151
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Long-Term Memory Processes. Cognition 2019. [DOI: 10.1017/9781316271988.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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152
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Glossary. Cognition 2019. [DOI: 10.1017/9781316271988.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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153
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Valiengo L, Gordon PC, de Carvalho JB, Rios RM, Koebe S, Serpa MH, van de Bilt M, Lacerda A, Elkis H, Gattaz WF, Brunoni AR. Schizophrenia TreAtment with electRic Transcranial Stimulation (STARTS): design, rationale and objectives of a randomized, double-blinded, sham-controlled trial. TRENDS IN PSYCHIATRY AND PSYCHOTHERAPY 2019; 41:104-111. [PMID: 31241683 DOI: 10.1590/2237-6089-2018-0047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2018] [Accepted: 09/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Schizophrenia is a severe mental disorder. While some antipsychotic medications have demonstrated efficacy in treating positive symptoms, there is no widely recognized treatment for negative symptoms, which can cause significant distress and impairment for patients with schizophrenia. Here we describe the rationale and design of the STARTS study (Schizophrenia TreAtment with electRic Transcranial Stimulation), a clinical trial aimed to test the efficacy of a non-pharmacological treatment known as transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) for treating the negative symptoms of schizophrenia. METHODS The STARTS study is designed as a randomized, sham-controlled, double-blinded trial evaluating tDCS for the treatment of the negative symptoms of schizophrenia. One-hundred patients will be enrolled and submitted to 10 tDCS sessions over the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (anodal stimulation) and left temporoparietal junction (cathodal stimulation) over 5 consecutive days. Participants will be assessed using clinical and neuropsychological tests before and after the intervention. The primary outcome is change in the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) negative subscale score over time and across groups. Biological markers, including blood neurotrophins and interleukins, genetic polymorphisms, and motor cortical excitability, will also be assessed. RESULTS The clinical results will provide insights about tDCS as a treatment for the negative symptoms of schizophrenia, and the biomarker investigation will contribute towards an improved understanding of the tDCS mechanisms of action. CONCLUSION Our results could introduce a novel therapeutic technique for the negative symptoms of schizophrenia. Clinical trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT02535676 .
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Affiliation(s)
- Leandro Valiengo
- Laboratório de Neurociências (LIM27), Departamento e Instituto de Psiquiatria, Hospital das Clínicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil.,Serviço Interdisciplinar de Neuromodulação (SIN), Departamento e Instituto de Psiquiatria, Hospital das Clínicas, Faculdade de Medicina, USP, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.,Instituto Nacional de Biomarcadores em Neuropsiquiatria (INBioN), Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq), Brazil
| | - Pedro Caldana Gordon
- Serviço Interdisciplinar de Neuromodulação (SIN), Departamento e Instituto de Psiquiatria, Hospital das Clínicas, Faculdade de Medicina, USP, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Juliana Barbosa de Carvalho
- Serviço Interdisciplinar de Neuromodulação (SIN), Departamento e Instituto de Psiquiatria, Hospital das Clínicas, Faculdade de Medicina, USP, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Rosa Maria Rios
- Serviço Interdisciplinar de Neuromodulação (SIN), Departamento e Instituto de Psiquiatria, Hospital das Clínicas, Faculdade de Medicina, USP, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Stephanie Koebe
- Serviço Interdisciplinar de Neuromodulação (SIN), Departamento e Instituto de Psiquiatria, Hospital das Clínicas, Faculdade de Medicina, USP, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Mauricio Henrique Serpa
- Laboratório de Neurociências (LIM27), Departamento e Instituto de Psiquiatria, Hospital das Clínicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil.,Instituto Nacional de Biomarcadores em Neuropsiquiatria (INBioN), Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq), Brazil.,Laboratório de Neuroimagem (LIM-21), Departamento e Instituto de Psiquiatria, Hospital das Clínicas, Faculdade de Medicina, USP, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Martinus van de Bilt
- Laboratório de Neurociências (LIM27), Departamento e Instituto de Psiquiatria, Hospital das Clínicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil.,Instituto Nacional de Biomarcadores em Neuropsiquiatria (INBioN), Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq), Brazil
| | - Acioly Lacerda
- Centro de Pesquisa e Ensaios Clínicos Sinapse-Bairral, Instituto Bairral de Psiquiatria, Itapira, SP, Brazil.,Laboratório Interdisciplinar de Neurociências Clínicas (LiNC), Departamento de Psiquiatria, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Helio Elkis
- Departamento e Instituto de Psiquiatria, Hospital das Clínicas, Faculdade de Medicina, USP, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Wagner Farid Gattaz
- Laboratório de Neurociências (LIM27), Departamento e Instituto de Psiquiatria, Hospital das Clínicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil.,Instituto Nacional de Biomarcadores em Neuropsiquiatria (INBioN), Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq), Brazil
| | - André Russowsky Brunoni
- Laboratório de Neurociências (LIM27), Departamento e Instituto de Psiquiatria, Hospital das Clínicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil.,Serviço Interdisciplinar de Neuromodulação (SIN), Departamento e Instituto de Psiquiatria, Hospital das Clínicas, Faculdade de Medicina, USP, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.,Instituto Nacional de Biomarcadores em Neuropsiquiatria (INBioN), Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq), Brazil.,Departamento e Instituto de Psiquiatria, Hospital das Clínicas, Faculdade de Medicina, USP, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.,Department and Institute of Psychiatry, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
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154
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Delay knowledge and trial set count modulate use of proactive versus reactive control: A meta-analytic review. Psychon Bull Rev 2019; 25:1249-1268. [PMID: 29980996 DOI: 10.3758/s13423-018-1502-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The AX-continuous performance task (AX-CPT) and dot pattern expectancy (DPX) are the predominant cognitive paradigms used to assess the relative utilization of proactive versus reactive cognitive control. Experimental parameters vary widely between studies and systematically between different modalities (i.e., fMRI vs. EEG) with unknown consequences for the implementation of control. This meta-analytic review systematically surveyed these bodies of literature (k = 43, 73 data points) to resolve how cue-probe delay knowledge, delay length, and trial set count modulate the preferential use of proactive versus reactive control. In healthy young adults, delay knowledge and increasing trial set count each bias participants toward greater proactive control. Further, the interaction of delay knowledge and trial set count accounts for ~40% of variability in proactive/reactive control performance. As trial count varies reliably between experimental modalities, it is critical to understand how these parameters activate distinct cognitive processes and tap into different neural mechanisms for control. Subgroup analyses revealed important distinctions from our results in healthy young adults. Healthy, slightly older adults (ages 30-45 years) performed more reactively compared to healthy young adults. In addition, participants with schizophrenia showed evidence of more proactive control as trial set count increased. In light of this meta-analytic review, we conclude that delay knowledge and trial set length are important parameters to account for in the assessment of proactive versus reactive control. More broadly, this metaregression provides strong evidence that cognitive control becomes more reactive when timing demands are not known, and that both healthy persons and persons with schizophrenia shift toward proactive control with increasing repetitions of a task set.
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155
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Hadar B, Luria R, Liberman N. Induced Social Power Improves Visual Working Memory. PERSONALITY AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY BULLETIN 2019; 46:285-297. [PMID: 31189437 DOI: 10.1177/0146167219855045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The possibility that social power improves working memory relative to conditions of powerlessness has been invoked to explain why manipulations of power improve performance in many cognitive tasks. Yet, whether power facilitates working memory performance has never been tested directly. In three studies, we induced high or low sense of power using the episodic recall task and tested participants' visual working memory capacity. We found that working memory capacity estimates were higher in the high-power than in the low-power condition in the standard change-detection task (Study 1), in a variation of the task that introduced distractors alongside the targets (Study 2), and in a variation that used real-world objects (Study 3). Studies 2 and 3 also tested whether high power improved working memory relative to low power by enhancing filtering efficiency, but did not find support for this hypothesis. We discuss implications for theories of both power and working memory.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Roy Luria
- Tel Aviv University, Israel.,Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel-Aviv University, Israel
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156
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Bensmann W, Zink N, Roessner V, Stock AK, Beste C. Catecholaminergic effects on inhibitory control depend on the interplay of prior task experience and working memory demands. J Psychopharmacol 2019; 33:678-687. [PMID: 30816793 DOI: 10.1177/0269881119827815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Catecholamines affect response inhibition, but the effects of methylphenidate on inhibitory control in healthy subjects are heterogenous. Theoretical considerations suggest that working memory demands and learning/familiarization processes are important factors to consider regarding catecholaminergic effects on response inhibition. AIMS The purpose of this study was to examine the role of working memory demands and familiarization for methylphenidate effects on response inhibition. METHODS Twenty-eight healthy adults received a single dose of methylphenidate (0.5 mg/kg) or placebo in a randomised, double-blind, crossover study design. The subjects were tested using a working memory-modulated response inhibition paradigm that combined a Go/Nogo task with a mental rotation task. RESULTS Methylphenidate effects were largest in the most challenging mental rotation condition. The direction of effects depended on the extent of the participants' task experience. When performing the task for the first time, methylphenidate impaired response inhibition performance in the most challenging mental rotation condition, as reflected by an increased false alarm rate. In sharp contrast to this, methylphenidate seemed to improve response execution performance in the most challenging condition when performing the task for the second time as reflected by reaction times on Go trials. CONCLUSION Effects of catecholamines on inhibitory control processes depend on the interplay of two factors: (a) working memory demands, and (b) learning or familiarization with a task. It seems that the net effect of increases in gain control and decreases in working memory processes determines the methylphenidate effect on response inhibition. Hence, crossover study designs likely underestimate methylphenidate effects on cognitive functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wiebke Bensmann
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Nicolas Zink
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Veit Roessner
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Ann-Kathrin Stock
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Christian Beste
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
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157
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Eich TS, Gonçalves BMM, Nee DE, Razlighi Q, Jonides J, Stern Y. Inhibitory Selection Mechanisms in Clinically Healthy Older and Younger Adults. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci 2019; 73:612-621. [PMID: 26976135 DOI: 10.1093/geronb/gbw029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2015] [Accepted: 02/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Declines in working memory are a ubiquitous finding within the cognitive-aging literature. A unitary inhibitory selection mechanism that serves to guide attention toward task-relevant information and resolve interference from task-irrelevant information has been proposed to underlie such deficits. However, inhibition can occur at multiple time points in the memory-processing stream. Here, we tested whether the time point at which inhibition occurs in the memory-processing stream affects age-related memory decline. Method Clinically healthy younger (n = 23) and older (n = 22) adults performed two similar item-recognition working memory tasks. In one task, participants received an instruction cue telling them which words to attend to followed by a memory set, promoting perceptual inhibition at the time of encoding. In the other task, participants received the instruction cue after they received the memory set, fostering inhibition of items already in memory. Results We found that older and younger adults differed in their ability to inhibit items both during encoding and when items had to be inhibited in memory but that these age differences were exaggerated when irrelevant information had to be inhibited from memory. These results provide insights into the mechanisms that support cognitive changes to memory processes in healthy aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teal S Eich
- Cognitive Neuroscience Division, Department of Neurology and the Taub Institute, Columbia University Medical Center, New York
| | - Beatriz M M Gonçalves
- Cognitive Neuroscience Division, Department of Neurology and the Taub Institute, Columbia University Medical Center, New York.,Faculdade de Medicina da Bahia, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Derek E Nee
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley
| | - Qolamreza Razlighi
- Cognitive Neuroscience Division, Department of Neurology and the Taub Institute, Columbia University Medical Center, New York
| | - John Jonides
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor
| | - Yaakov Stern
- Cognitive Neuroscience Division, Department of Neurology and the Taub Institute, Columbia University Medical Center, New York
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158
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Differential effects of unipolar versus bipolar depression on episodic memory updating. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2019; 161:158-168. [PMID: 31004802 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2019.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2019] [Revised: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Episodic memories, when reactivated, can be modified or updated by new learning. Since such dynamic memory processes remain largely unexplored in psychiatric disorders, we examined the impact of depression on episodic memory updating. Unipolar and bipolar depression patients, and age/education matched controls, first learned a set of objects (List-1). Two days later, participants in all three groups were either reminded of the first learning session or not followed by the learning of a new set of objects (List-2). Forty-eight hours later, List-1 recall was impaired in unipolar and bipolar patients compared to control participants. Further, as expected, control participants who received a reminder spontaneously recalled items from List-2 during recall of List-1, indicative of an updated List-1 memory. Such spontaneous intrusions were also seen in the unipolar and bipolar patients that received the reminder, suggesting that memory updating was unaffected in these two patient groups despite impaired recall of List 1. Unexpectedly, we observed a trend towards higher intrusions, albeit statistically insignificant, not only in the reminder but also in the no-reminder subgroups of bipolar patients. We probed this further in a second cohort by testing recall of List-2, which was also impaired in both depression groups. Again bipolar patients showed intrusions, but this time in the reverse order from List-1 into List-2, independent of a reminder. Taken together, despite impaired recall, updating of episodic memories was intact and unidirectional in unipolar depression. In contrast, indiscriminate updating, as evidenced by bidirectional interference between episodic memories, was seen in bipolar depression. These findings reveal a novel distinction between unipolar versus bipolar depression using a reactivation-dependent memory updating paradigm.
