151
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Kim A, Jang MH, Lee SJ, Bae YK. Mutations of the Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Gene in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer. J Breast Cancer 2017; 20:150-159. [PMID: 28690651 PMCID: PMC5500398 DOI: 10.4048/jbc.2017.20.2.150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2016] [Accepted: 02/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is considered a potential therapeutic target for anti-EGFR therapy in triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). However, the frequency of EGFR gene mutation in TNBC is low and varies with ethnicity. This study aimed to investigate the incidence of EGFR gene mutation in TNBC. Methods EGFR protein expression was evaluated by immunohistochemistry in tissue microarrays of 493 TNBC cases using four different primary antibodies, which included mutation-specific antibodies. For cases with an immunoreactivity level ≥1+, we performed pyrosequencing analysis for EGFR gene mutation. A case was considered mutation-positive when its mutation frequency minus its limit of detection (LOD) was >10%. Cases with mutation frequency higher than LOD were assessed for EGFR gene mutation status using the Cobas assay and by peptide nucleic acid-mediated polymerase chain reaction (PNA-clamping). Results Among 493 TNBCs, 148 (30.0%) exhibited staining ≥1+ for EGFR, including 78 with 1+, 49 with 2+, and 21 with 3+. Positive EGFR expression (≥2+) was significantly associated with lymphovascular invasion (p=0.010), but not with overall survival (p=0.444) or disease-free survival (p=0.388). None of the 493 TNBCs harbored an EGFR gene mutation. Among 148 cases with an EGFR staining result ≥1+, five (3.4%) showed mutation frequencies (4.4%–10.9%) higher than LOD (2.6%–4.3%) in exons 19 (L747_P753>Q) or 21 (L858R and L861Q) as determined by pyrosequencing. However, Cobas and PNA-clamping failed to detect the presence of EGFR gene mutation in these five cases. Conclusion No activating mutation of EGFR gene of clinical significance was observed in 148 TNBC cases using three commercially available methods. Thus, EGFR gene mutation appears to be an extremely rare event in patients with TNBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aeri Kim
- Department of Pathology, Daegu Fatima Hospital, Daegu, Korea
| | - Min Hye Jang
- Department of Pathology, Yeungnam University College of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
| | - Soo Jung Lee
- Department of Surgery, Yeungnam University College of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
| | - Young Kyung Bae
- Department of Pathology, Yeungnam University College of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
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152
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Conditional internalization of PEGylated nanomedicines by PEG engagers for triple negative breast cancer therapy. Nat Commun 2017; 8:15507. [PMID: 28593948 PMCID: PMC5472176 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms15507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2016] [Accepted: 04/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) lacks effective treatment options due to the absence of traditional therapeutic targets. The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) has emerged as a promising target for TNBC therapy because it is overexpressed in about 50% of TNBC patients. Here we describe a PEG engager that simultaneously binds polyethylene glycol and EGFR to deliver PEGylated nanomedicines to EGFR+ TNBC. The PEG engager displays conditional internalization by remaining on the surface of TNBC cells until contact with PEGylated nanocarriers triggers rapid engulfment of nanocargos. PEG engager enhances the anti-proliferative activity of PEG-liposomal doxorubicin to EGFR+ TNBC cells by up to 100-fold with potency dependent on EGFR expression levels. The PEG engager significantly increases retention of fluorescent PEG probes and enhances the antitumour activity of PEGylated liposomal doxorubicin in human TNBC xenografts. PEG engagers with specificity for EGFR are promising for improved treatment of EGFR+ TNBC patients. The majority of treatment options for cancers are ineffective due to limited therapeutic targeting. Here, the authors develop bispecific antibodies that effectively target nanomaterials to triple-negative breast cancer cell receptors and deliver therapeutics leading to inhibition of tumour growth.
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153
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Yamashita N, Kondo M, Zhao S, Li W, Koike K, Nemoto K, Kanno Y. Picrasidine G decreases viability of MDA-MB 468 EGFR-overexpressing triple-negative breast cancer cells through inhibition of EGFR/STAT3 signaling pathway. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2017; 27:2608-2612. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2017.03.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2017] [Revised: 03/08/2017] [Accepted: 03/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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154
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Aptamer-mediated impairment of EGFR-integrin αvβ3 complex inhibits vasculogenic mimicry and growth of triple-negative breast cancers. Sci Rep 2017; 7:46659. [PMID: 28425453 PMCID: PMC5397976 DOI: 10.1038/srep46659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2016] [Accepted: 03/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Current treatment options for triple-negative breast cancers (TNBCs) is limited by the absence of well-defined biomarkers, excluding a targeted therapy. Notably, epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is overexpressed in a great proportion of TNBCs and is a negative prognostic factor. In clinical trials, however, existing EGFR inhibitors showed disappointing outcome. Oligonucleotide aptamers are a valid alternative to antibodies for diagnostic and therapeutic uses. Here, we prove that, when applied to aggressive TNBC cell lines with unique stem-like plasticity, the anti-EGFR CL4 aptamer, but not erlotinib or cetuximab, prevents the vasculogenic mimicry (VM) capability of the cells and destroys previously formed channels in three-dimensional culture. Notably, we found that CL4 impairs the matrix-induced integrin αvβ3 interaction with EGFR and integrin αvβ3-dependent cell adhesion. Consistently, the aptamer strongly inhibits VM and tumor growth in a xenograft TNBC model. These data suggest that in TNBC cells, EGFR may cooperate with integrin αvβ3 to regulate integrin binding to extracellular ligands required for VM, and EGFR-targeting by CL4 aptamer may counteract this event. Overall, we demonstrate a novel mechanism of action for CL4 related with integrin αvβ3-EGFR interaction, that may help to develop new oligonucleotide-based strategy addressing unmet need for TNBCs therapy.
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155
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Li H, You L, Xie J, Pan H, Han W. The roles of subcellularly located EGFR in autophagy. Cell Signal 2017; 35:223-230. [PMID: 28428083 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2017.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2017] [Revised: 04/14/2017] [Accepted: 04/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is a well-studied receptor-tyrosine kinase that serves vital roles in regulation of organ development and cancer progression. EGFR not only exists on the plasma membrane, but also widely expressed in the nucleus, endosomes, and mitochondria. Most recently, several lines of evidences indicated that autophagy is regulated by EGFR in kinase-active and -independent manners. In this review, we summarized recent advances in our understanding of the functions of different subcellularly located EGFR on autophagy. Specifically, plasma membrane- and cytoplasm-located EGFR (pcEGFR) acts as a tyrosine kinase to regulate autophagy via the PI3K/AKT1/mTOR, RAS/MAPK1/3, and STAT3 signaling pathways. The kinase-independent function of pcEGFR inhibits autophagy by maintaining SLC5A1-regulated intracellular glucose level. Endosome-located EGFR phosphorylates and inhibits Beclin1 to suppress autophagy, while kinase-independent endosome-located EGFR releases Beclin1 from the Rubicon-Beclin1 complex to increase autophagy. Additionally, the nuclear EGFR activates PRKDC/PNPase/MYC signaling to inhibit autophagy. Although the role of mitochondria-located EGFR in autophagy is largely unexplored, the production of ATP and reactive oxygen species mediated by mitochondrial dynamics is most likely to influence autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongsen Li
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Liangkun You
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jiansheng Xie
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Institute of Clinical Science, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Hongming Pan
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China; Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Institute of Clinical Science, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Weidong Han
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China; Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Institute of Clinical Science, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
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156
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Costa R, Shah AN, Santa-Maria CA, Cruz MR, Mahalingam D, Carneiro BA, Chae YK, Cristofanilli M, Gradishar WJ, Giles FJ. Targeting Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor in triple negative breast cancer: New discoveries and practical insights for drug development. Cancer Treat Rev 2017; 53:111-119. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ctrv.2016.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2016] [Revised: 12/23/2016] [Accepted: 12/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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157
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Abstract
The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is one of the most well-studied signaling pathways in cancer progression. As a result, numerous therapeutics including small-molecule inhibitors and monoclonal antibodies have been developed to target this critical oncogenic driver. Several of these EGFR inhibitors (EGFRi) have been evaluated in metastatic breast cancer, as high-level EGFR expression in primary tumors correlates with the highly aggressive basal-like phenotype and predicts for poor patient prognosis. Surprisingly, these trials have been unanimously unsuccessful at improving patient outcomes. Numerous factors, such as lack of proper patient selection may have contributed to the failure of these trials. However, recent findings suggest that there are fundamental changes in EGFR signaling that take place during primary tumor invasion, dissemination and ultimate metastasis of breast cancer cells. Herein, we review the outcomes of EGFR-targeted clinical trials in breast cancer and explore our current understanding of EGFR signaling within primary mammary tumors and how these events are altered in the metastatic setting. Overall, we put forth the hypothesis that fundamental changes in EGFR signaling between primary and metastatic tumors, a process we term the 'EGFR paradox,' contribute to the clinically observed inherent resistance to EGFRi. Furthermore, this hypothesis introduces the possibility of utilizing EGFR agonism as a potential therapeutic approach for the treatment of metastatic breast cancer.
