151
|
Lai FPL, Lau ST, Wong JKL, Gui H, Wang RX, Zhou T, Lai WH, Tse HF, Tam PKH, Garcia-Barcelo MM, Ngan ESW. Correction of Hirschsprung-Associated Mutations in Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells Via Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats/Cas9, Restores Neural Crest Cell Function. Gastroenterology 2017; 153:139-153.e8. [PMID: 28342760 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2017.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2016] [Revised: 02/28/2017] [Accepted: 03/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Hirschsprung disease is caused by failure of enteric neural crest cells (ENCCs) to fully colonize the bowel, leading to bowel obstruction and megacolon. Heterozygous mutations in the coding region of the RET gene cause a severe form of Hirschsprung disease (total colonic aganglionosis). However, 80% of HSCR patients have short-segment Hirschsprung disease (S-HSCR), which has not been associated with genetic factors. We sought to identify mutations associated with S-HSCR, and used the clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/Cas9 gene editing system to determine how mutations affect ENCC function. METHODS We created induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) lines from 1 patient with total colonic aganglionosis (with the G731del mutation in RET) and from 2 patients with S-HSCR (without a RET mutation), as well as RET+/- and RET-/- iPSCs. IMR90-iPSC cells were used as the control cell line. Migration and differentiation capacities of iPSC-derived ENCCs were analyzed in differentiation and migration assays. We searched for mutation(s) associated with S-HSCR by combining genetic and transcriptome data from patient blood- and iPSC-derived ENCCs, respectively. Mutations in the iPSCs were corrected using the CRISPR/Cas9 system. RESULTS ENCCs derived from all iPSC lines, but not control iPSCs, had defects in migration and neuronal lineage differentiation. RET mutations were associated with differentiation and migration defects of ENCCs in vitro. Genetic and transcriptome analyses associated a mutation in the vinculin gene (VCL M209L) with S-HSCR. CRISPR/Cas9 correction of the RET G731del and VCL M209L mutations in iPSCs restored the differentiation and migration capacities of ENCCs. CONCLUSIONS We identified mutations in VCL associated with S-HSCR. Correction of this mutation in iPSC using CRISPR/Cas9 editing, as well as the RET G731del mutation that causes Hirschsprung disease with total colonic aganglionosis, restored ENCC function. Our study demonstrates how human iPSCs can be used to identify disease-associated mutations and determine how they affect cell functions and contribute to pathogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Frank Pui-Ling Lai
- Department of Surgery, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Sin-Ting Lau
- Department of Surgery, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - John Kwong-Leong Wong
- Department of Psychiatry, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Hongsheng Gui
- Department of Psychiatry, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Reeson Xu Wang
- Department of Surgery, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Tingwen Zhou
- Department of Surgery, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Wing Hon Lai
- Department of Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Hung-Fat Tse
- Department of Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Paul Kwong-Hang Tam
- Department of Surgery, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | | | - Elly Sau-Wai Ngan
- Department of Surgery, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong.
| |
Collapse
|
152
|
Zhao JJ, Afshari NA. Generation of Human Corneal Endothelial Cells via In Vitro Ocular Lineage Restriction of Pluripotent Stem Cells. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2017; 57:6878-6884. [PMID: 28002562 PMCID: PMC5215466 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.16-20024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose We generate a renewable supply of corneal endothelial cells (CEC) from human pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) under defined culture conditions. Methods Corneal endothelial cell induction was driven by small molecules in a stepwise fashion of lineage specification. During the initial phase, PSC fate was restricted to the eye field-like state and became eye field stem cells (EFSCs). In the second phase, PSC-derived EFSCs were further directed toward either neural crest lineage or retinal lineage. The CECs were directly induced from ocular neural crest stem cells (NCSCs) by suppressing TGF-β and ROCK signaling. Results Under chemically defined conditions, PSCs were massively converted into EFSCs and subsequently NCSCs. Eye field cell identity was characterized by the expression of key fate restriction factors for early eye field cells, such as PAX6, LHX2, and VSX2. The induction of ocular NCSCs was initiated by promoting WNT signaling in EFSCs. Within 2 weeks of induction, the majority of cells expressed the typical neural crest markers p75NTR and HNK-1. Eye field stem cell-derived NCSCs can be propagated and cryopreserved. Subsequently, a CEC monolayer was induced from adherent NCSCs in the presence of small molecular inhibitors to suppress TGF-β and ROCK signaling. The polygon-shaped CEC-like cells became visible after a week in culture. The NCSC-derived CECs expressed typical CEC markers, such as N-Cadherin and Na+/K+-ATPase. Conclusions A novel small molecule-based approach was developed to derive human CECs from PSCs via ocular lineage specification. Moreover, EFSC-derived NCSCs could serve as an immediate source cell for rapid CEC induction in vitro.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiagang J Zhao
- Shiley Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States
| | - Natalie A Afshari
- Shiley Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States
| |
Collapse
|
153
|
Lemke KA, Aghayee A, Ashton RS. Deriving, regenerating, and engineering CNS tissues using human pluripotent stem cells. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2017; 47:36-42. [PMID: 28605638 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2017.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2017] [Accepted: 05/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Progress in deriving a spectrum of central nervous system cell phenotypes from human pluripotent stem cells has spurred significant advances in in vitro modeling and development of regenerative therapies for neurological disorders. While the clinical impact of these advances is still being evaluated, their integration with advanced tissue engineering methodologies and therapeutic approaches that induce neural circuit plasticity, respectively, remain underexplored frontiers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kristen A Lemke
- Wisconsin Institute for Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, United States
| | - Alireza Aghayee
- Wisconsin Institute for Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, United States; Department of Material Science and Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53715, United States
| | - Randolph S Ashton
- Wisconsin Institute for Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, United States; Department of Material Science and Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53715, United States; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53715, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
154
|
Characterization of Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Like Cells Derived From Human iPSCs via Neural Crest Development and Their Application for Osteochondral Repair. Stem Cells Int 2017; 2017:1960965. [PMID: 28607560 PMCID: PMC5451770 DOI: 10.1155/2017/1960965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2016] [Accepted: 04/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) derived from induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) are a promising cell source for the repair of skeletal disorders. Recently, neural crest cells (NCCs) were reported to be effective for inducing mesenchymal progenitors, which have potential to differentiate into osteochondral lineages. Our aim was to investigate the feasibility of MSC-like cells originated from iPSCs via NCCs for osteochondral repair. Initially, MSC-like cells derived from iPSC-NCCs (iNCCs) were generated and characterized in vitro. These iNCC-derived MSC-like cells (iNCMSCs) exhibited a homogenous population and potential for osteochondral differentiation. No upregulation of pluripotent markers was detected during culture. Second, we implanted iNCMSC-derived tissue-engineered constructs into rat osteochondral defects without any preinduction for specific differentiation lineages. The implanted cells remained alive at the implanted site, whereas they failed to repair the defects, with only scarce development of osteochondral tissue in vivo. With regard to tumorigenesis, the implanted cells gradually disappeared and no malignant cells were detected throughout the 2-month follow-up. While this study did not show that iNCMSCs have efficacy for repair of osteochondral defects when implanted under undifferentiated conditions, iNCMSCs exhibited good chondrogenic potential in vitro under appropriate conditions. With further optimization, iNCMSCs may be a new source for tissue engineering of cartilage.