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159
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Theobromine Improves Working Memory by Activating the CaMKII/CREB/BDNF Pathway in Rats. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11040888. [PMID: 31010016 PMCID: PMC6520707 DOI: 10.3390/nu11040888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Revised: 04/05/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Theobromine (TB) is a primary methylxanthine found in cacao beans. cAMP-response element-binding protein (CREB) is a transcription factor, which is involved in different brain processes that bring about cellular changes in response to discrete sets of instructions, including the induction of brain-derived neurotropic factor (BDNF). Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII) has been strongly implicated in the memory formation of different species as a key regulator of gene expression. Here we investigated whether TB acts on the CaMKII/CREB/BDNF pathway in a way that might improve the cognitive and learning function in rats. Male Wistar rats (5 weeks old) were divided into two groups. For 73 days, the control rats (CN rats) were fed a normal diet, while the TB-fed rats (TB rats) received the same food, but with a 0.05% TB supplement. To assess the effects of TB on cognitive and learning ability in rats: The radial arm maze task, novel object recognition test, and Y-maze test were used. Then, the brain was removed and the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) was isolated for Western Blot, real-time PCR and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Phosphorylated CaMKII (p-CaMKII), phosphorylated CREB (p-CREB), and BDNF level in the mPFC were measured. In all the behavior tests, working memory seemed to be improved by TB ingestion. In addition, p-CaMKII and p-CREB levels were significantly elevated in the mPFC of TB rats in comparison to those of CN rats. We also found that cortical BDNF protein and mRNA levels in TB rats were significantly greater than those in CN rats. These results suggest that orally supplemented TB upregulates the CaMKII/CREB/BDNF pathway in the mPFC, which may then improve working memory in rats.
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160
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Reutskaja E, Lindner A, Nagel R, Andersen RA, Camerer CF. Choice overload reduces neural signatures of choice set value in dorsal striatum and anterior cingulate cortex. Nat Hum Behav 2019; 2:925-935. [PMID: 30988434 DOI: 10.1038/s41562-018-0440-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2017] [Accepted: 08/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Modern societies offer a large variety of choices1,2, which is generally thought to be valuable3-7. But having too much choice can be detrimental1-3,8-11 if the costs of choice outweigh its benefits due to 'choice overload'12-14. Current explanatory models of choice overload mainly derive from behavioural studies13,14. A neuroscientific investigation could further inform these models by revealing the covert mental processes during decision-making. We explored choice overload using functional magnetic resonance imaging while subjects were either choosing from varying-sized choice sets or were browsing them. When choosing from sets of 6, 12 or 24 items, functional magnetic resonance imaging activity in the striatum and anterior cingulate cortex resembled an inverted U-shaped function of choice set size. Activity was highest for 12-item sets, which were perceived as having 'the right amount' of options and was lower for 6-item and 24-item sets, which were perceived as 'too small' and 'too large', respectively. Enhancing choice set value by adding a dominant option led to an overall increase of activity. When subjects were browsing, the decision costs were diminished and the inverted U-shaped activity patterns vanished. Activity in the striatum and anterior cingulate reflects choice set value and can serve as neural indicator of choice overload.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Reutskaja
- Marketing Department, IESE Business School, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Axel Lindner
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany. .,Department of Cognitive Neurology, Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research, Tübingen, Germany. .,Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA.
| | - Rosemarie Nagel
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats, Barcelona Graduate School of Economics, Department of Economics and Business, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Richard A Andersen
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA.,The Tianqiao and Chrissy Chen Brain-Machine Interface Center, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Colin F Camerer
- Division of the Humanities and Social Sciences and Computation and Neural Systems, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
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161
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Chen CC, Kuo JC, Wang WJ. Distinguishing the Visual Working Memory Training and Practice Effects by the Effective Connectivity During n-back Tasks: A DCM of ERP Study. Front Behav Neurosci 2019; 13:84. [PMID: 31057376 PMCID: PMC6478890 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2019.00084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2018] [Accepted: 04/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Visual working memory (WM) training and practice can result in improved task performance and increased P300 amplitude; however, only training can yield N160 enhancements. N160 amplitudes are related to the spatial attention, the detection of novelty and the inhibitory control, while P300 amplitudes are related to the selective attention. Therefore, it could be speculated that the mechanisms underlying N160 and P300 production may differ to accommodate to their functions. Based on the different N160 engagements and different functional roles of N160 and P300, we hypothesized that the effects of visual WM training and practice can be dissociated by their brain effective connectivity patterns. We compared different neural connectivity configurations for the main task-related brain activities including N160 and P300 during the visual three-back task in subjects after visual WM training (the WM group) and after repetitive task practice (the control group). The behavioral result shows significantly greater improvement in accuracy after training and suggests that visual WM training can boost the learning process of this simple task. The N160 peak amplitude increased significantly after training over the anterior and posterior brain areas but decreased after practice over the posterior areas, indicating different mechanisms for mediating the training and practice effects. In support of our hypothesis, we observed that visual WM training alters the frontal-parietal connections, which comprise the executive control network (ECN) and the dorsal attention network (DAN), whereas practice modulates the parietal-frontal connections underpinning P300 production for selective attention. It should be noted that the analytic results in this study are conditional on the plausible models being tested and the experimental settings. Studies that employ different tasks, devices and plausible models may lead to different results. Nevertheless, our findings provide a reference for distinguishing the visual WM training and practice effects by the underlying neuroplasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Chuan Chen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, National Central University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, National Central University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Ju-Che Kuo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, National Central University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Jen Wang
- Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering, National Central University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
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162
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Raber J, Arzy S, Bertolus JB, Depue B, Haas HE, Hofmann SG, Kangas M, Kensinger E, Lowry CA, Marusak HA, Minnier J, Mouly AM, Mühlberger A, Norrholm SD, Peltonen K, Pinna G, Rabinak C, Shiban Y, Soreq H, van der Kooij MA, Lowe L, Weingast LT, Yamashita P, Boutros SW. Current understanding of fear learning and memory in humans and animal models and the value of a linguistic approach for analyzing fear learning and memory in humans. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2019; 105:136-177. [PMID: 30970272 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2018] [Revised: 01/30/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Fear is an emotion that serves as a driving factor in how organisms move through the world. In this review, we discuss the current understandings of the subjective experience of fear and the related biological processes involved in fear learning and memory. We first provide an overview of fear learning and memory in humans and animal models, encompassing the neurocircuitry and molecular mechanisms, the influence of genetic and environmental factors, and how fear learning paradigms have contributed to treatments for fear-related disorders, such as posttraumatic stress disorder. Current treatments as well as novel strategies, such as targeting the perisynaptic environment and use of virtual reality, are addressed. We review research on the subjective experience of fear and the role of autobiographical memory in fear-related disorders. We also discuss the gaps in our understanding of fear learning and memory, and the degree of consensus in the field. Lastly, the development of linguistic tools for assessments and treatment of fear learning and memory disorders is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob Raber
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, ONPRC, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA; Departments of Neurology and Radiation Medicine, and Division of Neuroscience, ONPRC, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA.
