151
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Zuber J, Shonts B, Lau SP, Obradovic A, Fu J, Yang S, Lambert M, Coley S, Weiner J, Thome J, DeWolf S, Farber DL, Shen Y, Caillat-Zucman S, Bhagat G, Griesemer A, Martinez M, Kato T, Sykes M. Bidirectional intragraft alloreactivity drives the repopulation of human intestinal allografts and correlates with clinical outcome. Sci Immunol 2016; 1. [PMID: 28239678 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.aah3732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
A paradigm in transplantation states that graft-infiltrating T cells are largely non-alloreactive "bystander" cells. However, the origin and specificity of allograft T cells over time has not been investigated in detail in animals or humans. Here, we use polychromatic flow cytometry and high throughput TCR sequencing of serial biopsies to show that gut-resident T cell turnover kinetics in human intestinal allografts are correlated with the balance between intra-graft host-vs-graft (HvG) and graft-vs-host (GvH) reactivities and with clinical outcomes. In the absence of rejection, donor T cells were enriched for GvH-reactive clones that persisted long-term in the graft. Early expansion of GvH clones in the graft correlated with rapid replacement of donor APCs by the recipient. Rejection was associated with transient infiltration by blood-like recipient CD28+ NKG2DHi CD8+ alpha beta T cells, marked predominance of HvG clones, and accelerated T cell turnover in the graft. Ultimately, these recipient T cells acquired a steady state tissue-resident phenotype, but regained CD28 expression during rejections. Increased ratios of GvH to HvG clones were seen in non-rejectors, potentially mitigating the constant threat of rejection posed by HvG clones persisting within the tissue-resident graft T cell population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Zuber
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, USA.,Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, USA
| | - Brittany Shonts
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, USA
| | - Sai-Ping Lau
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, USA
| | - Aleksandar Obradovic
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, USA
| | - Jianing Fu
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, USA.,Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, USA
| | - Suxiao Yang
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, USA.,Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, USA
| | | | - Shana Coley
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, USA.,Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, USA
| | - Joshua Weiner
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, USA.,Department of Surgery, Columbia University, New York, USA
| | - Joseph Thome
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, USA.,Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Columbia University, New York, USA
| | - Susan DeWolf
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, USA.,Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, USA
| | - Donna L Farber
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, USA.,Department of Surgery, Columbia University, New York, USA.,Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Columbia University, New York, USA
| | - Yufeng Shen
- Center for Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, USA
| | | | - Govind Bhagat
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, USA
| | - Adam Griesemer
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, USA.,Department of Surgery, Columbia University, New York, USA
| | | | - Tomoaki Kato
- Department of Surgery, Columbia University, New York, USA
| | - Megan Sykes
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, USA.,Department of Surgery, Columbia University, New York, USA.,Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Columbia University, New York, USA.,Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, USA
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152
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Flechtner JB, Long D, Larson S, Clemens V, Baccari A, Kien L, Chan J, Skoberne M, Brudner M, Hetherington S. Immune responses elicited by the GEN-003 candidate HSV-2 therapeutic vaccine in a randomized controlled dose-ranging phase 1/2a trial. Vaccine 2016; 34:5314-5320. [PMID: 27642130 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2016.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2016] [Revised: 08/19/2016] [Accepted: 09/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE GEN-003 is a candidate therapeutic HSV-2 vaccine containing a fragment of infected cell protein 4 (ICP4.2), a deletion mutant of glycoprotein D2 (gD2ΔTMR), and Matrix-M2 adjuvant. In a dose-ranging phase 1/2a clinical trial, immunization with GEN-003 reduced viral shedding and the percentage of reported herpetic lesion days. Here we examine the immune responses in the same trial, to characterize vaccine-related changes in antibody and cell-mediated immunity. METHODS Participants with genital HSV-2 infection were randomized to 1 of 3 doses of GEN-003, antigens without adjuvant, or placebo. Subjects received 3 intramuscular doses, three weeks apart, and were monitored for viral shedding, lesions and immunogenicity. Antibody titers were measured by ELISA and neutralization assay in serum samples collected at baseline and 3weeks post each dose. T cell responses were assessed pre-immunization and 1week post each dose by IFN-γ ELISpot and intracellular cytokine staining. Blood was also collected at 6 and 12months to monitor durability of immune responses. RESULTS Antibody and T cell responses increased with vaccination and were potentiated by adjuvant. Among the doses tested, the rank order of reduction in viral shedding follows the ranking of fold change from baseline in T cell responses. Some immune responses persisted up to 12months. CONCLUSION All measures of immunity are increased by vaccination with GEN-003; however, a correlate of protection is yet to be defined.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Amy Baccari
- Genocea Biosciences, Inc., Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Lena Kien
- Genocea Biosciences, Inc., Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Jason Chan
- Genocea Biosciences, Inc., Cambridge, MA, USA
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153
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Hou D, Chen C, Seely EJ, Chen S, Song Y. High-Throughput Sequencing-Based Immune Repertoire Study during Infectious Disease. Front Immunol 2016; 7:336. [PMID: 27630639 PMCID: PMC5005336 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2016] [Accepted: 08/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The selectivity of the adaptive immune response is based on the enormous diversity of T and B cell antigen-specific receptors. The immune repertoire, the collection of T and B cells with functional diversity in the circulatory system at any given time, is dynamic and reflects the essence of immune selectivity. In this article, we review the recent advances in immune repertoire study of infectious diseases, which were achieved by traditional techniques and high-throughput sequencing (HTS) techniques. HTS techniques enable the determination of complementary regions of lymphocyte receptors with unprecedented efficiency and scale. This progress in methodology enhances the understanding of immunologic changes during pathogen challenge and also provides a basis for further development of novel diagnostic markers, immunotherapies, and vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongni Hou
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University , Shanghai , China
| | - Cuicui Chen
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University , Shanghai , China
| | - Eric John Seely
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of California San Francisco , San Francisco, CA , USA
| | - Shujing Chen
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University , Shanghai , China
| | - Yuanlin Song
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University , Shanghai , China
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154
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Kirsch IR, Watanabe R, O'Malley JT, Williamson DW, Scott LL, Elco CP, Teague JE, Gehad A, Lowry EL, LeBoeuf NR, Krueger JG, Robins HS, Kupper TS, Clark RA. TCR sequencing facilitates diagnosis and identifies mature T cells as the cell of origin in CTCL. Sci Transl Med 2016; 7:308ra158. [PMID: 26446955 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aaa9122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Early diagnosis of cutaneous T cell lymphoma (CTCL) is difficult and takes on average 6 years after presentation, in part because the clinical appearance and histopathology of CTCL can resemble that of benign inflammatory skin diseases. Detection of a malignant T cell clone is critical in making the diagnosis of CTCL, but the T cell receptor γ (TCRγ) polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis in current clinical use detects clones in only a subset of patients. High-throughput TCR sequencing (HTS) detected T cell clones in 46 of 46 CTCL patients, was more sensitive and specific than TCRγ PCR, and successfully discriminated CTCL from benign inflammatory diseases. HTS also accurately assessed responses to therapy and facilitated diagnosis of disease recurrence. In patients with new skin lesions and no involvement of blood by flow cytometry, HTS demonstrated hematogenous spread of small numbers of malignant T cells. Analysis of CTCL TCRγ genes demonstrated that CTCL is a malignancy derived from mature T cells. There was a maximal T cell density in skin in benign inflammatory diseases that was exceeded in CTCL, suggesting that a niche of finite size may exist for benign T cells in skin. Last, immunostaining demonstrated that the malignant T cell clones in mycosis fungoides and leukemic CTCL localized to different anatomic compartments in the skin. In summary, HTS accurately diagnosed CTCL in all stages, discriminated CTCL from benign inflammatory skin diseases, and provided insights into the cell of origin and location of malignant CTCL cells in skin.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rei Watanabe
- Department of Dermatology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - John T O'Malley
- Department of Dermatology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Laura-Louise Scott
- Department of Dermatology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Christopher P Elco
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jessica E Teague
- Department of Dermatology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ahmed Gehad
- Department of Dermatology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Elizabeth L Lowry
- Department of Dermatology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Nicole R LeBoeuf
- Department of Dermatology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Dana-Farber/Brigham and Women's Cancer Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - James G Krueger
- Department of Dermatology, Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Thomas S Kupper
- Department of Dermatology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Dana-Farber/Brigham and Women's Cancer Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Rachael A Clark
- Department of Dermatology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Dana-Farber/Brigham and Women's Cancer Center, Boston, MA, USA
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155
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Current Concepts for Genital Herpes Simplex Virus Infection: Diagnostics and Pathogenesis of Genital Tract Shedding. Clin Microbiol Rev 2016; 29:149-61. [PMID: 26561565 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00043-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus 2 (HSV-2) is a DNA virus that is efficiently transmitted through intimate genital tract contact and causes persistent infection that cannot be eliminated. HSV-2 may cause frequent, symptomatic self-limited genital ulcers, but in most persons infection is subclinical. However, recent studies have demonstrated that the virus is frequently shed from genital surfaces even in the absence of signs or symptoms of clinical disease and that the virus can be transmitted during these periods of shedding. Furthermore, HSV-2 shedding is detected throughout the genital tract and may be associated with genital tract inflammation, which likely contributes to increased risk of HIV acquisition. This review focuses on HSV diagnostics, as well as what we have learned about the importance of frequent genital HSV shedding for (i) HSV transmission and (ii) genital tract inflammation, as well as (iii) the impact of HSV-2 infection on HIV acquisition and transmission. We conclude with discussion of future areas of research to push the field forward.
