151
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EIN2-dependent regulation of acetylation of histone H3K14 and non-canonical histone H3K23 in ethylene signalling. Nat Commun 2016; 7:13018. [PMID: 27694846 PMCID: PMC5063967 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms13018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2015] [Accepted: 08/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Ethylene gas is essential for many developmental processes and stress responses in plants. EIN2 plays a key role in ethylene signalling but its function remains enigmatic. Here, we show that ethylene specifically elevates acetylation of histone H3K14 and the non-canonical acetylation of H3K23 in etiolated seedlings. The up-regulation of these two histone marks positively correlates with ethylene-regulated transcription activation, and the elevation requires EIN2. Both EIN2 and EIN3 interact with a SANT domain protein named EIN2 nuclear associated protein 1 (ENAP1), overexpression of which results in elevation of histone acetylation and enhanced ethylene-inducible gene expression in an EIN2-dependent manner. On the basis of these findings we propose a model where, in the presence of ethylene, the EIN2 C terminus contributes to downstream signalling via the elevation of acetylation at H3K14 and H3K23. ENAP1 may potentially mediate ethylene-induced histone acetylation via its interactions with EIN2 C terminus. The translocation of the C-terminal domain of EIN2 to the nucleus is essential for induction of gene expression in response to the plant hormone ethylene. Here, Zhang et al. show that EIN2 is required for ethylene-inducible elevation of histone acetylation marks associated with transcriptional activation.
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152
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Zhang M, Smith JAC, Harberd NP, Jiang C. The regulatory roles of ethylene and reactive oxygen species (ROS) in plant salt stress responses. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2016; 91:651-9. [PMID: 27233644 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-016-0488-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2015] [Accepted: 05/02/2016] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Soil salinity is one of the most commonly encountered environmental stresses affecting plant growth and crop productivity. Accordingly, plants have evolved a variety of morphological, physiological and biochemical strategies that enable them to adapt to saline growth conditions. For example, it has long been known that salinity-stress increases both the production of the gaseous stress hormone ethylene and the in planta accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Recently, there has been significant progress in understanding how the fine-tuning of ethylene biosynthesis and signaling transduction can promote salinity tolerance, and how salinity-induced ROS accumulation also acts as a signal in the mediation of salinity tolerance. Furthermore, recent advances have indicated that ethylene signaling modulates salinity responses largely via regulation of ROS-generating and ROS-scavenging mechanisms. This review focuses on these recent advances in understanding the linked roles of ethylene and ROS in salt tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100094, China
| | - J Andrew C Smith
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3RB, UK.
| | - Nicholas P Harberd
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3RB, UK.
| | - Caifu Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100094, China.
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153
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Bisson MMA, Kessenbrock M, Müller L, Hofmann A, Schmitz F, Cristescu SM, Groth G. Peptides interfering with protein-protein interactions in the ethylene signaling pathway delay tomato fruit ripening. Sci Rep 2016; 6:30634. [PMID: 27477591 PMCID: PMC4967898 DOI: 10.1038/srep30634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2015] [Accepted: 07/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The plant hormone ethylene is involved in the regulation of several processes with high importance for agricultural applications, e.g. ripening, aging and senescence. Previous work in our group has identified a small peptide (NOP-1) derived from the nuclear localization signal of the Arabidopsis ethylene regulator ETHYLENE INSENSITIVE-2 (EIN2) C-terminal part as efficient inhibitor of ethylene responses. Here, we show that NOP-1 is also able to efficiently disrupt EIN2-ETR1 complex formation in tomato, indicating that the NOP-1 inhibition mode is conserved across plant species. Surface application of NOP-1 on green tomato fruits delays ripening similar to known inhibitors of ethylene perception (MCP) and ethylene biosynthesis (AVG). Fruits treated with NOP-1 showed similar ethylene production as untreated controls underlining that NOP-1 blocks ethylene signaling by targeting an essential interaction in this pathway, while having no effect on ethylene biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie M. A. Bisson
- Biochemical Plant Physiology, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, D-40204 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Mareike Kessenbrock
- Biochemical Plant Physiology, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, D-40204 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Lena Müller
- Biochemical Plant Physiology, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, D-40204 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Alexander Hofmann
- Biochemical Plant Physiology, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, D-40204 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Florian Schmitz
- Biochemical Plant Physiology, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, D-40204 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Simona M. Cristescu
- Department of Molecular and Laser Physics, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Georg Groth
- Biochemical Plant Physiology, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, D-40204 Düsseldorf, Germany
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154
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Light KM, Wisniewski JA, Vinyard WA, Kieber-Emmons MT. Perception of the plant hormone ethylene: known-knowns and known-unknowns. J Biol Inorg Chem 2016; 21:715-28. [DOI: 10.1007/s00775-016-1378-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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155
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Han YC, Kuang JF, Chen JY, Liu XC, Xiao YY, Fu CC, Wang JN, Wu KQ, Lu WJ. Banana Transcription Factor MaERF11 Recruits Histone Deacetylase MaHDA1 and Represses the Expression of MaACO1 and Expansins during Fruit Ripening. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 171:1070-84. [PMID: 27208241 PMCID: PMC4902611 DOI: 10.1104/pp.16.00301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2016] [Accepted: 04/02/2016] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Phytohormone ethylene controls diverse developmental and physiological processes such as fruit ripening via modulation of ethylene signaling pathway. Our previous study identified that ETHYLENE RESPONSE FACTOR11 (MaERF11), a transcription factor in the ethylene signaling pathway, negatively regulates the ripening of banana, but the mechanism for the MaERF11-mediated transcriptional regulation remains largely unknown. Here we showed that MaERF11 has intrinsic transcriptional repression activity in planta. Electrophoretic mobility shift assay and chromatin immunoprecipitation analyses demonstrated that MaERF11 binds to promoters of three ripening-related Expansin genes, MaEXP2, MaEXP7 and MaEXP8, as well as an ethylene biosynthetic gene MaACO1, via the GCC-box motif. Furthermore, expression patterns of MaACO1, MaEXP2, MaEXP7, and MaEXP8 genes are correlated with the changes of histone H3 and H4 acetylation level during fruit ripening. Moreover, we found that MaERF11 physically interacts with a histone deacetylase, MaHDA1, which has histone deacetylase activity, and the interaction significantly strengthens the MaERF11-mediated transcriptional repression of MaACO1 and Expansins Taken together, these findings suggest that MaERF11 may recruit MaHDA1 to its target genes and repress their expression via histone deacetylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Chao Han
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources/Guangdong Key Laboratory for Postharvest Science, College of Horticultural Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, PR China (Y.-C.H., J.-F.K., J.-Y.C., Y.-Y.X., C.-C.F., J.-N.W., W.-J.L.); Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, PR China (X.-C.L.); and Institute of Plant Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan (K.-Q.W.)
| | - Jian-Fei Kuang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources/Guangdong Key Laboratory for Postharvest Science, College of Horticultural Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, PR China (Y.-C.H., J.-F.K., J.-Y.C., Y.-Y.X., C.-C.F., J.-N.W., W.-J.L.); Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, PR China (X.-C.L.); and Institute of Plant Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan (K.-Q.W.)
| | - Jian-Ye Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources/Guangdong Key Laboratory for Postharvest Science, College of Horticultural Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, PR China (Y.-C.H., J.-F.K., J.-Y.C., Y.-Y.X., C.-C.F., J.-N.W., W.-J.L.); Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, PR China (X.-C.L.); and Institute of Plant Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan (K.-Q.W.)
| | - Xun-Cheng Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources/Guangdong Key Laboratory for Postharvest Science, College of Horticultural Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, PR China (Y.-C.H., J.-F.K., J.-Y.C., Y.-Y.X., C.-C.F., J.-N.W., W.-J.L.); Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, PR China (X.-C.L.); and Institute of Plant Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan (K.-Q.W.)
| | - Yun-Yi Xiao
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources/Guangdong Key Laboratory for Postharvest Science, College of Horticultural Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, PR China (Y.-C.H., J.-F.K., J.-Y.C., Y.-Y.X., C.-C.F., J.-N.W., W.-J.L.); Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, PR China (X.-C.L.); and Institute of Plant Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan (K.-Q.W.)
| | - Chang-Chun Fu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources/Guangdong Key Laboratory for Postharvest Science, College of Horticultural Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, PR China (Y.-C.H., J.-F.K., J.-Y.C., Y.-Y.X., C.-C.F., J.-N.W., W.-J.L.); Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, PR China (X.-C.L.); and Institute of Plant Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan (K.-Q.W.)
| | - Jun-Ning Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources/Guangdong Key Laboratory for Postharvest Science, College of Horticultural Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, PR China (Y.-C.H., J.-F.K., J.-Y.C., Y.-Y.X., C.-C.F., J.-N.W., W.-J.L.); Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, PR China (X.-C.L.); and Institute of Plant Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan (K.-Q.W.)
| | - Ke-Qiang Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources/Guangdong Key Laboratory for Postharvest Science, College of Horticultural Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, PR China (Y.-C.H., J.-F.K., J.-Y.C., Y.-Y.X., C.-C.F., J.-N.W., W.-J.L.); Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, PR China (X.-C.L.); and Institute of Plant Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan (K.-Q.W.)
| | - Wang-Jin Lu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources/Guangdong Key Laboratory for Postharvest Science, College of Horticultural Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, PR China (Y.-C.H., J.-F.K., J.-Y.C., Y.-Y.X., C.-C.F., J.-N.W., W.-J.L.); Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, PR China (X.-C.L.); and Institute of Plant Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan (K.-Q.W.)