Collapse
|
155
|
Stamp LA. Cell therapy for GI motility disorders: comparison of cell sources and proposed steps for treating Hirschsprung disease. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2017; 312:G348-G354. [PMID: 28209600 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00018.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2017] [Revised: 02/02/2017] [Accepted: 02/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Cell therapeutic approaches to treat a range of congenital and degenerative neuropathies are under intense investigation. There have been recent significant advancements in the development of cell therapy to treat disorders of the enteric nervous system (ENS), enteric neuropathies. These advances include the efficient generation of enteric neural progenitors from pluripotent stem cells and the rescue of a Hirschsprung disease model mouse following their transplantation into the bowel. Furthermore, a recent study provides evidence of functional innervation of the bowel muscle by neurons derived from transplanted ENS-derived neural progenitors. This mini-review discusses these recent findings, compares endogenous ENS-derived progenitors and pluripotent stem cell-derived progenitors as a cell source for therapy, and proposes the key steps for cell therapy to treat Hirschsprung disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lincon A Stamp
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
156
|
Bajpai VK, Kerosuo L, Tseropoulos G, Cummings KA, Wang X, Lei P, Liu B, Liu S, Popescu GK, Bronner ME, Andreadis ST. Reprogramming Postnatal Human Epidermal Keratinocytes Toward Functional Neural Crest Fates. Stem Cells 2017; 35:1402-1415. [PMID: 28142205 DOI: 10.1002/stem.2583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2016] [Revised: 12/05/2016] [Accepted: 01/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
During development, neural crest (NC) cells are induced by signaling events at the neural plate border of all vertebrate embryos. Initially arising within the central nervous system, NC cells subsequently undergo an epithelial to mesenchymal transition to migrate into the periphery, where they differentiate into diverse cell types. Here we provide evidence that postnatal human epidermal keratinocytes (KC), in response to fibroblast growth factor 2 and insulin like growth factor 1 signals, can be reprogrammed toward a NC fate. Genome-wide transcriptome analyses show that keratinocyte-derived NC cells are similar to those derived from human embryonic stem cells. Moreover, they give rise in vitro and in vivo to NC derivatives such as peripheral neurons, melanocytes, Schwann cells and mesenchymal cells (osteocytes, chondrocytes, adipocytes, and smooth muscle cells). By demonstrating that human keratin-14+ KC can form NC cells, even from clones of single cells, our results have important implications in stem cell biology and regenerative medicine. Stem Cells 2017;35:1402-1415.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vivek K Bajpai
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Laura Kerosuo
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, USA
| | - Georgios Tseropoulos
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Kirstie A Cummings
- Department of Biochemistry, Neuroscience Program, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Xiaoyan Wang
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Pedro Lei
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Biao Liu
- Center for Personalized Medicine, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York, USA.,Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Song Liu
- Center for Personalized Medicine, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York, USA.,Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Gabriela K Popescu
- Department of Biochemistry, Neuroscience Program, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Marianne E Bronner
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, USA
| | - Stelios T Andreadis
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, USA.,Center of Excellence in Bioinformatics and Life Sciences, Buffalo, New York, USA
| |
Collapse
|
157
|
Takayama Y, Wakabayashi T, Kushige H, Saito Y, Shibuya Y, Shibata S, Akamatsu W, Okano H, Kida YS. Brief exposure to small molecules allows induction of mouse embryonic fibroblasts into neural crest-like precursors. FEBS Lett 2017; 591:590-602. [PMID: 28129669 PMCID: PMC5347899 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.12572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2016] [Revised: 01/18/2017] [Accepted: 01/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we propose a novel method for inducing neuronal cells by briefly exposing them to small‐molecule cocktails in a step‐by‐step manner. Global gene expression analysis with immunohistochemical staining and calcium flux assays reveal the generation of neurons from mouse embryonic fibroblasts. In addition, time‐lapse imaging of neural precursor‐specific enhancer expression and global gene expression analyses show that the neurons are generated by passing through a neural crest‐like precursor stage. Consistent with these results, the neural crest‐like cells are able to differentiate into neural crest lineage cells, such as sympathetic neurons, adipocytes, osteocytes, and smooth muscle cells. Therefore, these results indicate that brief exposure to chemical compounds could expand and induce a substantial multipotent cell population without viral transduction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuzo Takayama
- Biotechnology Research Institute for Drug Discovery, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Tamami Wakabayashi
- Biotechnology Research Institute for Drug Discovery, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Hiroko Kushige
- Biotechnology Research Institute for Drug Discovery, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Yutaka Saito
- Artificial Intelligence Research Center, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Koto-ku, Tokyo, Japan.,Computational Bio Big-Data Open Innovation Laboratory (CBBD-OIL), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoichiro Shibuya
- Biotechnology Research Institute for Drug Discovery, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan.,Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Shinsuke Shibata
- Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Wado Akamatsu
- Center for Genomic and Regenerative Medicine, Juntendo University, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Okano
- Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki S Kida
- Biotechnology Research Institute for Drug Discovery, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
158
|
Ramírez-García L, Cevallos R, Gazarian K. Unveiling and initial characterization of neural crest-like cells in mesenchymal populations from the human periodontal ligament. J Periodontal Res 2017; 52:609-616. [DOI: 10.1111/jre.12429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- L. Ramírez-García
- Department of Genomic Medicine and Environmental Toxicology; Institute of Biomedical Research; Mexican National Autonomous University; Mexico City Mexico
| | - R. Cevallos
- Department of Genomic Medicine and Environmental Toxicology; Institute of Biomedical Research; Mexican National Autonomous University; Mexico City Mexico
| | - K. Gazarian
- Department of Genomic Medicine and Environmental Toxicology; Institute of Biomedical Research; Mexican National Autonomous University; Mexico City Mexico
| |
Collapse
|
159
|
Two factor-based reprogramming of rodent and human fibroblasts into Schwann cells. Nat Commun 2017; 8:14088. [PMID: 28169300 PMCID: PMC5309703 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms14088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2016] [Accepted: 11/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Schwann cells (SCs) generate the myelin wrapping of peripheral nerve axons and are promising candidates for cell therapy. However, to date a renewable source of SCs is lacking. In this study, we show the conversion of skin fibroblasts into induced Schwann cells (iSCs) by driving the expression of two transcription factors, Sox10 and Egr2. iSCs resembled primary SCs in global gene expression profiling and PNS identity. In vitro, iSCs wrapped axons generating compact myelin sheaths with regular nodal structures. Conversely, iSCs from Twitcher mice showed a severe loss in their myelinogenic potential, demonstrating that iSCs can be an attractive system for in vitro modelling of PNS diseases. The same two factors were sufficient to convert human fibroblasts into iSCs as defined by distinctive molecular and functional traits. Generating iSCs through direct conversion of somatic cells offers opportunities for in vitro disease modelling and regenerative therapies. Schwann cells (SCs) myelinate peripheral nerve axons and offer opportunities for the treatment of injuries and demyelinating diseases but reliable and renewable sources of these cells are hard to come by. Here the authors reprogram rat, mouse and human fibroblasts into Schwann cells using two transcription factors.
Collapse
|
160
|
Chen CC, Hsia CW, Ho CW, Liang CM, Chen CM, Huang KL, Kang BH, Chen YH. Hypoxia and hyperoxia differentially control proliferation of rat neural crest stem cells via distinct regulatory pathways of the HIF1α-CXCR4 and TP53-TPM1 proteins. Dev Dyn 2017; 246:162-185. [PMID: 28002632 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.24481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2016] [Revised: 12/09/2016] [Accepted: 12/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neural crest stem cells (NCSCs) are a population of adult multipotent stem cells. We are interested in studying whether oxygen tensions affect the capability of NCSCs to self-renew and repair damaged tissues. NCSCs extracted from the hair follicle bulge region of the rat whisker pad were cultured in vitro under different oxygen tensions. RESULTS We found significantly increased and decreased rates of cell proliferation in rat NCSCs (rNCSCs) cultured, respectively, at 0.5% and 80% oxygen levels. At 0.5% oxygen, the expression of both hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) 1α and CXCR4 was greatly enhanced in the rNCSC nuclei and was suppressed by incubation with the CXCR4-specific antagonist AMD3100. In addition, the rate of cell apoptosis in the rNCSCs cultured at 80% oxygen was dramatically increased, associated with increased nuclear expression of TP53, decreased cytoplasmic expression of TPM1 (tropomyosin-1), and increased nuclear-to-cytoplasmic translocation of S100A2. Incubation of rNCSCs with the antioxidant N-acetylcysteine (NAC) overcame the inhibitory effect of 80% oxygen on proliferation and survival of rNCSCs. CONCLUSIONS Our results show for the first time that extreme oxygen tensions directly control NCSC proliferation differentially via distinct regulatory pathways of proteins, with hypoxia via the HIF1α-CXCR4 pathway and hyperoxia via the TP53-TPM1 pathway. Developmental Dynamics 246:162-185, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chien-Cheng Chen
- Graduate Institute of Aerospace and Undersea Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, Neihu District, Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Wu Hsia
- Department of Finance, School of Management, Shih Hsin University, Wenshan District, Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Wen Ho
- Graduate Institute of Aerospace and Undersea Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, Neihu District, Taipei City, Taiwan
- Division of Rehabilitation Medicine, Taoyuan Armed Forces General Hospital, Longtan District, Taoyuan City, Taiwan
| | - Chang-Min Liang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tri-Service General Hospital, Neihu District, Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Chieh-Min Chen
- Graduate Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, National Defense Medical Center, Neihu District, Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Kun-Lun Huang
- Graduate Institute of Aerospace and Undersea Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, Neihu District, Taipei City, Taiwan
- Department of Undersea and Hyperbaric Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, Neihu District, Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Bor-Hwang Kang
- Division of Diving Medicine, Zuoying Branch of Kaohsiung Armed Forces General Hospital, Zuoying District, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Tri-Service General Hospital, Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Hui Chen
- Graduate Institute of Aerospace and Undersea Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, Neihu District, Taipei City, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
161
|
Higuchi A, Suresh Kumar S, Ling QD, Alarfaj AA, Munusamy MA, Murugan K, Hsu ST, Benelli G, Umezawa A. Polymeric design of cell culture materials that guide the differentiation of human pluripotent stem cells. Prog Polym Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2016.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
|
162
|