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156
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Woon HG, Braun A, Li J, Smith C, Edwards J, Sierro F, Feng CG, Khanna R, Elliot M, Bell A, Hislop AD, Tangye SG, Rickinson AB, Gebhardt T, Britton WJ, Palendira U. Compartmentalization of Total and Virus-Specific Tissue-Resident Memory CD8+ T Cells in Human Lymphoid Organs. PLoS Pathog 2016; 12:e1005799. [PMID: 27540722 PMCID: PMC4991796 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2016] [Accepted: 07/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Disruption of T cell memory during severe immune suppression results in reactivation of chronic viral infections, such as Epstein Barr virus (EBV) and Cytomegalovirus (CMV). How different subsets of memory T cells contribute to the protective immunity against these viruses remains poorly defined. In this study we examined the compartmentalization of virus-specific, tissue resident memory CD8+ T cells in human lymphoid organs. This revealed two distinct populations of memory CD8+ T cells, that were CD69+CD103+ and CD69+CD103-, and were retained within the spleen and tonsils in the absence of recent T cell stimulation. These two types of memory cells were distinct not only in their phenotype and transcriptional profile, but also in their anatomical localization within tonsils and spleen. The EBV-specific, but not CMV-specific, CD8+ memory T cells preferentially accumulated in the tonsils and acquired a phenotype that ensured their retention at the epithelial sites where EBV replicates. In vitro studies revealed that the cytokine IL-15 can potentiate the retention of circulating effector memory CD8+ T cells by down-regulating the expression of sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor, required for T cell exit from tissues, and its transcriptional activator, Kruppel-like factor 2 (KLF2). Within the tonsils the expression of IL-15 was detected in regions where CD8+ T cells localized, further supporting a role for this cytokine in T cell retention. Together this study provides evidence for the compartmentalization of distinct types of resident memory T cells that could contribute to the long-term protection against persisting viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heng Giap Woon
- Centenary Institute, The University of Sydney, Newtown, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Asolina Braun
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jane Li
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Corey Smith
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Jarem Edwards
- Centenary Institute, The University of Sydney, Newtown, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Frederic Sierro
- Centenary Institute, The University of Sydney, Newtown, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Carl G. Feng
- Centenary Institute, The University of Sydney, Newtown, New South Wales, Australia
- Discipline of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Newtown, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Rajiv Khanna
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Michael Elliot
- Chris O’Brien Lifehouse Cancer Centre, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Newtown, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Andrew Bell
- School of Cancer Sciences and MRC Centre for Immune Regulation, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew D. Hislop
- School of Cancer Sciences and MRC Centre for Immune Regulation, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, United Kingdom
| | - Stuart G. Tangye
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia
- St Vincent’s Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Alan B. Rickinson
- School of Cancer Sciences and MRC Centre for Immune Regulation, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas Gebhardt
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Warwick J. Britton
- Centenary Institute, The University of Sydney, Newtown, New South Wales, Australia
- Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Newtown, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Umaimainthan Palendira
- Centenary Institute, The University of Sydney, Newtown, New South Wales, Australia
- Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Newtown, New South Wales, Australia
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157
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Understanding natural herpes simplex virus immunity to inform next-generation vaccine design. Clin Transl Immunology 2016; 5:e94. [PMID: 27525067 PMCID: PMC4973325 DOI: 10.1038/cti.2016.44] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2016] [Revised: 06/29/2016] [Accepted: 06/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Incremental advances in our knowledge of how natural immune control of herpes simplex virus (HSV) develops have yielded insight as to why previous vaccine attempts have only been partially successful, however, our understanding of these pathways, particularly in humans, is still incomplete. Further elucidation of the innate immune events that are responsible for stimulating these effector responses is required to accurately inform vaccine design. An enhanced understanding of the mechanism of action of novel adjuvants will also facilitate the rational choice of adjuvant to optimise such responses. Here we review the reasons for the hitherto partial HSV vaccine success and align these with our current knowledge of how natural HSV immunity develops. In particular, we focus on the innate immune response and the role of dendritic cells in inducing protective T-cell responses and how these pathways might be recapitulated in a vaccine setting.
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158
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Leplina O, Starostina N, Zheltova O, Ostanin A, Shevela E, Chernykh E. Dendritic cell-based vaccines in treating recurrent herpes labialis: Results of pilot clinical study. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2016; 12:3029-3035. [PMID: 27635861 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2016.1214348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Recurrent herpes simplex labialis caused predominantly with herpes simplexvirus 1(HSV-1) is a major problem, for which various treatments have minimal impact. Given the important role of the immune system in controlling virus infection, an activation of virus-specific immune responses, in particular,using dendritic cell (DCs) vaccines, seems to be a promising approach for the treatment of patients with frequent recurrences of herpes labialis. The current paper presents the results of a pilot study of the safety and efficacy of DC vaccines in 14 patients with recurrent HSV-1 infections. DCs were generated in presence of GM-CSF and IFN-alpha and were loaded with HSV-1 recombinant viral glycoprotein D (HSV1gD). DCs cells were injected subcutaneously as 2 courses of vaccination during 9 months. Immunotherapy with DCs did not induce any serious side effects and resulted in more than 2-fold reduction in the recurrence rate and significant enhancement of the inter-recurrent time during the 9 months of treatment and subsequent 6-month follow-up period. An obvious clinical improvement was accompanied with an induction of an antigen-specific response to HCV1gD and a normalization of reduced mitogenic responsiveness of mono-nuclear cells. According to long-term survey data (on average 48 months after the beginning of therapy), 87% of respondents reported the decreased incidence of recurrent infection. At this time, most patients (85.7%) responded to HCV1gD stimulation. The data obtained suggests that dendritic cell vaccines may be a promising new approach for the treatment of recurrent labial herpes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Leplina
- a Institite of Fundamental and Clinical Immunology , Novosibirsk , Russia
| | | | - Olga Zheltova
- a Institite of Fundamental and Clinical Immunology , Novosibirsk , Russia
| | - Alexandr Ostanin
- a Institite of Fundamental and Clinical Immunology , Novosibirsk , Russia
| | - Ekaterina Shevela
- a Institite of Fundamental and Clinical Immunology , Novosibirsk , Russia
| | - Elena Chernykh
- a Institite of Fundamental and Clinical Immunology , Novosibirsk , Russia
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159
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Affolter VK. Dermatopathology - the link between ancillary techniques and clinical lesions. Vet Dermatol 2016; 28:134-e28. [DOI: 10.1111/vde.12345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Verena K. Affolter
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, Immunology; School of Veterinary Medicine; University California Davis; One Shields Avenue, VM3A, Room 4206 Davis CA 95616 USA
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160
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Levin MJ, Weinberg A. Regulatory T Cells in Infections: Getting It Just Right. J Infect Dis 2016; 214:4-5. [PMID: 27117510 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiw092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2016] [Accepted: 03/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Myron J Levin
- Section of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics Department of Medicine
| | - Adriana Weinberg
- Section of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics Department of Medicine Department of Pathology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora
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161
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Gurung P, Kanneganti TD. Autoinflammatory Skin Disorders: The Inflammasomme in Focus. Trends Mol Med 2016; 22:545-564. [PMID: 27267764 PMCID: PMC4925313 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2016.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2016] [Accepted: 05/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Autoinflammatory skin disorders are a group of heterogeneous diseases that include diseases such as cryopyrin-associated periodic syndrome (CAPS) and familial Mediterranean fever (FMF). Therapeutic strategies targeting IL-1 cytokines have proved helpful in ameliorating some of these diseases. While inflammasomes are the major regulators of IL-1 cytokines, inflammasome-independent complexes can also process IL-1 cytokines. Herein, we focus on recent advances in our understanding of how IL-1 cytokines, stemming from inflammasome-dependent and -independent pathways are involved in the regulation of skin conditions. Importantly, we discuss several mouse models of skin inflammation generated to help elucidate the basic cellular and molecular effects and modulation of IL-1 in the skin. Such models offer perspectives on how these signaling pathways could be targeted to improve therapeutic approaches in the treatment of these rare and debilitating inflammatory skin disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prajwal Gurung
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
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162
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Mathematical Modeling Predicts that Increased HSV-2 Shedding in HIV-1 Infected Persons Is Due to Poor Immunologic Control in Ganglia and Genital Mucosa. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0155124. [PMID: 27285483 PMCID: PMC4902308 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0155124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2016] [Accepted: 04/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
A signature feature of HIV infection is poor control of herpes virus infections, which reactivate from latency and cause opportunistic infections. While the general mechanism underlying this observation is deficient CD4+T-cell function, it is unknown whether increased severity of herpes virus infections is due primarily to poor immune control in latent or lytic sites of infection, or whether CD4+ immunodeficiency leads to more critical downstream deficits in humoral or cell-mediated immunologic responses. Here we compare genital shedding patterns of herpes simplex virus-2 (HSV-2) in 98 HIV infected and 98 HIV uninfected men matched on length of infection, HSV-1 serostatus and nationality. We demonstrate that high copy HSV-2 shedding is more frequent in HIV positive men, particularly in participants with CD4+ T-cell count <200/μL. Genital shedding is more frequent due to higher rate of shedding episodes, as well as a higher proportion of prolonged shedding episodes. Peak episode viral load was not found to differ between HIV infected and uninfected participants regardless of CD4+ T-cell count. We simulate a mathematical model which recapitulates these findings and identifies that rate of HSV-2 release from neural tissue increases, duration of mucosal cytolytic immune protection decreases, and cell-free viral lifespan increases in HIV infected participants. These results suggest that increased HSV-2 shedding in HIV infected persons may be caused by impaired immune function in both latent and lytic tissue compartments, with deficits in clearance of HSV-2 infected cells and extracellular virus.