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156
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Jensen L, Hegelund JN, Olsen A, Lütken H, Müller R. A natural frameshift mutation in Campanula EIL2 correlates with ethylene insensitivity in flowers. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2016; 16:117. [PMID: 27215645 PMCID: PMC4877742 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-016-0786-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2016] [Accepted: 04/14/2016] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The phytohormone ethylene plays a central role in development and senescence of climacteric flowers. In ornamental plant production, ethylene sensitive plants are usually protected against negative effects of ethylene by application of chemical inhibitors. In Campanula, flowers are sensitive to even minute concentrations of ethylene. RESULTS Monitoring flower longevity in three Campanula species revealed C. portenschlagiana (Cp) as ethylene sensitive, C. formanekiana (Cf) with intermediate sensitivity and C. medium (Cm) as ethylene insensitive. We identified key elements in ethylene signal transduction, specifically in Ethylene Response Sensor 2 (ERS2), Constitutive Triple Response 1 (CTR1) and Ethylene Insensitive 3- Like 1 and 2 (EIL1 and EIL2) homologous. Transcripts of ERS2, CTR1 and EIL1 were constitutively expressed in all species both throughout flower development and in response to ethylene. In contrast, EIL2 was found only in Cf and Cm. We identified a natural mutation in Cmeil2 causing a frameshift which resulted in difference in expression levels of EIL2, with more than 100-fold change between Cf and Cm in young flowers. CONCLUSIONS This study shows that the naturally occurring 7 bp frameshift discovered in Cmeil2, a key gene in the ethylene signaling pathway, correlates with ethylene insensitivity in flowers. We suggest that transfer of the eil2 mutation to other plant species will provide a novel tool to engineer ethylene insensitive flowers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Line Jensen
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Højbakkegård Allé 9-13, 2630 Taastrup, Denmark
| | - Josefine Nymark Hegelund
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Højbakkegård Allé 9-13, 2630 Taastrup, Denmark
| | - Andreas Olsen
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Højbakkegård Allé 9-13, 2630 Taastrup, Denmark
| | - Henrik Lütken
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Højbakkegård Allé 9-13, 2630 Taastrup, Denmark
| | - Renate Müller
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Højbakkegård Allé 9-13, 2630 Taastrup, Denmark
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157
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Foo E, McAdam EL, Weller JL, Reid JB. Interactions between ethylene, gibberellins, and brassinosteroids in the development of rhizobial and mycorrhizal symbioses of pea. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2016; 67:2413-24. [PMID: 26889005 PMCID: PMC4809293 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erw047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The regulation of arbuscular mycorrhizal development and nodulation involves complex interactions between the plant and its microbial symbionts. In this study, we use the recently identified ethylene-insensitive ein2 mutant in pea (Pisum sativum L.) to explore the role of ethylene in the development of these symbioses. We show that ethylene acts as a strong negative regulator of nodulation, confirming reports in other legumes. Minor changes in gibberellin1 and indole-3-acetic acid levels in ein2 roots appear insufficient to explain the differences in nodulation. Double mutants produced by crosses between ein2 and the severely gibberellin-deficient na and brassinosteroid-deficient lk mutants showed increased nodule numbers and reduced nodule spacing compared with the na and lk single mutants, but nodule numbers and spacing were typical of ein2 plants, suggesting that the reduced number of nodules innaandlkplants is largely due to the elevated ethylene levels previously reported in these mutants. We show that ethylene can also negatively regulate mycorrhizae development when ethylene levels are elevated above basal levels, consistent with a role for ethylene in reducing symbiotic development under stressful conditions. In contrast to the hormone interactions in nodulation, ein2 does not override the effect of lk or na on the development of arbuscular mycorrhizae, suggesting that brassinosteroids and gibberellins influence this process largely independently of ethylene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eloise Foo
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 55, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia
| | - Erin L McAdam
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 55, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia
| | - James L Weller
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 55, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia
| | - James B Reid
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 55, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia
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158
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Gao L, Zhao W, Qu H, Wang Q, Zhao L. The yellow-fruited tomato 1 (yft1) mutant has altered fruit carotenoid accumulation and reduced ethylene production as a result of a genetic lesion in ETHYLENE INSENSITIVE2. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2016; 129:717-728. [PMID: 26743523 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-015-2660-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2015] [Accepted: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
The isolated yft1 allele controls the formation of fruit color in n3122 via the regulation of response to ethylene, carotenoid accumulation and chromoplast development. Fruit color is one of the most important quality traits of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) and is closely associated with both nutritional and market value. In this study, we characterized a tomato fruit color mutant n3122, named as yellow-fruited tomato 1 (yft1), which produces yellow colored mature fruit. Fruit color segregation of the progeny from an intra-specific cross (M82 × n3122) and an inter-specific cross (n3122 × LA1585) revealed that a single recessive nuclear gene determined the yellow fruit phenotype. Through map-based cloning, the yft1 locus was assigned to an 88.2 kb region at the top of chromosome 9 that was annotated as containing 12 genes. Sequencing revealed that one gene, Solyc09g007870, which encodes ETHYLENE INSENSITIVE2 (EIN2), contained two mutations in yft1: a 13 bp deletion and a 573 bp insertion at position -318 bp upstream of the translation initiation site. We detected that EIN2 expression was substantially lower in yft1 than in the red-fruited M82 wild type and that, in addition, carotenoid accumulation was decreased, ethylene synthesis and perception were impaired and chromoplast development was delayed. The results implied that the reduced expression of EIN2 in yft1 leads to suppressed ethylene signaling which results in abnormal carotenoid production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Gao
- Joint Tomato Research Institute, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
- Plant Biotechnology Research Center, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Weihua Zhao
- Joint Tomato Research Institute, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
- Plant Biotechnology Research Center, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Haiou Qu
- Joint Tomato Research Institute, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
- Plant Biotechnology Research Center, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Qishan Wang
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Lingxia Zhao
- Joint Tomato Research Institute, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China.
- Plant Biotechnology Research Center, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China.
- Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (South) Ministry of Agriculture, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China.
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159
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Panda BB, Badoghar AK, Sekhar S, Kariali E, Mohapatra PK, Shaw BP. Biochemical and molecular characterisation of salt-induced poor grain filling in a rice cultivar. FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY : FPB 2016; 43:266-277. [PMID: 32480459 DOI: 10.1071/fp15229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2015] [Accepted: 11/06/2015] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Despite the prevalence of poor grain filling in rice (Oryza sativa L.) under abiotic stress, the reason for this is largely unexplored. Application of 0.75% NaCl to a salt-sensitive rice cultivar at late booting resulted in a >20% yield loss. Spikelets per panicle and the percentage of filled grain decreased significantly in response to NaCl application. The inhibitory effect of NaCl on grain filling was greater in basal than in apical spikelets. Sucrose synthase (SUS) activity was positively correlated with grain weight. The transcript levels of the SUS isoforms differed greatly: the levels of SUS2 increased significantly in response to salt; those of SUS4 decreased drastically. Gene expression studies of starch synthase and ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase showed that the decreased transcript levels of one isoform was compensated by an increase in those of the other. Salt application also significantly increased the gene expression of the ethylene receptors and the ethylene signalling proteins. The increase in their transcript levels was comparatively greater in basal than in apical spikelets. Significant enhancement in the transcript levels of the ethylene receptors and the increase in the production of ethylene indicated that the salt-induced inhibition of grain filling might be mediated by ethylene. Additionally, the inhibition of chromosomal endoreduplication mediated by decreased transcript levels of B-type cyclin could explain poor grain filling under salt stress. A significant increase in the transcript levels of the ethylene-responsive factors in the spikelets during grain filling in response to salt indicated their possible protective role in grain filling under stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binay B Panda
- Environmental Biotechnology Laboratory, Institute of Life Sciences, Nalco Square, Bhubaneswar-751023, Odisha, India
| | - Alok K Badoghar
- Environmental Biotechnology Laboratory, Institute of Life Sciences, Nalco Square, Bhubaneswar-751023, Odisha, India
| | - Sudhanshu Sekhar
- Environmental Biotechnology Laboratory, Institute of Life Sciences, Nalco Square, Bhubaneswar-751023, Odisha, India
| | - Ekamber Kariali
- School of Life Sciences, Sambalpur University, Sambalpur, 768019, Odisha, India
| | - Pravat K Mohapatra
- School of Life Sciences, Sambalpur University, Sambalpur, 768019, Odisha, India
| | - Birendra P Shaw
- Environmental Biotechnology Laboratory, Institute of Life Sciences, Nalco Square, Bhubaneswar-751023, Odisha, India
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160
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Abstract
Ethylene gas is a major plant hormone that influences diverse processes in plant growth, development and stress responses throughout the plant life cycle. Responses to ethylene, such as fruit ripening, are significant to agriculture. The core molecular elements of the ethylene-signaling pathway have been uncovered, revealing a unique pathway that is negatively regulated. Practical applications of this knowledge can lead to substantial improvements in agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caren Chang
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, Bioscience Research Building, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, 20742, USA.
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161
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Shen X, Li Y, Pan Y, Zhong S. Activation of HLS1 by Mechanical Stress via Ethylene-Stabilized EIN3 Is Crucial for Seedling Soil Emergence. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:1571. [PMID: 27822221 PMCID: PMC5075538 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.01571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2016] [Accepted: 10/05/2016] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The seeds of terrestrial flowering plants often start their life cycle in subterranean darkness. To protect the fragile apical meristematic tissues and cotyledons from mechanical injuries during soil penetration, dicotyledonous seedlings form an elegant apical hook at the top of the hypocotyl. The apical hook has been considered as an adaption structure to the subterranean environment. However, the role of the apical hook in seedling emergence and the molecular mechanism of apical hook formation under real-life conditions remain highly speculative. Here, we find that HOOKLESS 1 (HLS1), a critical gene in apical hook formation in Arabidopsis thaliana, is required for seedling emergence from the soil. When grown under soil, hls1 mutant exhibits severe emergence defects. By contrast, HLS1 overexpression in the hls1 background fully restores emergence defects and displays better emergence capacity than that of WT. Our results indicate that HLS1 transcription is stimulated in response to the mechanical stress of soil cover, which is dependent on the function of the transcription factors ETHYLENE INSENSITIVE 3 (EIN3) and EIN3-LIKE 1 (EIL1). Soil-conferred mechanical stress activates the ethylene signaling pathway to stabilize EIN3 by repressing the activity of the F-box proteins EBF1 and EBF2. These combined results reveal a signaling pathway in which plant seedlings transduce the mechanical pressure of soil cover to correctly modulate apical hook formation during soil emergence.
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162
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Prescott AM, McCollough FW, Eldreth BL, Binder BM, Abel SM. Analysis of Network Topologies Underlying Ethylene Growth Response Kinetics. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:1308. [PMID: 27625669 PMCID: PMC5003821 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.01308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2016] [Accepted: 08/16/2016] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Most models for ethylene signaling involve a linear pathway. However, measurements of seedling growth kinetics when ethylene is applied and removed have resulted in more complex network models that include coherent feedforward, negative feedback, and positive feedback motifs. The dynamical responses of the proposed networks have not been explored in a quantitative manner. Here, we explore (i) whether any of the proposed models are capable of producing growth-response behaviors consistent with experimental observations and (ii) what mechanistic roles various parts of the network topologies play in ethylene signaling. To address this, we used computational methods to explore two general network topologies: The first contains a coherent feedforward loop that inhibits growth and a negative feedback from growth onto itself (CFF/NFB). In the second, ethylene promotes the cleavage of EIN2, with the product of the cleavage inhibiting growth and promoting the production of EIN2 through a positive feedback loop (PFB). Since few network parameters for ethylene signaling are known in detail, we used an evolutionary algorithm to explore sets of parameters that produce behaviors similar to experimental growth response kinetics of both wildtype and mutant seedlings. We generated a library of parameter sets by independently running the evolutionary algorithm many times. Both network topologies produce behavior consistent with experimental observations, and analysis of the parameter sets allows us to identify important network interactions and parameter constraints. We additionally screened these parameter sets for growth recovery in the presence of sub-saturating ethylene doses, which is an experimentally-observed property that emerges in some of the evolved parameter sets. Finally, we probed simplified networks maintaining key features of the CFF/NFB and PFB topologies. From this, we verified observations drawn from the larger networks about mechanisms underlying ethylene signaling. Analysis of each network topology results in predictions about changes that occur in network components that can be experimentally tested to give insights into which, if either, network underlies ethylene responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron M. Prescott
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of TennesseeKnoxville, TN, USA
| | - Forest W. McCollough
- Department of Biochemistry and Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of TennesseeKnoxville, TN, USA
| | - Bryan L. Eldreth
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of TennesseeKnoxville, TN, USA
| | - Brad M. Binder
- Department of Biochemistry and Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of TennesseeKnoxville, TN, USA
- *Correspondence: Brad M. Binder
| | - Steven M. Abel
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of TennesseeKnoxville, TN, USA
- National Institute for Mathematical and Biological Synthesis, University of TennesseeKnoxville, TN, USA
- Steven M. Abel
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163
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Zheng Y, Zhu Z. Relaying the Ethylene Signal: New Roles for EIN2. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 21:2-4. [PMID: 26679045 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2015.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2015] [Accepted: 11/27/2015] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
ETHYLENE INSENSITIVE 2 (EIN2), an endoplasmic reticulum (ER) localized protein, plays a central role in relaying the ethylene signal from ER perception to the nucleus. Two recent reports reveal the novel role for EIN2 in translational control, providing another layer of regulation for ethylene signal transduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuyu Zheng
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Ziqiang Zhu
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China.
