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Abstract
Apoptosis is a primary characteristic in the pathogenesis of liver disease. Hepatic apoptosis is regulated by autophagic activity. However, mechanisms mediating their interaction remain to be determined. Basal level of autophagy ensures the physiological turnover of old and damaged organelles. Autophagy also is an adaptive response under stressful conditions. Autophagy can control cell fate through different cross-talk signals. A complex interplay between hepatic autophagy and apoptosis determines the degree of hepatic apoptosis and the progression of liver disease as demonstrated by pre-clinical models and clinical trials. This review summarizes recent advances on roles of autophagy that plays in pathophysiology of liver. The autophagic pathway can be a novel therapeutic target for liver disease.
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Key Words
- ALT, alanine aminotransferase
- AMBRA-1, activating molecule in Beclin-1-regulated autophagy
- APAP, N-acetyl-p-aminophenol
- ATP, adenosine triphosphate
- Atg, autophagy-related gene
- BH3, Bcl-2 homology domain-3
- BNIP, Bcl-2/adenovirus E1B 19 kd-interacting protein
- Barkor, Beclin-1-associated autophagy-related key regulator
- Bcl-2, B-cell lymphoma-2
- Bcl-xL, B-cell lymphoma extra long
- Beclin-1, Bcl-2-interacting protein-1
- CSE, cigarette smoke extract
- DISC, death-inducing signaling complex
- DNA, DNA
- DRAM, damage regulated autophagic modulator
- Drp1, dynamin-related protein 1
- ER stress, endoplasmic reticulum stress
- FADD, Fas-associated protein with death domain
- FFA, free fatty acids
- HBV, hepatitis B virus
- HBx, hepatitis B X protein
- HCC, hepatocellular carcinoma
- HCV, hepatitis C virus
- HSC, hepatic stellate cells
- LAMP-2, lysosome-associated membrane protein 2
- LD, lipid droplets
- MDBs, Mallory-Denk bodies
- MOMP, mitochondrial outer membrane permiabilization
- Microtubule LC3, microtubule light chain 3
- PCD, programmed cell death
- PI3KC3, phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase class-3
- RNA, ribonucleic acid
- ROS, reactive oxygen species
- TNFα, tumor necrosis factor-α
- TUNEL, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick-end labeling
- UVRAG, UV-resistance-associated gene
- Vps34, vacuolar protein sorting-34
- apoptosis
- autophagy
- c-FLIP, cellular FLICE-like inhibitor protein
- cross-talk
- liver injury
- mTOR, mammalian target of rapamycin
- mechanism
- siRNA, small interfering RNA
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Affiliation(s)
- Kewei Wang
- a Departments of Surgery; University of Illinois College of Medicine ; Peoria , IL , USA
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152
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Peng Y, Kim MJ, Hullinger R, O'Riordan KJ, Burger C, Pehar M, Puglielli L. Improved proteostasis in the secretory pathway rescues Alzheimer's disease in the mouse. Brain 2016; 139:937-52. [PMID: 26787453 PMCID: PMC4805081 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awv385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2015] [Revised: 09/29/2015] [Accepted: 11/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The aberrant accumulation of toxic protein aggregates is a key feature of many neurodegenerative diseases, including Huntington's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and Alzheimer's disease. As such, improving normal proteostatic mechanisms is an active target for biomedical research. Although they share common pathological features, protein aggregates form in different subcellular locations. Nε-lysine acetylation in the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum has recently emerged as a new mechanism to regulate the induction of autophagy. The endoplasmic reticulum acetylation machinery includes AT-1/SLC33A1, a membrane transporter that translocates acetyl-CoA from the cytosol into the endoplasmic reticulum lumen, and ATase1 and ATase2, two acetyltransferases that acetylate endoplasmic reticulum cargo proteins. Here, we used a mutant form of α-synuclein to show that inhibition of the endoplasmic reticulum acetylation machinery specifically improves autophagy-mediated disposal of toxic protein aggregates that form within the secretory pathway, but not those that form in the cytosol. Consequently, haploinsufficiency of AT-1/SLC33A1 in the mouse rescued Alzheimer's disease, but not Huntington's disease or amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. In fact, intracellular toxic protein aggregates in Alzheimer's disease form within the secretory pathway while in Huntington's disease and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis they form in different cellular compartments. Furthermore, biochemical inhibition of ATase1 and ATase2 was also able to rescue the Alzheimer's disease phenotype in a mouse model of the disease. Specifically, we observed reduced levels of soluble amyloid-β aggregates, reduced amyloid-β pathology, reduced phosphorylation of tau, improved synaptic plasticity, and increased lifespan of the animals. In conclusion, our results indicate that Nε-lysine acetylation in the endoplasmic reticulum lumen regulates normal proteostasis of the secretory pathway; they also support therapies targeting endoplasmic reticulum acetyltransferases, ATase1 and ATase2, for a subset of chronic degenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yajing Peng
- 1 Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Mi Jin Kim
- 2 Department of Cell and Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Rikki Hullinger
- 1 Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA 3 Neuroscience Training Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Kenneth J O'Riordan
- 4 Department of Neurology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Corinna Burger
- 3 Neuroscience Training Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA 4 Department of Neurology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Mariana Pehar
- 2 Department of Cell and Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Luigi Puglielli
- 1 Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA 3 Neuroscience Training Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA 5 Geriatric Research Education Clinical Center, VA Medical Center, Madison, WI, USA 6 Department of Neuroscience, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA 7 Wisconsin Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
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153
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Knuppertz L, Osiewacz HD. Orchestrating the network of molecular pathways affecting aging: Role of nonselective autophagy and mitophagy. Mech Ageing Dev 2016; 153:30-40. [PMID: 26814678 DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2016.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2015] [Revised: 01/08/2016] [Accepted: 01/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy is best known as a mechanism involved in cellular recycling of biomolecules during periods of nutritional starvation. More recently, an additional function of autophagy emerged: the selective degradation of functionally impaired or surplus proteins, organelles and invading bacteria. With this function autophagy is integrated in a network of pathways involved in molecular and cellular quality control with a key impact on development and aging. Impairments in the autophagic machinery lead to accelerated aging and the development of diseases. Here we focus on the role of nonselective autophagy and mitophagy, the selective autophagic degradation of mitochondria, on aging and lifespan of biological systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Knuppertz
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences and Cluster of Excellence Frankfurt Macromolecular Complexes, Department of Biosciences, J. W. Goethe University, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Heinz D Osiewacz
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences and Cluster of Excellence Frankfurt Macromolecular Complexes, Department of Biosciences, J. W. Goethe University, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany.