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158
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Liu CY, Hu MH, Hsu CJ, Huang CT, Wang DS, Tsai WC, Chen YT, Lee CH, Chu PY, Hsu CC, Chen MH, Shiau CW, Tseng LM, Chen KF. Lapatinib inhibits CIP2A/PP2A/p-Akt signaling and induces apoptosis in triple negative breast cancer cells. Oncotarget 2016; 7:9135-49. [PMID: 26824320 PMCID: PMC4891031 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.7035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2015] [Accepted: 01/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We tested the efficacy of lapatinib, a dual tyrosine kinase inhibitor which interrupts the HER2 and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) pathways, in a panel of triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) cells, and examined the drug mechanism. Lapatinib showed an anti-proliferative effect in HCC 1937, MDA-MB-468, and MDA-MB-231 cell lines. Lapatinib induced significant apoptosis and inhibited CIP2A and p-Akt in a dose and time-dependent manner in the three TNBC cell lines. Overexpression of CIP2A reduced lapatinib-induced apoptosis in MDA-MB-468 cells. In addition, lapatinib increased PP2A activity (in relation to CIP2A inhibition). Moreover, lapatinib-induced apoptosis and p-Akt downregulation was attenuated by PP2A antagonist okadaic acid. Furthermore, lapatinib indirectly decreased CIP2A transcription by disturbing the binding of Elk1 to the CIP2A promoter. Importantly, lapatinib showed anti-tumor activity in mice bearing MDA-MB-468 xenograft tumors, and suppressed CIP2A as well as p-Akt in these xenografted tumors. In summary, inhibition of CIP2A determines the effects of lapatinib-induced apoptosis in TNBC cells. In addition to being a dual tyrosine kinase inhibitor of HER2 and EGFR, lapatinib also inhibits CIP2A/PP2A/p-Akt signaling in TNBC cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Yu Liu
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Oncology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Hung Hu
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, Cardinal Tien Hospital, New Taipei City, Taiwan.,School of Medicine, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Jung Hsu
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Oncology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Teng Huang
- School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Division of Hematology & Oncology, Department of Medicine, Yang-Ming Branch of Taipei City Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Duen-Shian Wang
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Oncology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Chun Tsai
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Oncology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ting Chen
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Oncology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Han Lee
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Oncology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Yi Chu
- Department of Pathology, Show Chwan Memorial Hospital, Changhua City, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Chi Hsu
- Institute of Pharmacology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Huang Chen
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Oncology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Wai Shiau
- Institute of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ling-Ming Tseng
- School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Surgery, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Kuen-Feng Chen
- Department of Medical Research, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
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159
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Panitumumab, Gemcitabine, and Carboplatin as Treatment for Women With Metastatic Triple-Negative Breast Cancer: A Sarah Cannon Research Institute Phase II Trial. Clin Breast Cancer 2016; 16:349-355. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clbc.2016.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2015] [Revised: 02/12/2016] [Accepted: 05/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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160
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Simon N, Antignani A, Sarnovsky R, Hewitt SM, FitzGerald D. Targeting a Cancer-Specific Epitope of the Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst 2016; 108:djw028. [PMID: 27075852 PMCID: PMC5017938 DOI: 10.1093/jnci/djw028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2015] [Revised: 10/21/2015] [Accepted: 02/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Triple-negative breast cancers (TNBCs) are typically more aggressive and result in poorer outcomes than other breast cancers because treatment options are limited due to lack of hormone receptors or amplified human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2). Many TNBCs overexpress the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) or manifest amplification of theEGFRgene, supporting EGFR as a therapeutic target. While EGFR-directed small molecule inhibitors have shown limited effectiveness in clinical settings, use of EGFR as a mechanism of delivering enzymatic cytotoxins to TNBC has not been demonstrated. METHODS Using the single-chain variable fragment (scFv) of the 806 antibody that binds only cells with overexpressed, misfolded, or mutant variants of the EGFR, a recombinant immunotoxin was engineered through gene fusion withPseudomonas aeruginosaExotoxin A (806-PE38). The potency of 806-PE38 on reducing TNBC cell growth in vitro and in xenograft models (n ≥ 6) was examined for six TNBC cell lines. All statistical tests were two-sided. RESULTS 806-PE38 statistically significantly reduced the viability of all tested TNBC lines, with IC50values below 10 ng/mL for three of six cell lines, while not affecting cells with wild-type EGFR (IC50>300 ng/mL). Systemic treatments with 806-PE38 vs vehicle resulted in statistically significantly reduced tumor burdens (806-PE38 mean = 128 mm(3)[SD = 46 mm(3)] vs vehicle mean = 749 mm(3)[SD = 395 mm(3)], P = .001) and increased median survival (806-PE38 median = 82 days vs vehicle median = 50 days,P= .01) in a MDA-MB-468 TNBC mouse xenograft. Deletion of the catalytic residue eliminated both cytotoxic activity in vitro and the reduction in tumor burden and survival (P= .52). CONCLUSIONS These data support the further development of the 806-PE38 immunotoxin as a therapeutic agent for the treatment of patients with EGFR-positive TNBC. Follow-up experiments with combination therapies will be attempted to achieve full remissions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan Simon
- Affiliations of authors: Biotherapy Section, Laboratory of Molecular Biology (NS, AA, RS, DF), and Experimental Pathology Laboratory, Laboratory of Pathology (SMH), Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Antonella Antignani
- Affiliations of authors: Biotherapy Section, Laboratory of Molecular Biology (NS, AA, RS, DF), and Experimental Pathology Laboratory, Laboratory of Pathology (SMH), Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Robert Sarnovsky
- Affiliations of authors: Biotherapy Section, Laboratory of Molecular Biology (NS, AA, RS, DF), and Experimental Pathology Laboratory, Laboratory of Pathology (SMH), Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Stephen M Hewitt
- Affiliations of authors: Biotherapy Section, Laboratory of Molecular Biology (NS, AA, RS, DF), and Experimental Pathology Laboratory, Laboratory of Pathology (SMH), Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - David FitzGerald
- Affiliations of authors: Biotherapy Section, Laboratory of Molecular Biology (NS, AA, RS, DF), and Experimental Pathology Laboratory, Laboratory of Pathology (SMH), Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
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161
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Portha H, Jankowski C, Cortet M, Desmoulins I, Martin E, Lorgis V, Arnould L, Coutant C. [Non-metastatic triple-negative breast cancer in 2016: Definitions and management]. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 44:492-504. [PMID: 27451066 DOI: 10.1016/j.gyobfe.2016.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2016] [Accepted: 06/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Triple-negative breast cancer (TN), as defined by the triple negativity in immunohistochemistry: the absence of estrogen receptor, progesterone receptor and the absence of overexpression or amplification of HER2, corresponds to 15 % of invasive breast cancers. This is a very heterogeneous group of tumors both at the genomic and transcriptomic level and at morphological, clinical and prognostic level. Although there are some good prognosis forms, the majority of TN tumors is characterized by a poor prognosis with a greater frequency of visceral metastases and a maximum risk of relapse in the first two years after diagnosis. Systemic adjuvant treatment with chemotherapy is almost always indicated. The surgical treatment and radiotherapy treatment should be comparable to the other subtypes and obey the same rules of oncologic surgery. TN tumors are not associated with a higher risk of locoregional relapse after conservative treatment and adjuvant radiotherapy. Optimization of systemic therapies is currently and for the last decade a challenge. A number of targeted therapies and efficiency biomarkers identification of these targeted therapies is essential to allow significant progress in optimizing systemic therapy for these tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Portha
- Département de chirurgie oncologique, centre de lutte contre le cancer Georges-François-Leclerc (CGFL), Unicancer, 1, rue du Professeur-Marion, 21000 Dijon, France
| | - C Jankowski
- Département de chirurgie oncologique, centre de lutte contre le cancer Georges-François-Leclerc (CGFL), Unicancer, 1, rue du Professeur-Marion, 21000 Dijon, France; UFR des sciences de santé, université de Bourgogne, 7, boulevard Jeanne-d'Arc, 21000 Dijon, France
| | - M Cortet
- Département de chirurgie oncologique, centre de lutte contre le cancer Georges-François-Leclerc (CGFL), Unicancer, 1, rue du Professeur-Marion, 21000 Dijon, France
| | - I Desmoulins
- Département d'oncologie médicale, CGFL, Unicancer, 1, rue du Professeur-Marion, 21000 Dijon, France
| | - E Martin
- Département de radiothérapie, CGFL, Unicancer, 1, rue du Professeur-Marion, 21000 Dijon, France
| | - V Lorgis
- Département d'oncologie médicale, CGFL, Unicancer, 1, rue du Professeur-Marion, 21000 Dijon, France
| | - L Arnould
- Département de biologie et de pathologie des tumeurs, CGFL, Unicancer, 1, rue du Professeur-Marion, 21000 Dijon, France
| | - C Coutant
- Département de chirurgie oncologique, centre de lutte contre le cancer Georges-François-Leclerc (CGFL), Unicancer, 1, rue du Professeur-Marion, 21000 Dijon, France; UFR des sciences de santé, université de Bourgogne, 7, boulevard Jeanne-d'Arc, 21000 Dijon, France.
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162
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Girotra S, Yeghiazaryan K, Golubnitschaja O. Potential biomarker panels in overall breast cancer management: advancements by multilevel diagnostics. Per Med 2016; 13:469-484. [PMID: 29767597 DOI: 10.2217/pme-2016-0020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Breast cancer (BC) prevalence has reached an epidemic scale with half a million deaths annually. Current deficits in BC management include predictive and preventive approaches, optimized screening programs, individualized patient profiling, highly sensitive detection technologies for more precise diagnostics and therapy monitoring, individualized prediction and effective treatment of BC metastatic disease. To advance BC management, paradigm shift from delayed to predictive, preventive and personalized medical services is essential. Corresponding step forwards requires innovative multilevel diagnostics procuring specific panels of validated biomarkers. Here, we discuss current instrumental advancements including genomics, proteomics, epigenetics, miRNA, metabolomics, circulating tumor cells and cancer stem cells with a focus on biomarker discovery and multilevel diagnostic panels. A list of the recommended biomarker candidates is provided.