| | - Shahar Arzy
- Department of Medical Neurobiology, Hebrew University, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | | | - Brendan Depue
- Departments of Psychological and Brain Sciences and Anatomical Sciences and Neurobiology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Haley E Haas
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Stefan G Hofmann
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Maria Kangas
- Department of Psychology, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia
| | | | - Christopher A Lowry
- Department of Integrative Physiology and Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Hilary A Marusak
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Jessica Minnier
- School of Public Health, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Anne-Marie Mouly
- Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, CNRS-UMR 5292, INSERM U1028, Université Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Andreas Mühlberger
- Department of Psychology (Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy), University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany; PFH - Private University of Applied Sciences, Department of Psychology (Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy Research), Göttingen, Germany
| | - Seth Davin Norrholm
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Kirsi Peltonen
- Faculty of Social Sciences/Psychology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Graziano Pinna
- The Psychiatric Institute, Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Christine Rabinak
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Youssef Shiban
- Department of Psychology (Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy), University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany; PFH - Private University of Applied Sciences, Department of Psychology (Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy Research), Göttingen, Germany
| | - Hermona Soreq
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Edmond and Lily Safra Center of Brain Science and The Institute of Life Sciences, Hebrew University, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - Michael A van der Kooij
- Translational Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Universitatsmedizin der Johannes Guttenberg University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany
| | | | - Leah T Weingast
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Paula Yamashita
- School of Public Health, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Sydney Weber Boutros
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, ONPRC, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
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Hu Z, Zhang J, Zhang L, Xiang YT, Yuan Z. Linking brain activation to topological organization in the frontal lobe as a synergistic indicator to characterize the difference between various cognitive processes of executive functions. NEUROPHOTONICS 2019; 6:025008. [PMID: 31172018 PMCID: PMC6537479 DOI: 10.1117/1.nph.6.2.025008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 03/28/2019] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Executive functions (EFs) associated with the frontal lobe are vital for goal-orientated behavior. To date, limited efforts have been made to examine the relationships among the behavior, brain activation, and topological organization of functional networks in the frontal lobe underlying various EF tasks, including inhibition, working memory, and cognitive flexibility. In this study, functional near-infrared spectroscopy neuroimaging technique was used to systematically inspect the differences in the brain activation and the topological organization of brain networks between various EF tasks in the frontal lobe. In addition, the relationships between brain activation/network properties and task performances and the relationships between brain activation and network properties were, respectively, examined for different EF tasks. Consequently, we have discovered that the nodal and global properties of the resting-state and task-evoked networks, respectively, exhibited significant correlations with the activation of various brain regions during various EF tasks. In particular, the measure that links the neural activation to the topological organization of the brain networks in the frontal lobe can serve as a synergistic indicator to examine the difference between various EF tasks, which paves a way toward a comprehensive understanding of the neural mechanism underlying EFs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhishan Hu
- University of Macau, Faculty of Health Sciences, Macao Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Juan Zhang
- University of Macau, Faculty of Education, Macao Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Lingyan Zhang
- The Third Affiliated Hospital of China Southern Medical University, Department of Radiology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yu-Tao Xiang
- University of Macau, Faculty of Health Sciences, Macao Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Zhen Yuan
- University of Macau, Faculty of Health Sciences, Macao Special Administrative Region, China
- Address all correspondence to Zhen Yuan, E-mail:
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164
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Guilarte TR, Yeh CL, McGlothan JL, Perez J, Finley P, Zhou Y, Wong DF, Dydak U, Schneider JS. PET imaging of dopamine release in the frontal cortex of manganese-exposed non-human primates. J Neurochem 2019; 150:188-201. [PMID: 30720866 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.14681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2018] [Revised: 06/22/2018] [Accepted: 02/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Humans and non-human primates exposed to excess levels of manganese (Mn) exhibit deficits in working memory and attention. Frontal cortex and fronto-striatal networks are implicated in working memory and these circuits rely on dopamine for optimal performance. Here, we aimed to determine if chronic Mn exposure alters in vivo dopamine release (DAR) in the frontal cortex of non-human primates. We used [11 C]-FLB457 positron emission tomography with amphetamine challenge to measure DAR in Cynomolgus macaques. Animals received [11 C]-FLB457 positron emission tomography scans with and without amphetamine challenge prior to Mn exposure (baseline), at different time points during the Mn exposure period, and after 10 months of Mn exposure cessation. Four of six Mn-exposed animals expressed significant impairment of frontal cortex in vivo DAR relative to baseline. One Mn animal had no change in DAR and another Mn animal expressed increased DAR relative to baseline. In the reversal studies, one Mn-exposed animal exhibited complete recovery of DAR while the second animal had partial recovery. In both animals, frontal cortex Mn concentrations normalized after 10 months of exposure cessation based on T1-weighted magnetic resonance imaging. D1-dopamine receptor (D1R) autoradiography in frontal cortex tissue indicates that Mn animals that experienced cessation of Mn exposure expressed D1R levels that were approximately 50% lower than Mn animals that did not experience cessation of Mn exposure or control animals. The present study provides evidence of Mn-induced alterations in frontal cortex DAR and D1R that may be associated with working memory and attention deficits observed in Mn-exposed subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomas R Guilarte
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Robert Stempel College of Public Health and Social Work, Florida International University, Miami, Florida, USA.,Department of Radiology, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Chien-Lin Yeh
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA.,School of Health Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - Jennifer L McGlothan
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Robert Stempel College of Public Health and Social Work, Florida International University, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Juan Perez
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Robert Stempel College of Public Health and Social Work, Florida International University, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Paige Finley
- Department of Radiology, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Yun Zhou
- Department of Radiology, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Dean F Wong
- Department of Radiology, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Ulrike Dydak
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA.,School of Health Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - Jay S Schneider
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy & Cell Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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165
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Simmonite M, Polk TA. Independent Components of Neural Activation Associated with 100 Days of Cognitive Training. J Cogn Neurosci 2019; 31:808-820. [PMID: 30883287 DOI: 10.1162/jocn_a_01396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Some cognitive training studies have reported working memory benefits that generalize beyond the trained tasks, whereas others have only found task-specific training effects. What brain networks are associated with general training effects, rather than task-specific effects? We investigated this question in the context of working memory training using the COGITO data set, a longitudinal project including behavioral assessments before and after 100 days of cognitive training in 101 younger (20-31 years) and 103 older (65-80 years) adults. Pre- and postassessments included verbal, numerical, and spatial measures of working memory. It was therefore possible to assess training effects on working memory at a general latent ability level. Previous analyses of these data found training-related improvements on this latent working memory factor in both young and old participants. fMRI data were collected from a subsample of participants (24 young and 15 old) during pre- and post-training sessions. We used independent component analysis to identify networks involved in a perceptual decision-making task performed in the scanner. We identified five task-positive components that were task-related: two frontal networks, a ventral visual network, a motor network, and a cerebellar network. Pre-training activity of the motor network predicted latent working memory performance before training. Additionally, activity in the motor network predicted training-related changes in working memory ability. These findings suggest activity in the motor network plays a role in task-independent working memory improvements and have implications for our understanding of working memory training and for the design and implementation of future training interventions.
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166
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Dehghan Nayyeri M, Burgmer M, Pfleiderer B. Impact of pressure as a tactile stimulus on working memory in healthy participants. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0213070. [PMID: 30870456 PMCID: PMC6417705 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0213070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2018] [Accepted: 02/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies on cross-modal interaction have demonstrated attenuated as well as facilitated effects for both neural responses as well as behavioral performance. The goals of this pilot study were to investigate possible cross-modal interactions of tactile stimulation on visual working memory and to identify possible neuronal correlates by using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). During fMRI, participants (n = 12 females, n = 12 males) performed a verbal n-back task (0-back and 2-back tasks) while tactile pressure to the left thumbnail was delivered. Participants presented significantly lower behavioral performances (increased error rates, and reaction times) during the 2-back task as compared to the 0-back task. Task performance was independent of pressure in both tasks. This means that working memory performance was not impacted by a low salient tactile stimulus. Also in the fMRI data, no significant interactions of n-back x pressure were observed. In conclusion, the current study found no influence of tactile pressure on task-related brain activity during n-back (0-back and 2-back) tasks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahboobeh Dehghan Nayyeri
- Medical Faculty and Institute of Clinical Radiology, University Hospital Muenster, Muenster, Germany
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, LVR Clinic, Medical Faculty of the Heinrich-Heine-University Duesseldorf, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Markus Burgmer
- Department of Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Bettina Pfleiderer
- Medical Faculty and Institute of Clinical Radiology, University Hospital Muenster, Muenster, Germany
- * E-mail:
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167
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Firat RB. Opening the "Black Box": Functions of the Frontal Lobes and Their Implications for Sociology. FRONTIERS IN SOCIOLOGY 2019; 4:3. [PMID: 33869331 PMCID: PMC8022643 DOI: 10.3389/fsoc.2019.00003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Previous research has provided theoretical frameworks for building inter-disciplinary bridges between sociology and the neurosciences; yet, more anatomically, or functionally focused perspectives offering detailed information to sociologists are largely missing from the literature. This manuscript addresses this gap by offering a comprehensive review of the functions of the frontal lobes, arguably the most important brain region involved in various "human" skills ranging from abstract thinking to language. The paper proposes that the functions of the frontal lobe sub-regions can be divided into three inter-related hierarchical systems with varying degrees of causal proximity in regulating human behavior and social connectedness: (a) the most proximate, voluntary, controlled behavior-including motor functions underlying action-perception and mirror neurons, (b) more abstract motivation and emotional regulation-such as Theory of Mind and empathy, and (c) the higher-order executive functioning-e.g., inhibition of racial bias. The paper offers insights from the social neuroscience literature on phenomena that lie at the core of social theory and research including moral cognition and behavior, and empathy and inter-group attitudes and provides future research questions for interdisciplinary research.
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168
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169
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Zhang S, Liu P, Feng T. To do it now or later: The cognitive mechanisms and neural substrates underlying procrastination. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS. COGNITIVE SCIENCE 2019; 10:e1492. [PMID: 30638308 DOI: 10.1002/wcs.1492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2018] [Revised: 12/09/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Procrastination, the voluntary and irrational delay of an intended course of action, has troubled individuals and society extensively. Various studies have been conducted to explain why people procrastinate and to explore the neural substrates of procrastination. First, research has identified many contributing factors to procrastination. Specifically, task aversiveness, future incentives, and time delay of these incentives have been confirmed as three prominent task characteristics that affect procrastination. On the other hand, self-control and impulsivity have been identified as two most predictive traits of procrastination. After identifying contributing factors, two important theories proposed to explain procrastination by integrating these factors are reviewed. Specifically, an emotion-regulation perspective regards procrastination as a form of self-regulation failure that reflects giving priority to short-term mood repair over achieving long-term goals. However, temporal motivation theory explains why people's motivation to act increases when time approaches a deadline with time discounting effect. To further specify the cognitive mechanism underlying procrastination, this study proposes a novel theoretical model which clarifies how the motivation to act and the motivation to avoid vary differently when delaying a task, explaining why people decide not to act now but are willing to act in the future. Of note, few recent studies have investigated neural correlates of procrastination. Specifically, it was revealed that individual differences in procrastination are correlated with structural abnormalities and altered spontaneous metabolism in the parahippocampal cortex and the prefrontal cortex, which might contribute to procrastination through episodic future thinking or memory and emotion regulation, respectively. This article is categorized under: Economics > Individual Decision Making Psychology > Theory and Methods Psychology > Emotion and Motivation Psychology > Reasoning and Decision Making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunmin Zhang
- Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Peiwei Liu
- Department of Psychology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Tingyong Feng
- Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China.,Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality, Ministry of Education, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
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170
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Immediate versus delayed control demands elicit distinct mechanisms for instantiating proactive control. COGNITIVE AFFECTIVE & BEHAVIORAL NEUROSCIENCE 2019; 19:910-926. [PMID: 30607833 DOI: 10.3758/s13415-018-00684-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Cognitive control is critical for dynamically guiding goal-directed behavior, particularly when applying preparatory, or proactive, control processes. However, it is unknown how proactive control is modulated by timing demands. This study investigated how timing demands may instantiate distinct neural processes and contribute to the use of different types of proactive control. In two experiments, healthy young adults performed the AX-Continuous Performance Task (AX-CPT) or Dot Pattern Expectancy (DPX) task. The delay between informative cue and test probe was manipulated by block to be short (1s) or long (~3s). We hypothesized that short cue-probe delays would rely more on a rapid goal updating process (akin to task-switching), whereas long cue-probe delays would utilize more of an active maintenance process (akin to working memory). Short delay lengths were associated with specific impairments in rare probe accuracy. EEG responses to control-demanding cues revealed delay-specific neural signatures, which replicated across studies. In the short delay condition, EEG activities associated with task-switching were specifically enhanced, including increased early anterior positivity ERP amplitude (accompanying greater mid-frontal theta power) and a larger late differential switch positivity. In the long delay condition, we observed study-specific sustained increases in ERP amplitude following control-demanding cues, which may be suggestive of active maintenance. Collectively, these findings suggest that timing demands may instantiate distinct proactive control processes. These findings suggest a reevaluation of AX-CPT and DPX as pure assessments of working memory and highlight the need to understand how presumably benign task parameters, such as cue-probe delay length, significantly alter cognitive control.