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163
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Affiliation(s)
- Akiko Iwasaki
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520;
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164
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Britanova OV, Shugay M, Merzlyak EM, Staroverov DB, Putintseva EV, Turchaninova MA, Mamedov IZ, Pogorelyy MV, Bolotin DA, Izraelson M, Davydov AN, Egorov ES, Kasatskaya SA, Rebrikov DV, Lukyanov S, Chudakov DM. Dynamics of Individual T Cell Repertoires: From Cord Blood to Centenarians. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 196:5005-13. [PMID: 27183615 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1600005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2016] [Accepted: 04/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The diversity, architecture, and dynamics of the TCR repertoire largely determine our ability to effectively withstand infections and malignancies with minimal mistargeting of immune responses. In this study, we have employed deep TCRβ repertoire sequencing with normalization based on unique molecular identifiers to explore the long-term dynamics of T cell immunity. We demonstrate remarkable stability of repertoire, where approximately half of all T cells in peripheral blood are represented by clones that persist and generally preserve their frequencies for 3 y. We further characterize the extremes of lifelong TCR repertoire evolution, analyzing samples ranging from umbilical cord blood to centenarian peripheral blood. We show that the fetal TCR repertoire, albeit structurally maintained within regulated borders due to the lower numbers of randomly added nucleotides, is not limited with respect to observed functional diversity. We reveal decreased efficiency of nonsense-mediated mRNA decay in umbilical cord blood, which may reflect specific regulatory mechanisms in development. Furthermore, we demonstrate that human TCR repertoires are functionally more similar at birth but diverge during life, and we track the lifelong behavior of CMV- and EBV-specific T cell clonotypes. Finally, we reveal gender differences in dynamics of TCR diversity constriction, which come to naught in the oldest age. Based on our data, we propose a more general explanation for the previous observations on the relationships between longevity and immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga V Britanova
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 117997, Russia; Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow 117997, Russia; Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic; and
| | - Mikhail Shugay
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 117997, Russia; Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow 117997, Russia; Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic; and
| | - Ekaterina M Merzlyak
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 117997, Russia
| | - Dmitriy B Staroverov
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 117997, Russia
| | - Ekaterina V Putintseva
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 117997, Russia
| | - Maria A Turchaninova
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 117997, Russia; Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow 117997, Russia; Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic; and
| | - Ilgar Z Mamedov
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 117997, Russia; Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic; and
| | - Mikhail V Pogorelyy
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 117997, Russia
| | - Dmitriy A Bolotin
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 117997, Russia; Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow 117997, Russia; Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic; and
| | - Mark Izraelson
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 117997, Russia; Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic; and
| | - Alexey N Davydov
- Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic; and
| | - Evgeny S Egorov
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 117997, Russia; Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow 117997, Russia; Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic; and
| | - Sofya A Kasatskaya
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 117997, Russia
| | - Denis V Rebrikov
- Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow 117997, Russia; Vavilov Institute of General Genetics of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Sergey Lukyanov
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 117997, Russia; Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow 117997, Russia
| | - Dmitriy M Chudakov
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 117997, Russia; Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow 117997, Russia; Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic; and
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165
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Milman N, Zhu J, Johnston C, Cheng A, Magaret A, Koelle DM, Huang ML, Jin L, Klock A, Layton ED, Corey L. In Situ Detection of Regulatory T Cells in Human Genital Herpes Simplex Virus Type 2 (HSV-2) Reactivation and Their Influence on Spontaneous HSV-2 Reactivation. J Infect Dis 2016; 214:23-31. [PMID: 27117511 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiw091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2015] [Accepted: 01/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) reactivation is accompanied by a sustained influx of CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells that persist in genital tissue for extended periods. While CD4(+) T cells have long been recognized as being present in herpetic ulcerations, their role in subclinical reactivation and persistence is less well known, especially the role of CD4(+) regulatory T cells (Tregs). METHODS We characterized the Treg (CD4(+)Foxp3(+)) population during human HSV-2 reactivation in situ in sequential genital skin biopsy specimens obtained from HSV-2-seropositive subjects at the time of lesion onset up to 8 weeks after healing. RESULTS High numbers of Tregs infiltrated to the site of viral reactivation and persisted in proximity to conventional CD4(+) T cells (Tconvs) and CD8(+) T cells. Treg density peaked during the lesion stage of the reactivation. The number of Tregs from all time points (lesion, healed, 2 weeks after healing, 4 weeks after healing, and 8 weeks after healing) was significantly higher than in control biopsy specimens from unaffected skin. There was a direct correlation between HSV-2 titer and Treg density. CONCLUSIONS The association of a high Treg to Tconv ratio with high viral shedding suggests that the balance between regulatory and effector T cells influences human HSV-2 disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neta Milman
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center
| | - Jia Zhu
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center Department of Laboratory Medicine
| | - Christine Johnston
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center Department of Medicine
| | | | - Amalia Magaret
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center Department of Laboratory Medicine Department of Medicine Department of Biostatistics
| | - David M Koelle
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center Department of Laboratory Medicine Department of Medicine Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle
| | | | - Lei Jin
- Department of Laboratory Medicine
| | | | - Erik D Layton
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center
| | - Lawrence Corey
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center Department of Laboratory Medicine Department of Medicine
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166
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Gottlieb SL, Deal CD, Giersing B, Rees H, Bolan G, Johnston C, Timms P, Gray-Owen SD, Jerse AE, Cameron CE, Moorthy VS, Kiarie J, Broutet N. The global roadmap for advancing development of vaccines against sexually transmitted infections: Update and next steps. Vaccine 2016; 34:2939-2947. [PMID: 27105564 PMCID: PMC6759054 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2016.03.111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2016] [Accepted: 03/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
In 2014, the World Health Organization, the US National Institutes of Health, and global technical partners published a comprehensive roadmap for development of new vaccines against sexually transmitted infections (STIs). Since its publication, progress has been made in several roadmap activities: obtaining better epidemiologic data to establish the public health rationale for STI vaccines, modeling the theoretical impact of future vaccines, advancing basic science research, defining preferred product characteristics for first-generation vaccines, and encouraging investment in STI vaccine development. This article reviews these overarching roadmap activities, provides updates on research and development of individual vaccines against herpes simplex virus, Chlamydia trachomatis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, and Treponema pallidum, and discusses important next steps to advance the global roadmap for STI vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Carolyn D Deal
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | - Helen Rees
- Wits Reproductive Health and HIV Institute, University of the Witswatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Gail Bolan
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | - Peter Timms
- University of Sunshine Coast, Queensland Australia and Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
| | | | - Ann E Jerse
- Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, MD, USA
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167
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Covacu R, Philip H, Jaronen M, Almeida J, Kenison JE, Darko S, Chao CC, Yaari G, Louzoun Y, Carmel L, Douek DC, Efroni S, Quintana FJ. System-wide Analysis of the T Cell Response. Cell Rep 2016; 14:2733-44. [PMID: 26972015 PMCID: PMC4805488 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2016.02.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2015] [Revised: 01/12/2016] [Accepted: 02/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The T cell receptor (TCR) controls the cellular adaptive immune response to antigens, but our understanding of TCR repertoire diversity and response to challenge is still incomplete. For example, TCR clones shared by different individuals with minimal alteration to germline gene sequences (public clones) are detectable in all vertebrates, but their significance is unknown. Although small in size, the zebrafish TCR repertoire is controlled by processes similar to those operating in mammals. Thus, we studied the zebrafish TCR repertoire and its response to stimulation with self and foreign antigens. We found that cross-reactive public TCRs dominate the T cell response, endowing a limited TCR repertoire with the ability to cope with diverse antigenic challenges. These features of vertebrate public TCRs might provide a mechanism for the rapid generation of protective T cell immunity, allowing a short temporal window for the development of more specific private T cell responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruxandra Covacu
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Hagit Philip
- The Mina & Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan 52900, Israel
| | - Merja Jaronen
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Jorge Almeida
- Human Immunology Section, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, US National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Jessica E Kenison
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Samuel Darko
- Human Immunology Section, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, US National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Chun-Cheih Chao
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Gur Yaari
- Bioengineering Program, Faculty of Engineering, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan 52900, Israel
| | - Yoram Louzoun
- Department of Mathematics, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan 52900, Israel; Gonda Brain Research Center, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan 52900, Israel
| | - Liran Carmel
- Department of Genetics, The Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Edmond J. Safra Campus, Givat Ram, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - Daniel C Douek
- Human Immunology Section, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, US National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | - Sol Efroni
- The Mina & Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan 52900, Israel.
| | - Francisco J Quintana
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.
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168
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Tjernlund A, Burgener A, Lindvall JM, Peng T, Zhu J, Öhrmalm L, Picker LJ, Broliden K, McElrath MJ, Corey L. In Situ Staining and Laser Capture Microdissection of Lymph Node Residing SIV Gag-Specific CD8+ T cells--A Tool to Interrogate a Functional Immune Response Ex Vivo. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0149907. [PMID: 26986062 PMCID: PMC4795610 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0149907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2015] [Accepted: 02/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
While a plethora of data describes the essential role of systemic CD8+ T cells in the control of SIV replication little is known about the local in situ CD8+ T cell immune responses against SIV at the intact tissue level, due to technical limitations. In situ staining, using GagCM9 Qdot 655 multimers, were here combined with laser capture microdissection to detect and collect SIV Gag CM9 specific CD8+ T cells in lymph node tissue from SIV infected rhesus macaques. CD8+ T cells from SIV infected and uninfected rhesus macaques were also collected and compared to the SIV GagCM9 specific CD8+ T cells. Illumina bead array and transcriptional analyses were used to assess the transcriptional profiles and the three different CD8+ T cell populations displayed unique transcriptional patterns. This pilot study demonstrates that rapid and specific immunostaining combined with laser capture microdissection in concert with transcriptional profiling may be used to elucidate phenotypic differences between CD8+ T cells in SIV infection. Such technologies may be useful to determine differences in functional activities of HIV/SIV specific T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annelie Tjernlund
- Department of Medicine Solna, Unit of Infectious Diseases, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, L8:01, 17176 Stockholm, Sweden
- * E-mail:
| | - Adam Burgener
- Department of Medicine Solna, Unit of Infectious Diseases, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, L8:01, 17176 Stockholm, Sweden
- National Laboratory for HIV Immunology, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Manitoba, 730 William Ave. Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Jessica M. Lindvall
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tao Peng
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Jia Zhu
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States of America
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Lars Öhrmalm
- Department of Medicine Solna, Unit of Infectious Diseases, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, L8:01, 17176 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Louis J. Picker
- Department of Pathology, Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, and the Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR, United States of America
| | - Kristina Broliden
- Department of Medicine Solna, Unit of Infectious Diseases, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, L8:01, 17176 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - M. Juliana McElrath
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Lawrence Corey
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America
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169
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Johnston C, Gottlieb SL, Wald A. Status of vaccine research and development of vaccines for herpes simplex virus. Vaccine 2016; 34:2948-2952. [PMID: 26973067 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2015.12.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2015] [Accepted: 12/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus type-1 (HSV-1) and -2 (HSV-2) are highly prevalent global pathogens which commonly cause recurrent oral and genital ulcerations. Less common but more serious complications include meningitis, encephalitis, neonatal infection, and keratitis. HSV-2 infection is a significant driver of the HIV epidemic, increasing the risk of HIV acquisition 3 fold. As current control strategies for genital HSV-2 infection, including antiviral therapy and condom use, are only partially effective, vaccines will be required to reduce infection. Both preventive and therapeutic vaccines for HSV-2 are being pursued and are in various stages of development. We will provide an overview of efforts to develop HSV-2 vaccines, including a discussion of the clinical need for an HSV vaccine, and status of research and development with an emphasis on recent insights from trials of vaccine candidates in clinical testing. In addition, we will touch upon aspects of HSV vaccine development relevant to low and middle income countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Johnston
- Department of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA; Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA.