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154
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Guerreiro JF, Sampaio-Marques B, Soares R, Coelho AV, Leão C, Ludovico P, Sá-Correia I. Mitochondrial proteomics of the acetic acid - induced programmed cell death response in a highly tolerant Zygosaccharomyces bailii - derived hybrid strain. MICROBIAL CELL 2016; 3:65-78. [PMID: 28357336 PMCID: PMC5349105 DOI: 10.15698/mic2016.02.477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Very high concentrations of acetic acid at low pH induce programmed cell death
(PCD) in both the experimental model Saccharomyces cerevisiae
and in Zygosaccharomyces bailii, the latter being considered
the most problematic acidic food spoilage yeast due to its remarkable intrinsic
resistance to this food preservative. However, while the mechanisms underlying
S. cerevisiae PCD induced by acetic acid have been
previously examined, the corresponding molecular players remain largely unknown
in Z. bailii. Also, the reason why acetic acid concentrations
known to be necrotic for S. cerevisiae induce PCD with an
apoptotic phenotype in Z. bailii remains to be elucidated. In
this study, a 2-DE-based expression mitochondrial proteomic analysis was
explored to obtain new insights into the mechanisms involved in PCD in the
Z. bailii derived hybrid strain ISA1307. This allowed the
quantitative assessment of expression of protein species derived from each of
the parental strains, with special emphasis on the processes taking place in the
mitochondria known to play a key role in acetic acid - induced PCD. A marked
decrease in the content of proteins involved in mitochondrial metabolism, in
particular, in respiratory metabolism (Cor1, Rip1, Lpd1, Lat1 and Pdb1), with a
concomitant increase in the abundance of proteins involved in fermentation
(Pdc1, Ald4, Dld3) was registered. Other differentially expressed identified
proteins also suggest the involvement of the oxidative stress response, protein
translation, amino acid and nucleotide metabolism, among other processes, in the
PCD response. Overall, the results strengthen the emerging concept of the
importance of metabolic regulation of yeast PCD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana F Guerreiro
- Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Belém Sampaio-Marques
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences, University of Minho, Braga 4710-057, Portugal. ; ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Renata Soares
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Ana V Coelho
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Cecília Leão
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences, University of Minho, Braga 4710-057, Portugal. ; ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Paula Ludovico
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences, University of Minho, Braga 4710-057, Portugal. ; ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Isabel Sá-Correia
- Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal
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155
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Pettersen K, Monsen VT, Hakvåg Pettersen CH, Overland HB, Pettersen G, Samdal H, Tesfahun AN, Lundemo AG, Bjørkøy G, Schønberg SA. DHA-induced stress response in human colon cancer cells - Focus on oxidative stress and autophagy. Free Radic Biol Med 2016; 90:158-72. [PMID: 26585906 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2015.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2015] [Revised: 10/28/2015] [Accepted: 11/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) are important constituents of the diet and health benefits of omega-3/n-3 PUFAs, especially eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 20:5 n-3) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6 n-3) have been well documented in relation to several diseases. Increasing evidence suggests that n-3 PUFAs may have anticancer activity and improve the effect of conventional cancer therapy. The mechanisms behind these effects are still unclear and need to be elucidated. We have examined the DHA-induced stress response in two human colon cancer cell lines, SW620 and Caco-2. SW620 cells are growth-inhibited at early time points by DHA, while the growth of Caco-2 cells almost remains unaffected by the same treatment. Gene expression analysis of SW620 cells treated with DHA revealed changes at early time points; transcripts involved in oxidative stress and autophagy were among the first to be differentially expressed. We find that oxidative stress is induced in both cell lines, although at different time points and to different extent. DHA induced nuclear translocation of the oxidative stress sensor NFE2L2 in both cell lines, indicating an induction of an anti-oxidative response. However, vitamin E did not counteract ROS-production or the translocation of NFE2L2 to the nucleus. Neither vitamin E nor the antioxidants butylated hydoxyanisole (BHA) and butylated hydoxytoluene (BHT) did affect the growth inhibition in SW620 cells after DHA-treatment. Also, siRNA-mediated down-regulation of NFE2L2 did not sensitize SW620 and Caco-2 cells to DHA. These results indicate that oxidative stress response is not the cause of DHA-induced cytotoxicity in SW620 cells. Using biochemical and imaging based functional assays, we found a low basal level of autophagy and no increase in autophagic flux after adding DHA to the SW620 cells. However, Caco-2 cells displayed a higher level of autophagy, both in the absence and presence of DHA. Inhibition of autophagy by siRNA mediated knock down of ATG5 and ATG7 sensitized both SW620 and Caco-2 cells to DHA. Stimulation of autophagy by rapamycin in SW620 and Caco-2 cells resulted in decreased DHA-sensitivity and inhibition of autophagy in Caco-2 cells by chloroquine resulted in increased DHA-sensitivity. These results suggest that autophagy is important for the DHA sensitivity of colon cancer cells and imply possible therapeutic effects of this fatty acid against cancer cells with low autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristine Pettersen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Children's and Women's Health, Faculty of Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, NTNU, 7006 Trondheim, Norway; Department of Technology, Erling Skjalgssons gt. 1, University College of Sør-Trøndelag, 7006 Trondheim, Norway; Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research, Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Vivi Talstad Monsen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Children's and Women's Health, Faculty of Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, NTNU, 7006 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Caroline Hild Hakvåg Pettersen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Children's and Women's Health, Faculty of Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, NTNU, 7006 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Hilde Bremseth Overland
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Children's and Women's Health, Faculty of Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, NTNU, 7006 Trondheim, Norway; Central Norway Regional Health Authority, 7055 Stjørdal, Norway
| | - Grete Pettersen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Children's and Women's Health, Faculty of Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, NTNU, 7006 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Helle Samdal
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Children's and Women's Health, Faculty of Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, NTNU, 7006 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Almaz Nigatu Tesfahun
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Children's and Women's Health, Faculty of Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, NTNU, 7006 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Anne Gøril Lundemo
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Children's and Women's Health, Faculty of Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, NTNU, 7006 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Geir Bjørkøy
- Department of Technology, Erling Skjalgssons gt. 1, University College of Sør-Trøndelag, 7006 Trondheim, Norway; Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research, Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Svanhild A Schønberg
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Children's and Women's Health, Faculty of Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, NTNU, 7006 Trondheim, Norway.