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164
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Zhang Y, Liu J, Chai J, Xing D. Mitogen-activated protein kinase 6 mediates nuclear translocation of ORE3 to promote ORE9 gene expression in methyl jasmonate-induced leaf senescence. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2016; 67:83-94. [PMID: 26507893 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erv438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Methyl jasmonate (MeJA) is a potent promoter of plant senescence. ORESARA3 (ORE3)/ETHYLENE INSENSITIVE2 (EIN2), a protein similar to the members of the disease-related Nramp metal transporter family, is involved in cross-talk among several senescence processes related to abscisic acid, ethylene, MeJA, age and darkness. Nevertheless, the mechanism involved in the regulation of ORE3/EIN2 in exogenous MeJA-induced leaf senescence remains unclear. The C-terminal end of ORE3/EIN2 (CEND) was cleaved from ORE3/EIN2 located in the endoplasmic reticulum and then transferred to the nucleus during MeJA-induced senescence. Further analyses showed that mitogen-activated protein kinase 6 (MPK6) promoted CEND cleavage and nuclear translocation. Nuclear CEND accumulated ETHYLENE INSENSITIVE3 (EIN3), a transcription factor that accelerates MeJA-induced leaf senescence wherein ORESARA9 (ORE9) expression was suppressed in ein3, ore3, and mpk6 mutant plants. ChIP experiments revealed that EIN3 bound directly to the ORE9 promoter and this binding was enhanced in MeJA-induced leaf senescence. This study revealed the effect of the signalling pathway involving MPK6-ORE3-EIN3-ORE9 on regulating leaf senescence and provided insights into the mechanism of MeJA in promoting leaf senescence in Arabidopsis thaliana.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yushan Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science & Institute of Laser Life Science, College of Biophotonics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
| | - Jian Liu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science & Institute of Laser Life Science, College of Biophotonics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
| | - Jinyu Chai
- MOE Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science & Institute of Laser Life Science, College of Biophotonics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
| | - Da Xing
- MOE Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science & Institute of Laser Life Science, College of Biophotonics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
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165
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Shi H, Liu R, Xue C, Shen X, Wei N, Deng XW, Zhong S. Seedlings Transduce the Depth and Mechanical Pressure of Covering Soil Using COP1 and Ethylene to Regulate EBF1/EBF2 for Soil Emergence. Curr Biol 2015; 26:139-149. [PMID: 26748855 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2015.11.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2015] [Revised: 11/01/2015] [Accepted: 11/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The survival of seed plants in natural environments requires the successful emergence from the soil. In this process, the ethylene signaling pathway is utilized by plants to sense and respond to the mechanical resistance of the soil. Here, we report that constitutive photomorphogenesis 1 (COP1), a central repressor of light signaling, is a key component required for seedlings to sense the depth of soil overlay. Mutation in COP1 causes severe defects in penetrating soil, due to decreased level of EIN3, a master transcription factor in ethylene pathway that mediates seedling emergence. We show that COP1 directly targets the F box proteins EBF1 and EBF2 for ubiquitination and degradation, thus stabilizing EIN3. As seedlings grow toward the surface, the depth of soil overlay decreases, resulting in a gradual increase of light fluences. COP1 channels the light signals, while ethylene transduces the information on soil mechanical conditions, which cooperatively control EIN3 protein levels to promote seedling emergence from the soil. The COP1-EBF1/2-EIN3 module reveals a mechanism by which plants sense the depth to surface and uncovers a novel regulatory paradigm of an ubiquitin E3 ligase cascade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Shi
- Peking-Yale Joint Center for Plant Molecular Genetics and Agro-biotechnology, State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, The Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, School of Advanced Agricultural Sciences and School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Renlu Liu
- Peking-Yale Joint Center for Plant Molecular Genetics and Agro-biotechnology, State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, The Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, School of Advanced Agricultural Sciences and School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Chang Xue
- Peking-Yale Joint Center for Plant Molecular Genetics and Agro-biotechnology, State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, The Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, School of Advanced Agricultural Sciences and School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Xing Shen
- Peking-Yale Joint Center for Plant Molecular Genetics and Agro-biotechnology, State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, The Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, School of Advanced Agricultural Sciences and School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Ning Wei
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Xing Wang Deng
- Peking-Yale Joint Center for Plant Molecular Genetics and Agro-biotechnology, State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, The Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, School of Advanced Agricultural Sciences and School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
| | - Shangwei Zhong
- Peking-Yale Joint Center for Plant Molecular Genetics and Agro-biotechnology, State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, The Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, School of Advanced Agricultural Sciences and School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
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166
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Zhang J, Wen CK. Ethylene signalling: EIN2 dual targeting. NATURE PLANTS 2015; 1:15192. [PMID: 27251724 DOI: 10.1038/nplants.2015.192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jingyi Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 300 Fenglin Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Chi-Kuang Wen
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 300 Fenglin Road, Shanghai 200032, China
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167
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Deslauriers SD, Alvarez AA, Lacey RF, Binder BM, Larsen PB. Dominant gain-of-function mutations in transmembrane domain III of ERS1 and ETR1 suggest a novel role for this domain in regulating the magnitude of ethylene response in Arabidopsis. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2015; 208:442-55. [PMID: 25988998 DOI: 10.1111/nph.13466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2015] [Accepted: 04/15/2015] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Prior work resulted in identification of an Arabidopsis mutant, eer5-1, with extreme ethylene response in conjunction with failure to induce a subset of ethylene-responsive genes, including AtEBP. EER5, which is a TREX-2 homolog that is part of a nucleoporin complex, functions as part of a cryptic aspect of the ethylene signaling pathway that is required for regulating the magnitude of ethylene response. A suppressor mutagenesis screen was carried out to identify second site mutations that could restore the growth of ethylene-treated eer5-1 to wild-type levels. A dominant gain-of-function mutation in the ethylene receptor ETHYLENE RESPONSE SENSOR 1 (ERS1) was identified, with the ers1-4 mutation being located in transmembrane domain III at a point nearly equivalent to the previously described etr1-2 mutation in the other Arabidopsis subfamily I ethylene receptor, ETHYLENE RESPONSE 1 (ETR1). Although both ers1-4 and etr1-2 partially suppress the ethylene hypersensitivity of eer5-1 and are at least in part REVERSION TO ETHYLENE SENSITIVITY 1 (RTE1)-dependent, ers1-4 was additionally found to restore the expression of AtEBP in ers1-4;eer5-1 etiolated seedlings after ethylene treatment in an EIN3-dependent manner. Our work indicates that ERS1-regulated expression of a subset of ethylene-responsive genes is related to controlling the magnitude of ethylene response, with hyperinduction of these genes correlated with reduced ethylene-dependent growth inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ashley A Alvarez
- Department of Biochemistry, University of California, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
| | - Randy F Lacey
- Department of Biochemistry, Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA
| | - Brad M Binder
- Department of Biochemistry, Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA
| | - Paul B Larsen
- Department of Biochemistry, University of California, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
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168
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EIN2-Directed Translational Regulation of Ethylene Signaling in Arabidopsis. Cell 2015; 163:670-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2015.09.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 210] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2015] [Revised: 08/04/2015] [Accepted: 08/31/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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169
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Ma X, Ma J, Zhai H, Xin P, Chu J, Qiao Y, Han L. CHR729 Is a CHD3 Protein That Controls Seedling Development in Rice. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0138934. [PMID: 26398683 PMCID: PMC4580627 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0138934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2015] [Accepted: 09/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
CHD3 is one of the chromatin-remodeling factors that contribute to controlling the expression of genes associated with plant development. Loss-of-function mutants display morphological and growth defects. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying CHD3 regulation of plant development remain unclear. In this study, a rice CHD3 protein, CHR729, was identified. The corresponding mutant line (t483) exhibited late seed germination, low germination rate, dwarfism, low tiller number, root growth inhibition, adaxial albino leaves, and short and narrow leaves. CHR729 encoded a nuclear protein and was expressed in almost all organs. RNA-sequencing analysis showed that several plant hormone-related genes were up- or down-regulated in t483 compared to wild type. In particular, expression of the gibberellin synthetase gibberellin 20 oxidase 4 gene was elevated in the mutant. Endogenous gibberellin assays demonstrated that the content of bioactive GA3 was reduced in t483 compared to wild type. Moreover, the seedling dwarfism, late seed germination, and short root length phenotypes of t483 were partially rescued by treatment with exogenous GA3. These results suggest that the rice CHD3 protein CHR729 plays an important role in many aspects of seedling development and controls this development via the gibberellin pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoding Ma
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jian Ma
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (North China), Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing Vegetable Research Center, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Honghong Zhai
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, China
| | - Peiyong Xin
- National Center for Plant Gene Research (Beijing), Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jinfang Chu
- National Center for Plant Gene Research (Beijing), Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yongli Qiao
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Longzhi Han
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- * E-mail:
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170
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Abstract
Plant growth and development are controlled by nine structurally distinct small molecules termed phytohormones. Over the last 20 years, the molecular basis of their signal transduction, from receptors to transcription factors, has been dissected using mainly Arabidopsis thaliana and rice as model systems. Phytohormones can be broadly classified into two distinct groups on the basis of whether the subcellular localization of their receptors is in the cytoplasm or nucleus, and hence soluble, or membrane-bound, and hence insoluble. Soluble receptors, which control the responses to auxin, jasmonates, gibberellins, strigolactones and salicylic acid, signal either directly or indirectly via the destruction of regulatory proteins. Responses to abscisic acid are primarily mediated by soluble receptors that indirectly regulate the phosphorylation of targeted proteins. Insoluble receptors, which control the responses to cytokinins, brassinosteroids and ethylene, transduce their signal through protein phosphorylation. This chapter provides a comparison of the different components of these signalling systems, and discusses the similarities and differences between them.
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171
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Abstract
Ethylene is the simplest unsaturated hydrocarbon, yet it has profound effects on plant growth and development, including many agriculturally important phenomena. Analysis of the mechanisms underlying ethylene biosynthesis and signalling have resulted in the elucidation of multistep mechanisms which at first glance appear simple, but in fact represent several levels of control to tightly regulate the level of production and response. Ethylene biosynthesis represents a two-step process that is regulated at both the transcriptional and post-translational levels, thus enabling plants to control the amount of ethylene produced with regard to promotion of responses such as climacteric flower senescence and fruit ripening. Ethylene production subsequently results in activation of the ethylene response, as ethylene accumulation will trigger the ethylene signalling pathway to activate ethylene-dependent transcription for promotion of the response and for resetting the pathway. A more detailed knowledge of the mechanisms underlying biosynthesis and the ethylene response will ultimately enable new approaches to be developed for control of the initiation and progression of ethylene-dependent developmental processes, many of which are of horticultural significance.