| | - Sami L Gottlieb
- Department of Reproductive Health and Research, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Anna Wald
- Department of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA; Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Seattle, WA, USA; Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
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170
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Di Rosa F, Gebhardt T. Bone Marrow T Cells and the Integrated Functions of Recirculating and Tissue-Resident Memory T Cells. Front Immunol 2016; 7:51. [PMID: 26909081 PMCID: PMC4754413 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2015] [Accepted: 02/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Changes in T cell trafficking accompany the naive to memory T cell antigen-driven differentiation, which remains an incompletely defined developmental step. Upon priming, each naive T cell encounters essential signals – i.e., antigen, co-stimuli and cytokines – in a secondary lymphoid organ; nevertheless, its daughter effector and memory T cells recirculate and receive further signals during their migration through various lymphoid and non-lymphoid organs. These additional signals from tissue microenvironments have an impact on immune response features, including T cell effector function, expansion and contraction, memory differentiation, long-term maintenance, and recruitment upon antigenic rechallenge into local and/or systemic responses. The critical role of T cell trafficking in providing efficient T cell memory has long been a focus of interest. It is now well recognized that naive and memory T cells have different migratory pathways, and that memory T cells are heterogeneous with respect to their trafficking. We and others have observed that, long time after priming, memory T cells are preferentially found in certain niches such as the bone marrow (BM) or at the skin/mucosal site of pathogen entry, even in the absence of residual antigen. The different underlying mechanisms and peculiarities of resulting immunity are currently under study. In this review, we summarize key findings on BM and tissue-resident memory (TRM) T cells and revisit some issues in memory T cell maintenance within such niches. Moreover, we discuss BM seeding by memory T cells in the context of migration patterns and protective functions of either recirculating or TRM T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Di Rosa
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Pathology, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, c/o Department of Molecular Medicine Sapienza University , Rome , Italy
| | - Thomas Gebhardt
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne , Melbourne, VIC , Australia
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171
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Tissue-resident memory T cells in cytomegalovirus infection. Curr Opin Virol 2016; 16:63-69. [PMID: 26855038 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2016.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2015] [Revised: 01/20/2016] [Accepted: 01/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Herpesviruses establish life-long infection in their hosts and maintain latent reservoirs for sporadic reactivation at peripheral sites, such as skin and mucosae. For herpes simplex virus infection, experimental studies in mice revealed that immediate protection against local reactivation or superinfection events in the skin relies on tissue resident memory T cells (TRM) rather than on their circulating counterparts. Recent evidence extends this notion to cytomegalovirus infection, which potently induces TRM cells in both mice and humans particularly in mucosal tissues that constitute important viral sanctuaries and are relevant entry sites for challenge and superinfections. The discovery unravels promising opportunities to exploit cytomegalovirus based vaccine vectors for the specific induction of tissue resident T cell subsets.
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172
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Li J, Olshansky M, Carbone FR, Ma JZ. Transcriptional Analysis of T Cells Resident in Human Skin. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0148351. [PMID: 26824609 PMCID: PMC4732610 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0148351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2015] [Accepted: 01/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Human skin contains various populations of memory T cells in permanent residence and in transit. Arguably, the best characterized of the skin subsets are the CD8(+) permanently resident memory T cells (TRM) expressing the integrin subunit, CD103. In order to investigate the remaining skin T cells, we isolated skin-tropic (CLA(+)) helper T cells, regulatory T cells, and CD8(+) CD103(-) T cells from skin and blood for RNA microarray analysis to compare the transcriptional profiles of these groups. We found that despite their common tropism, the T cells isolated from skin were transcriptionally distinct from blood-derived CLA(+) T cells. A shared pool of genes contributed to the skin/blood discrepancy, with substantial overlap in differentially expressed genes between each T cell subset. Gene set enrichment analysis further showed that the differential gene profiles of each human skin T cell subset were significantly enriched for previously identified TRM core signature genes. Our results support the hypothesis that human skin may contain additional TRM or TRM-like populations.
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MESH Headings
- Adolescent
- Adult
- Aged
- Antigens, CD/genetics
- Antigens, CD/immunology
- CD8 Antigens/genetics
- CD8 Antigens/immunology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/cytology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Female
- Gene Expression Profiling
- Gene Expression Regulation
- Humans
- Immunophenotyping
- Integrin alpha Chains/genetics
- Integrin alpha Chains/immunology
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/cytology
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/immunology
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/metabolism
- Middle Aged
- Molecular Sequence Annotation
- Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis
- Organ Specificity
- Skin/cytology
- Skin/immunology
- Skin/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes, Helper-Inducer/cytology
- T-Lymphocytes, Helper-Inducer/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Helper-Inducer/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/cytology
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/metabolism
- Transcription, Genetic
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane Li
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Medicine (St Vincent’s Hospital), The University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia
- * E-mail: (JL); (JZM)
| | - Moshe Olshansky
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Francis R. Carbone
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Joel Z. Ma
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- * E-mail: (JL); (JZM)
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173
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Abstract
T cells have crucial roles in protection against infection and cancer. Although the trafficking of memory T cells around the body is integral to their capacity to provide immune protection, studies have shown that specialization of some memory T cells into unique tissue-resident subsets gives the host enhanced regional immunity. In recent years, there has been considerable progress in our understanding of tissue-resident T cell development and function, revealing mechanisms for enhanced protective immunity that have the potential to influence rational vaccine design. This Review discusses the major advances and the emerging concepts in this field, summarizes what is known about the differentiation and the protective functions of tissue-resident memory T cells in different tissues in the body and highlights key unanswered questions.
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174
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Watanabe R, Gehad A, Yang C, Scott LL, Teague JE, Schlapbach C, Elco CP, Huang V, Matos TR, Kupper TS, Clark RA. Human skin is protected by four functionally and phenotypically discrete populations of resident and recirculating memory T cells. Sci Transl Med 2015; 7:279ra39. [PMID: 25787765 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.3010302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 407] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The skin of an adult human contains about 20 billion memory T cells. Epithelial barrier tissues are infiltrated by a combination of resident and recirculating T cells in mice, but the relative proportions and functional activities of resident versus recirculating T cells have not been evaluated in human skin. We discriminated resident from recirculating T cells in human-engrafted mice and lymphoma patients using alemtuzumab, a medication that depletes recirculating T cells from skin, and then analyzed these T cell populations in healthy human skin. All nonrecirculating resident memory T cells (TRM) expressed CD69, but most were CD4(+), CD103(-), and located in the dermis, in contrast to studies in mice. Both CD4(+) and CD8(+) CD103(+) TRM were enriched in the epidermis, had potent effector functions, and had a limited proliferative capacity compared to CD103(-) TRM. TRM of both types had more potent effector functions than recirculating T cells. We observed two distinct populations of recirculating T cells, CCR7(+)/L-selectin(+) central memory T cells (TCM) and CCR7(+)/L-selectin(-) T cells, which we term migratory memory T cells (TMM). Circulating skin-tropic TMM were intermediate in cytokine production between TCM and effector memory T cells. In patients with cutaneous T cell lymphoma, malignant TCM and TMM induced distinct inflammatory skin lesions, and TMM were depleted more slowly from skin after alemtuzumab, suggesting that TMM may recirculate more slowly. In summary, human skin is protected by four functionally distinct populations of T cells, two resident and two recirculating, with differing territories of migration and distinct functional activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rei Watanabe
- Department of Dermatology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Ahmed Gehad
- Department of Dermatology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Chao Yang
- Department of Dermatology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Laura L Scott
- Department of Dermatology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Jessica E Teague
- Department of Dermatology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | | | - Christopher P Elco
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Victor Huang
- Department of Dermatology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Tiago R Matos
- Department of Dermatology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA. Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Thomas S Kupper
- Department of Dermatology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA. Dana-Farber/Brigham and Women's Cancer Center, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Rachael A Clark
- Department of Dermatology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA. Dana-Farber/Brigham and Women's Cancer Center, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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175
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Smith CJ, Caldeira-Dantas S, Turula H, Snyder CM. Murine CMV Infection Induces the Continuous Production of Mucosal Resident T Cells. Cell Rep 2015; 13:1137-1148. [PMID: 26526996 PMCID: PMC4648370 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2015.09.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2015] [Revised: 09/15/2015] [Accepted: 09/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is a herpesvirus that persists for life and maintains extremely large numbers of T cells with select specificities in circulation. However, it is unknown how viral persistence impacts T cell populations in mucosal sites. We found that many murine (M)CMV-specific CD8s in mucosal tissues became resident memory T cells (TRM). These cells adopted an intraepithelial localization in the salivary gland that correlated with, but did not depend on, expression of the integrin CD103. MCMV-specific TRM cells formed early after infection, and spleen-localized cells had reduced capacities to become TRM at late times. Surprisingly, however, small numbers of new TRM cells were formed from the circulating pool throughout infection, favoring populations maintained at high levels in the blood and shifting the immunodominance within the TRM populations over time. These data show that mucosal TRM populations can be dynamically maintained by a persistent infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corinne J Smith
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Sofia Caldeira-Dantas
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Holly Turula
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Christopher M Snyder
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA.