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163
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Liu YX, Wang KR, Xing H, Zhai XJ, Wang LP, Wang W. Attempt towards a novel classification of triple-negative breast cancer using immunohistochemical markers. Oncol Lett 2016; 12:1240-1256. [PMID: 27446423 PMCID: PMC4950427 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2016.4778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2015] [Accepted: 05/24/2016] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Significant efforts have been made to gain a better understanding of the heterogeneity of triple-negative breast cancers from the histological to the molecular and genomic levels. In this study, we attempted to bring forward gene expression subtypes of triple-negative breast cancer (TBNC) to the clinic, by translating gene stratification to clinically accessible immunohistochemical (IHC) classification. Using IHC analysis, we categorized 154 TBNC cases into three main subclasses. Differences in the frequencies of basic characteristics and clinicopathological parameters between the subtypes were examined using Chi-square tests. We defined three main groups among the 154 triple-negative cases. The basal-like (BL) group expressed cytokeratin (CK) 5/6 and/or CK14 (83 cases), the AR+ group demonstrated positivity for androgen receptor (18 cases), and the final group exhibited a CD44+CD24-/low phenotype (39 cases). There were three overlapping cases between the BL subgroup and the CD44+CD24-/low phenotype subgroup, and 11 unclassified cases. In this new IHC classification, three subcategories exhibited a statistical difference with regard to age, tumor size, histological grade, tumor necrosis, Ki67 labeling index, relapse-free survival, breast cancer-specific survival and response to chemotherapy. According to our definition, the BL group and CD44+CD24-/low phenotype could be observed in tumors that were not triple-negative, and BL tumors that were triple-negative demonstrated almost undistinguishable clinicopathological characteristics compared with BL tumors that were not triple-negative. The same observation was made with CD44+CD24-/low tumors that were triple-negative vs. CD44+CD24-/low tumors that were not. The AR+ group demonstrated undistinguishable clinicopathological characteristics compared with the luminal subtype. We successfully distinguished three subtypes exhibiting diverse clinicopathological and prognostic characteristics with the minimum use of IHC markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Xi Liu
- Department of Breast Surgery, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130033, P.R. China
| | - Ke-Ren Wang
- Department of Breast Surgery, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130033, P.R. China
| | - Hua Xing
- Department of Breast Surgery, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130033, P.R. China
| | - Xu-Jie Zhai
- Department of Breast Surgery, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130033, P.R. China
| | - Li-Ping Wang
- Department of Pathology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130033, P.R. China
| | - Wan Wang
- Department of Breast Surgery, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130033, P.R. China
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164
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Rattanasinchai C, Gallo KA. MLK3 Signaling in Cancer Invasion. Cancers (Basel) 2016; 8:cancers8050051. [PMID: 27213454 PMCID: PMC4880868 DOI: 10.3390/cancers8050051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2016] [Revised: 05/05/2016] [Accepted: 05/10/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Mixed-lineage kinase 3 (MLK3) was first cloned in 1994; however, only in the past decade has MLK3 become recognized as a player in oncogenic signaling. MLK3 is a mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase (MAP3K) that mediates signals from several cell surface receptors including receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs), chemokine receptors, and cytokine receptors. Once activated, MLK3 transduces signals to multiple downstream pathways, primarily to c-Jun terminal kinase (JNK) MAPK, as well as to extracellular-signal-regulated kinase (ERK) MAPK, P38 MAPK, and NF-κB, resulting in both transcriptional and post-translational regulation of multiple effector proteins. In several types of cancer, MLK3 signaling is implicated in promoting cell proliferation, as well as driving cell migration, invasion and metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kathleen A Gallo
- Cell and Molecular Biology program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.
- Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.
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165
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Simon N, FitzGerald D. Immunotoxin Therapies for the Treatment of Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor-Dependent Cancers. Toxins (Basel) 2016; 8:toxins8050137. [PMID: 27153091 PMCID: PMC4885052 DOI: 10.3390/toxins8050137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2016] [Revised: 04/20/2016] [Accepted: 04/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Many epithelial cancers rely on enhanced expression of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) to drive proliferation and survival pathways. Development of therapeutics to target EGFR signaling has been of high importance, and multiple examples have been approved for human use. However, many of the current small molecule or antibody-based therapeutics are of limited effectiveness due to the inevitable development of resistance and toxicity to normal tissues. Recombinant immunotoxins are therapeutic molecules consisting of an antibody or receptor ligand joined to a protein cytotoxin, combining the specific targeting of a cancer-expressed receptor with the potent cell killing of cytotoxic enzymes. Over the decades, many bacterial- or plant-based immunotoxins have been developed with the goal of targeting the broad range of cancers reliant upon EGFR overexpression. Many examples demonstrate excellent anti-cancer properties in preclinical development, and several EGFR-targeted immunotoxins have progressed to human trials. This review summarizes much of the past and current work in the development of immunotoxins for targeting EGFR-driven cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan Simon
- Biotherapy Section, Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, 9000 Rockville Pike, 37/5124 Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | - David FitzGerald
- Biotherapy Section, Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, 9000 Rockville Pike, 37/5124 Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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166
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Giró-Perafita A, Palomeras S, Lum DH, Blancafort A, Viñas G, Oliveras G, Pérez-Bueno F, Sarrats A, Welm AL, Puig T. Preclinical Evaluation of Fatty Acid Synthase and EGFR Inhibition in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2016; 22:4687-97. [DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-15-3133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2016] [Accepted: 03/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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167
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The Association between EGFR and cMET Expression and Phosphorylation and Its Prognostic Implication in Patients with Breast Cancer. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0152585. [PMID: 27055285 PMCID: PMC4824503 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0152585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2015] [Accepted: 03/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
EGFR and cMET cross-talk is involved in breast cancer (BC) progression and resistance to different targeted therapies, however little is known about the co-expression patterns of EGFR and cMET or its prognostic significance in BC. Protein levels of EGFR, cMET and their phosphorylated proteins were measured in 825 BC samples using reverse phase protein array (RPPA). Given unimodal distribution of proteins, the median was selected as a cut-off after sensitivity analyses. Kaplan-Meier survival curves were used to estimate relapse-free (RFS) and overall survival (OS). Cox-proportional hazards models were utilized to determine associations between EGFR and cMET with outcomes. Mean age was 58 years with 457 (55%) hormone receptor (HR) positive, 211 (26%) triple-negative (TN) and 148 (18%) HER2 positive tumors (HER2+). HER2+ was associated with higher EGFR expression and phosphorylation, compared to HR and TN (p<0.05). High EGFR expression was associated with higher phosphorylated-cMET (p-cMET) but not cMET (ANOVA p-cMET p < 0.001; cMET p = 0.34). The same association was found with high phosphorylated-EGFR (p-EGFR) group at Tyr992 and Tyr1068 (both p < 0.001). High expressions in either of two p-EGFRs were linked with higher cMET as well (all p<0.001). For the TN subtype, high expression in EGFR and p-EGFR at Tyr992 but not at Tyr1068 was associated with higher p-cMET (p<0.00, p = 0.012, p = 0.4 respectively). Only high expression in p-EGFR at Tyr992 was linked with higher expression of cMET (p = 0.02). In contrast, among HER2 subtype, high expression in p-EGFR at Tyr1068 but not at Tyr992 was associated with higher cMET and p-cMET (cMET p = 0.023;p-cMET p<0.001). Four subgroups of patients defined by dichotomized EGFR/p-EGFR and cMET/p-cMET level demonstrated no significant differences in survival. In multivariate analyses, neither cMET nor EGFR expression/activation was found to be an independent prognostic factor in survival outcome.
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168
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He Q, Jing H, Liaw L, Gower L, Vary C, Hua S, Yang X. Suppression of Spry1 inhibits triple-negative breast cancer malignancy by decreasing EGF/EGFR mediated mesenchymal phenotype. Sci Rep 2016; 6:23216. [PMID: 26976794 PMCID: PMC4791662 DOI: 10.1038/srep23216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2015] [Accepted: 03/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Sprouty (Spry) proteins have been implicated in cancer progression, but their role in triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC), a subtype of lethal and aggressive breast cancer, is unknown. Here, we reported that Spry1 is significantly expressed in TNBC specimen and MDA-MB-231 cells. To understand Spry1 regulation of signaling events controlling breast cancer phenotype, we used lentiviral delivery of human Spry1 shRNAs to suppress Spry1 expression in MDA-MB-231, an established TNBC cell line. Spry1 knockdown MDA-MB-231 cells displayed an epithelial phenotype with increased membrane E-cadherin expression. Knockdown of Spry1 impaired MDA-MB-231 cell migration, Matrigel invasion, and anchorage-dependent and -independent growth. Tumor xenografts originating from Spry1 knockdown MDA-MB-231 cells grew slower, had increased E-cadherin expression, and yielded fewer lung metastases compared to control. Furthermore, suppressing Spry1 in MDA-MB-231 cells impaired the induction of Snail and Slug expression by EGF, and this effect was associated with increased EGFR degradation and decreased EGFR/Grb2/Shp2/Gab1 signaling complex formation. The same phenotype was also observed in the TNBC cell line MDA-MB-157. Together, our results show that unlike in some tumors, where Spry may mediate tumor suppression, Spry1 plays a selective role in at least a subset of TNBC to promote the malignant phenotype via enhancing EGF-mediated mesenchymal phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing He
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Maine Medical Center Research Institute, 81 Research Drive, Scarborough, ME, USA
| | - Hongyu Jing
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Maine Medical Center Research Institute, 81 Research Drive, Scarborough, ME, USA.,Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First Hospital of Jinlin University, Changchun, China
| | - Lucy Liaw
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Maine Medical Center Research Institute, 81 Research Drive, Scarborough, ME, USA
| | - Lindsey Gower
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Maine Medical Center Research Institute, 81 Research Drive, Scarborough, ME, USA
| | - Calvin Vary
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Maine Medical Center Research Institute, 81 Research Drive, Scarborough, ME, USA
| | - Shucheng Hua
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First Hospital of Jinlin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xuehui Yang
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Maine Medical Center Research Institute, 81 Research Drive, Scarborough, ME, USA
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169