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156
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Teixeira V, Costa V. Unraveling the role of the Target of Rapamycin signaling in sphingolipid metabolism. Prog Lipid Res 2015; 61:109-33. [PMID: 26703187 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2015.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2015] [Revised: 11/04/2015] [Accepted: 11/09/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Sphingolipids are important bioactive molecules that regulate basic aspects of cellular metabolism and physiology, including cell growth, adhesion, migration, senescence, apoptosis, endocytosis, and autophagy in yeast and higher eukaryotes. Since they have the ability to modulate the activation of several proteins and signaling pathways, variations in the relative levels of different sphingolipid species result in important changes in overall cellular functions and fate. Sphingolipid metabolism and their route of synthesis are highly conserved from yeast to mammalian cells. Studies using the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae have served in many ways to foster our understanding of sphingolipid dynamics and their role in the regulation of cellular processes. In the past decade, studies in S. cerevisiae have unraveled a functional association between the Target of Rapamycin (TOR) pathway and sphingolipids, showing that both TOR Complex 1 (TORC1) and TOR Complex 2 (TORC2) branches control temporal and spatial aspects of sphingolipid metabolism in response to physiological and environmental cues. In this review, we report recent findings in this emerging and exciting link between the TOR pathway and sphingolipids and implications in human health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vitor Teixeira
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; IBMC, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Porto, Portugal; ICBAS, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Departamento de Biologia Molecular, Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Vítor Costa
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; IBMC, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Porto, Portugal; ICBAS, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Departamento de Biologia Molecular, Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal.
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157
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Williams B, Njaci I, Moghaddam L, Long H, Dickman MB, Zhang X, Mundree S. Trehalose Accumulation Triggers Autophagy during Plant Desiccation. PLoS Genet 2015; 11:e1005705. [PMID: 26633550 PMCID: PMC4669190 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1005705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2015] [Accepted: 11/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Global climate change, increasingly erratic weather and a burgeoning global population are significant threats to the sustainability of future crop production. There is an urgent need for the development of robust measures that enable crops to withstand the uncertainty of climate change whilst still producing maximum yields. Resurrection plants possess the unique ability to withstand desiccation for prolonged periods, can be restored upon watering and represent great potential for the development of stress tolerant crops. Here, we describe the remarkable stress characteristics of Tripogon loliiformis, an uncharacterised resurrection grass and close relative of the economically important cereals, rice, sorghum, and maize. We show that T. loliiformis survives extreme environmental stress by implementing autophagy to prevent Programmed Cell Death. Notably, we identified a novel role for trehalose in the regulation of autophagy in T.loliiformis. Transcriptome, Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry, immunoblotting and confocal microscopy analyses directly linked the accumulation of trehalose with the onset of autophagy in dehydrating and desiccated T. loliiformis shoots. These results were supported in vitro with the observation of autophagosomes in trehalose treated T. loliiformis leaves; autophagosomes were not detected in untreated samples. Presumably, once induced, autophagy promotes desiccation tolerance in T.loliiformis, by removal of cellular toxins to suppress programmed cell death and the recycling of nutrients to delay the onset of senescence. These findings illustrate how resurrection plants manipulate sugar metabolism to promote desiccation tolerance and may provide candidate genes that are potentially useful for the development of stress tolerant crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brett Williams
- Centre for Tropical Crops and Biocommodities, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Isaac Njaci
- Centre for Tropical Crops and Biocommodities, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Lalehvash Moghaddam
- Centre for Tropical Crops and Biocommodities, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Hao Long
- Centre for Tropical Crops and Biocommodities, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Martin B Dickman
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Institute for Plant Genomics and Biotechnology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - Xiuren Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Institute for Plant Genomics and Biotechnology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - Sagadevan Mundree
- Centre for Tropical Crops and Biocommodities, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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158
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Huang J, Xie Y, Sun X, Zeh HJ, Kang R, Lotze MT, Tang D. DAMPs, ageing, and cancer: The 'DAMP Hypothesis'. Ageing Res Rev 2015; 24:3-16. [PMID: 25446804 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2014.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2014] [Revised: 09/24/2014] [Accepted: 10/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Ageing is a complex and multifactorial process characterized by the accumulation of many forms of damage at the molecular, cellular, and tissue level with advancing age. Ageing increases the risk of the onset of chronic inflammation-associated diseases such as cancer, diabetes, stroke, and neurodegenerative disease. In particular, ageing and cancer share some common origins and hallmarks such as genomic instability, epigenetic alteration, aberrant telomeres, inflammation and immune injury, reprogrammed metabolism, and degradation system impairment (including within the ubiquitin-proteasome system and the autophagic machinery). Recent advances indicate that damage-associated molecular pattern molecules (DAMPs) such as high mobility group box 1, histones, S100, and heat shock proteins play location-dependent roles inside and outside the cell. These provide interaction platforms at molecular levels linked to common hallmarks of ageing and cancer. They can act as inducers, sensors, and mediators of stress through individual plasma membrane receptors, intracellular recognition receptors (e.g., advanced glycosylation end product-specific receptors, AIM2-like receptors, RIG-I-like receptors, and NOD1-like receptors, and toll-like receptors), or following endocytic uptake. Thus, the DAMP Hypothesis is novel and complements other theories that explain the features of ageing. DAMPs represent ideal biomarkers of ageing and provide an attractive target for interventions in ageing and age-associated diseases.