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Odegard JM, Flynn PA, Campbell DJ, Robbins SH, Dong L, Wang K, Ter Meulen J, Cohen JI, Koelle DM. A novel HSV-2 subunit vaccine induces GLA-dependent CD4 and CD8 T cell responses and protective immunity in mice and guinea pigs. Vaccine 2015; 34:101-9. [PMID: 26571309 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2015.10.137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2015] [Revised: 10/27/2015] [Accepted: 10/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES There is currently no licensed prophylactic or therapeutic vaccine for HSV-2 infection. METHODS We developed a novel preclinical vaccine candidate, G103, consisting of three recombinantly expressed HSV-2 proteins (gD and the UL19 and UL25 gene products) adjuvanted with the potent synthetic TLR4 agonist glucopyranosyl lipid A (GLA) formulated in stable emulsion. The vaccine was tested for immunogenicity and efficacy in pre-clinical models for preventative and therapeutic vaccination. RESULTS Vaccination of mice with G103 elicited antigen-specific binding and neutralizing antibody responses, as well as robust CD4 and CD8 effector and memory T cells. The T cell responses were further boosted by subsequent challenge with live virus. Prophylactic immunization completely protected against lethal intravaginal HSV-2 infection in mice, with only transient replication of virus in the genital mucosa and sterilizing immunity in dorsal root ganglia. Supporting the use of G103 therapeutically, the vaccine expanded both CD4 and CD8 T cells induced in mice by previous infection with HSV-2. In the guinea pig model of recurrent HSV-2 infection, therapeutic immunization with G103 was approximately 50% effective in reducing the number of lesions per animal as well as the overall lesions score. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, the data show that G103 is a viable candidate for development of a novel prophylactic and therapeutic HSV-2 vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Lichun Dong
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, United States
| | - Kening Wang
- Medical Virology Section, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States
| | | | - Jeffrey I Cohen
- Medical Virology Section, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States
| | - David M Koelle
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, United States; Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101, United States; Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, United States; Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, United States; Vaccine and Infectious Diseases Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, United States
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177
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Cutaneous RANK–RANKL Signaling Upregulates CD8-Mediated Antiviral Immunity during Herpes simplex Virus Infection by Preventing Virus-Induced Langerhans Cell Apoptosis. J Invest Dermatol 2015; 135:2676-2687. [DOI: 10.1038/jid.2015.225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2015] [Revised: 05/11/2015] [Accepted: 06/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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178
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Legut M, Cole DK, Sewell AK. The promise of γδ T cells and the γδ T cell receptor for cancer immunotherapy. Cell Mol Immunol 2015; 12:656-68. [PMID: 25864915 PMCID: PMC4716630 DOI: 10.1038/cmi.2015.28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2015] [Accepted: 03/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
γδ T cells form an important part of adaptive immune responses against infections and malignant transformation. The molecular targets of human γδ T cell receptors (TCRs) remain largely unknown, but recent studies have confirmed the recognition of phosphorylated prenyl metabolites, lipids in complex with CD1 molecules and markers of cellular stress. All of these molecules are upregulated on various cancer types, highlighting the potential importance of the γδ T cell compartment in cancer immunosurveillance and paving the way for the use of γδ TCRs in cancer therapy. Ligand recognition by the γδ TCR often requires accessory/co-stimulatory stress molecules on both T cells and target cells; this cellular stress context therefore provides a failsafe against harmful self-reactivity. Unlike αβ T cells, γδ T cells recognise their targets irrespective of HLA haplotype and therefore offer exciting possibilities for off-the-shelf, pan-population cancer immunotherapies. Here, we present a review of known ligands of human γδ T cells and discuss the promise of harnessing these cells for cancer treatment.
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MESH Headings
- Antigen Presentation
- Antigens, CD1/genetics
- Antigens, CD1/immunology
- Antigens, Neoplasm/genetics
- Antigens, Neoplasm/immunology
- Clinical Trials as Topic
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic/immunology
- Hemiterpenes/immunology
- Humans
- Immunotherapy/methods
- Ligands
- Models, Molecular
- Monitoring, Immunologic
- Neoplasms/genetics
- Neoplasms/immunology
- Neoplasms/pathology
- Neoplasms/therapy
- Organophosphorus Compounds/immunology
- Phosphorylation
- Protein Structure, Tertiary
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/immunology
- Signal Transduction
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/pathology
- T-Lymphocytes/transplantation
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Affiliation(s)
- Mateusz Legut
- Division of Infection and Immunity and Systems Immunity University Research Institute, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, UK
| | - David K Cole
- Division of Infection and Immunity and Systems Immunity University Research Institute, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, UK
| | - Andrew K Sewell
- Division of Infection and Immunity and Systems Immunity University Research Institute, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, UK
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179
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White KD, Chung WH, Hung SI, Mallal S, Phillips EJ. Evolving models of the immunopathogenesis of T cell-mediated drug allergy: The role of host, pathogens, and drug response. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2015; 136:219-34; quiz 235. [PMID: 26254049 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2015.05.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2015] [Revised: 05/11/2015] [Accepted: 05/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Immune-mediated (IM) adverse drug reactions (ADRs) are an underrecognized source of preventable morbidity, mortality, and cost. Increasingly, genetic variation in the HLA loci is associated with risk of severe reactions, highlighting the importance of T-cell immune responses in the mechanisms of both B cell-mediated and primary T cell-mediated IM-ADRs. In this review we summarize the role of host genetics, microbes, and drugs in IM-ADR development; expand on the existing models of IM-ADR pathogenesis to address multiple unexplained observations; discuss the implications of this work in clinical practice today; and describe future applications for preclinical drug toxicity screening, drug design, and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie D White
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tenn
| | - Wen-Hung Chung
- Department of Dermatology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Keelung, Taiwan; Department of Dermatology, Drug Hypersensitivity Clinical and Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taiwan; College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Shuen-Iu Hung
- Program in Molecular Medicine, Institute of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Infection and Immunity Research Center, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Simon Mallal
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tenn; Institute for Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Australia
| | - Elizabeth J Phillips
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tenn; Institute for Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Australia.
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180
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Abstract
Resident memory T cells are non-recirculating memory T cells that persist long-term in epithelial barrier tissues, including the gastrointestinal tract, lung, skin, and reproductive tract. Resident memory T cells persist in the absence of antigens, have impressive effector functions, and provide rapid on-site immune protection against known pathogens in peripheral tissues. A fundamentally distinct gene expression program differentiates resident memory T cells from circulating T cells. Although these cells likely evolved to provide rapid immune protection against pathogens, autoreactive, aberrantly activated, and malignant resident memory cells contribute to numerous human inflammatory diseases including mycosis fungoides and psoriasis. This review will discuss both the science and medicine of resident memory T cells, exploring how these cells contribute to healthy immune function and discussing what is known about how these cells contribute to human inflammatory and autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachael A Clark
- Department of Dermatology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA. E-mail:
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181
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Schrijvers R, Gilissen L, Chiriac AM, Demoly P. Pathogenesis and diagnosis of delayed-type drug hypersensitivity reactions, from bedside to bench and back. Clin Transl Allergy 2015; 5:31. [PMID: 26339470 PMCID: PMC4558726 DOI: 10.1186/s13601-015-0073-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2015] [Accepted: 07/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Drug hypersensitivity reactions (DHR) have been present since the advent of drugs. In particular T-cell mediated delayed-type hypersensitivity reactions represent a heterogeneous clinical entity with a diverse pathogenesis and result in a considerable burden of morbidity and mortality not only driven by the reactions themselves but also by the use of alternatives which are sometimes less effective or even more dangerous. Diagnostic procedures rely on clinical history, skin testing and potential provocation testing, whereas validated in vitro diagnostic procedures are still lacking for most of them. Recent work in the field of pharmacogenomics combined with basic scientific research has provided insights in the pathogenesis of abacavir and carbamazepine hypersensitivities linked with certain human leucocyte antigen risk alleles. Nevertheless, important scientific questions on how other DHR arise and how host-drug interactions occur, remain unanswered. Recent work indicates an intricate relation between host, drug and pathogens in severe cutaneous and systemic reactions and provides more insights in the role of regulatory T-cells and viral reactivation in these reactions. In this review we focus on type IV delayed-type DHR, and address recent advances in the pathogenesis, pharmacogenomics, and diagnosis of these reactions with an emphasis on the understandings arising from basic research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rik Schrijvers
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium ; Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Liesbeth Gilissen
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Anca Mirela Chiriac
- Exploration des Allergies, Département de Pneumologie et Addictologie, Hôpital Arnaud de Villeneuve, University Hospital of Montpellier, Paris, France ; Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Paris 06, UMR-S 1136, IPLESP, Equipe EPAR, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Pascal Demoly
- Exploration des Allergies, Département de Pneumologie et Addictologie, Hôpital Arnaud de Villeneuve, University Hospital of Montpellier, Paris, France ; Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Paris 06, UMR-S 1136, IPLESP, Equipe EPAR, 75013 Paris, France
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182
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Ermann J, Rao DA, Teslovich NC, Brenner MB, Raychaudhuri S. Immune cell profiling to guide therapeutic decisions in rheumatic diseases. Nat Rev Rheumatol 2015; 11:541-51. [PMID: 26034835 PMCID: PMC4898649 DOI: 10.1038/nrrheum.2015.71] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Biomarkers are needed to guide treatment decisions for patients with rheumatic diseases. Although the phenotypic and functional analysis of immune cells is an appealing strategy for understanding immune-mediated disease processes, immune cell profiling currently has no role in clinical rheumatology. New technologies, including mass cytometry, gene expression profiling by RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) and multiplexed functional assays, enable the analysis of immune cell function with unprecedented detail and promise not only a deeper understanding of pathogenesis, but also the discovery of novel biomarkers. The large and complex data sets generated by these technologies--big data--require specialized approaches for analysis and visualization of results. Standardization of assays and definition of the range of normal values are additional challenges when translating these novel approaches into clinical practice. In this Review, we discuss technological advances in the high-dimensional analysis of immune cells and consider how these developments might support the discovery of predictive biomarkers to benefit the practice of rheumatology and improve patient care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joerg Ermann
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology, and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Smith Building, 1 Jimmy Fund Way, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Deepak A Rao
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology, and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Smith Building, 1 Jimmy Fund Way, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Nikola C Teslovich