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172
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Kang GH, Son S, Cho YH, Yoo SD. Regulatory role of BOTRYTIS INDUCED KINASE1 in ETHYLENE INSENSITIVE3-dependent gene expression in Arabidopsis. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2015; 34:1605-1614. [PMID: 26021844 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-015-1812-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2015] [Accepted: 05/19/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Arabidopsis BIK1 negatively regulates EIN3-depedent gene expression as an immediate cellular response. BIK1 localizes to the plasma membrane and its autophosphorylation and kinase activity involves in EIN3 repression. BOTRYTIS INDUCED KINASE1 (BIK1) is a multifunctional receptor-like kinase that involves in ethylene-mediated plant defense signaling. The loss of function BIK1 becomes insensitive to ethylene, but it still accumulates a higher level of ETHYLENE INSENSITIVE3 (EIN3) that serves as the key transcription activator in ethylene signaling. To unequivocally elucidate BIK1 function on EIN3 regulation in ethylene signaling, we took a combined approach of transient expression assay and stable expression analysis of BIK1. In our cell-based functional assay BIK1 destabilized EIN3 and down-regulated EIN3-dependent transcription. Membrane localization and autophosphorylation of BIK1 were required for full repression of EIN3 function, but its kinase activity potential compromised such regulatory action. Consistently, the analysis of transgenic plants verified BIK1 function on EIN3 repression. Our findings have clarified that autophosphorylated BIK1 in the plasma membrane negatively regulates EIN3-dependent gene expression. Thus, ethylene insensitivity in bik1 appears to be an indirect or a feedback long-term response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geun-Ho Kang
- Department of Life Sciences, Korea University, 145 Anamro, Sungbuk-gu, Seoul, 136-701, Republic of Korea
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173
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Ju C, Chang C. Mechanistic Insights in Ethylene Perception and Signal Transduction. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2015; 169:85-95. [PMID: 26246449 PMCID: PMC4577421 DOI: 10.1104/pp.15.00845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2015] [Accepted: 08/05/2015] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The gaseous hormone ethylene profoundly affects plant growth, development, and stress responses. Ethylene perception occurs at the endoplasmic reticulum membrane, and signal transduction leads to a transcriptional cascade that initiates diverse responses, often in conjunction with other signals. Recent findings provide a more complete picture of the components and mechanisms in ethylene signaling, now rendering a more dynamic view of this conserved pathway. This includes newly identified protein-protein interactions at the endoplasmic reticulum membrane, as well as the major discoveries that the central regulator ETHYLENE INSENSITIVE2 (EIN2) is the long-sought phosphorylation substrate for the CONSTITUTIVE RESPONSE1 protein kinase, and that cleavage of EIN2 transmits the signal to the nucleus. In the nucleus, hundreds of potential gene targets of the EIN3 master transcription factor have been identified and found to be induced in transcriptional waves, and transcriptional coregulation has been shown to be a mechanism of ethylene cross talk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuanli Ju
- College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China (C.J.); andDepartment of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742-5815 (C.J., C.C.)
| | - Caren Chang
- College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China (C.J.); andDepartment of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742-5815 (C.J., C.C.)
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174
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Thao NP, Khan MIR, Thu NBA, Hoang XLT, Asgher M, Khan NA, Tran LSP. Role of Ethylene and Its Cross Talk with Other Signaling Molecules in Plant Responses to Heavy Metal Stress. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2015; 169:73-84. [PMID: 26246451 PMCID: PMC4577409 DOI: 10.1104/pp.15.00663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2015] [Accepted: 08/05/2015] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Excessive heavy metals (HMs) in agricultural lands cause toxicities to plants, resulting in declines in crop productivity. Recent advances in ethylene biology research have established that ethylene is not only responsible for many important physiological activities in plants but also plays a pivotal role in HM stress tolerance. The manipulation of ethylene in plants to cope with HM stress through various approaches targeting either ethylene biosynthesis or the ethylene signaling pathway has brought promising outcomes. This review covers ethylene production and signal transduction in plant responses to HM stress, cross talk between ethylene and other signaling molecules under adverse HM stress conditions, and approaches to modify ethylene action to improve HM tolerance. From our current understanding about ethylene and its regulatory activities, it is believed that the optimization of endogenous ethylene levels in plants under HM stress would pave the way for developing transgenic crops with improved HM tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nguyen Phuong Thao
- School of Biotechnology, International University, Vietnam National University, Ho Chi Minh 70000, Vietnam (N.P.T., N.B.A.T., X.L.T.H.);Plant Physiology and Biochemistry Section, Department of Botany, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, India (M.I.R.K., M.A., N.A.K.); andSignaling Pathway Research Unit, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Tsurumi, Yokohama 2300045, Japan (L.-S.P.T.)
| | - M Iqbal R Khan
- School of Biotechnology, International University, Vietnam National University, Ho Chi Minh 70000, Vietnam (N.P.T., N.B.A.T., X.L.T.H.);Plant Physiology and Biochemistry Section, Department of Botany, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, India (M.I.R.K., M.A., N.A.K.); andSignaling Pathway Research Unit, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Tsurumi, Yokohama 2300045, Japan (L.-S.P.T.)
| | - Nguyen Binh Anh Thu
- School of Biotechnology, International University, Vietnam National University, Ho Chi Minh 70000, Vietnam (N.P.T., N.B.A.T., X.L.T.H.);Plant Physiology and Biochemistry Section, Department of Botany, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, India (M.I.R.K., M.A., N.A.K.); andSignaling Pathway Research Unit, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Tsurumi, Yokohama 2300045, Japan (L.-S.P.T.)
| | - Xuan Lan Thi Hoang
- School of Biotechnology, International University, Vietnam National University, Ho Chi Minh 70000, Vietnam (N.P.T., N.B.A.T., X.L.T.H.);Plant Physiology and Biochemistry Section, Department of Botany, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, India (M.I.R.K., M.A., N.A.K.); andSignaling Pathway Research Unit, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Tsurumi, Yokohama 2300045, Japan (L.-S.P.T.)
| | - Mohd Asgher
- School of Biotechnology, International University, Vietnam National University, Ho Chi Minh 70000, Vietnam (N.P.T., N.B.A.T., X.L.T.H.);Plant Physiology and Biochemistry Section, Department of Botany, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, India (M.I.R.K., M.A., N.A.K.); andSignaling Pathway Research Unit, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Tsurumi, Yokohama 2300045, Japan (L.-S.P.T.)
| | - Nafees A Khan
- School of Biotechnology, International University, Vietnam National University, Ho Chi Minh 70000, Vietnam (N.P.T., N.B.A.T., X.L.T.H.);Plant Physiology and Biochemistry Section, Department of Botany, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, India (M.I.R.K., M.A., N.A.K.); andSignaling Pathway Research Unit, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Tsurumi, Yokohama 2300045, Japan (L.-S.P.T.)
| | - Lam-Son Phan Tran
- School of Biotechnology, International University, Vietnam National University, Ho Chi Minh 70000, Vietnam (N.P.T., N.B.A.T., X.L.T.H.);Plant Physiology and Biochemistry Section, Department of Botany, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, India (M.I.R.K., M.A., N.A.K.); andSignaling Pathway Research Unit, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Tsurumi, Yokohama 2300045, Japan (L.-S.P.T.)
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175
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Yang C, Ma B, He SJ, Xiong Q, Duan KX, Yin CC, Chen H, Lu X, Chen SY, Zhang JS. MAOHUZI6/ETHYLENE INSENSITIVE3-LIKE1 and ETHYLENE INSENSITIVE3-LIKE2 Regulate Ethylene Response of Roots and Coleoptiles and Negatively Affect Salt Tolerance in Rice. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2015; 169:148-65. [PMID: 25995326 PMCID: PMC4577385 DOI: 10.1104/pp.15.00353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2015] [Accepted: 05/18/2015] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Ethylene plays important roles in plant growth, development, and stress responses. The ethylene signaling pathway has been studied extensively, mainly in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). However, the molecular mechanism of ethylene signaling is largely unknown in rice (Oryza sativa). Previously, we have isolated a set of rice ethylene-response mutants. Here, we characterized the mutant maohuzi6 (mhz6). Through map-based cloning, we found that MHZ6 encodes ETHYLENE INSENSITIVE3-LIKE1 (OsEIL1), a rice homolog of ETHYLENE INSENSITIVE3 (EIN3), which is the master transcriptional regulator of ethylene signaling in Arabidopsis. Disruption of MHZ6/OsEIL1 caused ethylene insensitivity mainly in roots, whereas silencing of the closely related OsEIL2 led to ethylene insensitivity mainly in coleoptiles of etiolated seedlings. This organ-specific functional divergence is different from the functional features of EIN3 and EIL1, both of which mediate the incomplete ethylene responses of Arabidopsis etiolated seedlings. In Arabidopsis, EIN3 and EIL1 play positive roles in plant salt tolerance. In rice, however, lack of MHZ6/OsEIL1 or OsEIL2 functions improves salt tolerance, whereas the overexpressing lines exhibit salt hypersensitivity at the seedling stage, indicating that MHZ6/OsEIL1 and OsEIL2 negatively regulate salt tolerance in rice. Furthermore, this negative regulation by MHZ6/OsEIL1 and OsEIL2 in salt tolerance is likely attributable in part to the direct regulation of HIGH-AFFINITY K(+) TRANSPORTER2;1 expression and Na(+) uptake in roots. Additionally, MHZ6/OsEIL1 overexpression promotes grain size and thousand-grain weight. Together, our study provides insights for the functional diversification of MHZ6/OsEIL1 and OsEIL2 in ethylene response and finds a novel mode of ethylene-regulated salt stress response that could be helpful for engineering salt-tolerant crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Biao Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Si-Jie He
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Qing Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Kai-Xuan Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Cui-Cui Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Hui Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Xiang Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Shou-Yi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Jin-Song Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
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176
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Yang W, Liu J, Tan Y, Zhong S, Tang N, Chen G, Yu Y. Functional characterization of PhGR and PhGRL1 during flower senescence in the petunia. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2015; 34:1561-1568. [PMID: 25987314 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-015-1808-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2015] [Revised: 05/05/2015] [Accepted: 05/11/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Petunia PhGRL1 suppression accelerated flower senescence and increased the expression of the genes downstream of ethylene signaling, whereas PhGR suppression did not. Ethylene plays an important role in flowers senescence. Homologous proteins Green-Ripe and Reversion to Ethylene sensitivity1 are positive regulators of ethylene responses in tomato and Arabidopsis, respectively. The petunia flower has served as a model for the study of ethylene response during senescence. In this study, petunia PhGR and PhGRL1 expression was analyzed in different organs, throughout floral senescence, and after exogenous ethylene treatment; and the roles of PhGR and PhGRL1 during petunia flower senescence were investigated. PhGRL1 suppression mediated by virus-induced gene silencing accelerated flower senescence and increased ethylene production; however, the suppression of PhGR did not. Taken together, these data suggest that PhGRL1 is involved in negative regulation of flower senescence, possibly via ethylene production inhibition and consequently reduced ethylene signaling activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiyuan Yang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China,
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177
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Street IH, Aman S, Zubo Y, Ramzan A, Wang X, Shakeel SN, Kieber JJ, Schaller GE. Ethylene Inhibits Cell Proliferation of the Arabidopsis Root Meristem. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2015; 169:338-50. [PMID: 26149574 PMCID: PMC4577392 DOI: 10.1104/pp.15.00415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2015] [Accepted: 07/04/2015] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The root system of plants plays a critical role in plant growth and survival, with root growth being dependent on both cell proliferation and cell elongation. Multiple phytohormones interact to control root growth, including ethylene, which is primarily known for its role in controlling root cell elongation. We find that ethylene also negatively regulates cell proliferation at the root meristem of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). Genetic analysis indicates that the inhibition of cell proliferation involves two pathways operating downstream of the ethylene receptors. The major pathway is the canonical ethylene signal transduction pathway that incorporates CONSTITUTIVE TRIPLE RESPONSE1, ETHYLENE INSENSITIVE2, and the ETHYLENE INSENSITIVE3 family of transcription factors. The secondary pathway is a phosphorelay based on genetic analysis of receptor histidine kinase activity and mutants involving the type B response regulators. Analysis of ethylene-dependent gene expression and genetic analysis supports SHORT HYPOCOTYL2, a repressor of auxin signaling, as one mediator of the ethylene response and furthermore, indicates that SHORT HYPOCOTYL2 is a point of convergence for both ethylene and cytokinin in negatively regulating cell proliferation. Additional analysis indicates that ethylene signaling contributes but is not required for cytokinin to inhibit activity of the root meristem. These results identify key elements, along with points of cross talk with cytokinin and auxin, by which ethylene negatively regulates cell proliferation at the root apical meristem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian H Street
- Department of Biological Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755 (I.H.S., S.A., Y.Z., A.R., X.W., G.E.S.); Department of Biochemistry, Quaid-i-azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan (S.A., A.R., S.N.S.); and Department of Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599 (J.J.K.)