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159
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Xiong J. Atg7 in development and disease: panacea or Pandora's Box? Protein Cell 2015; 6:722-34. [PMID: 26404030 PMCID: PMC4598325 DOI: 10.1007/s13238-015-0195-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2015] [Accepted: 07/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Macroautophagy is an evolutionarily conserved intracellular degradation system used by life ranging from yeasts to mammals. The core autophagic machinery is composed of ATG (autophagy-related) protein constituents. One particular member of the ATG protein family, Atg7, has been the focus of recent research. Atg7 acts as an E1-like activating enzyme facilitating both microtubule-associated protein light chain 3 (LC3)-phosphatidylethanolamine and ATG12 conjugation. Thus, Atg7 stands at the hub of these two ubiquitin-like systems involving LC3 and Atg12 in autophagic vesicle expansion. In this review, I focus on the pleiotropic function of Atg7 in development, maintenance of health, and alternations of such control in disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianhua Xiong
- Center for Molecular Medicine, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
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160
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Gortat A, Sancho M, Mondragón L, Messeguer À, Pérez-Payá E, Orzáez M. Apaf1 inhibition promotes cell recovery from apoptosis. Protein Cell 2015; 6:833-43. [PMID: 26361785 PMCID: PMC4624680 DOI: 10.1007/s13238-015-0200-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2015] [Accepted: 07/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The protein apoptotic protease activating factor 1 (Apaf1) is the central component of the apoptosome, a multiprotein complex that activates procaspase-9 after cytochrome c release from the mitochondria in the intrinsic pathway of apoptosis. We have developed a vital method that allows fluorescence-activated cell sorting of cells at different stages of the apoptotic pathway and demonstrated that upon pharmacological inhibition of Apaf1, cells recover from doxorubicin- or hypoxia-induced early apoptosis to normal healthy cell. Inhibiting Apaf1 not only prevents procaspase-9 activation but delays massive mitochondrial damage allowing cell recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Gortat
- Laboratory of Peptide and Protein Chemistry, Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe, 46012, Valencia, Spain
| | - Mónica Sancho
- Laboratory of Peptide and Protein Chemistry, Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe, 46012, Valencia, Spain
| | - Laura Mondragón
- Laboratory of Peptide and Protein Chemistry, Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe, 46012, Valencia, Spain
| | - Àngel Messeguer
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Nanotechnology, Instituto Química Avanzada de Cataluña (CSIC), 08034, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Enrique Pérez-Payá
- Laboratory of Peptide and Protein Chemistry, Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe, 46012, Valencia, Spain.,Instituto de Biomedicina de Valencia, IBV-CSIC, 46010, Valencia, Spain
| | - Mar Orzáez
- Laboratory of Peptide and Protein Chemistry, Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe, 46012, Valencia, Spain.
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161
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Quarles EK, Dai DF, Tocchi A, Basisty N, Gitari L, Rabinovitch PS. Quality control systems in cardiac aging. Ageing Res Rev 2015; 23:101-15. [PMID: 25702865 PMCID: PMC4686341 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2015.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2014] [Revised: 02/02/2015] [Accepted: 02/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Cardiac aging is an intrinsic process that results in impaired cardiac function, along with cellular and molecular changes. These degenerative changes are intimately associated with quality control mechanisms. This review provides a general overview of the clinical and cellular changes which manifest in cardiac aging, and the quality control mechanisms involved in maintaining homeostasis and retarding aging. These mechanisms include autophagy, ubiquitin-mediated turnover, apoptosis, mitochondrial quality control and cardiac matrix homeostasis. Finally, we discuss aging interventions that have been observed to impact cardiac health outcomes. These include caloric restriction, rapamycin, resveratrol, GDF11, mitochondrial antioxidants and cardiolipin-targeted therapeutics. A greater understanding of the quality control mechanisms that promote cardiac homeostasis will help to understand the benefits of these interventions, and hopefully lead to further improved therapeutic modalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen K Quarles
- University of Washington School of Medicine, Department of Pathology, Box 357470, Seattle, WA 98195-7470, United States.
| | - Dao-Fu Dai
- University of Washington School of Medicine, Department of Pathology, Box 357470, Seattle, WA 98195-7470, United States.
| | - Autumn Tocchi
- University of Washington School of Medicine, Department of Pathology, Box 357470, Seattle, WA 98195-7470, United States.
| | - Nathan Basisty
- University of Washington School of Medicine, Department of Pathology, Box 357470, Seattle, WA 98195-7470, United States.
| | - Lemuel Gitari
- University of Washington School of Medicine, Department of Pathology, Box 357470, Seattle, WA 98195-7470, United States.
| | - Peter S Rabinovitch
- University of Washington School of Medicine, Department of Pathology, Box 357470, Seattle, WA 98195-7470, United States.