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Ferreira RB, Law ME, Jahn SC, Davis BJ, Heldermon CD, Reinhard M, Castellano RK, Law BK. Novel agents that downregulate EGFR, HER2, and HER3 in parallel. Oncotarget 2016; 6:10445-59. [PMID: 25865227 PMCID: PMC4496366 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.3398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2015] [Accepted: 02/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
EGFR, HER2, and HER3 contribute to the initiation and progression of human cancers, and are therapeutic targets for monoclonal antibodies and tyrosine kinase inhibitors. An important source of resistance to these agents arises from functional redundancy among EGFR, HER2, and HER3. EGFR family members contain conserved extracellular structures that are stabilized by disulfide bonds. Compounds that disrupt extracellular disulfide bonds could inactivate EGFR, HER2, and HER3 in unison. Here we describe the identification of compounds that kill breast cancer cells that overexpress EGFR or HER2. Cell death parallels downregulation of EGFR, HER2, and HER3. These compounds disrupt disulfide bonds and are termed Disulfide Bond Disrupting Agents (DDAs). DDA RBF3 exhibits anticancer efficacy in vivo at 40 mg/kg without evidence of toxicity. DDAs may complement existing EGFR-, HER2-, and HER3-targeted agents that function through alternate mechanisms of action, and combination regimens with these existing drugs may overcome therapeutic resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mary Elizabeth Law
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | | | - Bradley John Davis
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Coy Don Heldermon
- Department of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Mary Reinhard
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | | | - Brian Keith Law
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
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170
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Gumireddy K, Li A, Kossenkov AV, Sakurai M, Yan J, Li Y, Xu H, Wang J, Zhang PJ, Zhang L, Showe LC, Nishikura K, Huang Q. The mRNA-edited form of GABRA3 suppresses GABRA3-mediated Akt activation and breast cancer metastasis. Nat Commun 2016; 7:10715. [PMID: 26869349 PMCID: PMC4754346 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms10715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2015] [Accepted: 01/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Metastasis is a critical event affecting breast cancer patient survival. To identify molecules contributing to the metastatic process, we analysed The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) breast cancer data and identified 41 genes whose expression is inversely correlated with survival. Here we show that GABAA receptor alpha3 (Gabra3), normally exclusively expressed in adult brain, is also expressed in breast cancer, with high expression of Gabra3 being inversely correlated with breast cancer survival. We demonstrate that Gabra3 activates the AKT pathway to promote breast cancer cell migration, invasion and metastasis. Importantly, we find an A-to-I RNA-edited form of Gabra3 only in non-invasive breast cancers and show that edited Gabra3 suppresses breast cancer cell invasion and metastasis. A-to-I-edited Gabra3 has reduced cell surface expression and suppresses the activation of AKT required for cell migration and invasion. Our study demonstrates a significant role for mRNA-edited Gabra3 in breast cancer metastasis. GABRA3, a subunit of the GABA receptor, is often highly expressed in brain metastasis and breast cancers. Here, the authors demonstrated that GABRA3 activates AKT to promote breast cancer cell invasion and that the A-to-I edited form of GABRA3, specifically expressed in noninvasive breast cancers, can suppress the function of wild type GABRA3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiranmai Gumireddy
- Department of Tumor Microenvironment and Metastasis, The Wistar Institute, 3601 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Anping Li
- Department of Tumor Microenvironment and Metastasis, The Wistar Institute, 3601 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Andrew V Kossenkov
- Department of Tumor Microenvironment and Metastasis, The Wistar Institute, 3601 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Masayuki Sakurai
- Department of Tumor Microenvironment and Metastasis, The Wistar Institute, 3601 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Jinchun Yan
- University of Washington Medical Center, 1959 N.E. Pacific Street, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA.,Department of Radiation Oncology, Cancer Hospital of Fudan University, 270 Dong An Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yan Li
- Institute of Cancer Stem Cell, Department of Anatomy, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, No. 9 West Section Lvshun South Road, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Hua Xu
- Department of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Sciences and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Jian Wang
- Department of Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200127, China
| | - Paul J Zhang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Hospital of The University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Lin Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Louise C Showe
- Department of Tumor Microenvironment and Metastasis, The Wistar Institute, 3601 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Kazuko Nishikura
- Department of Tumor Microenvironment and Metastasis, The Wistar Institute, 3601 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Qihong Huang
- Department of Tumor Microenvironment and Metastasis, The Wistar Institute, 3601 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
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171
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High EGFR protein expression and exon 9 PIK3CA mutations are independent prognostic factors in triple negative breast cancers. BMC Cancer 2015; 15:986. [PMID: 26680641 PMCID: PMC4683760 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-015-1977-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2015] [Accepted: 12/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Triple negative breast cancers (TNBC) are a more aggressive subset of breast cancer. A better understanding of its biology could allow the rational development of targeted therapies. METHODS We extensively analyzed the EGFR/PI3K/PTEN axis in a large, homogeneous population of TNBC to help defining the putative role of anti-EGFR and -PI3K targeted therapies in this setting. EGFR gene amplification, EGFR protein expression, PIK3CA and PTEN gene alterations (two members of EGFR downstream pathways) and their clinicopathological and prognostic implications were analyzed in 204 TNBC samples from European patients. RESULTS EGFR amplification was detected in 18 of the 204 TNBC specimens (8.9 %) and was significantly associated with higher EGFR protein levels. Fourteen PIK3CA mutations were identified in exon 9 (6.7 %), and 17 in exon 20 (8.3 %). PIK3CA mutations, especially in exon 9, were significantly associated with grade I-II tumors. PTEN deletions were detected in 43 samples (21.50 %) and were significantly associated with grade III tumors (p < 0.001). Univariate analysis showed a significant association between relapse-free survival (RFS), T and N stage and exon 9 PIK3CA mutations. Overall survival was significantly associated with T stage, N stage and adjuvant chemotherapy, which was administered to 70.3 % of patients. In multivariate analyses, T stage, N stage, presence of exon 9 PIK3CA mutations and high EGFR protein level were independent poor prognostic factors for RFS, while adjuvant chemotherapy was associated with a better outcome. CONCLUSIONS High EGFR protein expression and exon 9 PIK3CA activating mutations are independent prognostic factors in TNBC. The efficacy of anti-PI3K targeted therapies needs to be evaluated in this setting.
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172
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Goswami S, Sharma-Walia N. Osteoprotegerin secreted by inflammatory and invasive breast cancer cells induces aneuploidy, cell proliferation and angiogenesis. BMC Cancer 2015; 15:935. [PMID: 26608463 PMCID: PMC4660791 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-015-1837-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Osteoprotegerin (OPG) is a glycoprotein that has multifaceted role and is associated with several cancer malignancies like that of bladder carcinoma, gastric carcinoma, prostate cancer, multiple myeloma and breast cancer. Also OPG has been associated with several organ pathologies. The widespread expression of OPG suggests that OPG may have multiple biological activities that are yet to be explored. Methods The anchorage-independent sphere cultures of the adherent cells were instrumental in our study as it provided a deeper insight into the complexity of a 3D tumor. Cytokine profiling was performed for OPG’s detection in the microenvironment. ELISA and western blotting were performed to quantify the OPG secretion and measure the protein levels respectively. OPG expression was detected in human breast cancer tissue samples by IHC. To decipher OPG’s role in tumor aggressiveness both recombinant human OPG as well as OPG rich and depleted breast cancer cell conditioned media were tested. Western blotting and MTT assay were performed to detect changes in signaling pathways and proliferation that were induced in presence of OPG. Onset of aneuploidy, in presence of OPG, was measured by cell cycle analysis and western blotting. Finally, human Breast Cancer qBiomarker Copy Number PCR Array was used to detect how OPG remarkably induced gene copy numbers for oncogenic pathway regulators. Results SUM149PT and SUM1315M02 cells secrete high levels of the cytokine OPG compared to primary human mammary epithelial cells (HMEC). High expression of OPG was also detected in human breast cancer tissue samples compared to the uninvolved tissue from the same patient. OPG induced proliferation of control HMEC spheres and triggered the onset of aneuploidy in HMEC sphere cultures. OPG induced the expression of aneuploidy related kinases Aurora-A Kinase (IAK-1), Bub1 and BubR1 probably through the receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B ligand (RANKL) and syndecan-1 receptors via the Erk, AKT and GSK3(3 signaling pathway. Gene copy numbers for oncogenic pathway regulators such AKT1, Aurora-A Kinase (AURKA or IAK-1), epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and MYC with a reduction in the copy numbers of cyclin dependent kinase inhibitor 2A (CDKN2A), PTEN and DNA topoisomerase 2 alpha (TOP2A) were induced in presence of OPG. Conclusions These results highlight the role of OPG in reprogramming normal mammary epithelial cells to a tumorigenic state and suggest promising avenues for treating inflammatory breast cancer as well as highly invasive breast cancer with new therapeutic targets. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12885-015-1837-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudeshna Goswami
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, H. M. Bligh Cancer Research Laboratories, Chicago Medical School, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, 3333 Green Bay Road, North Chicago, IL, 60064, USA.
| | - Neelam Sharma-Walia
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, H. M. Bligh Cancer Research Laboratories, Chicago Medical School, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, 3333 Green Bay Road, North Chicago, IL, 60064, USA.
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173
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Cao WM, Gao Y, Wang XJ. Lack of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)-activating mutations in triple-negative breast cancer in China. Breast Cancer Res 2015; 17:115. [PMID: 26290189 PMCID: PMC4545880 DOI: 10.1186/s13058-015-0628-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Ming Cao
- Department of Medical Oncology, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, 38 Guangji Road, Hangzhou, 310022, China.,Zhejiang Key Laboratory of the Diagnosis & Treatment Technology on Thoracic Oncology, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, 38 Guangji Road, Hangzhou, 310022, China
| | - Yun Gao
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of the Diagnosis & Treatment Technology on Thoracic Oncology, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, 38 Guangji Road, Hangzhou, 310022, China.,Institute of Cancer Research, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, 38 Guangji Road, Hangzhou, 310022, China
| | - Xiao-Jia Wang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, 38 Guangji Road, Hangzhou, 310022, China. .,Zhejiang Key Laboratory of the Diagnosis & Treatment Technology on Thoracic Oncology, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, 38 Guangji Road, Hangzhou, 310022, China.