| | - Sitwat Aman
- Department of Biological Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755 (I.H.S., S.A., Y.Z., A.R., X.W., G.E.S.); Department of Biochemistry, Quaid-i-azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan (S.A., A.R., S.N.S.); and Department of Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599 (J.J.K.)
| | - Yan Zubo
- Department of Biological Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755 (I.H.S., S.A., Y.Z., A.R., X.W., G.E.S.); Department of Biochemistry, Quaid-i-azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan (S.A., A.R., S.N.S.); and Department of Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599 (J.J.K.)
| | - Aleena Ramzan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755 (I.H.S., S.A., Y.Z., A.R., X.W., G.E.S.); Department of Biochemistry, Quaid-i-azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan (S.A., A.R., S.N.S.); and Department of Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599 (J.J.K.)
| | - Xiaomin Wang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755 (I.H.S., S.A., Y.Z., A.R., X.W., G.E.S.); Department of Biochemistry, Quaid-i-azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan (S.A., A.R., S.N.S.); and Department of Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599 (J.J.K.)
| | - Samina N Shakeel
- Department of Biological Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755 (I.H.S., S.A., Y.Z., A.R., X.W., G.E.S.); Department of Biochemistry, Quaid-i-azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan (S.A., A.R., S.N.S.); and Department of Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599 (J.J.K.)
| | - Joseph J Kieber
- Department of Biological Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755 (I.H.S., S.A., Y.Z., A.R., X.W., G.E.S.); Department of Biochemistry, Quaid-i-azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan (S.A., A.R., S.N.S.); and Department of Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599 (J.J.K.)
| | - G Eric Schaller
- Department of Biological Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755 (I.H.S., S.A., Y.Z., A.R., X.W., G.E.S.); Department of Biochemistry, Quaid-i-azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan (S.A., A.R., S.N.S.); and Department of Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599 (J.J.K.)
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178
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Weller JL, Foo EM, Hecht V, Ridge S, Vander Schoor JK, Reid JB. Ethylene Signaling Influences Light-Regulated Development in Pea. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2015; 169:115-24. [PMID: 25792252 PMCID: PMC4577373 DOI: 10.1104/pp.15.00164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2015] [Accepted: 03/17/2015] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Plant responses to light involve a complex network of interactions among multiple plant hormones. In a screen for mutants showing altered photomorphogenesis under red light, we identified a mutant with dramatically enhanced leaf expansion and delayed petal senescence. We show that this mutant exhibits reduced sensitivity to ethylene and carries a nonsense mutation in the single pea (Pisum sativum) ortholog of the ethylene signaling gene ETHYLENE INSENSITIVE2 (EIN2). Consistent with this observation, the ein2 mutation rescues the previously described effects of ethylene overproduction in mature phytochrome-deficient plants. In seedlings, ein2 confers a marked increase in leaf expansion under monochromatic red, far-red, or blue light, and interaction with phytochromeA, phytochromeB, and long1 mutants confirms that ein2 enhances both phytochrome- and cryptochrome-dependent responses in a LONG1-dependent manner. In contrast, minimal effects of ein2 on seedling development in darkness or high-irradiance white light show that ethylene is not limiting for development under these conditions. These results indicate that ethylene signaling constrains leaf expansion during deetiolation in pea and provide further evidence that down-regulation of ethylene production may be an important component mechanism in the broader control of photomorphogenic development by phytochrome and cryptochrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- James L Weller
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia
| | - Eloise M Foo
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia
| | - Valérie Hecht
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia
| | - Stephen Ridge
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia
| | | | - James B Reid
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia
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179
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Tao JJ, Cao YR, Chen HW, Wei W, Li QT, Ma B, Zhang WK, Chen SY, Zhang JS. Tobacco Translationally Controlled Tumor Protein Interacts with Ethylene Receptor Tobacco Histidine Kinase1 and Enhances Plant Growth through Promotion of Cell Proliferation. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2015; 169:96-114. [PMID: 25941315 PMCID: PMC4577386 DOI: 10.1104/pp.15.00355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2015] [Accepted: 04/30/2015] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Ethylene is an important phytohormone in the regulation of plant growth, development, and stress response throughout the lifecycle. Previously, we discovered that a subfamily II ethylene receptor tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) Histidine Kinase1 (NTHK1) promotes seedling growth. Here, we identified an NTHK1-interacting protein translationally controlled tumor protein (NtTCTP) by the yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) two-hybrid assay and further characterized its roles in plant growth. The interaction was further confirmed by in vitro glutathione S-transferase pull down and in vivo coimmunoprecipitation and bimolecular fluorescence complementation assays, and the kinase domain of NTHK1 mediates the interaction with NtTCTP. The NtTCTP protein is induced by ethylene treatment and colocalizes with NTHK1 at the endoplasmic reticulum. Overexpression of NtTCTP or NTHK1 reduces plant response to ethylene and promotes seedling growth, mainly through acceleration of cell proliferation. Genetic analysis suggests that NtTCTP is required for the function of NTHK1. Furthermore, association of NtTCTP prevents NTHK1 from proteasome-mediated protein degradation. Our data suggest that plant growth inhibition triggered by ethylene is regulated by a unique feedback mechanism, in which ethylene-induced NtTCTP associates with and stabilizes ethylene receptor NTHK1 to reduce plant response to ethylene and promote plant growth through acceleration of cell proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Jun Tao
- State Key Lab of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Yang-Rong Cao
- State Key Lab of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Hao-Wei Chen
- State Key Lab of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Wei Wei
- State Key Lab of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Qing-Tian Li
- State Key Lab of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Biao Ma
- State Key Lab of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Wan-Ke Zhang
- State Key Lab of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Shou-Yi Chen
- State Key Lab of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Jin-Song Zhang
- State Key Lab of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
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180
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Bakshi A, Wilson RL, Lacey RF, Kim H, Wuppalapati SK, Binder BM. Identification of Regions in the Receiver Domain of the ETHYLENE RESPONSE1 Ethylene Receptor of Arabidopsis Important for Functional Divergence. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2015; 169:219-32. [PMID: 26160962 PMCID: PMC4577405 DOI: 10.1104/pp.15.00626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2015] [Accepted: 07/09/2015] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Ethylene influences the growth and development of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) via five receptor isoforms. However, the ETHYLENE RESPONSE1 (ETR1) ethylene receptor has unique, and sometimes contrasting, roles from the other receptor isoforms. Prior research indicates that the receiver domain of ETR1 is important for some of these noncanonical roles. We determined that the ETR1 receiver domain is not needed for ETR1's predominant role in mediating responses to the ethylene antagonist, silver. To understand the structure-function relationship underlying the unique roles of the ETR1 receiver domain in the control of specific traits, we performed alanine-scanning mutagenesis. We chose amino acids that are poorly conserved and are in regions predicted to have altered tertiary structure compared with the receiver domains of the other two receptors that contain a receiver domain, ETR2 and ETHYLENE INSENSITIVE4. The effects of these mutants on various phenotypes were examined in transgenic, receptor-deficient Arabidopsis plants. Some traits, such as growth in air and growth recovery after the removal of ethylene, were unaffected by these mutations. By contrast, three mutations on one surface of the receiver domain rendered the transgene unable to rescue ethylene-stimulated nutations. Additionally, several mutations on another surface altered germination on salt. Some of these mutations conferred hyperfunctionality to ETR1 in the context of seed germination on salt, but not for other traits, that correlated with increased responsiveness to abscisic acid. Thus, the ETR1 receiver domain has multiple functions where different surfaces are involved in the control of different traits. Models are discussed for these observations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arkadipta Bakshi
- Genome Science and Technology Program (A.B., B.M.B.) and Department of Biochemistry, Cellular, and Molecular Biology (R.L.W., R.F.L., H.K., S.K.W., B.M.B.), University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996
| | - Rebecca L Wilson
- Genome Science and Technology Program (A.B., B.M.B.) and Department of Biochemistry, Cellular, and Molecular Biology (R.L.W., R.F.L., H.K., S.K.W., B.M.B.), University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996
| | - Randy F Lacey
- Genome Science and Technology Program (A.B., B.M.B.) and Department of Biochemistry, Cellular, and Molecular Biology (R.L.W., R.F.L., H.K., S.K.W., B.M.B.), University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996
| | - Heejung Kim
- Genome Science and Technology Program (A.B., B.M.B.) and Department of Biochemistry, Cellular, and Molecular Biology (R.L.W., R.F.L., H.K., S.K.W., B.M.B.), University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996
| | - Sai Keerthana Wuppalapati
- Genome Science and Technology Program (A.B., B.M.B.) and Department of Biochemistry, Cellular, and Molecular Biology (R.L.W., R.F.L., H.K., S.K.W., B.M.B.), University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996
| | - Brad M Binder
- Genome Science and Technology Program (A.B., B.M.B.) and Department of Biochemistry, Cellular, and Molecular Biology (R.L.W., R.F.L., H.K., S.K.W., B.M.B.), University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996
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181
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Li J, Xu HH, Liu WC, Zhang XW, Lu YT. Ethylene Inhibits Root Elongation during Alkaline Stress through AUXIN1 and Associated Changes in Auxin Accumulation. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2015; 168:1777-91. [PMID: 26109425 PMCID: PMC4528753 DOI: 10.1104/pp.15.00523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2015] [Accepted: 06/23/2015] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Soil alkalinity causes major reductions in yield and quality of crops worldwide. The plant root is the first organ sensing soil alkalinity, which results in shorter primary roots. However, the mechanism underlying alkaline stress-mediated inhibition of root elongation remains to be further elucidated. Here, we report that alkaline conditions inhibit primary root elongation of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) seedlings by reducing cell division potential in the meristem zones and that ethylene signaling affects this process. The ethylene perception antagonist silver (Ag(+)) alleviated the inhibition of root elongation by alkaline stress. Moreover, the ethylene signaling mutants ethylene response1-3 (etr1-3), ethylene insensitive2 (ein2), and ein3-1 showed less reduction in root length under alkaline conditions, indicating a reduced sensitivity to alkalinity. Ethylene biosynthesis also was found to play a role in alkaline stress-mediated root inhibition; the ethylene overproducer1-1 mutant, which overproduces ethylene because of increased stability of 1-AMINOCYCLOPROPANE-1-CARBOXYLIC ACID SYNTHASE5, was hypersensitive to alkaline stress. In addition, the ethylene biosynthesis inhibitor cobalt (Co(2+)) suppressed alkaline stress-mediated inhibition of root elongation. We further found that alkaline stress caused an increase in auxin levels by promoting expression of auxin biosynthesis-related genes, but the increase in auxin levels was reduced in the roots of the etr1-3 and ein3-1 mutants and in Ag(+)/Co(2+)-treated wild-type plants. Additional genetic and physiological data showed that AUXIN1 (AUX1) was involved in alkaline stress-mediated inhibition of root elongation. Taken together, our results reveal that ethylene modulates alkaline stress-mediated inhibition of root growth by increasing auxin accumulation by stimulating the expression of AUX1 and auxin biosynthesis-related genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China (J.L., W.-C.L., X.-W.Z., Y.-T.L.); andJiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Pharmaceutical Compound Screening and Co-Innovation Center for Jiangsu Marine Bio-Industry Technology, Huaihai Institute of Technology, Lianyungang 222005, China (H.-H.X.)
| | - Heng-Hao Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China (J.L., W.-C.L., X.-W.Z., Y.-T.L.); andJiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Pharmaceutical Compound Screening and Co-Innovation Center for Jiangsu Marine Bio-Industry Technology, Huaihai Institute of Technology, Lianyungang 222005, China (H.-H.X.)
| | - Wen-Cheng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China (J.L., W.-C.L., X.-W.Z., Y.-T.L.); andJiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Pharmaceutical Compound Screening and Co-Innovation Center for Jiangsu Marine Bio-Industry Technology, Huaihai Institute of Technology, Lianyungang 222005, China (H.-H.X.)
| | - Xiao-Wei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China (J.L., W.-C.L., X.-W.Z., Y.-T.L.); andJiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Pharmaceutical Compound Screening and Co-Innovation Center for Jiangsu Marine Bio-Industry Technology, Huaihai Institute of Technology, Lianyungang 222005, China (H.-H.X.)
| | - Ying-Tang Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China (J.L., W.-C.L., X.-W.Z., Y.-T.L.); andJiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Pharmaceutical Compound Screening and Co-Innovation Center for Jiangsu Marine Bio-Industry Technology, Huaihai Institute of Technology, Lianyungang 222005, China (H.-H.X.)