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162
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Caramés B, Olmer M, Kiosses WB, Lotz MK. The relationship of autophagy defects to cartilage damage during joint aging in a mouse model. Arthritis Rheumatol 2015; 67:1568-76. [PMID: 25708836 DOI: 10.1002/art.39073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2014] [Accepted: 02/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Aging is a main risk factor for osteo arthritis (OA), the most prevalent musculoskeletal disorder. Defects in autophagy, an essential cellular homeostasis mechanism, have recently been observed in OA articular cartilage. The objectives of this study were to establish the constitutive level of autophagy activation in normal cartilage and to monitor the temporal relationship between changes in autophagy and aging-related degradation of cartilage in a mouse model. METHODS In GFP-LC3-transgenic mice, green fluorescent protein (GFP)-light chain 3 (LC3) is ubiquitously expressed, and the accumulation of GFP puncta, representing autophagosomes, was quantified by confocal microscopy as a measure of autophagy activation. Expression of the autophagy proteins autophagy-related protein 5 (ATG-5) and microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 (LC3) was analyzed by immunohistochemistry. Cartilage cellularity, apoptotic cell death, and cartilage structural damage and changes in synovium and bone were examined by histology and immunohistochemistry. RESULTS Basal autophagy activation was detected in liver and knee articular cartilage from young (6-month-old) mice, with higher levels in cartilage than in liver in the same animals. In 28-month-old mice, there was a statistically significant reduction in the total number of autophagic vesicles per cell (P < 0.01) and in the total area of vesicles per cell (P < 0.01) in the articular cartilage as compared to that from young 6-month-old mice. With increasing age, the expression of ATG-5 and LC3 decreased, and this was followed by a reduction in cartilage cellularity and an increase in the apoptosis marker poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase p85. Cartilage structural damage progressed in an age-dependent manner subsequent to the autophagy changes. CONCLUSION Autophagy is constitutively activated in normal cartilage. This is compromised with aging and precedes cartilage cell death and structural damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Caramés
- The Scripps Research Institute La Jolla California and Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de A Coruña Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de A Coruña SERGAS and Universidade da Coruña, A Coruña, Spain
| | - Merissa Olmer
- The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California
| | | | - Martin K Lotz
- The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California
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163
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Castillo-Quan JI, Kinghorn KJ, Bjedov I. Genetics and pharmacology of longevity: the road to therapeutics for healthy aging. ADVANCES IN GENETICS 2015; 90:1-101. [PMID: 26296933 DOI: 10.1016/bs.adgen.2015.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Aging can be defined as the progressive decline in tissue and organismal function and the ability to respond to stress that occurs in association with homeostatic failure and the accumulation of molecular damage. Aging is the biggest risk factor for human disease and results in a wide range of aging pathologies. Although we do not completely understand the underlying molecular basis that drives the aging process, we have gained exceptional insights into the plasticity of life span and healthspan from the use of model organisms such as the worm Caenorhabditis elegans and the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster. Single-gene mutations in key cellular pathways that regulate environmental sensing, and the response to stress, have been identified that prolong life span across evolution from yeast to mammals. These genetic manipulations also correlate with a delay in the onset of tissue and organismal dysfunction. While the molecular genetics of aging will remain a prosperous and attractive area of research in biogerontology, we are moving towards an era defined by the search for therapeutic drugs that promote healthy aging. Translational biogerontology will require incorporation of both therapeutic and pharmacological concepts. The use of model organisms will remain central to the quest for drug discovery, but as we uncover molecular processes regulated by repurposed drugs and polypharmacy, studies of pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics, drug-drug interactions, drug toxicity, and therapeutic index will slowly become more prevalent in aging research. As we move from genetics to pharmacology and therapeutics, studies will not only require demonstration of life span extension and an underlying molecular mechanism, but also the translational relevance for human health and disease prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Iván Castillo-Quan
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK; Institute of Healthy Ageing, Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, London, UK
| | - Kerri J Kinghorn
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK; Institute of Healthy Ageing, Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, London, UK
| | - Ivana Bjedov
- Cancer Institute, University College London, London, UK
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164
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Tocchi A, Quarles EK, Basisty N, Gitari L, Rabinovitch PS. Mitochondrial dysfunction in cardiac aging. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2015; 1847:1424-33. [PMID: 26191650 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2015.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2015] [Revised: 07/06/2015] [Accepted: 07/09/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases are the leading cause of death in most developed nations. While it has received the least public attention, aging is the dominant risk factor for developing cardiovascular diseases, as the prevalence of cardiovascular diseases increases dramatically with increasing age. Cardiac aging is an intrinsic process that results in impaired cardiac function, along with cellular and molecular changes. Mitochondria play a great role in these processes, as cardiac function is an energetically demanding process. In this review, we examine mitochondrial dysfunction in cardiac aging. Recent research has demonstrated that mitochondrial dysfunction can disrupt morphology, signaling pathways, and protein interactions; conversely, mitochondrial homeostasis is maintained by mechanisms that include fission/fusion, autophagy, and unfolded protein responses. Finally, we describe some of the recent findings in mitochondrial targeted treatments to help meet the challenges of mitochondrial dysfunction in aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Autumn Tocchi
- University of Washington School of Medicine, Department of Pathology, Box 357470, Seattle, WA 98195-7470, USA.
| | - Ellen K Quarles
- University of Washington School of Medicine, Department of Pathology, Box 357470, Seattle, WA 98195-7470, USA.
| | - Nathan Basisty
- University of Washington School of Medicine, Department of Pathology, Box 357470, Seattle, WA 98195-7470, USA.
| | - Lemuel Gitari
- University of Washington School of Medicine, Department of Pathology, Box 357470, Seattle, WA 98195-7470, USA.
| | - Peter S Rabinovitch
- University of Washington School of Medicine, Department of Pathology, Box 357470, Seattle, WA 98195-7470, USA.