Gazarian KG, Ramírez-García LR. Human Deciduous Teeth Stem Cells (SHED) Display Neural Crest Signature Characters. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0170321. [PMID: 28125654 PMCID: PMC5268458 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0170321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2016] [Accepted: 01/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Human dental tissues are sources of neural crest origin multipotent stem cells whose regenerative potential is a focus of extensive studies. Rational programming of clinical applications requires a more detailed knowledge of the characters inherited from neural crest. Investigation of neural crest cells generated from human pluripotent stem cells provided opportunity for their comparison with the postnatal dental cells. The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of the culture conditions in the expression by dental cells of neural crest characters. The results of the study demonstrate that specific neural crest cells requirements, serum-free, active WNT signaling and inactive SMAD 2/3, are needed for the activity of the neural crest characters in dental cells. Specifically, the decreasing concentration of fetal bovine serum (FBS) from regularly used for dental cells 10% to 2% and below, or using serum-free medium, led to emergence of a subset of epithelial-like cells expressing the two key neural crest markers, p75 and HNK-1. Further, the serum-free medium supplemented with neural crest signaling requirements (WNT inducer BIO and TGF-β inhibitor REPSOX), induced epithelial-like phenotype, upregulated the p75, Sox10 and E-Cadherin and downregulated the mesenchymal genes (SNAIL1, ZEB1, TWIST). An expansion medium containing 2% FBS allowed to obtain an epithelial/mesenchymal SHED population showing high proliferation, clonogenic, multi-lineage differentiation capacities. Future experiments will be required to determine the effects of these features on regenerative potential of this novel SHED population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karlen G. Gazarian
- Department of Medicine Genomics and Environmental Toxicity, Institute of Biomedical Research, Mexican National Autonomous University, Mexico City, University Campus, Mexico
- * E-mail:
| | - Luis R. Ramírez-García
- Department of Medicine Genomics and Environmental Toxicity, Institute of Biomedical Research, Mexican National Autonomous University, Mexico City, University Campus, Mexico
| |
Collapse
|
163
|
Horikiri T, Ohi H, Shibata M, Ikeya M, Ueno M, Sotozono C, Kinoshita S, Sato T. SOX10-Nano-Lantern Reporter Human iPS Cells; A Versatile Tool for Neural Crest Research. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0170342. [PMID: 28107504 PMCID: PMC5249153 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0170342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2016] [Accepted: 01/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The neural crest is a source to produce multipotent neural crest stem cells that have a potential to differentiate into diverse cell types. The transcription factor SOX10 is expressed through early neural crest progenitors and stem cells in vertebrates. Here we report the generation of SOX10-Nano-lantern (NL) reporter human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPS) by using CRISPR/Cas9 systems, that are beneficial to investigate the generation and maintenance of neural crest progenitor cells. SOX10-NL positive cells are produced transiently from hiPS cells by treatment with TGFβ inhibitor SB431542 and GSK3 inhibitor CHIR99021. We found that all SOX10-NL-positive cells expressed an early neural crest marker NGFR, however SOX10-NL-positive cells purified from differentiated hiPS cells progressively attenuate their NL-expression under proliferation. We therefore attempted to maintain SOX10-NL-positive cells with additional signaling on the plane and sphere culture conditions. These SOX10-NL cells provide us to investigate mass culture with neural crest cells for stem cell research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tomoko Horikiri
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hiromi Ohi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Life Sciences, Doshisha University, Kyotanabe, Japan
| | - Mitsuaki Shibata
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Makoto Ikeya
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Morio Ueno
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Chie Sotozono
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Shigeru Kinoshita
- Department of Frontier Medical Science and Technology for Ophthalmology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Takahiko Sato
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
- Advanced Biomedical Engineering Research Center, Doshisha University, Kyotanabe, Japan
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
164
|
KAWANO E, TORIUMI T, IGUCHI S, SUZUKI D, SATO S, HONDA M. Induction of neural crest cells from human dental pulp-derived induced pluripotent stem cells . Biomed Res 2017; 38:135-147. [DOI: 10.2220/biomedres.38.135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eisuke KAWANO
- Division of Applied Oral Sciences, Nihon University Graduate School of Dentistry
| | - Taku TORIUMI
- Department of Anatomy, Nihon University School of Dentistry
- Division of Functional Morphology, Dental Research Center, Nihon University School of Dentistry
| | - Shinya IGUCHI
- Division of Applied Oral Sciences, Nihon University Graduate School of Dentistry
| | - Daigo SUZUKI
- Division of Applied Oral Sciences, Nihon University Graduate School of Dentistry
| | - Shuichi SATO
- Department of Periodontology, Nihon University School of Dentistry
- Division of Advanced Dental Treatment, Dental Research Center, Nihon University School of Dentistry
| | - Masaki HONDA
- Department of Oral Anatomy, Aichi-Gakuin University School of Dentistry
| |
Collapse
|
165
|
Prospect of Human Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Neural Crest Stem Cells in Clinical Application. Stem Cells Int 2016; 2016:7695836. [PMID: 28090209 PMCID: PMC5206454 DOI: 10.1155/2016/7695836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2016] [Revised: 05/21/2016] [Accepted: 06/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Neural crest stem cells (NCSCs) represent a transient and multipotent cell population that contributes to numerous anatomical structures such as peripheral nervous system, teeth, and cornea. NCSC maldevelopment is related to various human diseases including pigmentation abnormalities, disorders affecting autonomic nervous system, and malformations of teeth, eyes, and hearts. As human pluripotent stem cells including human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) and human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) can serve as an unlimited cell source to generate NCSCs, hESC/hiPSC-derived NCSCs can be a valuable tool to study the underlying mechanisms of NCSC-associated diseases, which paves the way for future therapies for these abnormalities. In addition, hESC/hiPSC-derived NCSCs with the capability of differentiating to various cell types are highly promising for clinical organ repair and regeneration. In this review, we first discuss NCSC generation methods from human pluripotent stem cells and differentiation mechanism of NCSCs. Then we focus on the clinical application potential of hESC/hiPSC-derived NCSCs on peripheral nerve injuries, corneal blindness, tooth regeneration, pathological melanogenesis, Hirschsprung disease, and cardiac repair and regeneration.
Collapse
|
166
|
Direct Conversion of Human Fibroblasts into Neural Progenitors Using Transcription Factors Enriched in Human ESC-Derived Neural Progenitors. Stem Cell Reports 2016; 8:54-68. [PMID: 27940274 PMCID: PMC5233298 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2016.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2016] [Revised: 11/10/2016] [Accepted: 11/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Early human embryonic stem cell (hESC)-derived neural populations consist of various embryonic neural progenitors (ENPs) with broad neural developmental propensity. Here, we sought to directly convert human somatic cells into ENP-like phenotypes using hESC-ENP-enriched neural transcription factors (TFs). We demonstrated that induced ENP could be efficiently converted from human fibroblasts using two TF combinations. The iENPs exhibit cellular and molecular characteristics resembling hESC-ENPs and can give rise to astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and functional neuronal subtypes of the central and peripheral nervous system. Nevertheless, our analyses further revealed that these two iENP populations differ in terms of their proliferation ability and neuronal propensity. Finally, we demonstrated that the iENPs can be induced from fibroblasts from patients with Huntington's disease and Alzheimer’s disease, and the diseased iENPs and their neuronal derivatives recapitulated the hallmark pathological features of the diseases. Collectively, our results point toward a promising strategy for generating iENPs from somatic cells for disease modeling and future clinical intervention. iENPs can be converted from fibroblasts using hESC-ENP enriched factors iENPs exhibit cellular and molecular characteristics resembling hESC-ENPs iENPs induced by different TF combinations exhibit different neural propensity iENP and their neuronal derivatives recapitulated HD and AD phenotypes
Collapse
|
167
|
Abstract
The re-emergence of Zika virus (ZIKV) and its suspected link with various disorders in newborns and adults led the World Health Organization to declare a global health emergency. In response, the stem cell field quickly established platforms for modeling ZIKV exposure using human pluripotent stem cell-derived neural progenitors and brain organoids, fetal tissues, and animal models. These efforts provided significant insight into cellular targets, pathogenesis, and underlying biological mechanisms of ZIKV infection as well as platforms for drug testing. Here we review the remarkable progress in stem cell-based ZIKV research and discuss current challenges and future opportunities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guo-Li Ming
- Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
| | - Hengli Tang
- Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA
| | - Hongjun Song
- Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
168
|
Engineered human pluripotent-stem-cell-derived intestinal tissues with a functional enteric nervous system. Nat Med 2016; 23:49-59. [PMID: 27869805 DOI: 10.1038/nm.4233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 423] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2016] [Accepted: 10/14/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The enteric nervous system (ENS) of the gastrointestinal tract controls many diverse functions, including motility and epithelial permeability. Perturbations in ENS development or function are common, yet there is no human model for studying ENS-intestinal biology and disease. We used a tissue-engineering approach with embryonic and induced pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) to generate human intestinal tissue containing a functional ENS. We recapitulated normal intestinal ENS development by combining human-PSC-derived neural crest cells (NCCs) and developing human intestinal organoids (HIOs). NCCs recombined with HIOs in vitro migrated into the mesenchyme, differentiated into neurons and glial cells and showed neuronal activity, as measured by rhythmic waves of calcium transients. ENS-containing HIOs grown in vivo formed neuroglial structures similar to a myenteric and submucosal plexus, had functional interstitial cells of Cajal and had an electromechanical coupling that regulated waves of propagating contraction. Finally, we used this system to investigate the cellular and molecular basis for Hirschsprung's disease caused by a mutation in the gene PHOX2B. This is, to the best of our knowledge, the first demonstration of human-PSC-derived intestinal tissue with a functional ENS and how this system can be used to study motility disorders of the human gastrointestinal tract.
Collapse
|
169
|
Capturing the biology of disease severity in a PSC-based model of familial dysautonomia. Nat Med 2016; 22:1421-1427. [PMID: 27841875 DOI: 10.1038/nm.4220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2015] [Accepted: 09/30/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Familial dysautonomia (FD) is a debilitating disorder that affects derivatives of the neural crest (NC). For unknown reasons, people with FD show marked differences in disease severity despite carrying an identical, homozygous point mutation in IKBKAP, encoding IκB kinase complex-associated protein. Here we present disease-related phenotypes in human pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) that capture FD severity. Cells from individuals with severe but not mild disease show impaired specification of NC derivatives, including autonomic and sensory neurons. In contrast, cells from individuals with severe and mild FD show defects in peripheral neuron survival, indicating that neurodegeneration is the main culprit for cases of mild FD. Although genetic repair of the FD-associated mutation reversed early developmental NC defects, sensory neuron specification was not restored, indicating that other factors may contribute to disease severity. Whole-exome sequencing identified candidate modifier genes for individuals with severe FD. Our study demonstrates that PSC-based modeling is sensitive in recapitulating disease severity, which presents an important step toward personalized medicine.