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171
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Schroder E, Dousset C, Noel X, Kornreich C, Campanella S. Increased Neural Activity in Hazardous Drinkers During High Workload in a Visual Working Memory Task: A Preliminary Assessment Through Event-Related Potentials. Front Psychiatry 2019; 10:248. [PMID: 31057442 PMCID: PMC6482249 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2018] [Accepted: 04/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite equated behavioral performance levels, hazardous drinkers generally exhibited increased neural activity while performing simple cognitive tasks compared to light drinkers. Here, 49 participants (25 hazardous and 24 light drinkers) participated in an event-related potentials (ERPs) study while performing an n-back working memory task. In the control zero-back (N0) condition, the subjects were required to press a button when the number "2" or "6" was displayed. In the two-back and three-back (N2; N3) conditions, the subjects had to press a button when the displayed number was identical to the number shown two/three trials earlier. To assess for the impact of alcohol consumption on the updating of working memory processes under various cognitive loads, difference waveforms of "N2 minus N0" and "N3 minus N0" were computed by subtracting waveforms in the N0 condition from waveforms in the N2 and N3 conditions, for the light and the hazardous drinkers. Three main ERP components were noted for both groups: a P200/N200 complex, a P300 component, and an N400/P600 activity. The results show that, to perform the task at the same level as the light drinkers, the hazardous drinkers exhibited larger amplitude differences, mainly around the P300 and P600 components. These data may be considered, at the preventive level, as vulnerability factors for developing adult substance use disorders, and they stress the importance, at a clinical level, to consider such working memory processes in the management of alcohol dependence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Schroder
- Laboratoire de Psychologie Médicale et d'Addictologie, ULB Neuroscience Institute (UNI), CHU Brugmann-Université Libre de Bruxelles (U.L.B.), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Clémence Dousset
- Laboratoire de Psychologie Médicale et d'Addictologie, ULB Neuroscience Institute (UNI), CHU Brugmann-Université Libre de Bruxelles (U.L.B.), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Xavier Noel
- Laboratoire de Psychologie Médicale et d'Addictologie, ULB Neuroscience Institute (UNI), CHU Brugmann-Université Libre de Bruxelles (U.L.B.), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Charles Kornreich
- Laboratoire de Psychologie Médicale et d'Addictologie, ULB Neuroscience Institute (UNI), CHU Brugmann-Université Libre de Bruxelles (U.L.B.), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Salvatore Campanella
- Laboratoire de Psychologie Médicale et d'Addictologie, ULB Neuroscience Institute (UNI), CHU Brugmann-Université Libre de Bruxelles (U.L.B.), Brussels, Belgium
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172
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Carver FW, Rubinstein DY, Gerlich AH, Fradkin SI, Holroyd T, Coppola R. Prefrontal high gamma during a magnetoencephalographic working memory task. Hum Brain Mapp 2018; 40:1774-1785. [PMID: 30556224 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.24489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Revised: 11/09/2018] [Accepted: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In human electrophysiology research, the high gamma part of the power spectrum (~>60 Hz) is a relatively new area of investigation. Despite a low signal-to-noise ratio, evidence exists that it contains significant information about activity in local cortical networks. Here, using magnetoencephalography (MEG), we found high gamma activity when comparing data from an n-back working memory task to resting data in a large sample of normal volunteers. Initial analysis of power spectra from 0-back, 2-back, and rest trials showed three frequency bands exhibiting task-related differences: alpha, beta, and high gamma. Unlike alpha and beta, the high gamma spectrum was broad, without a peak at a single frequency. In addition, power in high gamma was highest for the 2-back and lowest during rest, while the opposite pattern occurred in the other bands. Beamformer source localization of each of the three frequency bands revealed a distinct set of sources for high gamma. These included several regions of prefrontal cortex that exhibited greater power when both n-back conditions were compared to rest. A subset of these regions had more power when the 2-back was compared to 0-back, which indicates a role in working memory performance. Our results show that high gamma will be important for understanding cortical processing during cognitive and other tasks. Furthermore, data from human intracortical recordings suggest that high gamma is the aggregate of spiking in local cortical networks, which implies that MEG could serve to bridge experimental modalities by noninvasively observing task-related modulation of spiking rates.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dani Y Rubinstein
- Clinical and Translational Neuroscience Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Alan H Gerlich
- MEG Core Facility, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | | | - Tom Holroyd
- MEG Core Facility, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Richard Coppola
- MEG Core Facility, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland.,Clinical and Translational Neuroscience Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, Maryland
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173
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Curtis AF, Roth AJ, Sears SF, Conti JB, Berry RB, Dzierzewski JM, Rathinakumar H, McCrae CS. Cognitive performance in patients with implantable cardioverter defibrillators: Associations with objective sleep duration, age and anxiety. J Sleep Res 2018; 28:e12810. [PMID: 30549143 DOI: 10.1111/jsr.12810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Revised: 11/12/2018] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Sleep disturbance and anxiety are highly prevalent in patients with implantable cardiac defibrillators (ICDs). There is limited research, however, on the associations between cognitive performance and sleep parameters, age and anxiety. Forty-one patients with ICDs and self-reported sleep disturbance completed 14 days of actigraphy (Mage = 60.3, SD = 12.3) measuring total sleep time (TST), and a computerized cognitive test battery measuring processing speed and attention (i.e. simple reaction time and symbol digit modality task [SDMT]) and executive function (i.e. flanker task, letter series task and N-back task). Multiple regressions determined whether independent effects of TST, age and anxiety, as well as interactive effects of TST and age, predicted cognitive performance. TST predicted performance on two tasks of executive function (i.e. letter series and N-back task), as well as an attentional vigilance and processing speed task (i.e. SDMT), and this did not depend on patient age. On letter series, N-back and SDMT, longer TST predicted better performance. Increasing age was a predictor of worse performance on SDMT and flanker tasks. No other predictors were associated with task performance. Results show that sleep duration, not anxiety, may be an important predictor of higher-order cognitive functioning and lower-order tasks measuring processing speed and attention in ICD patients, with longer sleep duration showing greater benefit for performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley F Curtis
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Alicia J Roth
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Samuel F Sears
- Departments of Psychology and Cardiovascular Sciences, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina
| | - Jamie B Conti
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Richard B Berry
- College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
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174
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Thurm F, Zink N, Li SC. Comparing Effects of Reward Anticipation on Working Memory in Younger and Older Adults. Front Psychol 2018; 9:2318. [PMID: 30546333 PMCID: PMC6279849 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.02318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Goal-directed behavior requires sufficient resource allocation of cognitive control processes, such as the ability to prioritize relevant over less relevant information in working memory. Findings from neural recordings in animals and human multimodal imaging studies suggest that reward incentive mechanisms could facilitate the encoding and updating of context representations, which can have beneficial effects on working memory performance in young adults. In order to investigate whether these performance enhancing effects of reward on working memory processes are still preserved in old age, the current study aimed to investigate whether aging alters the effects of reward anticipation on the encoding and updating mechanisms in working memory processing. Therefore, a reward modulated verbal n-back task with age-adjusted memory load manipulation was developed to investigate reward modulation of working memory in younger (age 20-27) and older (age 65-78) adults. Our results suggest that the mechanism of reward anticipation in enhancing the encoding and updating of stimulus representations in working memory is still preserved in old age. EZ-diffusion modeling showed age distinct patterns of reward modulation of model parameters that correspond to different processes of memory-dependent decision making. Whereas processes of memory evidence accumulation and sensorimotor speed benefited from reward modulation, responses did not become more cautious with incentive motivation for older adults as it was observed in younger adults. Furthermore, individual differences in reward-related enhancement of decision speed correlated with cognitive processing fluctuation and memory storage capacity in younger adults, but no such relations were observed in older adults. These findings indicate that although beneficial effects of reward modulation on working memory can still be observed in old age, not all performance aspects are facilitated. Whereas reward facilitation of content representations in working memory seems to be relatively preserved, aging seems to affect the updating of reward contexts. Future research is needed to elucidate potential mechanisms for motivational regulation of the plasticity of working memory in old age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franka Thurm
- Chair of Lifespan Developmental Neuroscience, Faculty of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Nicolas Zink
- Chair of Cognitive Neurophysiology, Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Shu-Chen Li
- Chair of Lifespan Developmental Neuroscience, Faculty of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
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175
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The Relationship of Motivation and Neurocognition with Functionality in Schizophrenia: A Meta-analytic Review. Community Ment Health J 2018; 54:1019-1049. [PMID: 29605875 DOI: 10.1007/s10597-018-0266-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2016] [Accepted: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The role that neurocognition plays in functionality in schizophrenia has been widely examined, although in recent years increasing attention has been paid to the influence of motivation instead. This study provides a review of the relationship of neurocognition and motivation with functionality in schizophrenia, taking into account objective/subjective functionality assessment, demographic variables, and the different terms used when referring to motivation. A search of electronic databases identified 34 studies that met the inclusion criteria for review. Correlation coefficients between motivation and functionality and between neurocognition and functionality were extracted. For a better understanding, potential moderator variables were also extracted. Meta-analysis showed that both motivation and neurocognition assessments were strongly associated with functioning, with correlations between motivation and functional outcomes being stronger. However, more than three-quarters of the variance in outcome remained unexplained by the moderating factors examined. The paper concludes with recommendations for clinical practice and future research.