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174
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Bemanian V, Sauer T, Touma J, Lindstedt BA, Chen Y, Ødegård HP, Vetvik KM, Bukholm IR, Geisler J. The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR / HER-1) gatekeeper mutation T790M is present in European patients with early breast cancer. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0134398. [PMID: 26267891 PMCID: PMC4534377 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0134398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2015] [Accepted: 07/08/2015] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is one of the major oncogenes identified in a variety of human malignancies including breast cancer (BC). EGFR-mutations have been studied in lung cancer for some years and are established as important markers in guiding therapy with tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs). In contrast, EGFR-mutations have been reported to be rare if not absent in human BC, although recent evidence has suggested a significant worldwide variation in somatic EGFR-mutations. Therefore, we investigated the presence of EGFR-mutations in 131 norwegian patients diagnosed with early breast cancer using real-time PCR methods. In the present study we identified three patients with an EGFR-T790M-mutation. The PCR-findings were confirmed by direct Sanger sequencing. Two patients had triple-negative BC (TNBC) while the third was classified as luminal-A subtype. The difference in incidence of T790M mutations comparing the TNBC subgroup with the other BC subgroups was statistical significant (P = 0.023). No other EGFR mutations were identified in the entire cohort. Interestingly, none of the patients had received any previous cancer treatment. To our best knowledge, the EGFR-T790M-TKI-resistance mutation has not been previously detected in breast cancer patients. Our findings contrast with the observations made in lung cancer patients where the EGFR-T790M-mutation is classified as a typical „second mutation”causing resistance to TKI-therapy during ongoing anticancer therapy. In conclusion, we have demonstrated for the first time that the EGFR-T790M-mutation occurs in primary human breast cancer patients. In the present study the EGFR-T790M mutation was not accompanied by any simultaneous EGFR-activating mutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vahid Bemanian
- Department of Gene Technology, Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog, Norway
- University of Oslo, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Campus at Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog, Norway
| | - Torill Sauer
- University of Oslo, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Campus at Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog, Norway
- Department of Pathology, Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog, Norway
| | - Joel Touma
- Department of Breast- and Endocrine Surgery, Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog, Norway
| | - Bjørn Arne Lindstedt
- Department of Gene Technology, Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog, Norway
- University of Oslo, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Campus at Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog, Norway
| | - Ying Chen
- Department of Pathology, Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog, Norway
| | | | - Katja Marjaana Vetvik
- Department of Breast- and Endocrine Surgery, Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog, Norway
| | - Ida Rashida Bukholm
- University of Oslo, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Campus at Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog, Norway
- Department of Breast- and Endocrine Surgery, Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog, Norway
| | - Jürgen Geisler
- University of Oslo, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Campus at Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog, Norway
- Department of Oncology, Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog, Norway
- * E-mail:
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175
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Overholser J, Ambegaokar KH, Eze SM, Sanabria-Figueroa E, Nahta R, Bekaii-Saab T, Kaumaya PTP. Anti-Tumor Effects of Peptide Therapeutic and Peptide Vaccine Antibody Co-targeting HER-1 and HER-2 in Esophageal Cancer (EC) and HER-1 and IGF-1R in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer (TNBC). Vaccines (Basel) 2015; 3:519-43. [PMID: 26350593 PMCID: PMC4586465 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines3030519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2015] [Revised: 06/29/2015] [Accepted: 06/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the promise of targeted therapies, there remains an urgent need for effective treatment for esophageal cancer (EC) and triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). Current FDA-approved drugs have significant problems of toxicity, safety, selectivity, efficacy and development of resistance. In this manuscript, we demonstrate that rationally designed peptide vaccines/mimics are a viable therapeutic strategy for blocking aberrant molecular signaling pathways with high affinity, specificity, potency and safety. Specifically, we postulate that novel combination treatments targeting members of the EGFR family and IGF-1R will yield significant anti-tumor effects in in vitro models of EC and TNBC possibly overcoming mechanisms of resistance. We show that the combination of HER-1 and HER-2 or HER-1 and IGF-1R peptide mimics/vaccine antibodies exhibited enhanced antitumor properties with significant inhibition of tumorigenesis in OE19 EC and MDA-MB-231 TNBC cell lines. Our work elucidates the mechanisms of HER-1/IGF-1R and HER-1/HER-2 signaling in these cancer cell lines, and the promising results support the rationale for dual targeting with HER-1 and HER-2 or IGF-1R as an improved treatment regimen for advanced therapy tailored to difference types of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jay Overholser
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
| | - Kristen Henkins Ambegaokar
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
| | - Siobhan M Eze
- Department of Pharmacology, Emory University and Winship Cancer Institute, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
| | - Eduardo Sanabria-Figueroa
- Molecular and Systems Pharmacology Program, Graduate Division of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
| | - Rita Nahta
- Department of Pharmacology, Emory University and Winship Cancer Institute, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
- Molecular and Systems Pharmacology Program, Graduate Division of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
| | - Tanios Bekaii-Saab
- James Cancer Hospital and Solove Research Institute and the Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
| | - Pravin T P Kaumaya
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
- James Cancer Hospital and Solove Research Institute and the Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
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176
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Wang JG, Yu J, Hu JL, Yang WL, Ren H, Ding D, Zhang L, Liu XP. Neurokinin-1 activation affects EGFR related signal transduction in triple negative breast cancer. Cell Signal 2015; 27:1315-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2015.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2014] [Revised: 02/27/2015] [Accepted: 03/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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177
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Jang MH, Kim HJ, Kim EJ, Chung YR, Park SY. Expression of epithelial-mesenchymal transition-related markers in triple-negative breast cancer: ZEB1 as a potential biomarker for poor clinical outcome. Hum Pathol 2015; 46:1267-74. [PMID: 26170011 DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2015.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2015] [Revised: 05/12/2015] [Accepted: 05/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is a heterogeneous group of disease with a well-known association with epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and breast cancer stem cell phenotype. Recent studies have shown that TNBC can be classified into 6 subtypes, including basal-like, mesenchymal-like, and mesenchymal stem-like subtypes. However, clinical significance of the EMT in TNBC remains unclear. We analyzed immunohistochemical expression of EMT-related markers, including EMT markers (expression of vimentin, smooth muscle actin, osteonectin, and N-cadherin; loss of E-cadherin), EMT inducers (ZEB1 and CD146), and breast cancer stem cell markers (CD44(+)/CD24(-) and aldehyde dehydrogenase 1) in 173 TNBCs and correlated their expression with clinicopathological features of the tumors, including clinical outcome. Expressions of vimentin, CD44(+)/CD24(-), and CD146 were more frequent in basal-like TNBCs than non-basal-like TNBCs. Whereas CD146 expression was closely associated with the expression of various EMT markers and CD44(+)/CD24(-) phenotype, ZEB1 expression correlated only with the expression of smooth muscle actin. Expressions of vimentin, smooth muscle actin, osteonectin, and ZEB1 and loss of E-cadherin were more frequently found in metaplastic carcinomas than in other histologic subtypes. In survival analyses, EMT markers were not associated with patients' clinical outcomes. However, ZEB1 expression was found to be an independent prognostic factor for poor disease-free survival. These findings indicate that expression of EMT-related markers in TNBCs can be a signature of a certain subgroup of TNBC, which is associated with metaplastic carcinoma, and ZEB1 expression can serve as a potential biomarker to define a subgroup of TNBC associated with poor clinical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Hye Jang
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam 463-707, Republic of Korea; Department of Pathology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 110-799, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Jeong Kim
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam 463-707, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Joo Kim
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam 463-707, Republic of Korea
| | - Yul Ri Chung
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 110-799, Republic of Korea
| | - So Yeon Park
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam 463-707, Republic of Korea; Department of Pathology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 110-799, Republic of Korea.
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178
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Lin G, Sun XJ, Han QB, Wang Z, Xu YP, Gu JL, Wu W, Zhang GU, Hu JL, Sun WY, Mao WM. Epidermal growth factor receptor protein overexpression and gene amplification are associated with aggressive biological behaviors of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Oncol Lett 2015; 10:901-906. [PMID: 26622592 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2015.3277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2014] [Accepted: 04/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Alterations of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), including overexpression or gene mutations, contribute to the malignant transformation of human epithelial cells. The aim of this study was to assess EGFR overexpression or gene amplification in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) tissue samples and investigate their correlations with biological behaviors. Tissue specimens from 56 patients with surgically resected ESCC were obtained for immunohistochemical analysis of EGFR expression and fluorescence in situ hybridization analysis of EGFR amplification. The data were statistically analyzed to determine the associations with patient clinicopathological and survival data. EGFR was overexpressed in 30 of the 56 (53.6%) ESCC samples and was associated with poor tumor differentiation (P=0.047). EGFR amplification was detected in 13 cases (23.2%) and was associated with advanced pathological stage (P=0.042) and tumor lymph node metastasis (P=0.002). The univariate analysis identified no association between EGFR overexpression and the overall survival (OS) of the patients. By contrast, EGFR amplification predicted ESCC prognosis (P=0.031), while the multivariate analysis revealed a marginal statistical significance for the association between EGFR amplification and OS (P=0.056). EGFR overexpression and increased EGFR copy number were common events in ESCC and contributed to malignant biological behaviors, including tumor dedifferentiation and lymph node metastasis. EGFR amplification may therefore be useful in predicting OS in patients with ESCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Lin
- First Clinical Medical School, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, P.R. China ; Department of Radiation Oncology, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310022, P.R. China
| | - Xiao-Jiang Sun
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310022, P.R. China
| | - Qian-Bo Han
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310022, P.R. China
| | - Zhun Wang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310022, P.R. China
| | - Ya-Ping Xu
- First Clinical Medical School, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, P.R. China ; Department of Radiation Oncology, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310022, P.R. China
| | - Jia-Lei Gu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310022, P.R. China
| | - Wei Wu
- Department of Pathology, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310022, P.R. China
| | - G U Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310022, P.R. China
| | - Jin-Lin Hu
- Department of Pathology, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310022, P.R. China
| | - Wen-Yong Sun
- Department of Pathology, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310022, P.R. China
| | - Wei-Min Mao
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310022, P.R. China
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179
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Is androgen receptor targeting an emerging treatment strategy for triple negative breast cancer? Cancer Treat Rev 2015; 41:547-53. [PMID: 25944485 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctrv.2015.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2015] [Revised: 04/20/2015] [Accepted: 04/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) is an aggressive breast cancer subtype. The absence of expression and/or amplification of estrogen and progesterone receptor as well as ERBB-2 prevent the use of currently available endocrine options and/or ERBB-2-directed drugs and indicates chemotherapy as the main current therapy. TNBC represents approximately 15% of breast cancer cases with high index of heterogeneity. Here, we review the role of androgen receptor in breast carcinogenesis and its association with alterations in the expression pattern and functional roles of regulatory molecules and signal transduction pathways in TNBC. Additionally, based on the so far preclinical and clinical published data, we evaluate the perspectives for using and/or developing androgen receptor targeting strategies for specific TNBC subtypes.