Collapse
|
170
|
Naylor RW, McGhee CNJ, Cowan CA, Davidson AJ, Holm TM, Sherwin T. Derivation of Corneal Keratocyte-Like Cells from Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0165464. [PMID: 27792791 PMCID: PMC5085044 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0165464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2016] [Accepted: 10/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Corneal diseases such as keratoconus represent a relatively common disorder in the human population. However, treatment is restricted to corneal transplantation, which only occurs in the most advanced cases. Cell based therapies may offer an alternative approach given that the eye is amenable to such treatments and corneal diseases like keratoconus have been associated specifically with the death of corneal keratocytes. The ability to generate corneal keratocytes in vitro may enable a cell-based therapy to treat patients with keratoconus. Human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) offer an abundant supply of cells from which any cell in the body can be derived. In the present study, hiPSCs were successfully differentiated into neural crest cells (NCCs), the embryonic precursor to keratocytes, and then cultured on cadaveric corneal tissue to promote keratocyte differentiation. The hiPSC-derived NCCs were found to migrate into the corneal stroma where they acquired a keratocyte-like morphology and an expression profile similar to corneal keratocytes in vivo. These results indicate that hiPSCs can be used to generate corneal keratocytes in vitro and lay the foundation for using these cells in cornea cell-based therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Richard W. Naylor
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Auckland, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | | | - Chad A. Cowan
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States of America
| | - Alan J. Davidson
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, University of Auckland, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Teresa M. Holm
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States of America
- * E-mail: (TS); (TH)
| | - Trevor Sherwin
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Auckland, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
- * E-mail: (TS); (TH)
| |
Collapse
|
171
|
Patergnani S, Fossati V, Bonora M, Giorgi C, Marchi S, Missiroli S, Rusielewicz T, Wieckowski MR, Pinton P. Mitochondria in Multiple Sclerosis: Molecular Mechanisms of Pathogenesis. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2016; 328:49-103. [PMID: 28069137 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2016.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondria, the organelles that function as the powerhouse of the cell, have been increasingly linked to the pathogenesis of many neurological disorders, including multiple sclerosis (MS). MS is a chronic inflammatory demyelinating disease of the central nervous system (CNS) and a leading cause of neurological disability in young adults in the western world. Its etiology remains unknown, and while the inflammatory component of MS has been heavily investigated and targeted for therapeutic intervention, the failure of remyelination and the process of axonal degeneration are still poorly understood. Recent studies suggest a role of mitochondrial dysfunction in the neurodegenerative aspects of MS. This review is focused on mitochondrial functions under physiological conditions and the consequences of mitochondrial alterations in various CNS disorders. Moreover, we summarize recent findings linking mitochondrial dysfunction to MS and discuss novel therapeutic strategies targeting mitochondria-related pathways as well as emerging experimental approaches for modeling mitochondrial disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Patergnani
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, Section of Pathology, Oncology and Experimental Biology, Laboratory for Technologies of Advanced Therapies (LTTA), University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - V Fossati
- The New York Stem Cell Foundation Research Institute, New York, NY, United States
| | - M Bonora
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, Section of Pathology, Oncology and Experimental Biology, Laboratory for Technologies of Advanced Therapies (LTTA), University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - C Giorgi
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, Section of Pathology, Oncology and Experimental Biology, Laboratory for Technologies of Advanced Therapies (LTTA), University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - S Marchi
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, Section of Pathology, Oncology and Experimental Biology, Laboratory for Technologies of Advanced Therapies (LTTA), University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - S Missiroli
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, Section of Pathology, Oncology and Experimental Biology, Laboratory for Technologies of Advanced Therapies (LTTA), University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - T Rusielewicz
- The New York Stem Cell Foundation Research Institute, New York, NY, United States
| | - M R Wieckowski
- Department of Biochemistry, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - P Pinton
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, Section of Pathology, Oncology and Experimental Biology, Laboratory for Technologies of Advanced Therapies (LTTA), University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
172
|
Kim JI, Jeon SG, Kim KA, Kim YJ, Song EJ, Choi J, Ahn KJ, Kim CJ, Chung HY, Moon M, Chung H. The pharmacological stimulation of Nurr1 improves cognitive functions via enhancement of adult hippocampal neurogenesis. Stem Cell Res 2016; 17:534-543. [PMID: 27788475 DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2016.09.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2016] [Revised: 08/12/2016] [Accepted: 09/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The nuclear receptor related-1 (Nurr1) protein plays an important role in both the development of neural precursor cells (NPCs) and cognitive functions. Despite its relevance, the effects of Nurr1 on adult hippocampal neurogenesis have not been thoroughly investigated. Here we used RT-PCR, western blot, and immunocytochemistry to show that adult hippocampal NPCs abundantly express Nurr1. We then examined the effect of Nurr1 activation on adult hippocampal NPCs using amodiaquine (AQ), an anti-malarial drug that was recently discovered to be a Nurr1 agonist. Cell proliferation assay showed that AQ significantly increased cell proliferation. AQ-treated NPCs showed increased levels of phosphorylation of Akt and ERK1/2 whereas AQ-treated Nurr1 siRNA-transfected NPCs showed no changes in those levels. Further immunocytochemical and immunohistochemical analyses confirmed the stimulating effect of Nurr1 agonist on the proliferation and differentiation of adult hippocampal NPCs both in vivo and in vitro. In addition to its effects on proliferation and differentiation of NPCs, AQ-treated mice showed a significant enhancement of both short- and long-term memory in the Y-maze and the novel object recognition test. These data suggest that activation of Nurr1 may enhance cognitive functions by increasing adult hippocampal neurogenesis and also indicate that Nurr1 may be used as a therapeutic target for the treatment of memory disorders and cognitive impairment observed in neurodegenerative diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Il Kim
- Department of Nursing, College of Nursing, Jeju National University, Jeju-si 63243, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong Gak Jeon
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Konyang University, Daejeon 35365, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyoung Ah Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Konyang University, Daejeon 35365, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Jun Kim
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Ji Song
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Konyang University, Daejeon 35365, Republic of Korea
| | - Junghyun Choi
- Department of Core Research Laboratory, Clinical Research Institute, Kyung Hee University Hospital at Gangdong, Seoul 05278, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyu Jeung Ahn
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Kyung Hee University School of Medicine, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Chong-Jin Kim
- Department of Cardiology, Kyung Hee University School of Medicine, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Ho Yeon Chung
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Kyung Hee University School of Medicine, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Minho Moon
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Konyang University, Daejeon 35365, Republic of Korea.
| | - Hyunju Chung
- Department of Core Research Laboratory, Clinical Research Institute, Kyung Hee University Hospital at Gangdong, Seoul 05278, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
173
|
Yu Z, Zhao G, Xie G, Zhao L, Chen Y, Yu H, Zhang Z, Li C, Li Y. Metformin and temozolomide act synergistically to inhibit growth of glioma cells and glioma stem cells in vitro and in vivo. Oncotarget 2016; 6:32930-43. [PMID: 26431379 PMCID: PMC4741740 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.5405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2015] [Accepted: 09/14/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most frequent and aggressive brain tumor in adults. In spite of advances in diagnosis and therapy, the prognosis of patients with GBM has remained dismal. The fast recurrence and multi-drug resistance are some of the key challenges in combating brain tumors. Glioma stem cells (GSCs) which are considered the source of relapse and chemoresistance, the need for more effective therapeutic options is overwhelming. In our present work, we found that combined treatment with temozolomide (TMZ) and metformin (MET) synergistically inhibited proliferation and induced apoptosis in both glioma cells and GSCs. Combination of TMZ and MET significantly reduced the secondary gliosphere formation and expansion of GSCs. We first demonstrated that MET effectively inhibited the AKT activation induced by TMZ, and a combination of both drugs led to enhanced reduction of mTOR, 4EBP1 and S6K phosphorylation. In addition, the combination of the two drugs was accompanied with a powerful AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) activation, while this pathway is not determinant. Xenografts performed in nude mice demonstrate in vivo demonstrated that combined treatment significantly reduced tumor growth rates and prolonged median survival of tumor-bearing mice. In conclusion, TMZ in combination with MET synergistically inhibits the GSCs proliferation through downregulation of AKT-mTOR signaling pathway. The combined treatment of two drugs inhibits GSCs self-renewal capability and partly eliminates GSCs in vitro and in vivo. This combined treatment could be a promising option for patients with advanced GBM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyun Yu
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Gang Zhao
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Guifang Xie
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Liyan Zhao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yong Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Hongquan Yu
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Zhonghua Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Cai Li
- Department of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yunqian Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| |
Collapse
|
174
|
Liu JA, Cheung M. Neural crest stem cells and their potential therapeutic applications. Dev Biol 2016; 419:199-216. [PMID: 27640086 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2016.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2016] [Revised: 09/07/2016] [Accepted: 09/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The neural crest (NC) is a remarkable transient structure generated during early vertebrate development. The neural crest progenitors have extensive migratory capacity and multipotency, harboring stem cell-like characteristics such as self-renewal. They can differentiate into a variety of cell types from craniofacial skeletal tissues to the trunk peripheral nervous system (PNS). Multiple regulators such as signaling factors, transcription factors, and migration machinery components are expressed at different stages of NC development. Gain- and loss-of-function studies in various vertebrate species revealed epistatic relationships of these molecules that could be assembled into a gene regulatory network defining the processes of NC induction, specification, migration, and differentiation. These basic developmental studies led to the subsequent establishment and molecular validation of neural crest stem cells (NCSCs) derived by various strategies. We provide here an overview of the isolation and characterization of NCSCs from embryonic, fetal, and adult tissues; the experimental strategies for the derivation of NCSCs from embryonic stem cells, induced pluripotent stem cells, and skin fibroblasts; and recent developments in the use of patient-derived NCSCs for modeling and treating neurocristopathies. We discuss future research on further refinement of the culture conditions required for the differentiation of pluripotent stem cells into axial-specific NC progenitors and their derivatives, developing non-viral approaches for the generation of induced NC cells (NCCs), and using a genomic editing approach to correct genetic mutations in patient-derived NCSCs for transplantation therapy. These future endeavors should facilitate the therapeutic applications of NCSCs in the clinical setting.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Aijia Liu
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Martin Cheung
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
| |
Collapse
|
175
|
Advances and Future Applications of Augmented Peripheral Nerve Regeneration. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17091494. [PMID: 27618010 PMCID: PMC5037771 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17091494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2016] [Revised: 08/30/2016] [Accepted: 08/30/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Peripheral nerve injuries remain a significant source of long lasting morbidity, disability, and economic costs. Much research continues to be performed in areas related to improving the surgical outcomes of peripheral nerve repair. In this review, the physiology of peripheral nerve regeneration and the multitude of efforts to improve surgical outcomes are discussed. Improvements in tissue engineering that have allowed for the use of synthetic conduits seeded with neurotrophic factors are highlighted. Selected pre-clinical and available clinical data using cell based methods such as Schwann cell, undifferentiated, and differentiated stem cell transplantation to guide and enhance peripheral nerve regeneration are presented. The limitations that still exist in the utility of neurotrophic factors and cell-based therapies are outlined. Strategies that are most promising for translation into the clinical arena are suggested.