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176
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McKay NJ, Belous IV, Temple JL. Increasing water intake influences hunger and food preference, but does not reliably suppress energy intake in adults. Physiol Behav 2018; 194:15-22. [PMID: 29678599 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2018.04.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2018] [Revised: 04/14/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Increasing water intake is often purported to reduce energy intake, and is recommended as a weight loss strategy. The few experimental studies that have been conducted to verify these claims have examined the impact of a single pre-load of water before a meal. Although correlational data indicate a relationship between hydration, energy intake, and weight status, there is very little experimental research in this area. The current studies examined the hypothesis that elevated hydration, through increased water intake, would suppress energy intake. In Experiment 1, participants (n = 49) were asked to consume either one, two, or three 500 ml bottles of water throughout the morning before a lunch buffet in the laboratory. When participants categorized as normal weight drank three bottles of water they consumed less energy at lunch, but there was no effect on participants categorized as overweight or obese. In addition, increased water intake suppressed liking of food items in all participants and hunger in females. A follow-up study (n = 45) was conducted to test if four bottles of water throughout the morning would result in a similar energy suppression in participants categorized as overweight or obese. Surprisingly, in the second experiment, there was no effect of water intake on energy intake at lunch in any of the conditions. There was, however, a similar suppression of hunger and food liking. In conclusion, increasing water intake throughout the morning only suppressed energy intake in individuals categorized as normal weight under certain circumstances, and had no effect on individuals categorized as overweight/obese.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naomi J McKay
- State University of New York College at Buffalo, Department of Psychology, C314 Classroom Building, Buffalo, NY 14222, USA.
| | - Ilona V Belous
- The State University of New York at Buffalo, Department of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, 211 Kimball Tower, Buffalo, NY 14214, USA
| | - Jennifer L Temple
- The State University of New York at Buffalo, Department of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, 211 Kimball Tower, Buffalo, NY 14214, USA
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177
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Semantic composition of sentences word by word: MEG evidence for shared processing of conceptual and logical elements. Neuropsychologia 2018; 119:392-404. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2018.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2018] [Revised: 08/17/2018] [Accepted: 08/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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178
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Geometric classification of brain network dynamics via conic derivative discriminants. J Neurosci Methods 2018; 308:88-105. [PMID: 29966600 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2018.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2017] [Revised: 06/22/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Over the past decade, pattern decoding techniques have granted neuroscientists improved anatomical specificity in mapping neural representations associated with function and cognition. Dynamical patterns are of particular interest, as evidenced by the proliferation and success of frequency domain methods that reveal structured spatiotemporal rhythmic brain activity. One drawback of such approaches, however, is the need to estimate spectral power, which limits the temporal resolution of classification. NEW METHOD We propose an alternative method that enables classification of dynamical patterns with high temporal fidelity. The key feature of the method is a conversion of time-series data into temporal derivatives. By doing so, dynamically-coded information may be revealed in terms of geometric patterns in the phase space of the derivative signal. RESULTS We derive a geometric classifier for this problem which simplifies into a straightforward calculation in terms of covariances. We demonstrate the relative advantages and disadvantages of the technique with simulated data and benchmark its performance with an EEG dataset of covert spatial attention. We reveal the timecourse of covert spatial attention and, by mapping the classifier weights anatomically, its retinotopic organization. COMPARISON WITH EXISTING METHOD We especially highlight the ability of the method to provide strong group-level classification performance compared to existing benchmarks, while providing information that is complementary with classical spectral-based techniques. The robustness and sensitivity of the method to noise is also examined relative to spectral-based techniques. CONCLUSION The proposed classification technique enables decoding of dynamic patterns with high temporal resolution, performs favorably to benchmark methods, and facilitates anatomical inference.
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Sato J, Mossad SI, Wong SM, Hunt BAE, Dunkley BT, Smith ML, Urbain C, Taylor MJ. Alpha keeps it together: Alpha oscillatory synchrony underlies working memory maintenance in young children. Dev Cogn Neurosci 2018; 34:114-123. [PMID: 30336447 PMCID: PMC6969306 DOI: 10.1016/j.dcn.2018.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2018] [Revised: 06/15/2018] [Accepted: 09/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated brain networks underlying working memory maintenance in children. Higher alpha phase synchrony was found for correct compared to incorrect responses. Working memory maintenance was associated with dominant fronto-temporal connections. Maintenance-related network included the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. Our results implicate sustained alpha phase synchrony with successful performance.
Working Memory (WM) supports a wide range of cognitive functions, and is positively associated with academic achievement. Although fMRI studies have revealed WM networks in adults, little is known about how these networks develop to support successful WM performance in children. Using magnetoencephalography, we examined the networks underlying the maintenance of visual information in 6-year-old children. We observed an increase in mean whole-brain connectivity that was specific to the alpha frequency band during the retention interval associated with correct compared to incorrect responses. Additionally, our network analysis revealed elevated alpha synchronization during WM maintenance in a distributed network of frontal, parietal and temporal regions. Central hubs in the network were lateralized to the left hemisphere with dominant fronto-temporal connections, including the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, middle temporal and superior temporal gyri, as well as other canonical language areas. Local changes in power were also analysed for seeds of interest, including the left inferior parietal lobe, which revealed an increase in alpha power after stimulus onset that was sustained throughout the retention period of WM. Our results therefore implicate sustained fronto-temporal alpha synchrony during the retention interval with subsequent successful WM responses in children, which may be aided by subvocal rehearsal strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Sato
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada; Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada; Neuroscience & Mental Health Program, The Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, Canada.
| | - Sarah I Mossad
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada; Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada; Neuroscience & Mental Health Program, The Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, Canada
| | - Simeon M Wong
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada; Neuroscience & Mental Health Program, The Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, Canada
| | - Benjamin A E Hunt
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada; Neuroscience & Mental Health Program, The Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, Canada
| | - Benjamin T Dunkley
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada; Neuroscience & Mental Health Program, The Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, Canada; Department of Medical Imaging, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Mary Lou Smith
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada; Neuroscience & Mental Health Program, The Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, Canada; Department of Psychology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | - Charline Urbain
- UR2NF-Neuropsychology and Functional Neuroimaging Research Group at Center for Research in Cognition and Neurosciences (CRCN) and ULB Neurosciences Institute (UNI), Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Margot J Taylor
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada; Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada; Neuroscience & Mental Health Program, The Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, Canada; Department of Medical Imaging, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
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180
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Mahedy L, Field M, Gage S, Hammerton G, Heron J, Hickman M, Munafò MR. Alcohol Use in Adolescence and Later Working Memory: Findings From a Large Population-Based Birth Cohort. Alcohol Alcohol 2018; 53:251-258. [PMID: 29329371 PMCID: PMC5913665 DOI: 10.1093/alcalc/agx113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2017] [Accepted: 12/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims The study aimed to examine the association between adolescent alcohol use and working memory (WM) using a large population sample. Methods Data from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children were used to investigate the association between alcohol use at age 15 years and WM 3 years later, assessed using the N-back task (N ~ 3300). A three-category ordinal variable captured mutually exclusive alcohol groupings ranging in order of severity (i.e. low alcohol users, frequent drinkers and frequent/binge drinkers). Differential dropout was accounted for using multiple imputation and inverse probability weighting. Adjustment was made for potential confounders. Results There was evidence of an association between frequent/binge drinking (compared to the low alcohol group) and poorer performance on the 3-back task after adjusting for sociodemographic confounding variables, WM at age 11 years, and experience of a head injury/unconsciousness before age 11 years (β = −0.23, 95% CI = −0.37 to −0.09, P = 0.001). However, this association was attenuated (β = −0.12, 95% CI = −0.27 to 0.03, P = 0.11) when further adjusted for baseline measures of weekly cigarette tobacco and cannabis use. Weaker associations were found for the less demanding 2-back task. We found no evidence to suggest frequent drinking was associated with performance on either task. Conclusions We found weak evidence of an association between sustained heavy alcohol use in mid-adolescence and impaired WM 3 years later. Although we cannot fully rule out the possibility of reverse causation, several potential confounding variables were included to address the directionality of the relationship between WM and alcohol use problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liam Mahedy
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Oakfield Grove, Bristol BS8 2BN, UK
| | - Matt Field
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Bedford Street South, Liverpool L69 7ZA, UK.,UK Centre for Tobacco and Alcohol Studies, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Suzanne Gage
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Bedford Street South, Liverpool L69 7ZA, UK
| | - Gemma Hammerton
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Oakfield Grove, Bristol BS8 2BN, UK
| | - Jon Heron
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Oakfield Grove, Bristol BS8 2BN, UK
| | - Matt Hickman
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Oakfield Grove, Bristol BS8 2BN, UK
| | - Marcus R Munafò
- School of Experimental Psychology, University of Bristol, Priory Road, Bristol, BS8 1TU, UK.,MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit (IEU), University of Bristol, Oakfield Grove, Bristol BS8 2BN, UK.,UK Centre for Tobacco and Alcohol Studies, School of Experimental Psychology, University of Bristol, Priory Road, Bristol BS8 ITU, UK
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181
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Pliatsikas C, Veríssimo J, Babcock L, Pullman MY, Glei DA, Weinstein M, Goldman N, Ullman MT. Working memory in older adults declines with age, but is modulated by sex and education. Q J Exp Psychol (Hove) 2018; 72:1308-1327. [DOI: 10.1177/1747021818791994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Working memory (WM), which underlies the temporary storage and manipulation of information, is critical for multiple aspects of cognition and everyday life. Nevertheless, research examining WM specifically in older adults remains limited, despite the global rapid increase in human life expectancy. We examined WM in a large sample ( N = 754) of healthy older adults (aged 58-89) in a non-Western population (Chinese speakers) in Taiwan, on a digit n-back task. We tested not only the influence of age itself and of load (1-back vs. 2-back) but also the effects of both sex and education, which have been shown to modulate WM abilities. Mixed-effects regression revealed that, within older adulthood, age negatively impacted WM abilities (with linear, not nonlinear, effects), as did load (worse performance at 2-back). In contrast, education level was positively associated with WM. Moreover, both age and education interacted with sex. With increasing age, males showed a steeper WM decline than females; with increasing education, females showed greater WM gains than males. Together with other findings, the evidence suggests that age, sex, and education all impact WM in older adults, but interact in particular ways. The results have both basic research and translational implications and are consistent with particular benefits from increased education for women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christos Pliatsikas
- School of Psychology and Clinical Language Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, UK
| | - João Veríssimo
- Potsdam Research Institute for Multilingualism, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Laura Babcock
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden
| | | | - Dana A Glei
- Center for Population and Health, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Maxine Weinstein
- Center for Population and Health, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Noreen Goldman
- Office of Population Research, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Michael T Ullman
- Department of Neuroscience, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA
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182
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Dumas JA, Makarewicz JA, Bunn J, Nickerson J, McGee E. Dopamine-dependent cognitive processes after menopause: the relationship between COMT genotype, estradiol, and working memory. Neurobiol Aging 2018; 72:53-61. [PMID: 30212711 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2018.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2017] [Revised: 08/07/2018] [Accepted: 08/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The present study examined how a gene related to functioning of the dopaminergic system, catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT), and estradiol were related to brain functioning in healthy postmenopausal women. Participants were 118 healthy, cognitively normal postmenopausal women between the ages of 50-60 years. All women provided a blood sample for COMT and estradiol analyses and underwent a magnetic resonance imaging scan. Working memory performance and related brain activation were measured with BOLD functional magnetic resonance imaging during the N-back task. Results were examined across each COMT genotype and a median split was performed on the circulating estradiol levels to create high and low estradiol groups for each genotype. COMT genotype and estradiol level were hypothesized to be proxy measures for brain dopamine levels with the Met/Met and high estradiol group having the most dopamine and Val/Val and low estradiol group having the least dopamine. The functional magnetic resonance imaging results showed that the N-back task activated the expected bilateral frontal and bilateral parietal working memory network. However, no main effects of COMT genotype or estradiol group were found. There was COMT-estradiol interaction found in a small area of decreased activation in the right precentral gyrus (Brodmann Area 6) that was related to the increasing hypothesized dopamine level. Specifically, women with a Met/Met genotype in the high estradiol group had the least activation in this frontal lobe working memory region. Women with a Val/Val genotype in the low estradiol group had greater activation in this region relative to the other groups. Performance on the N-back task did not show any group differences. These data indicate that after menopause COMT genotype and potentially the menopause-related changes to the dopaminergic system are not related to cognition. Future studies should examine how the relationship between COMT, estradiol, and cognition around the menopause transition as there appear to be differences in this relationship for premenopausal and postmenopausal women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie A Dumas
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Vermont Robert Larner, M.D. College of Medicine, Burlington, VT.