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180
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Baldassarre T, Watt K, Truesdell P, Meens J, Schneider MM, Sengupta SK, Craig AW. Endophilin A2 Promotes TNBC Cell Invasion and Tumor Metastasis. Mol Cancer Res 2015; 13:1044-55. [PMID: 25784716 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-14-0573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2014] [Accepted: 03/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Triple-negative breast cancers (TNBCs) are highly aggressive cancers that lack targeted therapies. However, EGFR is frequently activated in a subset of TNBCs and represents a viable clinical target. Because the endocytic adaptor protein Endophilin A2 (SH3GL1/Endo II) has been implicated in EGFR internalization, we investigated Endo II expression and function in human TNBCs. Endo II expression was high in several TNBC cells compared with normal breast epithelial cells. Stable knockdown (KD) of Endo II was achieved in two TNBC cell lines, and although cell viability was unaffected, defects in receptor-mediated endocytosis were observed. EGFR signaling to Erk and Akt kinases was impaired in Endo II KD cells, and this correlated with reduced rates of EGFR internalization and cell motility. Endo II KD cells also displayed defects in three dimensional (3D) cell invasion, and this correlated with impaired extracellular matrix degradation and internalization of MT1-MMP. Endo II silencing also caused a significant reduction in TNBC tumor growth and lung metastasis in mammary orthotopic tumor xenograft assays. In human breast tumor specimens, Endo II expression was highest in TNBC tumors compared with other subtypes, and at the level of gene expression, high Endo II was associated with reduced relapse-free survival in patients with basal-like breast cancers. Together, these results identify a positive role for Endo II in TNBC tumor metastasis and a potential link with poor prognosis. IMPLICATIONS Endophilin A2 and related adaptor proteins represent important signaling hubs to target in metastatic cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomas Baldassarre
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada. Cancer Biology and Genetics Division, Queen's Cancer Research Institute, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kathleen Watt
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada. Cancer Biology and Genetics Division, Queen's Cancer Research Institute, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Peter Truesdell
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada. Cancer Biology and Genetics Division, Queen's Cancer Research Institute, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jalna Meens
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada. Cancer Biology and Genetics Division, Queen's Cancer Research Institute, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mark M Schneider
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sandip K Sengupta
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Andrew W Craig
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada. Cancer Biology and Genetics Division, Queen's Cancer Research Institute, Kingston, Ontario, Canada.
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181
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Li J, Su W, Zhang S, Hu Y, Liu J, Zhang X, Bai J, Yuan W, Hu L, Cheng T, Zetterberg A, Lei Z, Zhang J. Epidermal growth factor receptor and AKT1 gene copy numbers by multi-gene fluorescence in situ hybridization impact on prognosis in breast cancer. Cancer Sci 2015; 106:642-9. [PMID: 25702787 PMCID: PMC4452167 DOI: 10.1111/cas.12637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2014] [Revised: 02/10/2015] [Accepted: 02/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)/PI3K/AKT signaling pathway aberrations play significant roles in breast cancer occurrence and development. However, the status of EGFR and AKT1 gene copy numbers remains unclear. In this study, we showed that the rates of EGFR and AKT1 gene copy number alterations were associated with the prognosis of breast cancer. Among 205 patients, high EGFR and AKT1 gene copy numbers were observed in 34.6% and 27.8% of cases by multi-gene fluorescence in situ hybridization, respectively. Co-heightened EGFR/AKT1 gene copy numbers were identified in 11.7% cases. No changes were found in 49.3% of patients. Although changes in EGFR and AKT1 gene copy numbers had no correlation with patients' age, tumor stage, histological grade and the expression status of other molecular makers, high EGFR (P = 0.0002) but not AKT1 (P = 0.1177) gene copy numbers correlated with poor 5-year overall survival. The patients with co-heightened EGFR/AKT1 gene copy numbers displayed a poorer prognosis than those with tumors with only high EGFR gene copy numbers (P = 0.0383). Both Univariate (U) and COX multivariate (C) analyses revealed that high EGFR and AKT1 gene copy numbers (P = 0.000 [U], P = 0.0001 [C]), similar to histological grade (P = 0.001 [U], P = 0.012 [C]) and lymph node metastasis (P = 0.046 [U], P = 0.158 [C]), were independent prognostic indicators of 5-year overall survival. These results indicate that high EGFR and AKT1 gene copy numbers were relatively frequent in breast cancer. Co-heightened EGFR/AKT1 gene copy numbers had a worse outcome than those with only high EGFR gene copy numbers, suggesting that evaluation of these two genes together may be useful for selecting patients for anti-EGFR-targeted therapy or anti-EGFR/AKT1-targeted therapy and for predicting outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiao Li
- Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin Medical University, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, China Tianjin Breast Cancer Prevention, Treatment and Research Center, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, China
| | - Wei Su
- Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin Medical University, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, China Tianjin Breast Cancer Prevention, Treatment and Research Center, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, China
| | - Sheng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin Medical University, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, China Tianjin Breast Cancer Prevention, Treatment and Research Center, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, China
| | - Yunhui Hu
- Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin Medical University, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, China Tianjin Breast Cancer Prevention, Treatment and Research Center, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, China
| | - Jingjing Liu
- Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin Medical University, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, China Tianjin Breast Cancer Prevention, Treatment and Research Center, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiaobei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin Medical University, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, China Tianjin Breast Cancer Prevention, Treatment and Research Center, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, China
| | - Jingchao Bai
- Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin Medical University, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, China Tianjin Breast Cancer Prevention, Treatment and Research Center, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, China
| | - Weiping Yuan
- Beijing Union Medical College Institute of Hematology and Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Tianjin, China
| | - Linping Hu
- Beijing Union Medical College Institute of Hematology and Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Tianjin, China
| | - Tao Cheng
- Beijing Union Medical College Institute of Hematology and Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Tianjin, China
| | - Anders Zetterberg
- Clinical Pathology Department of Karolinska Hospital, Karolinska Institute, Solna, Sweden
| | - Zhenmin Lei
- Department of OB/GYN, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - Jin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin Medical University, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, China Tianjin Breast Cancer Prevention, Treatment and Research Center, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, China
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182
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Wan X, Zheng X, Pang X, Zhang Z, Jing T, Xu W, Zhang Q. The potential use of lapatinib-loaded human serum albumin nanoparticles in the treatment of triple-negative breast cancer. Int J Pharm 2015; 484:16-28. [PMID: 25700543 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2015.02.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2014] [Revised: 02/13/2015] [Accepted: 02/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is an aggressive cancer with limited treatment options. However, the shared feature of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) expression in TNBC offers the opportunity for targeted molecular therapy for this breast cancer subtype. Previous studies have indicated that lapatinib, a selective small-molecular dual-tyrosine kinase inhibitor of HER2 and EGFR, is effective in reducing cancer progression and metastasis, indicating that it might be a candidate for TNBC treatment. However, its poor water solubility, low and variable oral absorption, and large daily dose all limit the clinical use of lapatinib. In this study, we developed human serum albumin (HSA) nanoparticles loaded with lapatinib for intravenous administration to overcome these disadvantages and enhance its efficacy against TNBC. 4T1 cells (a murine TNBC cells) were selected as the cell model because their growth and metastatic spread are very close to those of human breast cancer cells. Lapatinib-loaded HSA nanoparticles (LHNPs) were prepared by Nab technology. LHNPs displayed cytotoxicity similar to the free drug but exhibited superior capacity to induce early apoptosis in 4T1 monolayer cells. Importantly, LHNPs showed improved penetration and inhibition effects in tumor spheroids compared to lapatinib solution (LS). Pharmacokinetic investigations revealed that HSA nanoparticles (i.v.) effectively increased the accumulation of lapatinib in tumor tissue at 2.38 and 16.6 times the level of LS (i.v.) and Tykerb (p.o.), respectively. Consequently, it had markedly better suppression effects both on primary breast cancer and lung metastasis in tumor-bearing mice compared to the commercial drug Tykerb. The improved anti-tumor efficacy of LHNPs may be partly attributed to its close binding to SPARC, which is widely present in the extracellular matrix of tumor tissue. These results demonstrated that LHNPs might be a promising anti-tumor agent for TNBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Wan
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education, Shanghai 201203, PR China
| | - Xiaoyao Zheng
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education, Shanghai 201203, PR China
| | - Xiaoying Pang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education, Shanghai 201203, PR China
| | - Zheming Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education, Shanghai 201203, PR China
| | - Tao Jing
- Shanghai Zhangjiang Medicine Valley Public Service Platform Co., Ltd., Shanghai 201203, PR China
| | - Wei Xu
- Shanghai Zhangjiang Medicine Valley Public Service Platform Co., Ltd., Shanghai 201203, PR China
| | - Qizhi Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education, Shanghai 201203, PR China.
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183
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Beclin 1 regulates growth factor receptor signaling in breast cancer. Oncogene 2015; 34:5352-62. [PMID: 25639875 PMCID: PMC4522409 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2014.454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2014] [Revised: 12/05/2014] [Accepted: 12/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Beclin 1 is a haploinsufficient tumor suppressor that is decreased in many human tumors. The function of beclin 1 in cancer has been attributed primarily to its role in the degradative process of macroautophagy. However, beclin 1 is a core component of the vacuolar protein sorting 34 (Vps34)/class III phosphatidylinositoI-3 kinase (PI3KC3) and Vps15/p150 complex that regulates multiple membrane-trafficking events. In the current study, we describe an alternative mechanism of action for beclin 1 in breast cancer involving its control of growth factor receptor signaling. We identify a specific stage of early endosome maturation that is regulated by beclin 1, the transition of APPL1-containing phosphatidyIinositol 3-phosphate-negative (PI3P(-)) endosomes to PI3P(+) endosomes. Beclin 1 regulates PI3P production in response to growth factor stimulation to control the residency time of growth factor receptors in the PI3P(-)/APPL(+)-signaling-competent compartment. As a result, suppression of BECN1 sustains growth factor-stimulated AKT and ERK activation resulting in increased breast carcinoma cell invasion. In human breast tumors, beclin 1 expression is inversely correlated with AKT and ERK phosphorylation. Our data identify a novel role for beclin 1 in regulating growth factor signaling and reveal a mechanism by which loss of beclin 1 expression would enhance breast cancer progression.