Collapse
|
176
|
Methods for Derivation of Multipotent Neural Crest Cells Derived from Human Pluripotent Stem Cells. Methods Mol Biol 2016; 1341:197-208. [PMID: 25986498 DOI: 10.1007/7651_2015_234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Multipotent, neural crest cells (NCCs) produce a wide range of cell types during embryonic development. This includes melanocytes, peripheral neurons, smooth muscle cells, osteocytes, chondrocytes, and adipocytes. The protocol described here allows for highly efficient differentiation of human pluripotent stem cells to a neural crest fate within 15 days. This is accomplished under feeder-free conditions, using chemically defined medium supplemented with two small molecule inhibitors that block glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK3) and bone morphogenic protein (BMP) signaling. This technology is well suited as a platform to understand in greater detail the pathogenesis of human disease associated with impaired neural crest development/migration.
Collapse
|
177
|
Leung AW, Murdoch B, Salem AF, Prasad MS, Gomez GA, García-Castro MI. WNT/β-catenin signaling mediates human neural crest induction via a pre-neural border intermediate. Development 2016; 143:398-410. [PMID: 26839343 DOI: 10.1242/dev.130849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Neural crest (NC) cells arise early in vertebrate development, migrate extensively and contribute to a diverse array of ectodermal and mesenchymal derivatives. Previous models of NC formation suggested derivation from neuralized ectoderm, via meso-ectodermal, or neural-non-neural ectoderm interactions. Recent studies using bird and amphibian embryos suggest an earlier origin of NC, independent of neural and mesodermal tissues. Here, we set out to generate a model in which to decipher signaling and tissue interactions involved in human NC induction. Our novel human embryonic stem cell (ESC)-based model yields high proportions of multipotent NC cells (expressing SOX10, PAX7 and TFAP2A) in 5 days. We demonstrate a crucial role for WNT/β-catenin signaling in launching NC development, while blocking placodal and surface ectoderm fates. We provide evidence of the delicate temporal effects of BMP and FGF signaling, and find that NC development is separable from neural and/or mesodermal contributions. We further substantiate the notion of a neural-independent origin of NC through PAX6 expression and knockdown studies. Finally, we identify a novel pre-neural border state characterized by early WNT/β-catenin signaling targets that displays distinct responses to BMP and FGF signaling from the traditional neural border genes. In summary, our work provides a fast and efficient protocol for human NC differentiation under signaling constraints similar to those identified in vivo in model organisms, and strengthens a framework for neural crest ontogeny that is separable from neural and mesodermal fates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alan W Leung
- Kline Biology Tower, Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University, 266 Whitney Avenue, New Haven, CT 06511, USA Yale Stem Cell Center, 10 Amistad Street, New Haven, CT 06519, USA
| | - Barbara Murdoch
- Department of Biology, Eastern Connecticut State University, 83 Windham St., Willimantic, CT 06226, USA
| | - Ahmed F Salem
- 203 School of Medicine Research Building, School of Medicine, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Maneeshi S Prasad
- 203 School of Medicine Research Building, School of Medicine, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Gustavo A Gomez
- 203 School of Medicine Research Building, School of Medicine, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Martín I García-Castro
- Kline Biology Tower, Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University, 266 Whitney Avenue, New Haven, CT 06511, USA 203 School of Medicine Research Building, School of Medicine, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| |
Collapse
|
178
|
Oh Y, Cho GS, Li Z, Hong I, Zhu R, Kim MJ, Kim YJ, Tampakakis E, Tung L, Huganir R, Dong X, Kwon C, Lee G. Functional Coupling with Cardiac Muscle Promotes Maturation of hPSC-Derived Sympathetic Neurons. Cell Stem Cell 2016; 19:95-106. [PMID: 27320040 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2016.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2015] [Revised: 03/14/2016] [Accepted: 05/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Neurons derived from human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) are powerful tools for studying human neural development and diseases. Robust functional coupling of hPSC-derived neurons with target tissues in vitro is essential for modeling intercellular physiology in a dish and to further translational studies, but it has proven difficult to achieve. Here, we derive sympathetic neurons from hPSCs and show that they can form physical and functional connections with cardiac muscle cells. Using multiple hPSC reporter lines, we recapitulated human autonomic neuron development in vitro and successfully isolated PHOX2B::eGFP+ neurons that exhibit sympathetic marker expression and electrophysiological properties and norepinephrine secretion. Upon pharmacologic and optogenetic manipulation, PHOX2B::eGFP+ neurons controlled beating rates of cardiomyocytes, and the physical interactions between these cells increased neuronal maturation. This study provides a foundation for human sympathetic neuron specification and for hPSC-based neuronal control of organs in a dish.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yohan Oh
- Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Adrienne Helis Malvin Medical Research Foundation, New Orleans, LA 70130, USA
| | - Gun-Sik Cho
- Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Division of Cardiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Zhe Li
- The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Ingie Hong
- The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Renjun Zhu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Min-Jeong Kim
- Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Yong Jun Kim
- Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Emmanouil Tampakakis
- Division of Cardiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Leslie Tung
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Richard Huganir
- The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Xinzhong Dong
- The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Center for Sensory Biology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; The Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Chulan Kwon
- Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Division of Cardiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
| | - Gabsang Lee
- Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Adrienne Helis Malvin Medical Research Foundation, New Orleans, LA 70130, USA; The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
179
|
Liu W, Yang R, Payne AS, Schowalter RM, Spurgeon ME, Lambert PF, Xu X, Buck CB, You J. Identifying the Target Cells and Mechanisms of Merkel Cell Polyomavirus Infection. Cell Host Microbe 2016; 19:775-87. [PMID: 27212661 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2016.04.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2016] [Revised: 03/10/2016] [Accepted: 04/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Infection with Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCPyV) can lead to Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC), a lethal form of skin cancer. However, the skin cell type productively infected by MCPyV remains a central question. We combined cell culture and ex vivo approaches to identify human dermal fibroblasts as natural host cells that support productive MCPyV infection. Based on this, we established a cell culture model for MCPyV infection, which will facilitate investigation of the oncogenic mechanisms for this DNA virus. Using this model, we discovered that induction of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) genes by the WNT/β-catenin signaling pathway and other growth factors stimulates MCPyV infection. This suggests that MCC risk factors such as UV radiation and aging, which are known to stimulate WNT signaling and MMP expression, may promote viral infection and thus drive MCC. Our study also introduces the FDA-approved MEK antagonist trametinib as an effective inhibitor for controlling MCPyV infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Liu
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Ruifeng Yang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Aimee S Payne
- Department of Dermatology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Rachel M Schowalter
- Tumor Virus Molecular Biology Section, Laboratory of Cellular Oncology, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Megan E Spurgeon
- Department of Oncology, McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Paul F Lambert
- Department of Oncology, McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Xiaowei Xu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Christopher B Buck
- Tumor Virus Molecular Biology Section, Laboratory of Cellular Oncology, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Jianxin You
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
180
|
Use of engineered Schwann cells in peripheral neuropathy: Hopes and hazards. Brain Res 2016; 1638:97-104. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2015.10.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2015] [Accepted: 10/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
|
181
|
Using Stem Cells to Grow Artificial Tissue for Peripheral Nerve Repair. Stem Cells Int 2016; 2016:7502178. [PMID: 27212954 PMCID: PMC4861803 DOI: 10.1155/2016/7502178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2015] [Revised: 02/17/2016] [Accepted: 03/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Peripheral nerve injury continues to pose a clinical hurdle despite its frequency and advances in treatment. Unlike the central nervous system, neurons of the peripheral nervous system have a greater ability to regenerate. However, due to a number of confounding factors, this is often both incomplete and inadequate. The lack of supportive Schwann cells or their inability to maintain a regenerative phenotype is a major factor. Advances in nervous system tissue engineering technology have led to efforts to build Schwann cell scaffolds to overcome this and enhance the regenerative capacity of neurons following injury. Stem cells that can differentiate along a neural lineage represent an essential resource and starting material for this process. In this review, we discuss the different stem cell types that are showing promise for nervous system tissue engineering in the context of peripheral nerve injury. We also discuss some of the biological, practical, ethical, and commercial considerations in using these different stem cells for future clinical application.