| | - Jenna A Makarewicz
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Vermont Robert Larner, M.D. College of Medicine, Burlington, VT
| | - Janice Bunn
- Department of Medical Biostatistics, University of Vermont Robert Larner, M.D. College of Medicine, Burlington, VT
| | - Joshua Nickerson
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, School of Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR
| | - Elizabeth McGee
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, University of Vermont Robert Larner, M.D. College of Medicine, Burlington, VT
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183
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Ding Y, Gray K, Forrence A, Wang X, Huang J. A behavioral study on tonal working memory in musicians and non-musicians. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0201765. [PMID: 30071003 PMCID: PMC6084024 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0201765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2018] [Accepted: 07/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Tonal working memory (WM) refers to the maintenance and the online manipulation of tonal information and has been suggested to involve different mechanisms than verbal WM. Previous research has suggested that verbal WM performance is determined by the duration instead of the number of verbal materials. We investigated in the present study to what degree that the number and the duration of notes in a sequence influence the tonal WM in participants with or without professional musical training. The forward tonal discrimination task in Experiment 1 tested the maintenance of the tonal information and the backward N-back tonal task in Experiment 2 probed the running memory span of tonal information. Results show that the number of notes, but not the duration of notes in a tone sequence significantly affects tonal WM performance for both musicians and non-musicians. In addition, within a minimum musical context, musicians outperformed non-musicians in the N-back tonal task but not the forward tone sequence discrimination task. These findings indicate that the capacity of tonal WM is determined by the number of notes but not the duration of notes in a sequence to be memorized, suggesting a different mechanism underlying tonal WM from verbal WM. Furthermore, the present study demonstrated that N-back tonal task is a quantitative and sensitive measure of the effect of musical training on tonal WM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Ding
- Laboratory of Brain and Intelligence and Department of Biomedical
Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Kathleen Gray
- Peabody Institute, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United
States of America
| | - Alexander Forrence
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University,
Baltimore, MD, United States of America
| | - Xiaoqin Wang
- Laboratory of Brain and Intelligence and Department of Biomedical
Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, P.R. China
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University,
Baltimore, MD, United States of America
| | - Juan Huang
- Peabody Institute, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United
States of America
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University,
Baltimore, MD, United States of America
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184
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Pan Y, Tan Z, Gao Z, Li Y, Wang L. Neural Activity Is Dynamically Modulated by Memory Load During the Maintenance of Spatial Objects. Front Psychol 2018; 9:1071. [PMID: 30018577 PMCID: PMC6037890 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2018] [Accepted: 06/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Visuospatial working memory (WM) is a fundamental but severely limited ability to temporarily remember selected stimuli. Several studies have investigated the underlying neural mechanisms of maintaining various visuospatial stimuli simultaneously (i.e., WM load, the number of representations that need to be maintained in WM). However, two confounding factors, namely verbal representation and encoding load (the number of items that need to be encoded into WM), have not been well controlled in previous studies. In this study, we developed a novel delayed-match-to-sample task (DMST) controlling for these two confounding factors and recorded scalp EEG signals during the task. We found that behavioral performance deteriorated severely as memory load increased. Neural activity was modulated by WM load in a dynamic manner. Specifically, higher memory load induced stronger amplitude in occipital and central channel-clusters during the early delay period, while the inverse trend was observed in central and frontal channel-clusters during late delay. In addition, the same inverse memory load effect, that was lower memory load induced stronger amplitude, was observed in occipital channel-cluster alpha power during late delay. Finally, significant correlations between neural activity and individual reaction time showed a role of late-delay central and frontal channel-cluster amplitude in predicting behavioral performance. Because the occipital cortex is important for visual information maintenance, the decrease in alpha oscillation was consistent with the cognitive role that is “gating by inhibition.” Together, our results from a well-controlled DMST suggest that WM load not exerted constant but dynamic effect on neural activity during maintenance of visuospatial objects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yali Pan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Beijing, China.,Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zheng Tan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Beijing, China.,Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhiyao Gao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Beijing, China.,Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yanyan Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Beijing, China
| | - Liang Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Beijing, China.,Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Shanghai, China
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185
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Sato M, Shoji Y, Morita K, Kato Y, Ishii Y, Nakano S, Uchimura N. Comparison of changes in the oxygenated hemoglobin level during a 'modified rock-paper-scissors task' between healthy subjects and patients with schizophrenia. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2018; 72:490-501. [PMID: 29582515 DOI: 10.1111/pcn.12653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2017] [Revised: 02/21/2018] [Accepted: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
AIM The purpose of this study, using single-event-related near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS), was to examine the psychophysiological and social function assessment of 30 schizophrenic patients during a modified rock-paper-scissors task. METHODS We set up a screen in front of the subjects, on which pictures of hand-gestures for rock, paper, and scissors were randomly presented. Subjects were asked to give verbal answers under the conditions of win, lose, and draw, respectively. Using the 44-channel NIRS system, we evaluated the maximum amplitude of oxygenated hemoglobin, latency, and the area based on the arithmetic mean of resulting values after the task between 30 outpatients with schizophrenia and 30 healthy subjects, and analyzed the frontal pole area, dorsolateral prefrontal region, and parietal association area as regions of interest (ROI). RESULTS In schizophrenic patients, oxygenated hemoglobin changes (Δoxy-Hb) when losing the task showed a significantly lower level of Δoxy-Hb in ROI than controls. In addition, a significant positive correlation was observed between the Global Assessment of Functioning Scale and Δoxy-Hb in ROI, and a significant negative correlation was observed between the Negative Syndrome scale of the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale and Δoxy-Hb in ROI. CONCLUSION From these results, we conclude that Δoxy-Hb levels when performing the modified rock-paper-scissors task assessed using NIRS may be a useful psychophysiological marker to evaluate the cognitive and social functions of schizophrenic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mamoru Sato
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan.,Cognitive and Molecular Research Institute of Brain Diseases, Kurume University, Kurume, Japan
| | - Yoshihisa Shoji
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan.,Cognitive and Molecular Research Institute of Brain Diseases, Kurume University, Kurume, Japan
| | - Kiichiro Morita
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan.,Cognitive and Molecular Research Institute of Brain Diseases, Kurume University, Kurume, Japan
| | - Yusuke Kato
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan.,Cognitive and Molecular Research Institute of Brain Diseases, Kurume University, Kurume, Japan
| | - Youhei Ishii
- Cognitive and Molecular Research Institute of Brain Diseases, Kurume University, Kurume, Japan
| | - Shinya Nakano
- Cognitive and Molecular Research Institute of Brain Diseases, Kurume University, Kurume, Japan
| | - Naohisa Uchimura
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan.,Cognitive and Molecular Research Institute of Brain Diseases, Kurume University, Kurume, Japan
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186
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Cai Y, Urgolites Z, Wood J, Chen C, Li S, Chen A, Xue G. Distinct neural substrates for visual short-term memory of actions. Hum Brain Mapp 2018; 39:4119-4133. [PMID: 29947094 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.24236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2018] [Revised: 04/23/2018] [Accepted: 05/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Fundamental theories of human cognition have long posited that the short-term maintenance of actions is supported by one of the "core knowledge" systems of human visual cognition, yet its neural substrates are still not well understood. In particular, it is unclear whether the visual short-term memory (VSTM) of actions has distinct neural substrates or, as proposed by the spatio-object architecture of VSTM, shares them with VSTM of objects and spatial locations. In two experiments, we tested these two competing hypotheses by directly contrasting the neural substrates for VSTM of actions with those for objects and locations. Our results showed that the bilateral middle temporal cortex (MT) was specifically involved in VSTM of actions because its activation and its functional connectivity with the frontal-parietal network (FPN) were only modulated by the memory load of actions, but not by that of objects/agents or locations. Moreover, the brain regions involved in the maintenance of spatial location information (i.e., superior parietal lobule, SPL) was also recruited during the maintenance of actions, consistent with the temporal-spatial nature of actions. Meanwhile, the frontoparietal network (FPN) was commonly involved in all types of VSTM and showed flexible functional connectivity with the domain-specific regions, depending on the current working memory tasks. Together, our results provide clear evidence for a distinct neural system for maintaining actions in VSTM, which supports the core knowledge system theory and the domain-specific and domain-general architectures of VSTM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning & IDG/McGovern Institute of Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, People's Republic of China.,Center for Collaboration and Innovation in Brain and Learning Sciences Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhisen Urgolites
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego La Jolla, California, 92093
| | - Justin Wood
- Department of Psychology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, 90089
| | - Chuansheng Chen
- Department of Psychology and Social Behavior University of California, Irvine, California, 92697
| | - Siyao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning & IDG/McGovern Institute of Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, People's Republic of China.,Center for Collaboration and Innovation in Brain and Learning Sciences Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, People's Republic of China
| | - Antao Chen
- School of Psychology, Southeast University, Chongqing, 400700, People's Republic of China
| | - Gui Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning & IDG/McGovern Institute of Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, People's Republic of China.,Center for Collaboration and Innovation in Brain and Learning Sciences Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, People's Republic of China
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187
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Yang LC, Ren P, Ma YY. Anodal Transcranial Direct-Current Stimulation Over the Right Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex Influences Emotional Face Perception. Neurosci Bull 2018; 34:842-848. [PMID: 29948842 PMCID: PMC6129235 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-018-0242-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2017] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) is considered to play a crucial role in many high-level functions, such as cognitive control and emotional regulation. Many studies have reported that the DLPFC can be activated during the processing of emotional information in tasks requiring working memory. However, it is still not clear whether modulating the activity of the DLPFC influences emotional perception in a detection task. In the present study, using transcranial direct-current stimulation (tDCS), we investigated (1) whether modulating the right DLPFC influences emotional face processing in a detection task, and (2) whether the DLPFC plays equal roles in processing positive and negative emotional faces. The results showed that anodal tDCS over the right DLPFC specifically facilitated the perception of positive faces, but did not influence the processing of negative faces. In addition, anodal tDCS over the right primary visual cortex enhanced performance in the detection task regardless of emotional valence. Our findings suggest, for the first time, that modulating the right DLPFC influences emotional face perception, especially faces showing positive emotion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Chuan Yang
- Laboratory of Brain and Cognition, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650223, China.,University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Ping Ren
- Laboratory of Brain and Cognition, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650223, China.,School of Nursing, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA
| | - Yuan-Ye Ma
- Laboratory of Brain and Cognition, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650223, China. .,State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognition, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.