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184
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Elbaz M, Nasser MW, Ravi J, Wani NA, Ahirwar DK, Zhao H, Oghumu S, Satoskar AR, Shilo K, Carson WE, Ganju RK. Modulation of the tumor microenvironment and inhibition of EGF/EGFR pathway: novel anti-tumor mechanisms of Cannabidiol in breast cancer. Mol Oncol 2015; 9:906-19. [PMID: 25660577 DOI: 10.1016/j.molonc.2014.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2014] [Revised: 12/08/2014] [Accepted: 12/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The anti-tumor role and mechanisms of Cannabidiol (CBD), a non-psychotropic cannabinoid compound, are not well studied especially in triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). In the present study, we analyzed CBD's anti-tumorigenic activity against highly aggressive breast cancer cell lines including TNBC subtype. We show here -for the first time-that CBD significantly inhibits epidermal growth factor (EGF)-induced proliferation and chemotaxis of breast cancer cells. Further studies revealed that CBD inhibits EGF-induced activation of EGFR, ERK, AKT and NF-kB signaling pathways as well as MMP2 and MMP9 secretion. In addition, we demonstrated that CBD inhibits tumor growth and metastasis in different mouse model systems. Analysis of molecular mechanisms revealed that CBD significantly inhibits the recruitment of tumor-associated macrophages in primary tumor stroma and secondary lung metastases. Similarly, our in vitro studies showed a significant reduction in the number of migrated RAW 264.7 cells towards the conditioned medium of CBD-treated cancer cells. The conditioned medium of CBD-treated cancer cells also showed lower levels of GM-CSF and CCL3 cytokines which are important for macrophage recruitment and activation. In summary, our study shows -for the first time-that CBD inhibits breast cancer growth and metastasis through novel mechanisms by inhibiting EGF/EGFR signaling and modulating the tumor microenvironment. These results also indicate that CBD can be used as a novel therapeutic option to inhibit growth and metastasis of highly aggressive breast cancer subtypes including TNBC, which currently have limited therapeutic options and are associated with poor prognosis and low survival rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamad Elbaz
- Department of Pathology, The Ohio State University, Wexner Medical Center, 43210, USA; The Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Wexner Medical Center, 43210, USA.
| | - Mohd W Nasser
- Department of Pathology, The Ohio State University, Wexner Medical Center, 43210, USA; The Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Wexner Medical Center, 43210, USA.
| | - Janani Ravi
- Department of Pathology, The Ohio State University, Wexner Medical Center, 43210, USA; The Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Wexner Medical Center, 43210, USA.
| | - Nissar A Wani
- Department of Pathology, The Ohio State University, Wexner Medical Center, 43210, USA; The Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Wexner Medical Center, 43210, USA.
| | - Dinesh K Ahirwar
- Department of Pathology, The Ohio State University, Wexner Medical Center, 43210, USA; The Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Wexner Medical Center, 43210, USA.
| | - Helong Zhao
- Department of Pathology, The Ohio State University, Wexner Medical Center, 43210, USA; The Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Wexner Medical Center, 43210, USA.
| | - Steve Oghumu
- Department of Pathology, The Ohio State University, Wexner Medical Center, 43210, USA; The Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Wexner Medical Center, 43210, USA.
| | - Abhay R Satoskar
- Department of Pathology, The Ohio State University, Wexner Medical Center, 43210, USA; The Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Wexner Medical Center, 43210, USA.
| | - Konstantin Shilo
- Department of Pathology, The Ohio State University, Wexner Medical Center, 43210, USA; The Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Wexner Medical Center, 43210, USA.
| | - William E Carson
- The Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Wexner Medical Center, 43210, USA; Department of Surgery, The Ohio State University, Wexner Medical Center, 43210, USA.
| | - Ramesh K Ganju
- Department of Pathology, The Ohio State University, Wexner Medical Center, 43210, USA; The Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Wexner Medical Center, 43210, USA.
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185
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Medimegh I, Omrane I, Privat M, Uhrhummer N, Ayari H, Belaiba F, Benayed F, Benromdhan K, Mader S, Bignon IJ, Elgaaied AB. MicroRNAs expression in triple negative vs non triple negative breast cancer in Tunisia: interaction with clinical outcome. PLoS One 2014; 9:e111877. [PMID: 25369070 PMCID: PMC4219794 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0111877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2014] [Accepted: 10/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction MicroRNAs are small, non coding regulatory molecules containing approximately 21 to 25 nucleotides. They function as controllers of expression at post transcriptional levels of most human protein-coding genes and play an essential role in cell signaling pathways. The objective of the present study is to evaluate the expression profile of the following micro-RNAs: miR-10b, miR-17, miR-21, miR-34a, miR-146a, miR-148a and miR-182, and to determine their possible interaction in triple-negative and non triple-negative primary breast cancers based on clinical outcome. Methods 60 triple-negative and non triple-negative breast cancer cases, along with their corresponding normal samples were investigated in relation to the expression of the seven studied miRNAs using qPCR Syber Green. Results We observed that miR-21, miR-146a and miR-182 were significantly over expressed in triple negative breast cancer. Moreover, miR-10b, miR-21 and miR-182 were significantly associated to lymph node metastases occurrence in triple negative breast carcinoma while only miR-10b was associated with grade III in non triple negative breast cancer cases. Almost all the analyzed microRNAs were strongly associated with patients’ genico-obstetric history in non triple negative breast cancer cases except for miR-34a. All the studied microRNAs were strongly correlated with the use of the contraceptive pills in non triple negative breast cancer groups. The additive effect of hormonal factors in triple negative breast cancer cases showed an association with all the studied miRs except for miR-34 and miR-146a. Conclusion The studied microRNAs are strongly influenced by environmental factors especially with hormonal patients’ history. Moreover, miR-10b, miR-21 and miR-182 could be defined as biomarkers in breast cancer to predict both lymph node metastases and grade III occurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imen Medimegh
- Laboratory of Genetics, Immunology and Human Pathology, Faculty of Sciences of Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
- * E-mail:
| | - Ines Omrane
- Laboratory of Genetics, Immunology and Human Pathology, Faculty of Sciences of Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Maud Privat
- Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Diagnostic, Centre Jean Perrin, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Nancy Uhrhummer
- Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Diagnostic, Centre Jean Perrin, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Hajer Ayari
- Laboratory of Genetics, Immunology and Human Pathology, Faculty of Sciences of Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Fadoua Belaiba
- Laboratory of Genetics, Immunology and Human Pathology, Faculty of Sciences of Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | | | | | - Sylvie Mader
- Laboratory of Molecular Screening in the Treatment of Breast Cancer, Immunology and Cancer Research Institute, University of Montreal, Montreal, Canada
| | - Ives-Jean Bignon
- Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Diagnostic, Centre Jean Perrin, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Amel Benammar Elgaaied
- Laboratory of Genetics, Immunology and Human Pathology, Faculty of Sciences of Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
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186
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Lee HJ, Seo AN, Kim EJ, Jang MH, Kim YJ, Kim JH, Kim SW, Ryu HS, Park IA, Im SA, Gong G, Jung KH, Kim HJ, Park SY. Prognostic and predictive values of EGFR overexpression and EGFR copy number alteration in HER2-positive breast cancer. Br J Cancer 2014; 112:103-11. [PMID: 25349977 PMCID: PMC4453607 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2014.556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 08/23/2014] [Accepted: 10/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is overexpressed in a subset of human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)-positive breast cancers, and coexpression of HER2 and EGFR has been reported to be associated with poor clinical outcome. Moreover, interaction between HER2 and EGFR has been suggested to be a possible basis for trastuzumab resistance. Methods: We analysed the clinical significance of EGFR overexpression and EGFR gene copy number alterations in 242 HER2-positive primary breast cancers. In addition, we examined the correlations between EGFR overexpression, trastuzumab response and clinical outcome in 447 primary, and 112 metastatic HER2-positive breast cancer patients treated by trastuzumab. Results: Of the 242 primary cases, the level of EGFR overexpression was 2+ in 12.7% and 3+ in 11.8%. High EGFR gene copy number was detected in 10.3%. Epidermal growth factor receptor overexpression was associated with hormone receptor negativity and high Ki-67 proliferation index. In survival analyses, EGFR overexpression, but not high EGFR copy number, was associated with poor disease-free survival in all patients, and in the subgroup not receiving adjuvant trastuzumab. In 447 HER2-positive primary breast cancer patients treated with adjuvant trastuzumab, EGFR overexpression was also an independent poor prognostic factor. However, EGFR overexpression was not associated with trastuzumab response, progression-free survival or overall survival in the metastatic setting. Conclusions: Epidermal growth factor receptor overexpression, but not high EGFR copy number, is a poor prognostic factor in HER2-positive primary breast cancer. Epidermal growth factor receptor overexpression is a predictive factor for trastuzumab response in HER2-positive primary breast cancer, but not in metastatic breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- H J Lee
- 1] Department of Pathology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, 300 Gumi-dong, Bundang-gu, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi 463-707, Korea [2] Department of Pathology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, 88 Olympic-ro 43-gil, Songpa-gu, Seoul 138-746, Korea
| | - A N Seo
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, 300 Gumi-dong, Bundang-gu, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi 463-707, Korea
| | - E J Kim
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, 300 Gumi-dong, Bundang-gu, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi 463-707, Korea
| | - M H Jang
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, 300 Gumi-dong, Bundang-gu, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi 463-707, Korea
| | - Y J Kim
- 1] Department of Medical Oncology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, 300 Gumi-dong, Bundang-gu, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi 463-707, Korea [2] Department of Medical Oncology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 28 Yeongon-dong, Jongno-gu, Seoul 110-799, Korea
| | - J H Kim
- 1] Department of Medical Oncology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, 300 Gumi-dong, Bundang-gu, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi 463-707, Korea [2] Department of Medical Oncology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 28 Yeongon-dong, Jongno-gu, Seoul 110-799, Korea
| | - S-W Kim
- 1] Department of Surgery, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, 300 Gumi-dong, Bundang-gu, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi 463-707, Korea [2] Department of Surgery, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 28 Yeongon-dong, Jongno-gu, Seoul 110-799, Korea
| | - H S Ryu
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 28 Yeongon-dong, Jongno-gu, Seoul 110-799, Korea
| | - I A Park
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 28 Yeongon-dong, Jongno-gu, Seoul 110-799, Korea
| | - S-A Im
- Department of Medical Oncology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 28 Yeongon-dong, Jongno-gu, Seoul 110-799, Korea
| | - G Gong
- Department of Pathology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, 88 Olympic-ro 43-gil, Songpa-gu, Seoul 138-746, Korea
| | - K H Jung
- Department of Medical Oncology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, 88 Olympic-ro 43-gil, Songpa-gu, Seoul 138-746, Korea
| | - H J Kim
- Department of Surgery, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, 88 Olympic-ro 43-gil, Songpa-gu, Seoul 138-746, Korea
| | - S Y Park
- 1] Department of Pathology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, 300 Gumi-dong, Bundang-gu, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi 463-707, Korea [2] Department of Pathology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 28 Yeongon-dong, Jongno-gu, Seoul 110-799, Korea
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187
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Yiqi formula enhances the antitumor effects of erlotinib for treatment of triple-negative breast cancer xenografts. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2014; 2014:628712. [PMID: 25389442 PMCID: PMC4217362 DOI: 10.1155/2014/628712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2014] [Revised: 08/26/2014] [Accepted: 09/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Yiqi formula (YF), a traditional herbal prescription, has long been used to treat triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) patients. The present study aims to investigate the effects and the related mechanism of YF for treatment of TNBC xenografts. MDA-MB-231 (human TNBC) cells were subcutaneously injected into the second mammary fat pad of 40 female nude mice, which were divided into four groups: control, erlotinib (an epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) tyrosine kinase inhibitor), YF, and combination (YF plus erlotinib). All treatments were administered orally for 30 days. Inhibition rate of tumor weight by erlotinib, YF, and the combination was 26.47%, 17.24%, and 39.15%, respectively. Western blotting showed that YF, erlotinib, and the combination downregulated p-EGFR (P < 0.01) and p-Akt1 (pT308) (P < 0.05) and upregulated PTEN compared with control, and the combination was more efficacious than erlotinib alone (P < 0.05). Similar results were detected by immunohistochemistry. Real-time quantitative PCR showed that YF, erlotinib, and the combination increased PTEN mRNA (P < 0.05, P < 0.01) compared with control, and the combination was more efficacious than erlotinib alone (P < 0.05). In conclusion, YF can regulate the main components of the PI3K/Akt pathway in TNBC xenografts. When YF was used in combination with erlotinib, it enhanced the antitumor effects of erlotinib on TNBC xenografts. These findings suggest that YF is suitable to use for the treatment of TNBC patients.