Collapse
|
182
|
Zheng Y, Cai J, Hutchins AP, Jia L, Liu P, Yang D, Chen S, Ge L, Pei D, Wei S. Remission for Loss of Odontogenic Potential in a New Micromilieu In Vitro. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0152893. [PMID: 27050091 PMCID: PMC4822848 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0152893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2015] [Accepted: 03/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
During embryonic organogenesis, the odontogenic potential resides in dental mesenchyme from the bud stage until birth. Mouse dental mesenchymal cells (mDMCs) isolated from the inductive dental mesenchyme of developing molars are frequently used in the context of tooth development and regeneration. We wondered if and how the odontogenic potential could be retained when mDMCs were cultured in vitro. In the present study, we undertook to test the odontogenic potential of cultured mDMCs and attempted to maintain the potential during culturing. We found that cultured mDMCs could retain the odontogenic potential for 24 h with a ratio of 60% for tooth formation, but mDMCs were incapable of supporting tooth formation after more than 24 h in culture. This loss of odontogenic potential was accompanied by widespread transcriptomic alteration and, specifically, the downregulation of some dental mesenchyme-specific genes, such as Pax9, Msx1, and Pdgfrα. To prolong the odontogenic potential of mDMCs in vitro, we then cultured mDMCs in a serum-free medium with Knockout Serum Replacement (KSR) and growth factors (fibroblastic growth factor 2 and epidermal growth factor). In this new micromilieu, mDMCs could maintain the odontogenic potential for 48 h with tooth formation ratio of 50%. Moreover, mDMCs cultured in KSR-supplemented medium gave rise to tooth-like structures when recombined with non-dental second-arch epithelium. Among the supplements, KSR is essential for the survival and adhesion of mDMCs, and both Egf and Fgf2 induced the expression of certain dental mesenchyme-related genes. Taken together, our results demonstrated that the transcriptomic changes responded to the alteration of odontogenic potential in cultured mDMCs and a new micromilieu partly retained this potential in vitro, providing insight into the long-term maintenance of odontogenic potential in mDMCs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yunfei Zheng
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing 100081, P.R. China
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institute of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, P.R. China
| | - Jinglei Cai
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institute of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, P.R. China
| | - Andrew Paul Hutchins
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institute of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, P.R. China
| | - Lingfei Jia
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing 100081, P.R. China
- Central Laboratory, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing 100081, P.R. China
| | - Pengfei Liu
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institute of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, P.R. China
| | - Dandan Yang
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institute of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, P.R. China
| | - Shubin Chen
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institute of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, P.R. China
| | - Lihong Ge
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing 100081, P.R. China
| | - Duanqing Pei
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institute of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, P.R. China
- * E-mail: (DQP); (SCW)
| | - Shicheng Wei
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing 100081, P.R. China
- Central Laboratory, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing 100081, P.R. China
- * E-mail: (DQP); (SCW)
| |
Collapse
|
183
|
Burns AJ, Goldstein AM, Newgreen DF, Stamp L, Schäfer KH, Metzger M, Hotta R, Young HM, Andrews PW, Thapar N, Belkind-Gerson J, Bondurand N, Bornstein JC, Chan WY, Cheah K, Gershon MD, Heuckeroth RO, Hofstra RMW, Just L, Kapur RP, King SK, McCann CJ, Nagy N, Ngan E, Obermayr F, Pachnis V, Pasricha PJ, Sham MH, Tam P, Vanden Berghe P. White paper on guidelines concerning enteric nervous system stem cell therapy for enteric neuropathies. Dev Biol 2016; 417:229-51. [PMID: 27059883 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2016.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2016] [Revised: 03/29/2016] [Accepted: 04/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Over the last 20 years, there has been increasing focus on the development of novel stem cell based therapies for the treatment of disorders and diseases affecting the enteric nervous system (ENS) of the gastrointestinal tract (so-called enteric neuropathies). Here, the idea is that ENS progenitor/stem cells could be transplanted into the gut wall to replace the damaged or absent neurons and glia of the ENS. This White Paper sets out experts' views on the commonly used methods and approaches to identify, isolate, purify, expand and optimize ENS stem cells, transplant them into the bowel, and assess transplant success, including restoration of gut function. We also highlight obstacles that must be overcome in order to progress from successful preclinical studies in animal models to ENS stem cell therapies in the clinic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alan J Burns
- Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK; Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Allan M Goldstein
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Donald F Newgreen
- Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville 3052, Victoria, Australia
| | - Lincon Stamp
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Karl-Herbert Schäfer
- University of Applied Sciences, Kaiserlautern, Germany; Clinic of Pediatric Surgery, University Hospital Mannheim, University Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Marco Metzger
- Fraunhofer-Institute Interfacial Engineering and Biotechnology IGB Translational Centre - Würzburg branch and University Hospital Würzburg - Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine (TERM), Würzburg, Germany
| | - Ryo Hotta
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Heather M Young
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Peter W Andrews
- Centre for Stem Cell Biology, Department of Biomedical Science, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Nikhil Thapar
- Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - Jaime Belkind-Gerson
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Massachusetts General Hospital for Children, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
| | - Nadege Bondurand
- INSERM U955, 51 Avenue du Maréchal de Lattre de Tassigny, F-94000 Créteil, France; Université Paris-Est, UPEC, F-94000 Créteil, France
| | - Joel C Bornstein
- Department of Physiology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Wood Yee Chan
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Kathryn Cheah
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Michael D Gershon
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York 10032, USA
| | - Robert O Heuckeroth
- Department of Pediatrics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Abramson Research Center, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Robert M W Hofstra
- Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK; Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Lothar Just
- Institute of Clinical Anatomy and Cell Analysis, University of Tübingen, Germany
| | - Raj P Kapur
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington and Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Sebastian K King
- Department of Paediatric and Neonatal Surgery, The Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Conor J McCann
- Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - Nandor Nagy
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Elly Ngan
- Department of Surgery, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Florian Obermayr
- Department of Pediatric Surgery and Pediatric Urology, University Children's Hospital Tübingen, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | | | | | - Mai Har Sham
- Department of Biochemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Paul Tam
- Department of Surgery, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Pieter Vanden Berghe
- Laboratory for Enteric NeuroScience (LENS), TARGID, University of Leuven, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
184
|
Neural Conversion and Patterning of Human Pluripotent Stem Cells: A Developmental Perspective. Stem Cells Int 2016; 2016:8291260. [PMID: 27069483 PMCID: PMC4812494 DOI: 10.1155/2016/8291260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2015] [Accepted: 01/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Since the reprogramming of adult human terminally differentiated somatic cells into induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) became a reality in 2007, only eight years have passed. Yet over this relatively short period, myriad experiments have revolutionized previous stem cell dogmata. The tremendous promise of hiPSC technology for regenerative medicine has fuelled rising expectations from both the public and scientific communities alike. In order to effectively harness hiPSCs to uncover fundamental mechanisms of disease, it is imperative to first understand the developmental neurobiology underpinning their lineage restriction choices in order to predictably manipulate cell fate to desired derivatives. Significant progress in developmental biology provides an invaluable resource for rationalising directed differentiation of hiPSCs to cellular derivatives of the nervous system. In this paper we begin by reviewing core developmental concepts underlying neural induction in order to provide context for how such insights have guided reductionist in vitro models of neural conversion from hiPSCs. We then discuss early factors relevant in neural patterning, again drawing upon crucial knowledge gained from developmental neurobiological studies. We conclude by discussing open questions relating to these concepts and how their resolution might serve to strengthen the promise of pluripotent stem cells in regenerative medicine.
Collapse
|
185
|
Hindley CJ, Condurat AL, Menon V, Thomas R, Azmitia LM, Davis JA, Pruszak J. The Hippo pathway member YAP enhances human neural crest cell fate and migration. Sci Rep 2016; 6:23208. [PMID: 26980066 PMCID: PMC4793290 DOI: 10.1038/srep23208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2015] [Accepted: 03/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The Hippo/YAP pathway serves as a major integrator of cell surface-mediated signals and regulates key processes during development and tumorigenesis. The neural crest is an embryonic tissue known to respond to multiple environmental cues in order to acquire appropriate cell fate and migration properties. Using multiple in vitro models of human neural development (pluripotent stem cell-derived neural stem cells; LUHMES, NTERA2 and SH-SY5Y cell lines), we investigated the role of Hippo/YAP signaling in neural differentiation and neural crest development. We report that the activity of YAP promotes an early neural crest phenotype and migration, and provide the first evidence for an interaction between Hippo/YAP and retinoic acid signaling in this system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J Hindley
- Emmy Noether-Group for Stem Cell Biology, Department of Molecular Embryology, Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Freiburg
| | - Alexandra Larisa Condurat
- Emmy Noether-Group for Stem Cell Biology, Department of Molecular Embryology, Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Freiburg.,Spemann Graduate School of Biology and Medicine and Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Vishal Menon
- Emmy Noether-Group for Stem Cell Biology, Department of Molecular Embryology, Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Freiburg.,Spemann Graduate School of Biology and Medicine and Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ria Thomas
- Emmy Noether-Group for Stem Cell Biology, Department of Molecular Embryology, Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Freiburg.,Spemann Graduate School of Biology and Medicine and Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Luis M Azmitia
- Emmy Noether-Group for Stem Cell Biology, Department of Molecular Embryology, Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Freiburg
| | - Jason A Davis
- Emmy Noether-Group for Stem Cell Biology, Department of Molecular Embryology, Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Freiburg
| | - Jan Pruszak
- Emmy Noether-Group for Stem Cell Biology, Department of Molecular Embryology, Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Freiburg.,Center for Biological Signaling Studies (BIOSS), University of Freiburg
| |
Collapse
|
186
|