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188
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Keshmiri S, Sumioka H, Yamazaki R, Ishiguro H. Differential Entropy Preserves Variational Information of Near-Infrared Spectroscopy Time Series Associated With Working Memory. Front Neuroinform 2018; 12:33. [PMID: 29922144 PMCID: PMC5996097 DOI: 10.3389/fninf.2018.00033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroscience research shows a growing interest in the application of Near-Infrared Spectroscopy (NIRS) in analysis and decoding of the brain activity of human subjects. Given the correlation that is observed between the Blood Oxygen Dependent Level (BOLD) responses that are exhibited by the time series data of functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) and the hemoglobin oxy/deoxy-genation that is captured by NIRS, linear models play a central role in these applications. This, in turn, results in adaptation of the feature extraction strategies that are well-suited for discretization of data that exhibit a high degree of linearity, namely, slope and the mean as well as their combination, to summarize the informational contents of the NIRS time series. In this article, we demonstrate that these features are inefficient in capturing the variational information of NIRS data, limiting the reliability and the adequacy of the conclusion on their results. Alternatively, we propose the linear estimate of differential entropy of these time series as a natural representation of such information. We provide evidence for our claim through comparative analysis of the application of these features on NIRS data pertinent to several working memory tasks as well as naturalistic conversational stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soheil Keshmiri
- Hiroshi Ishiguro Laboratories, Advanced Telecommunications Research Institute International, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hidenubo Sumioka
- Hiroshi Ishiguro Laboratories, Advanced Telecommunications Research Institute International, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Ryuji Yamazaki
- School of Social Sciences, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Ishiguro
- Hiroshi Ishiguro Laboratories, Advanced Telecommunications Research Institute International, Kyoto, Japan
- Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
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189
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Load matters: neural correlates of verbal working memory in children with autism spectrum disorder. J Neurodev Disord 2018; 10:19. [PMID: 29859034 PMCID: PMC5984739 DOI: 10.1186/s11689-018-9236-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2017] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a pervasive neurodevelopmental disorder characterised by diminished social reciprocity and communication skills and the presence of stereotyped and restricted behaviours. Executive functioning deficits, such as working memory, are associated with core ASD symptoms. Working memory allows for temporary storage and manipulation of information and relies heavily on frontal-parietal networks of the brain. There are few reports on the neural correlates of working memory in youth with ASD. The current study identified the neural systems underlying verbal working memory capacity in youth with and without ASD using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Methods Fifty-seven youth, 27 with ASD and 30 sex- and age-matched typically developing (TD) controls (9–16 years), completed a one-back letter matching task (LMT) with four levels of difficulty (i.e. cognitive load) while fMRI data were recorded. Linear trend analyses were conducted to examine brain regions that were recruited as a function of increasing cognitive load. Results We found similar behavioural performance on the LMT in terms of reaction times, but in the two higher load conditions, the ASD youth had lower accuracy than the TD group. Neural patterns of activations differed significantly between TD and ASD groups. In TD youth, areas classically used for working memory, including the lateral and medial frontal, as well as superior parietal brain regions, increased in activation with increasing task difficulty, while areas related to the default mode network (DMN) showed decreasing activation (i.e., deactivation). The youth with ASD did not appear to use this opposing cognitive processing system; they showed little recruitment of frontal and parietal regions across the load but did show similar modulation of the DMN. Conclusions In a working memory task, where the load was manipulated without changing executive demands, TD youth showed increasing recruitment with increasing load of the classic fronto-parietal brain areas and decreasing involvement in default mode regions. In contrast, although they modulated the default mode network, youth with ASD did not show the modulation of increasing brain activation with increasing load, suggesting that they may be unable to manage increasing verbal information. Impaired verbal working memory in ASD would interfere with the youths’ success academically and socially. Thus, determining the nature of atypical neural processing could help establish or monitor working memory interventions for ASD.
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190
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Nielsen JD, Madsen KH, Wang Z, Liu Z, Friston KJ, Zhou Y. Working Memory Modulation of Frontoparietal Network Connectivity in First-Episode Schizophrenia. Cereb Cortex 2018; 27:3832-3841. [PMID: 28334138 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhx050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Working memory (WM) impairment is regarded as a core aspect of schizophrenia. However, the neural mechanisms behind this cognitive deficit remain unclear. The connectivity of a frontoparietal network is known to be important for subserving WM. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging, the current study investigated whether WM-dependent modulation of effective connectivity in this network is affected in a group of first-episode schizophrenia (FES) patients compared with similarly performing healthy participants during a verbal n-back task. Dynamic causal modeling (DCM) of the coupling between regions (left inferior frontal gyrus (IFG), left inferior parietal lobe (IPL), and primary visual area) identified in a psychophysiological interaction (PPI) analysis was performed to characterize effective connectivity during the n-back task. The PPI analysis revealed that the connectivity between the left IFG and left IPL was modulated by WM and that this modulation was reduced in FES patients. The subsequent DCM analysis confirmed this modulation by WM and found evidence that FES patients had reduced forward connectivity from IPL to IFG. These findings provide evidence for impaired WM modulation of frontoparietal effective connectivity in the early phase of schizophrenia, even with intact WM performance, suggesting a failure of context-sensitive coupling in the schizophrenic brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesper Duemose Nielsen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Institute of Psychology, Beijing, PR China.,Sino-Danish Center for Education and Research, Aarhus, Denmark.,Department of Applied Mathematics and Computer Science, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Kristoffer H Madsen
- Department of Applied Mathematics and Computer Science, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark.,Danish Research Centre for Magnetic Resonance, Centre for Functional and Diagnostic Imaging and Research, Copenhagen University Hospital Hvidovre, Denmark
| | - Zheng Wang
- Mental Health Institute of the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, PR China
| | - Zhening Liu
- Mental Health Institute of the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, PR China
| | - Karl J Friston
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Neuroimaging, University College London, London, UK
| | - Yuan Zhou
- CAS Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Institute of Psychology, Beijing, PR China.,Wellcome Trust Centre for Neuroimaging, University College London, London, UK.,Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, PR China
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191
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Composing lexical versus functional adjectives: Evidence for uniformity in the left temporal lobe. Psychon Bull Rev 2018; 25:2309-2322. [DOI: 10.3758/s13423-018-1469-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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192
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Janssen N, Hernández-Cabrera JA, Foronda LE. Improving the signal detection accuracy of functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging. Neuroimage 2018; 176:92-109. [PMID: 29655939 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2018.01.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2017] [Revised: 11/27/2017] [Accepted: 01/29/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A major drawback of functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) concerns the lack of detection accuracy of the measured signal. Although this limitation stems in part from the neuro-vascular nature of the fMRI signal, it also reflects particular methodological decisions in the fMRI data analysis pathway. Here we show that the signal detection accuracy of fMRI is affected by the specific way in which whole-brain volumes are created from individually acquired brain slices, and by the method of statistically extracting signals from the sampled data. To address these limitations, we propose a new framework for fMRI data analysis. The new framework creates whole-brain volumes from individual brain slices that are all acquired at the same point in time relative to a presented stimulus. These whole-brain volumes contain minimal temporal distortions, and are available at a high temporal resolution. In addition, statistical signal extraction occurred on the basis of a non-standard time point-by-time point approach. We evaluated the detection accuracy of the extracted signal in the standard and new framework with simulated and real-world fMRI data. The new slice-based data-analytic framework yields greatly improved signal detection accuracy of fMRI signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niels Janssen
- Psychology Department, Universidad de la Laguna, Tenerife, Spain; Institute of Biomedical Technologies, Universidad de la Laguna, Tenerife, Spain; Institute of Neurosciences, Universidad de La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain.
| | - Juan A Hernández-Cabrera
- Psychology Department, Universidad de la Laguna, Tenerife, Spain; Basque Center on Cognition, Brain and Language, San Sebastián, Spain
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193
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Nguyen-Louie TT, Simmons AN, Squeglia LM, Alejandra Infante M, Schacht JP, Tapert SF. Earlier alcohol use onset prospectively predicts changes in functional connectivity. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2018; 235:1041-1054. [PMID: 29306963 PMCID: PMC5871543 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-017-4821-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2017] [Accepted: 12/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Half of all new alcohol initiates are between 12 and 17 years old. This is a period of intense neurodevelopment, including changes in functional connectivity patterns among higher-order function areas. It is crucial to understand how alcohol-related neurotoxicity may be influenced by drinking onset age. DESIGN This study prospectively examined the effects of age of first drink on frontoparietal context-dependent functional connectivity (cdFC) during a visual working memory task. Youth 13.5 years of age (SD = 1.2) underwent a neuropsychological and neuroimaging session before drinking initiation and at follow-up 6 years later. Hierarchical linear regressions examined if youth with earlier ages of onset for first and weekly alcohol use showed higher follow-up cdFC between the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and posterior parietal cortex regions of interest and whole-brain exploratory regions, controlling for pre-drinking cdFC. Higher follow-up cdFC was hypothesized to be correlated with poorer performances in neuropsychological performance. RESULTS Exploratory whole-brain analyses showed that, as hypothesized, earlier ages of weekly drinking onset were associated with higher cdFC between the bilateral posterior cingulate and cortical and subcortical areas implicated in attentional processes, which was in turn associated with poorer performance on neuropsychological tasks of attention, ps < .05. No relationship between age of onset and cdFC between the two ROIs were found. CONCLUSION Earlier ages of weekly alcohol use initiation may adversely affect neurodevelopment by reducing developmentally appropriate integration of attentional circuits during a cognitive challenge. Delaying the onset of weekly alcohol use patterns well after early adolescence may reduce the risk for harm of alcohol use on the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tam T Nguyen-Louie
- San Diego State University/University of California San Diego Joint Doctoral Program in Clinical Psychology, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Alan N Simmons
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive (0603), La Jolla, San Diego, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Lindsay M Squeglia
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - M Alejandra Infante
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive (0603), La Jolla, San Diego, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Joseph P Schacht
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Susan F Tapert
- San Diego State University/University of California San Diego Joint Doctoral Program in Clinical Psychology, San Diego, CA, USA.
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive (0603), La Jolla, San Diego, CA, 92093, USA.