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188
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Baker JL, Schwab RB, Wallace AM, Madlensky L. Breast cancer in a RAD51D mutation carrier: case report and review of the literature. Clin Breast Cancer 2014; 15:e71-5. [PMID: 25445424 DOI: 10.1016/j.clbc.2014.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2014] [Revised: 08/21/2014] [Accepted: 08/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L Baker
- Department of Surgery, University of California, San Diego, School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA
| | - Richard B Schwab
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA; Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Anne M Wallace
- Department of Surgery, University of California, San Diego, School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA; Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Lisa Madlensky
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA; Department of Family and Preventive Medicine, University of California, San Diego, School of Medcine, La Jolla, CA.
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189
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Prognostic significance of Bcl-2 expression in non-basal triple-negative breast cancer patients treated with anthracycline-based chemotherapy. Tumour Biol 2014; 35:12255-63. [PMID: 25179840 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-014-2534-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2014] [Accepted: 08/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
B cell lymphoma/leukemia-2 (Bcl-2) expression has generally been associated with estrogen receptor positivity and favorable prognosis in breast cancer. We examined immunohistochemical expression of Bcl-2 in 492 triple-negative breast cancers (TNBCs) using tissue microarrays and investigated its correlation with clinicopathologic features and clinical outcome. A total of 47 (9.5 %) TNBCs showed Bcl-2 expression. Bcl-2 expression was not associated with any of the clinicopathologic parameters and did not affect patient survival in TNBCs (Bcl-2-positive vs Bcl-2-negative TNBCs; overall survival (OS), P = 0.258; disease-free survival (DFS), P = 0.436). When TNBCs were divided into basal (cytokeratin 5/6 (CK5/6)+ and/or epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)+) and non-basal (CK5/6- and EGFR-) subgroups, Bcl-2 expression showed a significant association with worse OS (P = 0.002) and DFS (P = 0.002) in the non-basal subgroup. Among patients treated with an anthracycline, Bcl-2 expression also showed an association with decreased survival (OS, P = 0.004; DFS, P = 0.003) in the non-basal subgroup. In multivariate analyses, Bcl-2 expression was an independent poor prognostic factor for OS (P = 0.003) and DFS (P = 0.002) in this subgroup of TNBCs. Our results suggest that positive expression of Bcl-2 predicts no benefit from adjuvant anthracycline-based chemotherapy in non-basal TNBC patients. In conclusion, Bcl-2 status showed both prognostic and predictive values in non-basal TNBCs; therefore, assessment of Bcl-2 status and basal phenotype can provide information on prognostic and therapeutic classifications of TNBCs.
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190
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Nabholtz JM, Abrial C, Mouret-Reynier MA, Dauplat MM, Weber B, Gligorov J, Forest AM, Tredan O, Vanlemmens L, Petit T, Guiu S, Van Praagh I, Jouannaud C, Dubray-Longeras P, Tubiana-Mathieu N, Benmammar KE, Kullab S, Bahadoor MRK, Radosevic-Robin N, Kwiatkowski F, Desrichard A, Cayre A, Uhrhammer N, Chalabi N, Chollet P, Penault-Llorca F. Multicentric neoadjuvant phase II study of panitumumab combined with an anthracycline/taxane-based chemotherapy in operable triple-negative breast cancer: identification of biologically defined signatures predicting treatment impact. Ann Oncol 2014; 25:1570-7. [PMID: 24827135 DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdu183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is a heterogeneous group of tumors for some of which the epithelial growth factor receptor (EGFR) pathway may play an important role. We investigated the efficacy and toxicity of an anti-EGFR antibody (panitumumab) combined with a standard neoadjuvant anthracycline-taxane-based chemotherapy in patients with operable, stage II-III, TNBC. PATIENTS AND METHODS Treatment in this multicentric neoadjuvant pilot study consisted of panitumumab (9 mg/kg) for eight cycles q.3 weeks combined with four cycles of 5-fluorouracil, epidoxorubicin and cyclophosphamide (FEC100: 500/100/500 mg/m(2)) q.3 weeks, followed by four cycles of docetaxel (T: 100 mg/m(2)) q.3 weeks. Following therapy, all patients underwent surgical resection. Pathologic complete response (pCR) in assessable patients was the main end point while clinical response, toxicity and ancillary studies were secondary end points. Paraffin-embedded and frozen tumor samples were systematically collected with the aim to identify predictive biomarkers of efficacy and resistance in order to select biologically defined subpopulations for potential further clinical development of the anti-EGFR antibody. RESULTS Sixty patients were included with 47 assessable for pathologic response. The pCR rates were 46.8% [95% confidence interval (CI): 32.5% to 61.1%] and 55.3% [95% CI: 41.1% to 69.5%] according, respectively, to Chevallier and Sataloff classifications. The complete clinical response (cCR) rate was 37.5%. Conservative surgery was carried out in 87% of cases. Toxicity was manageable. The association of high EGFR and low cytokeratin 8/18 expression in tumor cells on one hand and high density of CD8+ tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes on the other hand were significantly predictive of pCR. CONCLUSIONS Panitumumab in combination with FEC100 followed by docetaxel appears efficacious, with acceptable toxicity, as neoadjuvant therapy of operable TNBC. Several biomarkers could help define large subsets of patients with a high probability of pCR, suggesting a potential interest to further develop this combination in biologically defined subgroups of patients with TNBC. CLINICAL TRIAL NUMBER NCT00933517.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Nabholtz
- ERTICA EA 4677, University of Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand Clinical and Translational Research Division, Jean Perrin Comprehensive Cancer Centre, Clermont-Ferrand CIC 501, UMR 766, Clermont-Ferrand
| | - C Abrial
- ERTICA EA 4677, University of Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand Clinical and Translational Research Division, Jean Perrin Comprehensive Cancer Centre, Clermont-Ferrand CIC 501, UMR 766, Clermont-Ferrand
| | - M A Mouret-Reynier
- ERTICA EA 4677, University of Auvergne, Clermont-FerrandDepartments of Medical Oncology, Clermont-Ferrand
| | - M M Dauplat
- ERTICA EA 4677, University of Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand Biopathology, Jean Perrin Comprehensive Cancer Centre, Clermont-Ferrand
| | - B Weber
- Alexis Vautrin Comprehensive Cancer Centre, Nancy
| | | | | | - O Tredan
- Leon Berard Comprehensive Cancer Centre, Lyon
| | - L Vanlemmens
- Oscar Lambret Comprehensive Cancer Centre, Lille
| | - T Petit
- Paul Strauss Comprehensive Cancer Centre, Strasbourg
| | - S Guiu
- Georges François Leclerc Comprehensive Cancer Centre, Dijon
| | - I Van Praagh
- Departments of Medical Oncology, Clermont-Ferrand
| | - C Jouannaud
- Jean Godinot Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Reims
| | - P Dubray-Longeras
- ERTICA EA 4677, University of Auvergne, Clermont-FerrandDepartments of Medical Oncology, Clermont-Ferrand
| | | | | | - S Kullab
- Departments of Medical Oncology, Clermont-Ferrand
| | - M R K Bahadoor
- Departments of Medical Oncology, Clermont-Ferrand Oncauvergne Regional Oncology Network
| | - N Radosevic-Robin
- ERTICA EA 4677, University of Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand Biopathology, Jean Perrin Comprehensive Cancer Centre, Clermont-Ferrand
| | - F Kwiatkowski
- ERTICA EA 4677, University of Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand Clinical and Translational Research Division, Jean Perrin Comprehensive Cancer Centre, Clermont-Ferrand LMB GenAuvergne Oncogenetics Department, Jean Perrin Comprehensive Cancer Centre, Clermont-Ferrand
| | - A Desrichard
- ERTICA EA 4677, University of Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand LMB GenAuvergne Oncogenetics Department, Jean Perrin Comprehensive Cancer Centre, Clermont-Ferrand
| | - A Cayre
- ERTICA EA 4677, University of Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand CIC 501, UMR 766, Clermont-Ferrand
| | - N Uhrhammer
- ERTICA EA 4677, University of Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand LMB GenAuvergne Oncogenetics Department, Jean Perrin Comprehensive Cancer Centre, Clermont-Ferrand
| | - N Chalabi
- ERTICA EA 4677, University of Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand Clinical and Translational Research Division, Jean Perrin Comprehensive Cancer Centre, Clermont-Ferrand CIC 501, UMR 766, Clermont-Ferrand
| | - P Chollet
- Clinical and Translational Research Division, Jean Perrin Comprehensive Cancer Centre, Clermont-Ferrand Inserm UMR 990, Clermont-Ferrand University of Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - F Penault-Llorca
- ERTICA EA 4677, University of Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand Biopathology, Jean Perrin Comprehensive Cancer Centre, Clermont-Ferrand
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