Shafiq M, Jung Y, Kim SH. Insight on stem cell preconditioning and instructive biomaterials to enhance cell adhesion, retention, and engraftment for tissue repair. Biomaterials 2016; 90:85-115. [PMID: 27016619 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2016.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2015] [Revised: 03/09/2016] [Accepted: 03/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Stem cells are a promising solution for the treatment of a variety of diseases. However, the limited survival and engraftment of transplanted cells due to a hostile ischemic environment is a bottleneck for effective utilization and commercialization. Within this environment, the majority of transplanted cells undergo apoptosis prior to participating in lineage differentiation and cellular integration. Therefore, in order to maximize the clinical utility of stem/progenitor cells, strategies must be employed to increase their adhesion, retention, and engraftment in vivo. Here, we reviewed key strategies that are being adopted to enhance the survival, retention, and engraftment of transplanted stem cells through the manipulation of both the stem cells and the surrounding environment. We describe how preconditioning of cells or cell manipulations strategies can enhance stem cell survival and engraftment after transplantation. We also discuss how biomaterials can enhance the function of stem cells for effective tissue regeneration. Biomaterials can incorporate or mimic extracellular function (ECM) function and enhance survival or differentiation of transplanted cells in vivo. Biomaterials can also promote angiogenesis, enhance engraftment and differentiation, and accelerate electromechanical integration of transplanted stem cells. Insight gained from this review may direct the development of future investigations and clinical trials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Shafiq
- Korea University of Science and Technology, 176 Gajeong-dong, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, Republic of Korea; Center for Biomaterials, Biomedical Research Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Cheongryang, Seoul 130-650, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngmee Jung
- Korea University of Science and Technology, 176 Gajeong-dong, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, Republic of Korea; Center for Biomaterials, Biomedical Research Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Cheongryang, Seoul 130-650, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo Hyun Kim
- Korea University of Science and Technology, 176 Gajeong-dong, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, Republic of Korea; Center for Biomaterials, Biomedical Research Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Cheongryang, Seoul 130-650, Republic of Korea; KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology, Korea University, Seoul 136-701, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
187
|
Navarro-Guerrero E, Platero-Luengo A, Linares-Clemente P, Cases I, López-Barneo J, Pardal R. Gene Expression Profiling Supports the Neural Crest Origin of Adult Rodent Carotid Body Stem Cells and Identifies CD10 as a Marker for Mesectoderm-Committed Progenitors. Stem Cells 2016; 34:1637-50. [PMID: 26866353 DOI: 10.1002/stem.2331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2015] [Revised: 10/14/2015] [Accepted: 12/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Neural stem cells (NSCs) are promising tools for understanding nervous system plasticity and repair, but their use is hampered by the lack of markers suitable for their prospective isolation and characterization. The carotid body (CB) contains a population of peripheral NSCs, which support organ growth during acclimatization to hypoxia. We have set up CB neurosphere (NS) cultures enriched in differentiated neuronal (glomus) cells versus undifferentiated progenitors to investigate molecular hallmarks of cell classes within the CB stem cell (CBSC) niche. Microarray gene expression analysis in NS is compatible with CBSCs being neural crest derived-multipotent progenitor cells able to sustain CB growth upon exposure to hypoxia. Moreover, we have identified CD10 as a marker suitable for isolation of a population of CB mesectoderm-committed progenitor cells. CD10 + cells are resting in normoxia, and during hypoxia they are activated to proliferate and to eventually complete maturation into mesectodermal cells, thus participating in the angiogenesis necessary for CB growth. Our results shed light into the molecular and cellular mechanisms involved in CBSC fate choice, favoring a potential use of these cells for cell therapy. Stem Cells 2016;34:1637-1650.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elena Navarro-Guerrero
- Departamento de Fisiología Médica y Biofísica, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Spain
| | - Aida Platero-Luengo
- Departamento de Fisiología Médica y Biofísica, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Spain
| | - Pedro Linares-Clemente
- Departamento de Fisiología Médica y Biofísica, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Spain
| | - Ildefonso Cases
- Bioinformatics and Computational Biology Group. Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Spain
| | - José López-Barneo
- Departamento de Fisiología Médica y Biofísica, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Spain
| | - Ricardo Pardal
- Departamento de Fisiología Médica y Biofísica, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
188
|
Applications of Mesenchymal Stem Cells and Neural Crest Cells in Craniofacial Skeletal Research. Stem Cells Int 2016; 2016:2849879. [PMID: 27006661 PMCID: PMC4783549 DOI: 10.1155/2016/2849879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2015] [Accepted: 02/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Craniofacial skeletal tissues are composed of tooth and bone, together with nerves and blood vessels. This composite material is mainly derived from neural crest cells (NCCs). The neural crest is transient embryonic tissue present during neural tube formation whose cells have high potential for migration and differentiation. Thus, NCCs are promising candidates for craniofacial tissue regeneration; however, the clinical application of NCCs is hindered by their limited accessibility. In contrast, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are easily accessible in adults, have similar potential for self-renewal, and can differentiate into skeletal tissues, including bones and cartilage. Therefore, MSCs may represent good sources of stem cells for clinical use. MSCs are classically identified under adherent culture conditions, leading to contamination with other cell lineages. Previous studies have identified mouse- and human-specific MSC subsets using cell surface markers. Additionally, some studies have shown that a subset of MSCs is closely related to neural crest derivatives and endothelial cells. These MSCs may be promising candidates for regeneration of craniofacial tissues from the perspective of developmental fate. Here, we review the fundamental biology of MSCs in craniofacial research.
Collapse
|
189
|
Takayama Y, Kida YS. In Vitro Reconstruction of Neuronal Networks Derived from Human iPS Cells Using Microfabricated Devices. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0148559. [PMID: 26848955 PMCID: PMC4744060 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0148559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2015] [Accepted: 01/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Morphology and function of the nervous system is maintained via well-coordinated processes both in central and peripheral nervous tissues, which govern the homeostasis of organs/tissues. Impairments of the nervous system induce neuronal disorders such as peripheral neuropathy or cardiac arrhythmia. Although further investigation is warranted to reveal the molecular mechanisms of progression in such diseases, appropriate model systems mimicking the patient-specific communication between neurons and organs are not established yet. In this study, we reconstructed the neuronal network in vitro either between neurons of the human induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cell derived peripheral nervous system (PNS) and central nervous system (CNS), or between PNS neurons and cardiac cells in a morphologically and functionally compartmentalized manner. Networks were constructed in photolithographically microfabricated devices with two culture compartments connected by 20 microtunnels. We confirmed that PNS and CNS neurons connected via synapses and formed a network. Additionally, calcium-imaging experiments showed that the bundles originating from the PNS neurons were functionally active and responded reproducibly to external stimuli. Next, we confirmed that CNS neurons showed an increase in calcium activity during electrical stimulation of networked bundles from PNS neurons in order to demonstrate the formation of functional cell-cell interactions. We also confirmed the formation of synapses between PNS neurons and mature cardiac cells. These results indicate that compartmentalized culture devices are promising tools for reconstructing network-wide connections between PNS neurons and various organs, and might help to understand patient-specific molecular and functional mechanisms under normal and pathological conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuzo Takayama
- Biotechnology Research Institute for Drug Discovery, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
- * E-mail: (YT); (YSK)
| | - Yasuyuki S. Kida
- Biotechnology Research Institute for Drug Discovery, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
- * E-mail: (YT); (YSK)
| |
Collapse
|
190
|
|
191
|
Zhang JT, Weng ZH, Tsang KS, Tsang LL, Chan HC, Jiang XH. MycN Is Critical for the Maintenance of Human Embryonic Stem Cell-Derived Neural Crest Stem Cells. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0148062. [PMID: 26815535 PMCID: PMC4729679 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0148062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2015] [Accepted: 01/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The biologic studies of human neural crest stem cells (hNCSCs) are extremely challenging due to the limited source of hNCSCs as well as ethical and technical issues surrounding isolation of early human embryonic tissues. On the other hand, vast majority of studies on MycN have been conducted in human tumor cells, thus, the role of MycN in normal human neural crest development is completely unknown. In the present study, we determined the role of MycN in hNCSCs isolated from in vitro-differentiating human embryonic stem cells (hESCs). For the first time, we show that suppression of MycN in hNCSCs inhibits cell growth and cell cycle progression. Knockdown of MycN in hNCSCs increases the expression of Cdkn1a, Cdkn2a and Cdkn2b, which encodes the cyclin-dependent kinases p21CIP1, p16 INK4a and p15INK4b. In addition, MycN is involved in the regulation of human sympathetic neurogenesis, as knockdown of MycN enhances the expression of key transcription factors involved in sympathetic neuron differentiation, including Phox2a, Phox2b, Mash1, Hand2 and Gata3. We propose that unlimited source of hNCSCs provides an invaluable platform for the studies of human neural crest development and diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jie Ting Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine, Ministry of Education, Epithelial Cell Biology Research Center, School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, PR China
| | - Zhi Hui Weng
- Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine, Ministry of Education, Epithelial Cell Biology Research Center, School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, PR China
| | - Kam Sze Tsang
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, PR China
| | - Lai Ling Tsang
- Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine, Ministry of Education, Epithelial Cell Biology Research Center, School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, PR China
| | - Hsiao Chang Chan
- Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine, Ministry of Education, Epithelial Cell Biology Research Center, School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, PR China
- The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, PR China
| | - Xiao Hua Jiang
- Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine, Ministry of Education, Epithelial Cell Biology Research Center, School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, PR China
- The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, PR China
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
192
|
Abstract
Tissue engineering of Schwann cells (SCs) can serve a number of purposes, such as in vitro SC-related disease modeling, treatment of peripheral nerve diseases or peripheral nerve injury, and, potentially, treatment of CNS diseases. SCs can be generated from autologous stem cells in vitro by recapitulating the various stages of in vivo neural crest formation and SC differentiation. In this review, we survey the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying these in vivo processes. We then focus on the current in vitro strategies for generating SCs from two sources of pluripotent stem cells, namely embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). Different methods for SC engineering from ESCs and iPSCs are reviewed and suggestions are proposed for optimizing the existing protocols. Potential safety issues regarding the clinical application of iPSC-derived SCs are discussed as well. Lastly, we will address future aspects of SC engineering.