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182
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Bisson MMA, Groth G. Targeting Plant Ethylene Responses by Controlling Essential Protein-Protein Interactions in the Ethylene Pathway. MOLECULAR PLANT 2015; 8:1165-74. [PMID: 25843012 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2015.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2014] [Revised: 03/09/2015] [Accepted: 03/30/2015] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The gaseous plant hormone ethylene regulates many processes of high agronomic relevance throughout the life span of plants. A central element in ethylene signaling is the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-localized membrane protein ethylene insensitive2 (EIN2). Recent studies indicate that in response to ethylene, the extra-membranous C-terminal end of EIN2 is proteolytically processed and translocated from the ER to the nucleus. Here, we report that the conserved nuclear localization signal (NLS) mediating nuclear import of the EIN2 C-terminus provides an important domain for complex formation with ethylene receptor ethylene response1 (ETR1). EIN2 lacking the NLS domain shows strongly reduced affinity for the receptor. Interaction of EIN2 and ETR1 is also blocked by a synthetic peptide of the NLS motif. The corresponding peptide substantially reduces ethylene responses in planta. Our results uncover a novel mechanism and type of inhibitor interfering with ethylene signal transduction and ethylene responses in plants. Disruption of essential protein-protein interactions in the ethylene signaling pathway as shown in our study for the EIN2-ETR1 complex has the potential to guide the development of innovative ethylene antagonists for modern agriculture and horticulture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie M A Bisson
- Institute of Biochemical Plant Physiology, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, D-40204 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Georg Groth
- Institute of Biochemical Plant Physiology, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, D-40204 Düsseldorf, Germany.
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183
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Zdarska M, Dobisová T, Gelová Z, Pernisová M, Dabravolski S, Hejátko J. Illuminating light, cytokinin, and ethylene signalling crosstalk in plant development. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2015; 66:4913-31. [PMID: 26022257 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erv261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Integrating important environmental signals with intrinsic developmental programmes is a crucial adaptive requirement for plant growth, survival, and reproduction. Key environmental cues include changes in several light variables, while important intrinsic (and highly interactive) regulators of many developmental processes include the phytohormones cytokinins (CKs) and ethylene. Here, we discuss the latest discoveries regarding the molecular mechanisms mediating CK/ethylene crosstalk at diverse levels of biosynthetic and metabolic pathways and their complex interactions with light. Furthermore, we summarize evidence indicating that multiple hormonal and light signals are integrated in the multistep phosphorelay (MSP) pathway, a backbone signalling pathway in plants. Inter alia, there are strong overlaps in subcellular localizations and functional similarities in components of these pathways, including receptors and various downstream agents. We highlight recent research demonstrating the importance of CK/ethylene/light crosstalk in selected aspects of plant development, particularly seed germination and early seedling development. The findings clearly demonstrate the crucial integration of plant responses to phytohormones and adaptive responses to environmental cues. Finally, we tentatively identify key future challenges to refine our understanding of the molecular mechanisms mediating crosstalk between light and hormonal signals, and their integration during plant life cycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marketa Zdarska
- Functional Genomics and Proteomics of Plants, Central European Institute of Technology and National Centre for Biomolecular Research, Masaryk University, Brno 62500, Czech Republic
| | - Tereza Dobisová
- Functional Genomics and Proteomics of Plants, Central European Institute of Technology and National Centre for Biomolecular Research, Masaryk University, Brno 62500, Czech Republic
| | - Zuzana Gelová
- Functional Genomics and Proteomics of Plants, Central European Institute of Technology and National Centre for Biomolecular Research, Masaryk University, Brno 62500, Czech Republic
| | - Markéta Pernisová
- Functional Genomics and Proteomics of Plants, Central European Institute of Technology and National Centre for Biomolecular Research, Masaryk University, Brno 62500, Czech Republic
| | - Siarhei Dabravolski
- Functional Genomics and Proteomics of Plants, Central European Institute of Technology and National Centre for Biomolecular Research, Masaryk University, Brno 62500, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Hejátko
- Functional Genomics and Proteomics of Plants, Central European Institute of Technology and National Centre for Biomolecular Research, Masaryk University, Brno 62500, Czech Republic
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184
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Wang J, Wen CK. Cryptic Role of the ETHYLENE INSENSITIVE2 Nuclear Localization Signal in Ethylene Signaling. MOLECULAR PLANT 2015; 8:1129-1130. [PMID: 26116394 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2015.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2015] [Revised: 06/16/2015] [Accepted: 06/18/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jie Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics and National Center for Plant Gene Research (Shanghai), Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 300 Fenglin Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Chi-Kuang Wen
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics and National Center for Plant Gene Research (Shanghai), Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 300 Fenglin Road, Shanghai 200032, China.
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185
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Li ZG, Chen HW, Li QT, Tao JJ, Bian XH, Ma B, Zhang WK, Chen SY, Zhang JS. Three SAUR proteins SAUR76, SAUR77 and SAUR78 promote plant growth in Arabidopsis. Sci Rep 2015. [PMID: 26207341 PMCID: PMC4513569 DOI: 10.1038/srep12477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Ethylene perceived by a family of five receptors regulates many developmental processes in Arabidopsis. Here we conducted the yeast two-hybrid assay to screen for additional unidentified proteins that interact with subfamily II ethylene receptor ETR2. Three SAUR proteins, named SAUR76, 77 and 78, were identified to associate with both ETR2 and EIN4 in different assays. Interaction of SAUR76 and SAUR78 with ETR2 was further verified by co-immunoprecipitation and bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BiFC) assays. Expressions of SAUR76-78 are induced by auxin and ethylene treatments. Compared with wild type, SAUR-overexpressing plants exhibit reduced ethylene sensitivity, while SAUR-RNAi lines exhibit enhanced ethylene sensitivity. Overexpressing the three SAURs partially complements the phenotype of subfamily II ethylene receptor loss-of-function double mutant etr2-3ein4-4, which has increased ethylene response and small cotyledon and rosette. saur76 mutation partially suppresses the reduced ethylene sensitivity of etr2-2. SAUR76/78 proteins are regulated by 26S proteasome system and larger tag increases their protein stability. These findings suggest that SAUR76-78 may affect ethylene receptor signaling and promote plant growth in Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Gang Li
- State Key Lab of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Hao-Wei Chen
- State Key Lab of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Qing-Tian Li
- State Key Lab of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Jian-Jun Tao
- State Key Lab of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Xiao-Hua Bian
- State Key Lab of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Biao Ma
- State Key Lab of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Wan-Ke Zhang
- State Key Lab of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Shou-Yi Chen
- State Key Lab of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Jin-Song Zhang
- State Key Lab of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
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186
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Häffner E, Konietzki S, Diederichsen E. Keeping Control: The Role of Senescence and Development in Plant Pathogenesis and Defense. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2015; 4:449-88. [PMID: 27135337 PMCID: PMC4844401 DOI: 10.3390/plants4030449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2015] [Revised: 06/24/2015] [Accepted: 07/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Many plant pathogens show interactions with host development. Pathogens may modify plant development according to their nutritional demands. Conversely, plant development influences pathogen growth. Biotrophic pathogens often delay senescence to keep host cells alive, and resistance is achieved by senescence-like processes in the host. Necrotrophic pathogens promote senescence in the host, and preventing early senescence is a resistance strategy of plants. For hemibiotrophic pathogens both patterns may apply. Most signaling pathways are involved in both developmental and defense reactions. Increasing knowledge about the molecular components allows to distinguish signaling branches, cross-talk and regulatory nodes that may influence the outcome of an infection. In this review, recent reports on major molecular players and their role in senescence and in pathogen response are reviewed. Examples of pathosystems with strong developmental implications illustrate the molecular basis of selected control strategies. A study of gene expression in the interaction between the hemibiotrophic vascular pathogen Verticillium longisporum and its cruciferous hosts shows processes that are fine-tuned to counteract early senescence and to achieve resistance. The complexity of the processes involved reflects the complex genetic control of quantitative disease resistance, and understanding the relationship between disease, development and resistance will support resistance breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Häffner
- Freie Universität Berlin, Fachbereich Biologie, Chemie, Pharmazie, Institut für Biologie, Dahlem Centre of Plant Sciences, Angewandte Genetik, Albrecht-Thaer-Weg 6, 14195 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Sandra Konietzki
- Freie Universität Berlin, Fachbereich Biologie, Chemie, Pharmazie, Institut für Biologie, Dahlem Centre of Plant Sciences, Angewandte Genetik, Albrecht-Thaer-Weg 6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Elke Diederichsen
- Freie Universität Berlin, Fachbereich Biologie, Chemie, Pharmazie, Institut für Biologie, Dahlem Centre of Plant Sciences, Angewandte Genetik, Albrecht-Thaer-Weg 6, 14195 Berlin, Germany.
- Norddeutsche Pflanzenzucht H.G. Lembke KG, Hohenlieth, D-24363 Holtsee, Germany.