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165
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A Periodic Diet that Mimics Fasting Promotes Multi-System Regeneration, Enhanced Cognitive Performance, and Healthspan. Cell Metab 2015; 22:86-99. [PMID: 26094889 PMCID: PMC4509734 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2015.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 546] [Impact Index Per Article: 60.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2015] [Revised: 04/02/2015] [Accepted: 05/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Prolonged fasting (PF) promotes stress resistance, but its effects on longevity are poorly understood. We show that alternating PF and nutrient-rich medium extended yeast lifespan independently of established pro-longevity genes. In mice, 4 days of a diet that mimics fasting (FMD), developed to minimize the burden of PF, decreased the size of multiple organs/systems, an effect followed upon re-feeding by an elevated number of progenitor and stem cells and regeneration. Bi-monthly FMD cycles started at middle age extended longevity, lowered visceral fat, reduced cancer incidence and skin lesions, rejuvenated the immune system, and retarded bone mineral density loss. In old mice, FMD cycles promoted hippocampal neurogenesis, lowered IGF-1 levels and PKA activity, elevated NeuroD1, and improved cognitive performance. In a pilot clinical trial, three FMD cycles decreased risk factors/biomarkers for aging, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and cancer without major adverse effects, providing support for the use of FMDs to promote healthspan.
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166
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Zhu L, Dong C, Sun C, Ma R, Yang D, Zhu H, Xu J. Rejuvenation of MPTP-induced human neural precursor cell senescence by activating autophagy. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2015; 464:526-33. [PMID: 26159917 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2015.06.174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2015] [Accepted: 06/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Aging of neural stem cell, which can affect brain homeostasis, may be caused by many cellular mechanisms. Autophagy dysfunction was found in aged and neurodegenerative brains. However, little is known about the relationship between autophagy and human neural stem cell (hNSC) aging. The present study used 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1, 2, 3, 6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) to treat neural precursor cells (NPCs) derived from human embryonic stem cell (hESC) line H9 and investigate related molecular mechanisms involved in this process. MPTP-treated NPCs were found to undergo premature senescence [determined by increased senescence-associated-β-galactosidase (SA-β-gal) activity, elevated intracellular reactive oxygen species level, and decreased proliferation] and were associated with impaired autophagy. Additionally, the cellular senescence phenotypes were manifested at the molecular level by a significant increase in p21 and p53 expression, a decrease in SOD2 expression, and a decrease in expression of some key autophagy-related genes such as Atg5, Atg7, Atg12, and Beclin 1. Furthermore, we found that the senescence-like phenotype of MPTP-treated hNPCs was rejuvenated through treatment with a well-known autophagy enhancer rapamycin, which was blocked by suppression of essential autophagy gene Beclin 1. Taken together, these findings reveal the critical role of autophagy in the process of hNSC aging, and this process can be reversed by activating autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Zhu
- East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Chuanming Dong
- East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, The Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Chenxi Sun
- East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Rongjie Ma
- East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Danjing Yang
- East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Hongwen Zhu
- Tianjin Hospital, Tianjin Academy of Integrative Medicine, Tianjin, China.
| | - Jun Xu
- East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
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167
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Autophagy dysregulation and the fate of retinal ganglion cells in glaucomatous optic neuropathy. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2015; 220:87-105. [PMID: 26497786 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pbr.2015.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Glaucoma is a neurodegenerative disease caused by the progressive apoptotic death of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs). The mechanisms leading to the RGC loss are still unknown but it is now clear that, besides elevated intraocular pressure (IOP), which is considered the main risk factor, other IOP-independent determinants are responsible for the development of the optic neuropathy. Autophagy is a highly conserved catabolic pathway by which cellular components are degraded through the lysosomes. Dysfunctional autophagic pathway has been associated with several neuropathological conditions and a considerable number of studies have proved autophagy as a potential target for pharmacological modulation to achieve neuroprotection. Here, we review the current literature bridging the degeneration of RGCs to alterations of the autophagic pathway; we also discuss the possible role of autophagy in the pathogenesis and progression of glaucoma in view of the future application of autophagy modulators for glaucoma therapy.
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168
