we illustrate the main DIX-related immune-pharmacodynamic properties of triazene compounds of clinical use (i.e. dacarbazine and temozolomide).In recent years, tumor immunotherapy has come back to the stage with the discovery of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICpI) that show an extraordinary immune-enhancing activity. Here we illustrate the salient biochemical features of some of the most interesting ICpI and the up-to-day status of their clinical use. Moreover, we illustrate the literature showing the direct relationship between somatic mutation burden and susceptibility of cancer cells to host's immune responses.When DIX was discovered, we were not able to satisfactorily exploit the possible presence of triazene-induced neoantigens in malignant cells since no device was available to adequately enhance host's immune responses in clinical settings. Today, ICpI show unprecedented efficacy in terms of survival times, especially when elevated mutation load is associated with cancer cells. Therefore, in the future, mutation-dependent neoantigens obtained by appropriate pharmacological intervention appear to disclose a novel approach for enhancing the therapeutic efficacy of ICpI in cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ornella Franzese
- Department of Systems Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco Torino
- Department of Systems Medicine, Medical Oncology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Pia Fuggetta
- Institute of Translational Pharmacology, National Council of Research, Rome, Italy
| | - Angelo Aquino
- Department of Systems Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Mario Roselli
- Department of Systems Medicine, Medical Oncology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Enzo Bonmassar
- Department of Systems Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
- Institute of Translational Pharmacology, National Council of Research, Rome, Italy
| | - Anna Giuliani
- Department of Systems Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
- Institute of Translational Pharmacology, National Council of Research, Rome, Italy
| | - Stefania D’Atri
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Istituto Dermopatico dell’Immacolata-IRCCS, Rome, Italy
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