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187
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Qiu K, Li Z, Yang Z, Chen J, Wu S, Zhu X, Gao S, Gao J, Ren G, Kuai B, Zhou X. EIN3 and ORE1 Accelerate Degreening during Ethylene-Mediated Leaf Senescence by Directly Activating Chlorophyll Catabolic Genes in Arabidopsis. PLoS Genet 2015; 11:e1005399. [PMID: 26218222 PMCID: PMC4517869 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1005399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 204] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2015] [Accepted: 06/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Degreening, caused by chlorophyll degradation, is the most obvious symptom of senescing leaves. Chlorophyll degradation can be triggered by endogenous and environmental cues, and ethylene is one of the major inducers. ETHYLENE INSENSITIVE3 (EIN3) is a key transcription factor in the ethylene signaling pathway. It was previously reported that EIN3, miR164, and a NAC (NAM, ATAF, and CUC) transcription factor ORE1/NAC2 constitute a regulatory network mediating leaf senescence. However, how this network regulates chlorophyll degradation at molecular level is not yet elucidated. Here we report a feed-forward regulation of chlorophyll degradation that involves EIN3, ORE1, and chlorophyll catabolic genes (CCGs). Gene expression analysis showed that the induction of three major CCGs, NYE1, NYC1 and PAO, by ethylene was largely repressed in ein3 eil1 double mutant. Dual-luciferase assay revealed that EIN3 significantly enhanced the promoter activity of NYE1, NYC1 and PAO in Arabidopsis protoplasts. Furthermore, Electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA) indicated that EIN3 could directly bind to NYE1, NYC1 and PAO promoters. These results reveal that EIN3 functions as a positive regulator of CCG expression during ethylene-mediated chlorophyll degradation. Interestingly, ORE1, a senescence regulator which is a downstream target of EIN3, could also activate the expression of NYE1, NYC1 and PAO by directly binding to their promoters in EMSA and chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assays. In addition, EIN3 and ORE1 promoted NYE1 and NYC1 transcriptions in an additive manner. These results suggest that ORE1 is also involved in the direct regulation of CCG transcription. Moreover, ORE1 activated the expression of ACS2, a major ethylene biosynthesis gene, and subsequently promoted ethylene production. Collectively, our work reveals that EIN3, ORE1 and CCGs constitute a coherent feed-forward loop involving in the robust regulation of ethylene-mediated chlorophyll degradation during leaf senescence in Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Fudan Institute of Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhongpeng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Fudan Institute of Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhen Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Fudan Institute of Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Junyi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Fudan Institute of Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shouxin Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Fudan Institute of Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoyu Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Fudan Institute of Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shan Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Fudan Institute of Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiong Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Fudan Institute of Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Guodong Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Fudan Institute of Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Benke Kuai
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Fudan Institute of Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xin Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Fudan Institute of Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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188
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Rai MI, Wang X, Thibault DM, Kim HJ, Bombyk MM, Binder BM, Shakeel SN, Schaller GE. The ARGOS gene family functions in a negative feedback loop to desensitize plants to ethylene. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2015; 15:157. [PMID: 26105742 PMCID: PMC4478640 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-015-0554-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2014] [Accepted: 06/15/2015] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ethylene plays critical roles in plant growth and development, including the regulation of cell expansion, senescence, and the response to biotic and abiotic stresses. Elements of the initial signal transduction pathway have been determined, but we are still defining regulatory mechanisms by which the sensitivity of plants to ethylene is modulated. RESULTS We report here that members of the ARGOS gene family of Arabidopsis, previously implicated in the regulation of plant growth and biomass, function as negative feedback regulators of ethylene signaling. Expression of all four members of the ARGOS family is induced by ethylene, but this induction is blocked in ethylene-insensitive mutants. The dose dependence for ethylene induction varies among the ARGOS family members, suggesting that they could modulate responses across a range of ethylene concentrations. GFP-fusions of ARGOS and ARL localize to the endoplasmic reticulum, the same subcellular location as the ethylene receptors and other initial components of the ethylene signaling pathway. Seedlings with increased expression of ARGOS family members exhibit reduced ethylene sensitivity based on physiological and molecular responses. CONCLUSIONS These results support a model in which the ARGOS gene family functions as part of a negative feedback circuit to desensitize the plant to ethylene, thereby expanding the range of ethylene concentrations to which the plant can respond. These results also indicate that the effects of the ARGOS gene family on plant growth and biomass are mediated through effects on ethylene signal transduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muneeza Iqbal Rai
- Department of Biological Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, 03755, USA.
- Department of Biochemistry, Quaid-i-azam University, Islamabad, 45320, Pakistan.
| | - Xiaomin Wang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, 03755, USA.
| | - Derek M Thibault
- Department of Biological Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, 03755, USA.
| | - Hyo Jung Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, 03755, USA.
| | - Matthew M Bombyk
- Department of Biological Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, 03755, USA.
| | - Brad M Binder
- Department of Biochemistry and Cellular & Molecular Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA.
| | - Samina N Shakeel
- Department of Biological Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, 03755, USA.
- Department of Biochemistry, Quaid-i-azam University, Islamabad, 45320, Pakistan.
| | - G Eric Schaller
- Department of Biological Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, 03755, USA.
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189
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Tsuda K, Somssich IE. Transcriptional networks in plant immunity. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2015; 206:932-947. [PMID: 25623163 DOI: 10.1111/nph.13286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 287] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2014] [Accepted: 12/09/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Next to numerous abiotic stresses, plants are constantly exposed to a variety of pathogens within their environment. Thus, their ability to survive and prosper during the course of evolution was strongly dependent on adapting efficient strategies to perceive and to respond to such potential threats. It is therefore not surprising that modern plants have a highly sophisticated immune repertoire consisting of diverse signal perception and intracellular signaling pathways. This signaling network is intricate and deeply interconnected, probably reflecting the diverse lifestyles and infection strategies used by the multitude of invading phytopathogens. Moreover it allows signal communication between developmental and defense programs thereby ensuring that plant growth and fitness are not significantly retarded. How plants integrate and prioritize the incoming signals and how this information is transduced to enable appropriate immune responses is currently a major research area. An important finding has been that pathogen-triggered cellular responses involve massive transcriptional reprogramming within the host. Additional key observations emerging from such studies are that transcription factors (TFs) are often sites of signal convergence and that signal-regulated TFs act in concert with other context-specific TFs and transcriptional co-regulators to establish sensory transcription regulatory networks required for plant immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenichi Tsuda
- Department of Plant Microbe Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linne Weg 10, Cologne, 50829, Germany
| | - Imre E Somssich
- Department of Plant Microbe Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linne Weg 10, Cologne, 50829, Germany
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190
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Abstract
Ethylene is a hormone involved in numerous aspects of growth, development, and responses to biotic and abiotic stresses in plants. Ethylene is perceived through its binding to endoplasmic reticulum-localized receptors that function as negative regulators of ethylene signaling in the absence of the hormone. In Arabidopsis thaliana, five structurally and functionally different ethylene receptors are present. These differ in their primary sequence, in the domains present, and in the type of kinase activity exhibited, which may suggest functional differences among the receptors. Whereas ethylene receptors functionally overlap to suppress ethylene signaling, certain other responses are controlled by specific receptors. In this review, I examine the nature of these receptor differences, how the evolution of the ethylene receptor gene family may provide insight into their differences, and how expression of receptors or their accessory proteins may underlie receptor-specific responses.
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191
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Yang C, Lu X, Ma B, Chen SY, Zhang JS. Ethylene signaling in rice and Arabidopsis: conserved and diverged aspects. MOLECULAR PLANT 2015; 8:495-505. [PMID: 25732590 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2015.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2014] [Revised: 12/16/2014] [Accepted: 01/06/2015] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Ethylene as a gas phytohormone plays significant roles in the whole life cycle of plants, ranging from growth and development to stress responses. A linear ethylene signaling pathway has been established in the dicotyledonous model plant Arabidopsis. However, the ethylene signaling mechanism in monocotyledonous plants such as rice is largely unclear. In this review, we compare the ethylene response phenotypes of dark-grown seedlings of Arabidopsis, rice, and other monocotyledonous plants (maize, wheat, sorghum, and Brachypodium distachyon) and pinpoint that rice has a distinct phenotype of root inhibition but coleoptile promotion in etiolated seedlings upon ethylene treatment. We further summarize the homologous genes of Arabidopsis ethylene signaling components in these monocotyledonous plants and discuss recent progress. Although conserved in most aspects, ethylene signaling in rice has evolved new features compared with that in Arabidopsis. These analyses provide novel insights into the understanding of ethylene signaling in the dicotyledonous Arabidopsis and monocotyledonous plants, particularly rice. Further characterization of rice ethylene-responsive mutants and their corresponding genes will help us better understand the whole picture of ethylene signaling mechanisms in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Yang
- State Key Lab of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Xiang Lu
- State Key Lab of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Biao Ma
- State Key Lab of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Shou-Yi Chen
- State Key Lab of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Jin-Song Zhang
- State Key Lab of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.
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192
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Cao YR, Chen HW, Li ZG, Tao JJ, Ma B, Zhang WK, Chen SY, Zhang JS. Tobacco ankyrin protein NEIP2 interacts with ethylene receptor NTHK1 and regulates plant growth and stress responses. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2015; 56:803-18. [PMID: 25634961 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcv009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2014] [Accepted: 01/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2023]
Abstract
Ethylene is a gaseous hormone that regulates many processes involved in plant growth, development and stress responses. Previously, we found that the tobacco ethylene receptor NTHK1 (Nicotiana tabacum histidine kinase 1) promotes seedling growth and affects plant salt stress responses. In this study, NTHK1 ethylene receptor-interacting protein 2 (NEIP2) was identified and further characterized in relation to these processes. NEIP2 contains three ankyrin repeats that mediate an interaction with NTHK1 as demonstrated by yeast two-hybrid, glutathione S-transferase (GST) pull-down and co-immunoprecipitation assays. NTHK1 phosphorylates NEIP2 in vitro. Salt stress and ethylene treatment induce NEIP2 accumulation in the first few hours and then the NEIP2 can be phosphorylated in planta. The overexpression of NTHK1 enhances NEIP2 accumulation in the presence of ethylene and salt stress. NEIP2 overexpression promotes plant growth but reduces ethylene responses, which is consistent with the functions of NTHK1. Additionally, NEIP2 improves plant performance under salt and oxidative stress. These results suggest that ethylene-induced NEIP2 probably acts as a brake to reduce ethylene response but resumes growth through interaction with NTHK1. Manipulation of NEIP2 may be beneficial for crop improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang-Rong Cao
- State Key Lab of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China These authors contributed equally to this work. Present address: Division of Plant Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Hao-Wei Chen
- State Key Lab of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Zhi-Gang Li
- State Key Lab of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Jian-Jun Tao
- State Key Lab of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Biao Ma
- State Key Lab of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Wan-Ke Zhang
- State Key Lab of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Shou-Yi Chen
- State Key Lab of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Jin-Song Zhang
- State Key Lab of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
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193
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Zhu Z, Lee B. Friends or foes: new insights in jasmonate and ethylene co-actions. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2015; 56:414-20. [PMID: 25435545 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcu171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
One strategy for sessile plants to adapt to their surrounding environment involves the modulation of their various internal phytohormone signaling and distributions when the plants sense environmental change. There are currently dozens of identified phytohormones in plant cells and they act in concert to regulate plant growth, development, metabolism and defense. It has been determined that phytohormones often act together to achieve certain physiological functions. Thus, the study of hormone-hormone interactions is becoming a competitive research field for deciphering the underlying regulatory mechanisms. Among phytohormones, jasmonate and ethylene present a fascinating case of synergism and antagonism. They are commonly recognized as defense hormones that act synergistically. Plants impaired in jasmonate and/or ethylene signaling are susceptible to infections by necrotrophic fungi, suggesting that these two hormones are both required for defense. Moreover, jasmonate and ethylene also act antagonistically, such as in the regulation of apical hook development and wounding responses. Here, we highlight the recent breakthroughs in the understanding of jasmonate-ethylene co-actions and point out the potential power of studying protein-protein interactions for systematically exploring signal cross-talk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziqiang Zhu
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Benjamin Lee
- Department of Molecular, Cell, and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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194
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Xie LJ, Chen QF, Chen MX, Yu LJ, Huang L, Chen L, Wang FZ, Xia FN, Zhu TR, Wu JX, Yin J, Liao B, Shi J, Zhang JH, Aharoni A, Yao N, Shu W, Xiao S. Unsaturation of very-long-chain ceramides protects plant from hypoxia-induced damages by modulating ethylene signaling in Arabidopsis. PLoS Genet 2015; 11:e1005143. [PMID: 25822663 PMCID: PMC4379176 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1005143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2014] [Accepted: 03/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Lipid remodeling is crucial for hypoxic tolerance in animals, whilst little is known about the hypoxia-induced lipid dynamics in plants. Here we performed a mass spectrometry-based analysis to survey the lipid profiles of Arabidopsis rosettes under various hypoxic conditions. We observed that hypoxia caused a significant increase in total amounts of phosphatidylserine, phosphatidic acid and oxidized lipids, but a decrease in phosphatidylcholine (PC) and phosphatidylethanolamine (PE). Particularly, significant gains in the polyunsaturated species of PC, PE and phosphatidylinositol, and losses in their saturated and mono-unsaturated species were evident during hypoxia. Moreover, hypoxia led to a remarkable elevation of ceramides and hydroxyceramides. Disruption of ceramide synthases LOH1, LOH2 and LOH3 enhanced plant sensitivity to dark submergence, but displayed more resistance to submergence under light than wild type. Consistently, levels of unsaturated very-long-chain (VLC) ceramide species (22:1, 24:1 and 26:1) predominantly declined in the loh1, loh2 and loh3 mutants under dark submergence. In contrast, significant reduction of VLC ceramides in the loh1-1 loh3-1 knockdown double mutant and lacking of VLC unsaturated ceramides in the ads2 mutants impaired plant tolerance to both dark and light submergences. Evidence that C24:1-ceramide interacted with recombinant CTR1 protein and inhibited its kinase activity in vitro, enhanced ER-to-nucleus translocation of EIN2-GFP and stabilization of EIN3-GFP in vivo, suggests a role of ceramides in modulating CTR1-mediated ethylene signaling. The dark submergence-sensitive phenotypes of loh mutants were rescued by a ctr1-1 mutation. Thus, our findings demonstrate that unsaturation of VLC ceramides is a protective strategy for hypoxic tolerance in Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Juan Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qin-Fang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mo-Xian Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Lu-Jun Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Li Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Liang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Feng-Zhu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Fan-Nv Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tian-Ren Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jian-Xin Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jian Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bin Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jianxin Shi
- School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jian-Hua Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Asaph Aharoni
- Department of Plant Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Nan Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wensheng Shu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shi Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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195
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Wang C, Liu Y, Li SS, Han GZ. Insights into the origin and evolution of the plant hormone signaling machinery. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2015; 167:872-86. [PMID: 25560880 PMCID: PMC4348752 DOI: 10.1104/pp.114.247403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Plant hormones modulate plant growth, development, and defense. However, many aspects of the origin and evolution of plant hormone signaling pathways remain obscure. Here, we use a comparative genomic and phylogenetic approach to investigate the origin and evolution of nine major plant hormone (abscisic acid, auxin, brassinosteroid, cytokinin, ethylene, gibberellin, jasmonate, salicylic acid, and strigolactone) signaling pathways. Our multispecies genome-wide analysis reveals that: (1) auxin, cytokinin, and strigolactone signaling pathways originated in charophyte lineages; (2) abscisic acid, jasmonate, and salicylic acid signaling pathways arose in the last common ancestor of land plants; (3) gibberellin signaling evolved after the divergence of bryophytes from land plants; (4) the canonical brassinosteroid signaling originated before the emergence of angiosperms but likely after the split of gymnosperms and angiosperms; and (5) the origin of the canonical ethylene signaling pathway postdates shortly the emergence of angiosperms. Our findings might have important implications in understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying the emergence of land plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunyang Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Functional Genomics, Jiangsu Engineering and Technology Research Center for Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China (C.W., G.-Z.H.);State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong 271018, China (C.W., Y.L., S.-S.L.); andDepartment of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721 (G.-Z.H.)