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Cenni V, Capanni C, Mattioli E, Columbaro M, Wehnert M, Ortolani M, Fini M, Novelli G, Bertacchini J, Maraldi NM, Marmiroli S, D'Apice MR, Prencipe S, Squarzoni S, Lattanzi G. Rapamycin treatment of Mandibuloacral dysplasia cells rescues localization of chromatin-associated proteins and cell cycle dynamics. Aging (Albany NY) 2015; 6:755-70. [PMID: 25324471 PMCID: PMC4233654 DOI: 10.18632/aging.100680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Lamin A is a key component of the nuclear lamina produced through post-translational processing of its precursor known as prelamin A. LMNA mutations leading to farnesylated prelamin A accumulation are known to cause lipodystrophy, progeroid and developmental diseases, including Mandibuloacral dysplasia, a mild progeroid syndrome with partial lipodystrophy and altered bone turnover. Thus, degradation of prelamin A is expected to improve the disease phenotype. Here, we show different susceptibilities of prelamin A forms to proteolysis and further demonstrate that treatment with rapamycin efficiently and selectively triggers lysosomal degradation of farnesylated prelamin A, the most toxic processing intermediate. Importantly, rapamycin treatment of Mandibuloacral dysplasia cells, which feature very low levels of the NAD-dependent sirtuin SIRT-1 in the nuclear matrix, restores SIRT-1 localization and distribution of chromatin markers, elicits release of the transcription factor Oct-1 and determines shortening of the prolonged S-phase. These findings indicate the drug as a possible treatment for Mandibuloacral dysplasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vittoria Cenni
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Molecular Genetics, IGM-CNR-IOR, Bologna, Italy. Rizzoli Orthopedic Institute, Laboratory of Musculoskeletal Cell Biology, Bologna, Italy
| | - Cristina Capanni
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Molecular Genetics, IGM-CNR-IOR, Bologna, Italy. Rizzoli Orthopedic Institute, Laboratory of Musculoskeletal Cell Biology, Bologna, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Mattioli
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Molecular Genetics, IGM-CNR-IOR, Bologna, Italy. Rizzoli Orthopedic Institute, Laboratory of Musculoskeletal Cell Biology, Bologna, Italy
| | - Marta Columbaro
- Rizzoli Orthopedic Institute, Laboratory of Musculoskeletal Cell Biology, Bologna, Italy
| | - Manfred Wehnert
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Greifswald, Germany
| | - Michela Ortolani
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Molecular Genetics, IGM-CNR-IOR, Bologna, Italy
| | - Milena Fini
- Rizzoli Orthopedic Institute, Laboratory of Preclinical and Surgical Studies and BITTA, RIT, Bologna, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Novelli
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, Tor Vergata University, Rome, Italy
| | - Jessika Bertacchini
- Department of Laboratory, CEIA, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Nadir M Maraldi
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Molecular Genetics, IGM-CNR-IOR, Bologna, Italy
| | - Sandra Marmiroli
- Department of Laboratory, CEIA, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Maria Rosaria D'Apice
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, Tor Vergata University, Rome, Italy. Fondazione Policlinico Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Sabino Prencipe
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Molecular Genetics, IGM-CNR-IOR, Bologna, Italy. Rizzoli Orthopedic Institute, Laboratory of Musculoskeletal Cell Biology, Bologna, Italy
| | - Stefano Squarzoni
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Molecular Genetics, IGM-CNR-IOR, Bologna, Italy. Rizzoli Orthopedic Institute, Laboratory of Musculoskeletal Cell Biology, Bologna, Italy
| | - Giovanna Lattanzi
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Molecular Genetics, IGM-CNR-IOR, Bologna, Italy. Rizzoli Orthopedic Institute, Laboratory of Musculoskeletal Cell Biology, Bologna, Italy
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169
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Abstract
Autophagy is an intracellular catabolic pathway essential for the recycling of proteins and larger substrates such as aggregates, apoptotic corpses, or long-lived and superfluous organelles whose accumulation could be toxic for cells. Because of its unique feature to engulf part of cytoplasm in double-membrane cup-shaped structures, which further fuses with lysosomes, autophagy is also involved in the elimination of host cell invaders and takes an active part of the innate and adaptive immune response. Its pivotal role in maintenance of the inflammatory balance makes dysfunctions of the autophagy process having important pathological consequences. Indeed, defects in autophagy are associated with a wide range of human diseases including metabolic disorders (diabetes and obesity), inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), and cancer. In this review, we will focus on interrelations that exist between inflammation and autophagy. We will discuss in particular how mediators of inflammation can regulate autophagy activity and, conversely, how autophagy shapes the inflammatory response. Impact of genetic polymorphisms in autophagy-related gene on inflammatory bowel disease will be also discussed.
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170
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Mitochondrial responsibility in ageing process: innocent, suspect or guilty. Biogerontology 2015; 16:599-620. [PMID: 26105157 DOI: 10.1007/s10522-015-9585-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2015] [Accepted: 06/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Ageing is accompanied by the accumulation of damaged molecules in cells due to the injury produced by external and internal stressors. Among them, reactive oxygen species produced by cell metabolism, inflammation or other enzymatic processes are considered key factors. However, later research has demonstrated that a general mitochondrial dysfunction affecting electron transport chain activity, mitochondrial biogenesis and turnover, apoptosis, etc., seems to be in a central position to explain ageing. This key role is based on several effects from mitochondrial-derived ROS production to the essential maintenance of balanced metabolic activities in old organisms. Several studies have demonstrated caloric restriction, exercise or bioactive compounds mainly found in plants, are able to affect the activity and turnover of mitochondria by increasing biogenesis and mitophagy, especially in postmitotic tissues. Then, it seems that mitochondria are in the centre of metabolic procedures to be modified to lengthen life- or health-span. In this review we show the importance of mitochondria to explain the ageing process in different models or organisms (e.g. yeast, worm, fruitfly and mice). We discuss if the cause of aging is dependent on mitochondrial dysfunction of if the mitochondrial changes observed with age are a consequence of events taking place outside the mitochondrial compartment.