- 'Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, New Research Building NRB, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Michael B Brenner
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology, and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Smith Building, 1 Jimmy Fund Way, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Soumya Raychaudhuri
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital, New Research Building (NRB), 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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183
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Carbone FR. Tissue-Resident Memory T Cells and Fixed Immune Surveillance in Nonlymphoid Organs. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 195:17-22. [PMID: 26092813 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1500515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
T cell immunity is often defined in terms of memory lymphocytes that use the blood to access a range of organs. T cells are involved in two patterns of recirculation. In one, the cells shuttle back and forth between blood and secondary lymphoid organs, whereas in the second, memory cells recirculate between blood and nonlymphoid tissues. The latter is a means by which blood T cells control peripheral infection. It is now clear that there exists a distinct memory T cell subset that is absent from blood but found within nonlymphoid tissues. These nonrecirculating tissue-resident memory T (TRM) cells develop within peripheral compartments and never spread beyond their point of lodgement. This review examines fixed immune surveillance by TRM cells, highlighting features that make them potent controllers of infection in nonlymphoid tissues. These features provide clues about TRM cell specialization, such as their ability to deal with sequestered, persisting infections confined to peripheral compartments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francis R Carbone
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
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184
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Mirshafiey A, Simhag A, El Rouby NMM, Azizi G. T-helper 22 cells as a new player in chronic inflammatory skin disorders. Int J Dermatol 2015; 54:880-8. [PMID: 26183243 DOI: 10.1111/ijd.12883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2014] [Revised: 09/01/2014] [Accepted: 10/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
T-helper 22 (Th22) cell is a new subset of CD4+ T cells that secrets interleukin (IL)-22 but not IL-17 or interferon-γ. Th22 is distinct from Th17 and other known CD4+ T-cell subsets with distinguished gene expression and function. Th22 subsets have chemokine receptors CCR6+ CCR4+ CCR10+ phenotype and aryl hydrocarbon receptor as the key transcription factor. This T-helper subset, by producing cytokines such as IL-22, IL-13, and tumor necrosis factor-α, is implicated in the pathogenesis of inflammatory skin disorder. This review discusses the role of Th22 and its cytokine IL-22 in the immunopathogenesis of inflammatory skin disorders such as psoriasis and atopic dermatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abbas Mirshafiey
- Department of Immunology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Anita Simhag
- Karolinska Institutet Science Park AB, Huddinge, Sweden
| | | | - Gholamreza Azizi
- Imam Hassan Mojtaba Hospital, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
- Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Pediatrics Center of Excellence, Children's Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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185
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Vukmanovic-Stejic M, Sandhu D, Seidel JA, Patel N, Sobande TO, Agius E, Jackson SE, Fuentes-Duculan J, Suárez-Fariñas M, Mabbott NA, Lacy KE, Ogg G, Nestle FO, Krueger JG, Rustin MHA, Akbar AN. The Characterization of Varicella Zoster Virus-Specific T Cells in Skin and Blood during Aging. J Invest Dermatol 2015; 135:1752-1762. [PMID: 25734814 PMCID: PMC4471118 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2015.63] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2014] [Revised: 01/14/2015] [Accepted: 02/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Reactivation of the varicella zoster virus (VZV) increases during aging. Although the effects of VZV reactivation are observed in the skin (shingles), the number and functional capacity of cutaneous VZV-specific T cells have not been investigated. The numbers of circulating IFN-γ-secreting VZV-specific CD4(+) T cells are significantly decreased in old subjects. However, other measures of VZV-specific CD4(+) T cells, including proliferative capacity to VZV antigen stimulation and identification of VZV-specific CD4(+) T cells with an major histocompatibility complex class II tetramer (epitope of IE-63 protein), were similar in both age groups. The majority of T cells in the skin of both age groups expressed CD69, a characteristic of skin-resident T cells. VZV-specific CD4(+) T cells were significantly increased in the skin compared with the blood in young and old subjects, and their function was similar in both age groups. In contrast, the number of Foxp3(+) regulatory T cells and expression of the inhibitory receptor programmed cell death -1 PD-1 on CD4(+) T cells were significantly increased in the skin of older humans. Therefore, VZV-specific CD4(+) T cells in the skin of older individuals are functionally competent. However, their activity may be restricted by multiple inhibitory influences in situ.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Daisy Sandhu
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, UK; Department of Dermatology, Royal Free Hospital, London, UK
| | - Judith A Seidel
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, UK
| | - Neil Patel
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, UK; Department of Dermatology, Royal Free Hospital, London, UK
| | - Toni O Sobande
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, UK
| | - Elaine Agius
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, UK; Department of Dermatology, Royal Free Hospital, London, UK
| | - Sarah E Jackson
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, UK
| | | | | | - Neil A Mabbott
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, UK
| | - Katie E Lacy
- St Johns Institute of Dermatology, Guys and St Thomas' Hospital, London, UK
| | - Graham Ogg
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Frank O Nestle
- St Johns Institute of Dermatology, Guys and St Thomas' Hospital, London, UK
| | - James G Krueger
- Laboratory for Investigative Dermatology, Rockefeller University, New York, USA
| | | | - Arne N Akbar
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, UK.
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186
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Stanfield B, Kousoulas KG. Herpes Simplex Vaccines: Prospects of Live-attenuated HSV Vaccines to Combat Genital and Ocular infections. CURRENT CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY REPORTS 2015; 2:125-136. [PMID: 27114893 DOI: 10.1007/s40588-015-0020-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus type-1 (HSV-1) and its closely related type-2 (HSV-2) viruses cause important clinical manifestations in humans including acute ocular disease and genital infections. These viruses establish latency in the trigeminal ganglionic and dorsal root neurons, respectively. Both viruses are widespread among humans and can frequently reactivate from latency causing disease. Currently, there are no vaccines available against herpes simplex viral infections. However, a number of promising vaccine approaches are being explored in pre-clinical investigations with few progressing to early phase clinical trials. Consensus research findings suggest that robust humoral and cellular immune responses may partially control the frequency of reactivation episodes and reduce clinical symptoms. Live-attenuated viral vaccines have long been considered as a viable option for generating robust and protective immune responses against viral pathogens. Varicella zoster virus (VZV) belongs to the same alphaherpesvirus subfamily with herpes simplex viruses. A live-attenuated VZV vaccine has been extensively used in a prophylactic and therapeutic approach to combat primary and recurrent VZV infection indicating that a similar vaccine approach may be feasible for HSVs. In this review, we summarize pre-clinical approaches to HSV vaccine development and current efforts to test certain vaccine approaches in human clinical trials. Also, we discuss the potential advantages of using a safe, live-attenuated HSV-1 vaccine strain to protect against both HSV-1 and HSV-2 infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brent Stanfield
- Division of Biotechnology & Molecular Medicine, Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
| | - Konstantin Gus Kousoulas
- Division of Biotechnology & Molecular Medicine, Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
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187
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Park CO, Kupper TS. The emerging role of resident memory T cells in protective immunity and inflammatory disease. Nat Med 2015; 21:688-97. [PMID: 26121195 DOI: 10.1038/nm.3883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 399] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2015] [Accepted: 05/19/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Over the past decade, it has become clear that there is an important subset of memory T cells that resides in tissues-tissue-resident memory T (TRM) cells. There is an emerging understanding that TRM cells have a role in human tissue-specific immune and inflammatory diseases. Furthermore, the nature of the molecular signals that maintain TRM cells in tissues is the subject of much investigation. In addition, whereas it is logical for TRM cells to be located in barrier tissues at interfaces with the environment, these cells have also been found in brain, kidney, joint and other non-barrier tissues in humans and mice. Given the biology and behavior of these cells, it is likely that they have a role in chronic relapsing and remitting diseases of both barrier and non-barrier tissues. In this Review we discuss recent insights into the biology of TRM cells with a particular focus on their roles in disease, both proven and putative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Ook Park
- Department of Dermatology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Thomas S Kupper
- Department of Dermatology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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188
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Erdmann N, Hewitt BA, Atkinson TP, Van Wagoner N. Disseminated Primary Herpes Simplex Virus Type 2 Infection in a 22-Year-Old male. Open Forum Infect Dis 2015; 2:ofv092. [PMID: 26180838 PMCID: PMC4499671 DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofv092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2015] [Accepted: 06/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We present a case of primary disseminated herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) cutaneous disease in a 22-year-old male. We discuss the immune response to HSV-2 infection as well as the extragenital manifestations of HSV-2 observed in immune-competent and immune-suppressed persons.
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189
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Egorov ES, Merzlyak EM, Shelenkov AA, Britanova OV, Sharonov GV, Staroverov DB, Bolotin DA, Davydov AN, Barsova E, Lebedev YB, Shugay M, Chudakov DM. Quantitative Profiling of Immune Repertoires for Minor Lymphocyte Counts Using Unique Molecular Identifiers. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 194:6155-63. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1500215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2015] [Accepted: 04/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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190
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Melvin AJ, Mohan KM, Schiffer JT, Drolette LM, Magaret A, Corey L, Wald A. Plasma and cerebrospinal fluid herpes simplex virus levels at diagnosis and outcome of neonatal infection. J Pediatr 2015; 166:827-33. [PMID: 25491092 PMCID: PMC4380781 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2014.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2014] [Revised: 10/16/2014] [Accepted: 11/04/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the utility of quantitative herpes simplex virus (HSV) polymerase chain reaction (PCR) levels for prognosis and management of neonatal HSV disease. STUDY DESIGN Clinical and virologic data were abstracted by medical record review from neonatal HSV cases treated at Seattle Children's Hospital between 1993 and 2012. HSV PCR results from plasma (n = 47), cerebrospinal fluid (n = 56), or both (n = 40) at the time of diagnosis were available from 63 infants; 26 with skin-eye-mouth (SEM), 18 with central nervous system (CNS), and 19 with disseminated (DIS) disease. RESULTS Plasma HSV PCR was positive in 78% of the infants with SEM, 64% with CNS and 100% with DIS disease. Mean plasma viral level was 2.8 log10 copies/mL in SEM, 2.2 log10 copies/mL in CNS, and 7.2 log10 copies/mL in DIS infants. The HSV levels were higher among infants who died compared with surviving infants, 8.1 log10 copies/mL (range 7.7-8.6) vs 3.8 log10 copies/mL (range 0.0-8.6), P = .001, however, level of HSV DNA in the cerebrospinal fluid or in plasma did not correlate with neurologic outcome. Dynamics of HSV clearance from plasma during high-dose acyclovir treatment showed single-phase exponential decay with a median viral half-life of 1.26 days (range: 0.8-1.51). CONCLUSIONS Plasma HSV levels correlate with clinical presentation of neonatal HSV disease and mortality, but not neurologic outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann J Melvin
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Disease, Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington and Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA.