| | - Yang Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Functional Genomics, Jiangsu Engineering and Technology Research Center for Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China (C.W., G.-Z.H.);State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong 271018, China (C.W., Y.L., S.-S.L.); andDepartment of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721 (G.-Z.H.)
| | - Si-Shen Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Functional Genomics, Jiangsu Engineering and Technology Research Center for Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China (C.W., G.-Z.H.);State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong 271018, China (C.W., Y.L., S.-S.L.); andDepartment of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721 (G.-Z.H.)
| | - Guan-Zhu Han
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Functional Genomics, Jiangsu Engineering and Technology Research Center for Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China (C.W., G.-Z.H.);State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong 271018, China (C.W., Y.L., S.-S.L.); andDepartment of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721 (G.-Z.H.)
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196
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Moniuszko G. Ethylene signaling pathway is not linear, however its lateral part is responsible for sensing and signaling of sulfur status in plants. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2015; 10:e1067742. [PMID: 26340594 PMCID: PMC4883965 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2015.1067742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2015] [Accepted: 06/26/2015] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
A secondary, non-linear, lateral part of ethylene signaling pathway has been anticipated and speculated before. Recently, it has been found that part of the proteomic response of Eruca sativa to silver nitrate (which is an inhibitor of ethylene signaling) is related to sulfur metabolism. Using public Arabidopsis thaliana microarray data, I show that silver nitrate mimics the signal of sulfur starvation at the transcriptome level. This, combined with data mined from literature, indicates that ethylene receptors are localized at the beginning of the response to sulfur deficiency in plants. This means that the non-linear, lateral part of ethylene signaling pathway exists and is responsible for transduction of the signal of sulfur deficit. Here, I present a model of such a pathway and anticipate it to be the starting point for more detailed analysis of the lateral part of ethylene signaling pathway and the exact mechanism of sulfur status sensing in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grzegorz Moniuszko
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences; Warsaw, Poland
- Correspondence to: Grzegorz Moniuszko;
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Kim J, Chang C, Tucker ML. To grow old: regulatory role of ethylene and jasmonic acid in senescence. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 6:20. [PMID: 25688252 PMCID: PMC4310285 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.00020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2014] [Accepted: 01/10/2015] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Senescence, the final stage in the development of an organ or whole plant, is a genetically programmed process controlled by developmental and environmental signals. Age-related signals underlie the onset of senescence in specific organs (leaf, flower, and fruit) as well as the whole plant (monocarpic senescence). Rudimentary to most senescence processes is the plant hormone ethylene, a small gaseous molecule critical to diverse processes throughout the life of the plant. The role of ethylene in senescence was discovered almost 100 years ago, but the molecular mechanisms by which ethylene regulates senescence have been deciphered more recently primarily through genetic and molecular studies in Arabidopsis. Jasmonic acid (JA), another plant hormone, is emerging as a key player in the control of senescence. The regulatory network of ethylene and JA involves the integration of transcription factors, microRNAs, and other hormones. In this review, we summarize the current understanding of ethylene's role in senescence, and discuss the interplay of ethylene with JA in the regulation of senescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joonyup Kim
- Soybean Genomics and Improvement Laboratory, United States Department of Agriculture–Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, MD, USA
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
- *Correspondence: Joonyup Kim and Mark L. Tucker, Soybean Genomics and Improvement Laboratory, United States Department of Agriculture–Agricultural Research Service, 10300 Baltimore Avenue, Building 006, Room 212, BARC-WEST, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA e-mail: ;
| | - Caren Chang
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Mark L. Tucker
- Soybean Genomics and Improvement Laboratory, United States Department of Agriculture–Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, MD, USA
- *Correspondence: Joonyup Kim and Mark L. Tucker, Soybean Genomics and Improvement Laboratory, United States Department of Agriculture–Agricultural Research Service, 10300 Baltimore Avenue, Building 006, Room 212, BARC-WEST, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA e-mail: ;
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198
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Zhang H, Cui F, Wu Y, Lou L, Liu L, Tian M, Ning Y, Shu K, Tang S, Xie Q. The RING finger ubiquitin E3 ligase SDIR1 targets SDIR1-INTERACTING PROTEIN1 for degradation to modulate the salt stress response and ABA signaling in Arabidopsis. THE PLANT CELL 2015; 27:214-27. [PMID: 25616872 PMCID: PMC4330582 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.114.134163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2014] [Revised: 12/17/2014] [Accepted: 01/06/2015] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The plant hormone abscisic acid (ABA) regulates many aspects of plant development and the stress response. The intracellular E3 ligase SDIR1 (SALT- AND DROUGHT-INDUCED REALLY INTERESTING NEW GENE FINGER1) plays a key role in ABA signaling, regulating ABA-related seed germination and the stress response. In this study, we found that SDIR1 is localized on the endoplasmic reticulum membrane in Arabidopsis thaliana. Using cell biology, molecular biology, and biochemistry approaches, we demonstrated that SDIR1 interacts with and ubiquitinates its substrate, SDIRIP1 (SDIR1-INTERACTING PROTEIN1), to modulate SDIRIP1 stability through the 26S proteasome pathway. SDIRIP1 acts genetically downstream of SDIR1 in ABA and salt stress signaling. In detail, SDIRIP1 selectively regulates the expression of the downstream basic region/leucine zipper motif transcription factor gene ABA-INSENSITIVE5, rather than ABA-RESPONSIVE ELEMENTS BINDING FACTOR3 (ABF3) or ABF4, to regulate ABA-mediated seed germination and the plant salt response. Overall, the SDIR1/SDIRIP1 complex plays a vital role in ABA signaling through the ubiquitination pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huawei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, National Center for Plant Gene Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Feng Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, National Center for Plant Gene Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Yaorong Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, National Center for Plant Gene Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Lijuan Lou
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, National Center for Plant Gene Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Lijing Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, National Center for Plant Gene Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Miaomiao Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, National Center for Plant Gene Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Yuese Ning
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, National Center for Plant Gene Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Kai Shu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, National Center for Plant Gene Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Sanyuan Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, National Center for Plant Gene Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Qi Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, National Center for Plant Gene Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
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Tao JJ, Chen HW, Ma B, Zhang WK, Chen SY, Zhang JS. The Role of Ethylene in Plants Under Salinity Stress. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 6:1059. [PMID: 26640476 PMCID: PMC4661241 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.01059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2015] [Accepted: 11/13/2015] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Although the roles of ethylene in plant response to salinity and other stresses have been extensively studied, there are still some obscure points left to be clarified. Generally, in Arabidopsis and many other terrestrial plants, ethylene signaling is indispensable for plant rapid response and tolerance to salinity stress. However, a few studies showed that functional knock-out of some ACSs increased plant salinity-tolerance, while overexpression of them caused more sensitivity. This seems to be contradictory to the known opinion that ethylene plays positive roles in salinity response. Differently, ethylene in rice may play negative roles in regulating seedling tolerance to salinity. The main positive ethylene signaling components MHZ7/OsEIN2, MHZ6/OsEIL1, and OsEIL2 all negatively regulate the salinity-tolerance of rice seedlings. Recently, several different research groups all proposed a negative feedback mechanism of coordinating plant growth and ethylene response, in which several ethylene-inducible proteins (including NtTCTP, NEIP2 in tobacco, AtSAUR76/77/78, and AtARGOS) act as inhibitors of ethylene response but activators of plant growth. Therefore, in addition to a summary of the general roles of ethylene biosynthesis and signaling in salinity response, this review mainly focused on discussing (i) the discrepancies between ethylene biosynthesis and signaling in salinity response, (ii) the divergence between rice and Arabidopsis in regulation of salinity response by ethylene, and (iii) the possible negative feedback mechanism of coordinating plant growth and salinity response by ethylene.
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Xu J, Zhang S. Mitogen-activated protein kinase cascades in signaling plant growth and development. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 20:56-64. [PMID: 25457109 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2014.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 318] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2014] [Revised: 09/21/2014] [Accepted: 10/02/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascades are ubiquitous signaling modules in eukaryotes. Early research of plant MAPKs has been focused on their functions in immunity and stress responses. Recent studies reveal that they also play essential roles in plant growth and development downstream of receptor-like protein kinases (RLKs). With only a limited number of MAPK components, multiple functional pathways initiated from different receptors often share the same MAPK components or even a complete MAPK cascade. In this review, we discuss how MAPK cascades function as molecular switches in response to spatiotemporal-specific ligand-receptor interactions and the availability of downstream substrates. In addition, we discuss other possible mechanisms governing the functional specificity of plant MAPK cascades, a question central to our understanding of MAPK functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Shuqun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China; Division of Biochemistry, Interdisciplinary Plant Group, and Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA.
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