Collapse
|
193
|
Chambers SM, Mica Y, Lee G, Studer L, Tomishima MJ. Dual-SMAD Inhibition/WNT Activation-Based Methods to Induce Neural Crest and Derivatives from Human Pluripotent Stem Cells. Methods Mol Biol 2016; 1307:329-343. [PMID: 24301074 DOI: 10.1007/7651_2013_59] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The neural crest (NC) is a transient population of multipotent cells giving rise to the peripheral nervous system, skin pigmentation, heart, and facial mesenchyme. The broad cell fate potential of NC makes it an attractive cell fate to derive from human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) for exploring embryonic development, modeling disease, and generating cells for transplantation. Here, we discuss recent publications and methods for efficiently differentiating hPSCs into NC. We also provide methods to direct NC into two different terminal fates: melanocytes and sensory neurons.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stuart M Chambers
- Developmental Biology Program, Center for Stem Cell Biology, Sloan-Kettering Institute, 1275 York Ave, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
194
|
Neural Stem Cells for Spinal Cord Injury. Transl Neurosci 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4899-7654-3_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
|
195
|
Kim K, Ossipova O, Sokol SY. Neural crest specification by inhibition of the ROCK/Myosin II pathway. Stem Cells 2015; 33:674-85. [PMID: 25346532 DOI: 10.1002/stem.1877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2014] [Revised: 08/13/2014] [Accepted: 09/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Neural crest is a population of multipotent progenitor cells that form at the border of neural and non-neural ectoderm in vertebrate embryos, and undergo epithelial-mesenchymal transition and migration. According to the traditional view, the neural crest is specified in early embryos by signaling molecules including BMP, FGF, and Wnt proteins. Here, we identify a novel signaling pathway leading to neural crest specification, which involves Rho-associated kinase (ROCK) and its downstream target nonmuscle Myosin II. We show that ROCK inhibitors promote differentiation of human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) into neural crest-like progenitors (NCPs) that are characterized by specific molecular markers and ability to differentiate into multiple cell types, including neurons, chondrocytes, osteocytes, and smooth muscle cells. Moreover, inhibition of Myosin II was sufficient for generating NCPs at high efficiency. Whereas Myosin II has been previously implicated in the self-renewal and survival of hESCs, we demonstrate its role in neural crest development during ESC differentiation. Inhibition of this pathway in Xenopus embryos expanded neural crest in vivo, further indicating that neural crest specification is controlled by ROCK-dependent Myosin II activity. We propose that changes in cell morphology in response to ROCK and Myosin II inhibition initiate mechanical signaling leading to neural crest fates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kyeongmi Kim
- Department of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
196
|
The Specification and Maturation of Nociceptive Neurons from Human Embryonic Stem Cells. Sci Rep 2015; 5:16821. [PMID: 26581770 PMCID: PMC4652175 DOI: 10.1038/srep16821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2015] [Accepted: 10/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Nociceptive neurons play an essential role in pain sensation by transmitting painful stimuli to the central nervous system. However, investigations of nociceptive neuron biology have been hampered by the lack of accessibility of human nociceptive neurons. Here, we describe a system for efficiently guiding human embryonic stem cells into nociceptive neurons by first inducing these cells to the neural lineage. Subsequent addition of retinoic acid and BMP4 at specific time points and concentrations yielded a high population of neural crest progenitor cells (AP2α+, P75+), which further differentiated into nociceptive neurons (TRKA+, Nav1.7+, P2X3+). The overexpression of Neurogenin 1 (Neurog1) promoted the neurons to express genes related to sensory neurons (Peripherin, TrkA) and to further mature into TRPV1+ nociceptive neurons. Importantly, the overexpression of Neurog1 increased the response of these neurons to capsaicin stimulation, a hallmark of mature functional nociceptive neurons. Taken together, this study reveals the important role that Neurog1 plays in generating functional human nociceptive neurons.
Collapse
|
197
|
Wang X, Chen T, Zhang Y, Li B, Xu Q, Song C. Isolation and Culture of Pig Spermatogonial Stem Cells and Their in Vitro Differentiation into Neuron-Like Cells and Adipocytes. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:26333-46. [PMID: 26556335 PMCID: PMC4661817 DOI: 10.3390/ijms161125958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2015] [Revised: 10/21/2015] [Accepted: 10/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Spermatogonial stem cells (SSCs) renew themselves throughout the life of an organism and also differentiate into sperm in the adult. They are multipopent and therefore, can be induced to differentiate into many cells types in vitro. SSCs from pigs, considered an ideal animal model, are used in studies of male infertility, regenerative medicine, and preparation of transgenic animals. Here, we report on a culture system for porcine SSCs and the differentiation of these cells into neuron-like cells and adipocytes. SSCs and Sertoli cells were isolated from neonatal piglet testis by differential adhesion and SSCs were cultured on a feeder layer of Sertoli cells. Third-generation SSCs were induced to differentiate into neuron-like cells by addition of retinoic acid, β-mercaptoethanol, and 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine (IBMX) to the induction media and into adipocytes by the addition of hexadecadrol, insulin, and IBMX to the induction media. The differentiated cells were characterized by biochemical staining, qRT-PCR, and immunocytochemistry. The cells were positive for SSC markers, including alkaline phosphatase and SSC-specific genes, consistent with the cells being undifferentiated. The isolated SSCs survived on the Sertoli cells for 15 generations. Karyotyping confirmed that the chromosomal number of the SSCs were normal for pig (2n = 38, n = 19). Pig SSCs were successfully induced into neuron-like cells eight days after induction and into adipocytes 22 days after induction as determined by biochemical and immunocytochemical staining. qPCR results also support this conclusion. The nervous tissue markers genes, Nestin and β-tubulin, were expressed in the neuron-like cells and the adipocyte marker genes, PPARγ and C/EBPα, were expressed in the adipocytes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Wang
- College of Animal Science & Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China.
| | - Tingfeng Chen
- College of Animal Science & Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China.
| | - Yani Zhang
- College of Animal Science & Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China.
| | - Bichun Li
- College of Animal Science & Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China.
| | - Qi Xu
- College of Animal Science & Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China.
| | - Chengyi Song
- College of Animal Science & Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China.
| |
Collapse
|
198
|
Kerosuo L, Nie S, Bajpai R, Bronner ME. Crestospheres: Long-Term Maintenance of Multipotent, Premigratory Neural Crest Stem Cells. Stem Cell Reports 2015; 5:499-507. [PMID: 26441305 PMCID: PMC4625028 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2015.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2014] [Revised: 08/27/2015] [Accepted: 08/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Premigratory neural crest cells comprise a transient, embryonic population that arises within the CNS, but subsequently migrates away and differentiates into many derivatives. Previously, premigratory neural crest could not be maintained in a multipotent, adhesive state without spontaneous differentiation. Here, we report conditions that enable maintenance of neuroepithelial “crestospheres” that self-renew and retain multipotency for weeks. Moreover, under differentiation conditions, these cells can form multiple derivatives in vitro and in vivo after transplantation into chick embryos. Similarly, human embryonic stem cells directed to a neural crest fate can be maintained as crestospheres and subsequently differentiated into several derivatives. By devising conditions that maintain the premigratory state in vitro, these results demonstrate that neuroepithelial neural crest precursors are capable of long-term self-renewal. This approach will help uncover mechanisms underlying their developmental potential, differentiation and, together with the induced pluripotent stem cell techniques, the pathology of human neurocristopathies. Long-term maintenance of premigratory chick neural crest cells as crestospheres A self-renewing population of multipotent neuroepithelial neural crest stem cells Crestospheres differentiate into neural crest derivatives in vitro and in vivo Long-term maintenance of human ESC-derived crestospheres for several weeks
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Kerosuo
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Shuyi Nie
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Ruchi Bajpai
- Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology and Department of Biochemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Marianne E Bronner
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
199
|
Comparison of Capability of Human Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells and Endometrial Stem Cells to Differentiate into Motor Neurons on Electrospun Poly(ε-caprolactone) Scaffold. Mol Neurobiol 2015; 53:5278-87. [PMID: 26420037 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-015-9442-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2015] [Accepted: 09/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Human endometrial and bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells can be differentiated into a number of cell lineages. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are potential candidates for cellular therapy. The differentiation of human bone marrow MSCs (hBM-MSCs) and endometrial stem cells (hEnSCs) into motor neuron-like cells has been rarely investigated previously; however, the comparison between these stem cells when they are differentiated into motor neuron-like cell is yet to be studied. The aim of this study was therefore to investigate and compare the capability of hBM-MSCs and hEnSCs cultured on tissue culture polystyrene (TCP) and poly ε-caprolactone (PCL) nanofibrous scaffold to differentiate into motor neuron-like cells in the presence of neural inductive molecules. Engineered hBM-MSCs and hEnSCs seeded on PCL nanofibrous scaffold were differentiated into beta-tubulin III, islet-1, Neurofilament-H (NF-H), HB9, Pax6, and choactase-positive motor neurons by immunostaining and real-time PCR, in response to the signaling molecules. The data obtained from PCR and immunostaining showed that the expression of motor neuron markers of both hBM-MSCs and hEnSCs differentiated cells on PCL scaffold are significantly higher than that of the control group. The expression of these markers in hEnSCs differentiated cells was higher than that in hBM-MSCs. However, this difference was not statistically significant. In conclusion, differentiated hBM-MSCs and hEnSCs on PCL can provide a suitable three-dimensional situation for neuronal survival and outgrowth for regeneration of the central nervous system. Both cells may be potential candidates for cellular therapy in motor neuron disorders. However, differentiation of hEnSCs into motor neuron-like cells was better than hBM-MSCs.
Collapse
|
200
|
Wang H, Luo X, Leighton J. Extracellular Matrix and Integrins in Embryonic Stem Cell Differentiation. BIOCHEMISTRY INSIGHTS 2015; 8:15-21. [PMID: 26462244 PMCID: PMC4589090 DOI: 10.4137/bci.s30377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2015] [Revised: 09/02/2015] [Accepted: 09/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Embryonic stem cells (ESCs) are pluripotent cells with great therapeutic potentials. The in vitro differentiation of ESC was designed by recapitulating embryogenesis. Significant progress has been made to improve the in vitro differentiation protocols by toning soluble maintenance factors. However, more robust methods for lineage-specific differentiation and maturation are still under development. Considering the complexity of in vivo embryogenesis environment, extracellular matrix (ECM) cues should be considered besides growth factor cues. ECM proteins bind to cells and act as ligands of integrin receptors on cell surfaces. Here, we summarize the role of the ECM and integrins in the formation of three germ layer progenies. Various ECM–integrin interactions were found, facilitating differentiation toward definitive endoderm, hepatocyte-like cells, pancreatic beta cells, early mesodermal progenitors, cardiomyocytes, neuroectoderm lineages, and epidermal cells, such as keratinocytes and melanocytes. In the future, ECM combinations for the optimal ESC differentiation environment will require substantial study.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Han Wang
- Department of Cellular and Structural Biology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Xie Luo
- Department of Cellular and Structural Biology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Jake Leighton
- Department of Cellular and Structural Biology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| |
Collapse
|