| | - Kathleen M Mohan
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Disease, Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington and Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA
| | - Joshua T Schiffer
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA; Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA
| | - Linda M Drolette
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Amalia Magaret
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA; Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Lawrence Corey
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA; Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Anna Wald
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA; Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA; Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA; Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
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191
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Deruaz M, Luster AD. Chemokine-mediated immune responses in the female genital tract mucosa. Immunol Cell Biol 2015; 93:347-54. [PMID: 25776842 DOI: 10.1038/icb.2015.20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2014] [Revised: 01/28/2015] [Accepted: 01/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The genital tract mucosa is the site where sexually transmitted infections gain entry to the host. The immune response at this site is thus critical to provide innate protection against pathogens that are seen for the very first time as well as provide long-term pathogen-specific immunity, which would be required for an effective vaccine against sexually transmitted infection. A finely regulated immune response is therefore required to provide an effective barrier against pathogens without compromising the capacity of the genital tract to allow for successful conception and fetal development. We review recent developments in our understanding of the immune response in the female genital tract to infectious pathogens, using herpes simplex virus-2, human immunodeficiency virus-1 and Chlamydia trachomatis as examples, with a particular focus on the role of chemokines in orchestrating immune cell migration necessary to achieve effective innate and adaptive immune responses in the female genital tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maud Deruaz
- Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Andrew D Luster
- Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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192
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Flesch IEA, Randall KL, Hollett NA, Di Law H, Miosge LA, Sontani Y, Goodnow CC, Tscharke DC. Delayed control of herpes simplex virus infection and impaired CD4(+) T-cell migration to the skin in mouse models of DOCK8 deficiency. Immunol Cell Biol 2015; 93:517-21. [PMID: 25776845 PMCID: PMC4496291 DOI: 10.1038/icb.2015.32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2014] [Revised: 02/01/2015] [Accepted: 02/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
DOCK8 deficiency in humans and mice leads to multiple defects in immune cell numbers and function. Patients with this immunodeficiency have a high morbidity and mortality, and are distinguished by chronic cutaneous viral infections, including those caused by herpes simplex virus (HSV). The underlying mechanism of the specific susceptibility to these chronic cutaneous viral infections is currently unknown, largely because the effect of DOCK8 deficiency has not been studied in suitable models. A better understanding of these mechanisms is required to underpin the development of more specific therapies. Here we show that DOCK8-deficient mice have poor control of primary cutaneous herpes simplex lesions and this is associated with increased virus loads. Furthermore, DOCK8-deficient mice showed a lack of CD4(+) T-cell infiltration into HSV-infected skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inge E A Flesch
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Katrina L Randall
- 1] John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia [2] ANU Medical School, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Natasha A Hollett
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Hsei Di Law
- 1] John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia [2] ANU Medical School, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Lisa A Miosge
- John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Yovina Sontani
- John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Christopher C Goodnow
- John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - David C Tscharke
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
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193
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Laing KJ, Russell RM, Dong L, Schmid DS, Stern M, Magaret A, Haas JG, Johnston C, Wald A, Koelle DM. Zoster Vaccination Increases the Breadth of CD4+ T Cells Responsive to Varicella Zoster Virus. J Infect Dis 2015; 212:1022-31. [PMID: 25784732 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiv164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2015] [Accepted: 03/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The live, attenuated varicella vaccine strain (vOka) is the only licensed therapeutic vaccine. Boost of varicella zoster virus (VZV)-specific cellular immunity is a likely mechanism of action. We examined memory CD4(+) T-cell responses to each VZV protein at baseline and after zoster vaccination. METHODS Serial blood samples were collected from 12 subjects vaccinated with Zostavax and immunogenicity confirmed by ex vivo VZV-specific T-cell and antibody assays. CD4(+) T-cell lines enriched for VZV specificity were generated and probed for proliferative responses to every VZV protein and selected peptide sets. RESULTS Zoster vaccination increased the median magnitude (2.3-fold) and breadth (4.2-fold) of VZV-specific CD4(+) T cells one month post-vaccination. Both measures declined by 6 months. The most prevalent responses at baseline included VZV open reading frames (ORFs) 68, 4, 37, and 63. After vaccination, responses to ORFs 40, 67, 9, 59, 12, 62, and 18 were also prevalent. The immunogenicity of ORF9 and ORF18 were confirmed using peptides, defining a large number of discrete CD4 T-cell epitopes. CONCLUSIONS The breadth and magnitude of the VZV-specific CD4(+) T-cell response increase after zoster vaccination. In addition to glycoprotein E (ORF68), we identified antigenic ORFs that may be useful components of subunit vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerry J Laing
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle
| | | | - Lichun Dong
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle
| | - D Scott Schmid
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | | | - Amalia Magaret
- Department of Laboratory Medicine Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington Vaccine and Infectious Diseases Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington
| | - Jürgen G Haas
- Division of Infection and Pathway Medicine, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Christine Johnston
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle Vaccine and Infectious Diseases Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington
| | - Anna Wald
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle Department of Laboratory Medicine Vaccine and Infectious Diseases Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington Department of Epidemiology
| | - David M Koelle
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle Department of Laboratory Medicine Vaccine and Infectious Diseases Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington Department of Global Health, University of Washington Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, Washington
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194
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Röhl M, Tjernlund A, Mehta SD, Pettersson P, Bailey RC, Broliden K. Comparable mRNA expression of inflammatory markers but lower claudin-1 mRNA levels in foreskin tissue of HSV-2 seropositive versus seronegative asymptomatic Kenyan young men. BMJ Open 2015; 5:e006627. [PMID: 25694458 PMCID: PMC4336463 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2014-006627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Skin biopsies from local sites of herpes simplex virus 2 (HSV-2)-induced ulcers can show infiltrates of inflammatory cells several months after macroscopic healing. We hypothesise that foreskin tissue samples of asymptomatic HSV-2 seropositive men had remaining signs of inflammation at the molecular level. Even in the absence of clinical lesions, genital inflammation may contribute to increased HIV susceptibility on sexual exposure to the virus. SETTING Foreskin tissue samples were collected from men undergoing elective circumcision in Kisumu, Kenya. PARTICIPANTS The foreskin tissue samples (n=86) were stratified into study groups based on HSV-2 serology and assessed for mRNA expression of inflammatory markers. Markers of interest were further assessed by immunohistochemical staining within the tissue samples. RESULTS The two study groups had comparable levels of all molecular markers (CD3, CD4, CD8, CD69, CCR5, HLA-DR, Langerin, DC-SIGN, Mannose Receptor 1, IL-1, IL-6, TNF-α, β7, IgA, IFN-α, CCL5, E-cadherin, ZO-1 and occludin), except for lower mRNA levels of the epithelial junction protein claudin-1 in the HSV-2 seropositive group (p=0.008). Although mRNA levels of claudin-1 were lower in HSV-2 seropositive individuals, the corresponding protein could be visualised in the foreskin epithelium of all samples tested. CONCLUSIONS Whereas no general inflammation was demonstrated in the foreskin of asymptomatic HSV-2 seropositive individuals, a decreased expression of claudin-1 indicates a less robust genital epithelial barrier. An intact epithelial barrier is essential for blocking mucosal entry of genital infections, including HIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Röhl
- Unit of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska University Hospital, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Annelie Tjernlund
- Unit of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska University Hospital, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Supriya D Mehta
- Division of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Pernilla Pettersson
- Unit of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska University Hospital, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Robert C Bailey
- Division of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Kristina Broliden
- Unit of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska University Hospital, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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195
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Posavad CM, Zhao L, Mueller DE, Stevens CE, Huang ML, Wald A, Corey L. Persistence of mucosal T-cell responses to herpes simplex virus type 2 in the female genital tract. Mucosal Immunol 2015; 8:115-26. [PMID: 24917455 PMCID: PMC4263695 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2014.47] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2014] [Accepted: 05/07/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Relatively little is known about the human T-cell response to herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) in the female genital tract, a major site of heterosexual HSV-2 acquisition, transmission, and reactivation. In order to understand the role of local mucosal immunity in HSV-2 infection, T-cell lines were expanded from serial cervical cytobrush samples from 30 HSV-2-infected women and examined for reactivity to HSV-2. Approximately 3% of the CD3+ T cells isolated from the cervix were HSV-2 specific and of these, a median of 91.3% were CD4+, whereas a median of 3.9% were CD8+. HSV-2-specific CD4+ T cells expanded from the cervix were not only more frequent than CD8+ T cells but also exhibited greater breadth in terms of antigenic reactivity. T cells directed at the same HSV-2 protein were often detected in serial cervical cytobrush samples and in blood. Thus, broad and persistent mucosal T-cell responses to HSV-2 were detected in the female genital tract of HSV-2+ women suggesting that these cells are resident at the site of HSV-2 infection. Understanding the role of these T cells at this biologically relevant site will be central to the elucidation of adaptive immune mechanisms involved in controlling HSV-2 disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine M. Posavad
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA,Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Lin Zhao
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA,Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Dawn E. Mueller
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA
| | | | - Meei Li Huang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Anna Wald
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA,Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA,Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA,Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Lawrence Corey
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA,Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA,Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
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196