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194
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ERP and Behavioral Effects of Physical and Cognitive Training on Working Memory in Aging: A Randomized Controlled Study. Neural Plast 2018; 2018:3454835. [PMID: 29796016 PMCID: PMC5896218 DOI: 10.1155/2018/3454835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2017] [Revised: 01/17/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Working memory (WM) performance decreases with age. A promising method to improve WM is physical or cognitive training. The present randomized controlled study is aimed at evaluating the effects of different training methods on WM. A sample of 141 healthy older adults (mean age 70 years) was assigned to one of four groups: physical training, cognitive training, a social control group, and a no-contact control group. The participants trained for four months. Before and after the training, n-back task during an EEG recording was applied. The results show that cognitive training enhanced the target detection rate in the 2-back task. This was corroborated by an increased number of repeated digits in the backward digit-span test but not in other memory tests. The improvement of WM was supported by an increased P3a prior to a correct target and an increased P3b both in nontarget and target trials. No ERP effects in the physical and no-contact control groups were found, while a reduction of P3a and P3b was found in the social control group. Thus, cognitive training enhances frontal and parietal processing related to the maintenance of a stored stimulus for subsequent matching with an upcoming stimulus and increases allocation of cognitive resources. These results indicate that multidomain cognitive training may increase WM capacity and neuronal activity in older age.
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195
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Ivanova MV, Dragoy O, Kuptsova SV, Yu Akinina S, Petrushevskii AG, Fedina ON, Turken A, Shklovsky VM, Dronkers NF. Neural mechanisms of two different verbal working memory tasks: A VLSM study. Neuropsychologia 2018. [PMID: 29526647 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2018.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Currently, a distributed bilateral network of frontal-parietal areas is regarded as the neural substrate of working memory (WM), with the verbal WM network being more left-lateralized. This conclusion is based primarily on functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data that provides correlational evidence for brain regions involved in a task. However, fMRI cannot differentiate the areas that are fundamentally required for performing a task. These data can only come from brain-injured individuals who fail the task after the loss of specific brain areas. In addition to the lack of complimentary data, is the issue of the variety in the WM tasks used to assess verbal WM. When different tasks are assumed to measure the same behavior, this may mask the contributions of different brain regions. Here, we investigated the neural substrate of WM by using voxel-based lesion symptom mapping (VLSM) in 49 individuals with stroke-induced left hemisphere brain injuries. These participants completed two different verbal WM tasks: complex listening span and a word 2-back task. Behavioral results indicated that the two tasks were only slightly related, while the VLSM analysis revealed different critical regions associated with each task. Specifically, significant detriments in performance on the complex span task were found with lesions in the inferior frontal gyrus, while for the 2-back task, significant deficits were seen after injury to the superior and middle temporal gyri. Thus, the two tasks depend on the structural integrity of different, non-overlapping frontal and temporal brain regions, suggesting distinct neural and cognitive mechanisms triggered by the two tasks: rehearsal and cue-dependent selection in the complex span task, versus updating/auditory recognition in the 2-back task. These findings call into question the common practice of using these two tasks interchangeably in verbal WM research and undermine the legitimacy of aggregating data from studies with different WM tasks. Thus, the present study points out the importance of lesion studies in complementing functional neuroimaging findings and highlights the need to consider task demands in neuroimaging and neuropsychological investigations of WM.
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Affiliation(s)
- M V Ivanova
- National Research University Higher School of Economics, Center for Language and Brain, 21/4 Staraya Basmannaya street, office 510, 105066 Moscow, Russian Federation; Center for Aphasia and Related Disorders, VA Northern California Health Care System, 150 Muir Road 126R, 94553 Martinez, CA, USA.
| | - O Dragoy
- National Research University Higher School of Economics, Center for Language and Brain, 21/4 Staraya Basmannaya street, office 510, 105066 Moscow, Russian Federation; Moscow Research Institute of Psychiatry, Department of Speech Pathology and Neurorehabilitation, 3 Poteshnaya street 3, 107076 Moscow, Russia
| | - S V Kuptsova
- National Research University Higher School of Economics, Center for Language and Brain, 21/4 Staraya Basmannaya street, office 510, 105066 Moscow, Russian Federation; Center for Speech Pathology and Neurorehabilitation, 20 Nikoloyamskaya street, 109240 Moscow, Russia
| | - S Yu Akinina
- National Research University Higher School of Economics, Center for Language and Brain, 21/4 Staraya Basmannaya street, office 510, 105066 Moscow, Russian Federation; University of Groningen, Graduate School for the Humanities, P.O. Box 716, NL-9700 AS Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - A G Petrushevskii
- Center for Speech Pathology and Neurorehabilitation, 20 Nikoloyamskaya street, 109240 Moscow, Russia
| | - O N Fedina
- Center for Speech Pathology and Neurorehabilitation, 20 Nikoloyamskaya street, 109240 Moscow, Russia
| | - A Turken
- Center for Aphasia and Related Disorders, VA Northern California Health Care System, 150 Muir Road 126R, 94553 Martinez, CA, USA
| | - V M Shklovsky
- Moscow Research Institute of Psychiatry, Department of Speech Pathology and Neurorehabilitation, 3 Poteshnaya street 3, 107076 Moscow, Russia; Center for Speech Pathology and Neurorehabilitation, 20 Nikoloyamskaya street, 109240 Moscow, Russia
| | - N F Dronkers
- National Research University Higher School of Economics, Center for Language and Brain, 21/4 Staraya Basmannaya street, office 510, 105066 Moscow, Russian Federation; Center for Aphasia and Related Disorders, VA Northern California Health Care System, 150 Muir Road 126R, 94553 Martinez, CA, USA; University of California, Davis, 1 Shields Ave, 95616 Davis, CA, USA
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196
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Yue Q, Martin RC, Hamilton AC, Rose NS. Non-perceptual Regions in the Left Inferior Parietal Lobe Support Phonological Short-term Memory: Evidence for a Buffer Account? Cereb Cortex 2018. [DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhy037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Qiuhai Yue
- Department of Psychology, Rice University, MS-25, P.O. Box 1892, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Randi C Martin
- Department of Psychology, Rice University, MS-25, P.O. Box 1892, Houston, TX, USA
| | - A Cris Hamilton
- Department of Psychology, Rice University, MS-25, P.O. Box 1892, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Nathan S Rose
- Department of Psychology, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA
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197
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Stout DM, Acheson DT, Moore TM, Gur RC, Baker DG, Geyer MA, Risbrough VB. Individual variation in working memory is associated with fear extinction performance. Behav Res Ther 2018; 102:52-59. [PMID: 29331727 PMCID: PMC6182776 DOI: 10.1016/j.brat.2018.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2017] [Revised: 12/08/2017] [Accepted: 01/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
PTSD has been associated consistently with abnormalities in fear acquisition and extinction learning and retention. Fear acquisition refers to learning to discriminate between threat and safety cues. Extinction learning reflects the formation of a new inhibitory-memory that competes with a previously learned threat-related memory. Adjudicating the competition between threat memory and the new inhibitory memory during extinction may rely, in part, on cognitive processes such as working memory (WM). Despite significant shared neural circuits and signaling pathways the relationship between WM, fear acquisition, and extinction is poorly understood. Here, we analyzed data from a large sample of healthy Marines who underwent an assessment battery including tests of fear acquisition, extinction learning, and WM (N-back). Fear potentiated startle (FPS), fear expectancy ratings, and self-reported anxiety served as the primary dependent variables. High WM ability (N = 192) was associated with greater CS + fear inhibition during the late block of extinction and greater US expectancy change during extinction learning compared to individuals with low WM ability (N = 204). WM ability was not associated with magnitude of fear conditioning/expression. Attention ability was unrelated to fear acquisition or extinction supporting specificity of WM associations with extinction. These results support the conclusion that individual differences in WM may contribute to regulating fear responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel M Stout
- Center of Excellence for Stress and Mental Health, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA 92161, USA; Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Dean T Acheson
- Center of Excellence for Stress and Mental Health, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA 92161, USA; Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Tyler M Moore
- Brain Behavior Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Ruben C Gur
- Brain Behavior Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Philadelphia Veterans Administration Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Dewleen G Baker
- Center of Excellence for Stress and Mental Health, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA 92161, USA; Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Mark A Geyer
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA 92093, USA; Research Service, VA San Diego Healthcare system, San Diego, CA 92161, USA
| | - Victoria B Risbrough
- Center of Excellence for Stress and Mental Health, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA 92161, USA; Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA 92093, USA.
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198
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Dopaminergic contributions to working memory-related brain activation in postmenopausal women. Menopause 2018; 24:163-170. [PMID: 27676634 DOI: 10.1097/gme.0000000000000738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The current study examined the effects of pharmacologic dopaminergic manipulations on working memory-related brain activation in postmenopausal women to further understand the neurochemistry underlying cognition after menopause. METHODS Eighteen healthy postmenopausal women, mean age 55.21 years, completed three study days with dopaminergic drug challenges during which they performed a functional magnetic resonance imaging visual verbal N-back test of working memory. Acute stimulation with 1.25 mg oral D2 agonist bromocriptine, acute blockade with 1.5 mg oral haloperidol, and matching placebo were administered randomly and blindly on three study days. RESULTS We found that dopaminergic stimulation increased activation primarily in the posterior regions of the working memory network compared with dopaminergic blockade using a whole brain cluster-level corrected analysis. The dopaminergic medications did not affect working memory performance. CONCLUSIONS Patterns of increased blood-oxygen-level dependent signal activation after dopaminergic stimulation were found in this study in posterior brain regions with no effect on working memory performance. Further studies should examine specific dopaminergic contributions to brain functioning in healthy postmenopausal women to determine the effects of the increased brain activation on cognition and behavior.
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199
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Lukasik KM, Lehtonen M, Salmi J, Meinzer M, Joutsa J, Laine M. No Effects of Stimulating the Left Ventrolateral Prefrontal Cortex with tDCS on Verbal Working Memory Updating. Front Neurosci 2018; 11:738. [PMID: 29379410 PMCID: PMC5770813 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2017.00738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The effects of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) on dorsolateral prefrontal cortex functions, such as working memory (WM), have been examined in a number of studies. However, much less is known about the behavioral effects of tDCS over other important WM-related brain regions, such as the ventrolateral prefrontal cortex (VLPFC). In a counterbalanced within-subjects design with 33 young healthy participants, we examined whether online and offline single-session tDCS over VLPFC affects WM updating performance as measured by a digit 3-back task. We compared three conditions: anodal, cathodal and sham. We observed no significant tDCS effects on participants' accuracy or reaction times during or after the stimulation. Neither did we find any differences between anodal and cathodal stimulation. Largely similar results were obtained when comparing subgroups of high- and low-performing participants. Possible reasons for the lack of effects, including individual differences in responsiveness to tDCS, features of montage, task and sample characteristics, and the role of VLPFC in WM, are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Minna Lehtonen
- Department of Psychology, Abo Akademi University, Turku, Finland.,Department of Psychology and Logopedics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Juha Salmi
- Department of Psychology, Abo Akademi University, Turku, Finland.,Department of Psychology and Logopedics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Psychology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Marcus Meinzer
- Centre for Clinical Research, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Juho Joutsa
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, United States.,Berenson-Allen Center for Noninvasive Brain Stimulation, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States.,Department of Neurology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Matti Laine
- Department of Psychology, Abo Akademi University, Turku, Finland.,Turku Brain and Mind Center, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
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200
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Evaluating Working Memory Capacity with Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy Measurement of Brain Activity. JOURNAL OF COGNITIVE ENHANCEMENT 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s41465-017-0063-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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