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Xia J, Veselenak RL, Gorder SR, Bourne N, Milligan GN. Virus-specific immune memory at peripheral sites of herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) infection in guinea pigs. PLoS One 2014; 9:e114652. [PMID: 25485971 PMCID: PMC4259353 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0114652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2014] [Accepted: 11/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite its importance in modulating HSV-2 pathogenesis, the nature of tissue-resident immune memory to HSV-2 is not completely understood. We used genital HSV-2 infection of guinea pigs to assess the type and location of HSV-specific memory cells at peripheral sites of HSV-2 infection. HSV-specific antibody-secreting cells were readily detected in the spleen, bone marrow, vagina/cervix, lumbosacral sensory ganglia, and spinal cord of previously-infected animals. Memory B cells were detected primarily in the spleen and to a lesser extent in bone marrow but not in the genital tract or neural tissues suggesting that the HSV-specific antibody-secreting cells present at peripheral sites of HSV-2 infection represented persisting populations of plasma cells. The antibody produced by these cells isolated from neural tissues of infected animals was functionally relevant and included antibodies specific for HSV-2 glycoproteins and HSV-2 neutralizing antibodies. A vigorous IFN-γ-secreting T cell response developed in the spleen as well as the sites of HSV-2 infection in the genital tract, lumbosacral ganglia and spinal cord following acute HSV-2 infection. Additionally, populations of HSV-specific tissue-resident memory T cells were maintained at these sites and were readily detected up to 150 days post HSV-2 infection. Unlike the persisting plasma cells, HSV-specific memory T cells were also detected in uterine tissue and cervicothoracic region of the spinal cord and at low levels in the cervicothoracic ganglia. Both HSV-specific CD4+ and CD8+ resident memory cell subsets were maintained long-term in the genital tract and sensory ganglia/spinal cord following HSV-2 infection. Together these data demonstrate the long-term maintenance of both humoral and cellular arms of the adaptive immune response at the sites of HSV-2 latency and virus shedding and highlight the utility of the guinea pig infection model to investigate tissue-resident memory in the setting of HSV-2 latency and spontaneous reactivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingya Xia
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Ronald L. Veselenak
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Summer R. Gorder
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Nigel Bourne
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
- Sealy Center for Vaccine Development, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Gregg N. Milligan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
- Sealy Center for Vaccine Development, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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197
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Ono M, Tanaka RJ, Kano M. Visualisation of the T cell differentiation programme by Canonical Correspondence Analysis of transcriptomes. BMC Genomics 2014; 15:1028. [PMID: 25428805 PMCID: PMC4258272 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-15-1028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2014] [Accepted: 11/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Currently, in the era of post-genomics, immunology is facing a challenging problem to translate mutant phenotypes into gene functions based on high-throughput data, while taking into account the classifications and functions of immune cells, which requires new methods. Results Here we propose a novel application of a multidimensional analysis, Canonical Correspondence Analysis (CCA), to reveal the molecular characteristics of undefined cells in terms of cellular differentiation programmes by analysing two transcriptomic datasets. Using two independent datasets, whether RNA-seq or microarray data, CCA successfully visualised the cross-level relationships between genes, cells, and differentiation programmes, and thereby identified the immunological features of mutant cells (Gata3-KO T cells and Stat3-KO T cells) in a data-oriented manner. With a new concept, differentiation variable, CCA provides an automatic classification of cell samples, which had a high sensitivity and a comparable performance to other classification methods. In addition, we elaborate how CCA results can be interpreted, and reveal the features of CCA in comparison with other visualisation techniques. Conclusions CCA is a visualisation tool with a classification ability to reveal the cross-level relationships of genes, cells and differentiation programmes. This can be used for characterising the functional defect of cells of interest (e.g. mutant cells) in the context of cellular differentiation. The proposed approach fits with common hypothesis-oriented studies in immunology, and can be used for a wide range of molecular and genomic studies on cellular differentiation mechanisms. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/1471-2164-15-1028) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Ono
- Immunobiology Section, UCL Institute of Child Health, University College London, 30 Guilford Street, London WC1N 1EH, UK.
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198
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Zhang Q, Dove CG, Hor JL, Murdock HM, Strauss-Albee DM, Garcia JA, Mandl JN, Grodick RA, Jing H, Chandler-Brown DB, Lenardo TE, Crawford G, Matthews HF, Freeman AF, Cornall RJ, Germain RN, Mueller SN, Su HC. DOCK8 regulates lymphocyte shape integrity for skin antiviral immunity. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 211:2549-66. [PMID: 25422492 PMCID: PMC4267229 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20141307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Zhang et al. show that DOCK8-deficient T and NK cells develop cell and nuclear shape abnormalities that do not impair chemotaxis but contribute to a form of cell death they term cytothripsis. Cytothripsis of DOCK8-deficient cells prevents the generation of long-lived skin-resident memory CD8 T cells resulting in impaired immune response to skin infection. DOCK8 mutations result in an inherited combined immunodeficiency characterized by increased susceptibility to skin and other infections. We show that when DOCK8-deficient T and NK cells migrate through confined spaces, they develop cell shape and nuclear deformation abnormalities that do not impair chemotaxis but contribute to a distinct form of catastrophic cell death we term cytothripsis. Such defects arise during lymphocyte migration in collagen-dense tissues when DOCK8, through CDC42 and p21-activated kinase (PAK), is unavailable to coordinate cytoskeletal structures. Cytothripsis of DOCK8-deficient cells prevents the generation of long-lived skin-resident memory CD8 T cells, which in turn impairs control of herpesvirus skin infections. Our results establish that DOCK8-regulated shape integrity of lymphocytes prevents cytothripsis and promotes antiviral immunity in the skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Zhang
- Laboratory of Host Defenses, Laboratory of Systems Biology, Laboratory of Immunology, and Laboratory of Clinical Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Christopher G Dove
- Laboratory of Host Defenses, Laboratory of Systems Biology, Laboratory of Immunology, and Laboratory of Clinical Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Jyh Liang Hor
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, and The ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, and The ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Heardley M Murdock
- Laboratory of Host Defenses, Laboratory of Systems Biology, Laboratory of Immunology, and Laboratory of Clinical Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Dara M Strauss-Albee
- Laboratory of Host Defenses, Laboratory of Systems Biology, Laboratory of Immunology, and Laboratory of Clinical Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Jordan A Garcia
- Laboratory of Host Defenses, Laboratory of Systems Biology, Laboratory of Immunology, and Laboratory of Clinical Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Judith N Mandl
- Laboratory of Host Defenses, Laboratory of Systems Biology, Laboratory of Immunology, and Laboratory of Clinical Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Rachael A Grodick
- Laboratory of Host Defenses, Laboratory of Systems Biology, Laboratory of Immunology, and Laboratory of Clinical Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Huie Jing
- Laboratory of Host Defenses, Laboratory of Systems Biology, Laboratory of Immunology, and Laboratory of Clinical Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Devon B Chandler-Brown
- Laboratory of Host Defenses, Laboratory of Systems Biology, Laboratory of Immunology, and Laboratory of Clinical Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Timothy E Lenardo
- Laboratory of Host Defenses, Laboratory of Systems Biology, Laboratory of Immunology, and Laboratory of Clinical Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Greg Crawford
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Nuffield Department of Medicine, Oxford University, Oxford OX3 7BN, England, UK
| | - Helen F Matthews
- Laboratory of Host Defenses, Laboratory of Systems Biology, Laboratory of Immunology, and Laboratory of Clinical Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Alexandra F Freeman
- Laboratory of Host Defenses, Laboratory of Systems Biology, Laboratory of Immunology, and Laboratory of Clinical Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Richard J Cornall
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Nuffield Department of Medicine, Oxford University, Oxford OX3 7BN, England, UK
| | - Ronald N Germain
- Laboratory of Host Defenses, Laboratory of Systems Biology, Laboratory of Immunology, and Laboratory of Clinical Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Scott N Mueller
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, and The ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, and The ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Helen C Su
- Laboratory of Host Defenses, Laboratory of Systems Biology, Laboratory of Immunology, and Laboratory of Clinical Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
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199
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Pavlos R, Mallal S, Ostrov D, Buus S, Metushi I, Peters B, Phillips E. T cell-mediated hypersensitivity reactions to drugs. Annu Rev Med 2014; 66:439-54. [PMID: 25386935 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-med-050913-022745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The immunological mechanisms driving delayed hypersensitivity reactions (HSRs) to drugs mediated by drug-reactive T lymphocytes are exemplified by several key examples and their human leukocyte antigen (HLA) associations: abacavir and HLA-B*57:01, carbamazepine and HLA-B*15:02, allo-purinol and HLA-B*58:01, and both amoxicillin-clavulanate and nevirapine with multiple class I and II alleles. For HLA-restricted drug HSRs, specific class I and/or II HLA alleles are necessary but not sufficient for tissue specificity and the clinical syndrome. Several models have been proposed to explain the immunopathogenesis of severe T cell-mediated drug HSRs, and our increased understanding of the risk factors and mechanisms involved in the development of these reactions will further the development of sensitive and specific strategies for preclinical screening that will lead to safer and more cost-effective drug design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Pavlos
- Institute for Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, 6150;
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200
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Bedoui S, Greyer M. The role of dendritic cells in immunity against primary herpes simplex virus infections. Front Microbiol 2014; 5:533. [PMID: 25374562 PMCID: PMC4204531 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2014.00533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2014] [Accepted: 09/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus (HSV) is a DNA virus with tropism for infecting skin and mucosal epithelia during the lytic stages of its complex life cycle. The immune system has evolved a multitude of strategies to respond to primary HSV infections. These include rapid innate immune responses largely driven by pattern recognition systems and protective anti-viral immunity. Dendritic cells (DC) represent a versatile and heterogenic group of antigen presenting cells that are important for pathogen recognition at sites of infection and for priming of protective HSV-specific T cells. Here we will review the current knowledge on the role of DCs in the host immune response to primary HSV infection. We will discuss how DCs integrate viral cues into effective innate immune responses, will dissect how HSV infection of DCs interferes with their capacity to migrate from sites of infection to the draining lymph nodes and will outline how migratory DCs can make antigens available to lymph node resident DCs. The role of distinct DC subsets and their relevant contribution to antigen presentation on MHC class I and MHC class II molecules will be detailed in the context of T cell priming in the lymph node and the elicitation of effector function in infected tissues. An improved understanding of the fundamental mechanisms of how DCs recognize HSV, process and present its antigens to naïve and effector T cells will not only assist in the improvement of vaccine-based preventions of this important viral disease, but also serves as a paradigm to resolve basic immunological principles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sammy Bedoui
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Marie Greyer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne Parkville, VIC, Australia
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