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171
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Enot DP, Niso-Santano M, Durand S, Chery A, Pietrocola F, Vacchelli E, Madeo F, Galluzzi L, Kroemer G. Metabolomic analyses reveal that anti-aging metabolites are depleted by palmitate but increased by oleate in vivo. Cell Cycle 2015; 14:2399-407. [PMID: 26098646 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2015.1064206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Recently, we reported that saturated and unsaturated fatty acids trigger autophagy through distinct signal transduction pathways. Saturated fatty acids like palmitate (PA) induce autophagic responses that rely on phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, catalytic subunit type 3 (PIK3C3, best known as VPS34) and beclin 1 (BECN1). Conversely, unsaturated fatty acids like oleate (OL) promote non-canonical, PIK3C3- and BECN1-independent autophagy. Here, we explored the metabolic effects of autophagy-inducing doses of PA and OL in mice. Mass spectrometry coupled to principal component analysis revealed that PA and OL induce well distinguishable changes in circulating metabolites as well as in the metabolic profile of the liver, heart, and skeletal muscle. Importantly, PA (but not OL) causes the depletion of multiple autophagy-inhibitory amino acids in the liver. Conversely, OL (but not PA) increased the hepatic levels of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD), an obligate co-factor for autophagy-stimulatory enzymes of the sirtuin family. Moreover, PA (but not OL) raised the concentrations of acyl-carnitines in the heart, a phenomenon that perhaps is linked to its cardiotoxicity. PA also depleted the liver from spermine and spermidine, 2 polyamines have been ascribed with lifespan-extending activity. The metabolic changes imposed by unsaturated and saturated fatty acids may contribute to their health-promoting and health-deteriorating effects, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- David P Enot
- a Equipe 11 labellisée Ligue contre le Cancer; Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers ; Paris , France
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172
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Tower J. Mitochondrial maintenance failure in aging and role of sexual dimorphism. Arch Biochem Biophys 2015; 576:17-31. [PMID: 25447815 PMCID: PMC4409928 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2014.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2014] [Revised: 10/08/2014] [Accepted: 10/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Gene expression changes during aging are partly conserved across species, and suggest that oxidative stress, inflammation and proteotoxicity result from mitochondrial malfunction and abnormal mitochondrial-nuclear signaling. Mitochondrial maintenance failure may result from trade-offs between mitochondrial turnover versus growth and reproduction, sexual antagonistic pleiotropy and genetic conflicts resulting from uni-parental mitochondrial transmission, as well as mitochondrial and nuclear mutations and loss of epigenetic regulation. Aging phenotypes and interventions are often sex-specific, indicating that both male and female sexual differentiation promote mitochondrial failure and aging. Studies in mammals and invertebrates implicate autophagy, apoptosis, AKT, PARP, p53 and FOXO in mediating sex-specific differences in stress resistance and aging. The data support a model where the genes Sxl in Drosophila, sdc-2 in Caenorhabditis elegans, and Xist in mammals regulate mitochondrial maintenance across generations and in aging. Several interventions that increase life span cause a mitochondrial unfolded protein response (UPRmt), and UPRmt is also observed during normal aging, indicating hormesis. The UPRmt may increase life span by stimulating mitochondrial turnover through autophagy, and/or by inhibiting the production of hormones and toxic metabolites. The data suggest that metazoan life span interventions may act through a common hormesis mechanism involving liver UPRmt, mitochondrial maintenance and sexual differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Tower
- Molecular and Computational Biology Program, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089-2910, United States.
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173
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Moore MN, Shaw JP, Ferrar Adams DR, Viarengo A. Anti-oxidative cellular protection effect of fasting-induced autophagy as a mechanism for hormesis. MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2015; 107:35-44. [PMID: 25881010 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2015.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2015] [Revised: 04/01/2015] [Accepted: 04/07/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this investigation was to test the hypothesis that fasting-induced augmented lysosomal autophagic turnover of cellular proteins and organelles will reduce potentially harmful lipofuscin (age-pigment) formation in cells by more effectively removing oxidatively damaged proteins. An animal model (marine snail--common periwinkle, Littorina littorea) was used to experimentally test this hypothesis. Snails were deprived of algal food for 7 days to induce an augmented autophagic response in their hepatopancreatic digestive cells (hepatocyte analogues). This treatment resulted in a 25% reduction in the cellular content of lipofuscin in the digestive cells of the fasting animals in comparison with snails fed ad libitum on green alga (Ulva lactuca). Similar findings have previously been observed in the digestive cells of marine mussels subjected to copper-induced oxidative stress. Additional measurements showed that fasting significantly increased cellular health based on lysosomal membrane stability, and reduced lipid peroxidation and lysosomal/cellular triglyceride. These findings support the hypothesis that fasting-induced augmented autophagic turnover of cellular proteins has an anti-oxidative cytoprotective effect by more effectively removing damaged proteins, resulting in a reduction in the formation of potentially harmful proteinaceous aggregates such as lipofuscin. The inference from this study is that autophagy is important in mediating hormesis. An increase was demonstrated in physiological complexity with fasting, using graph theory in a directed cell physiology network (digraph) model to integrate the various biomarkers. This was commensurate with increased health status, and supportive of the hormesis hypothesis. The potential role of enhanced autophagic lysosomal removal of damaged proteins in the evolutionary acquisition of stress tolerance in intertidal molluscs is discussed and parallels are drawn with the growing evidence for the involvement of autophagy in hormesis and anti-ageing processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael N Moore
- Plymouth Marine Laboratory (PML), Prospect Place, The Hoe, Plymouth PL1 3DH, UK; Department of Science and Innovative Technology (DSIT), University of Eastern Piedmont, Alessandria, Italy; European Centre for Environment & Human Health (ECEHH), University of Exeter Medical School, Knowledge Spa, Royal Cornwall Hospital, Truro, Cornwall TR1 3HD, UK; School of Biological Sciences, University of Plymouth, Drake's Circus, Plymouth PL4 8DD, UK.
| | - Jennifer P Shaw
- Plymouth Marine Laboratory (PML), Prospect Place, The Hoe, Plymouth PL1 3DH, UK
| | - Dawn R Ferrar Adams
- Plymouth Marine Laboratory (PML), Prospect Place, The Hoe, Plymouth PL1 3DH, UK
| | - Aldo Viarengo
- Department of Science and Innovative Technology (DSIT), University of Eastern Piedmont, Alessandria, Italy
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174
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Lee D, Kim YW, Kim JH, Yang M, Bae H, Lim I, Bang H, Go KC, Yang GW, Rho YH, Park HS, Park EH, Ko JH. Improvement Characteristics of Bio-active Materials Coated Fabric on Rat Muscular Mitochondria. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY & PHARMACOLOGY : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN PHYSIOLOGICAL SOCIETY AND THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF PHARMACOLOGY 2015; 19:283-9. [PMID: 25954135 PMCID: PMC4422970 DOI: 10.4196/kjpp.2015.19.3.283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2015] [Revised: 02/23/2015] [Accepted: 02/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
This study surveys the improvement characteristics in old-aged muscular mitochondria by bio-active materials coated fabric (BMCF). To observe the effects, the fabric (10 and 30%) was worn to old-aged rat then the oxygen consumption efficiency and copy numbers of mitochondria, and mRNA expression of apoptosis- and mitophagy-related genes were verified. By wearing the BMCF, the oxidative respiration significantly increased when using the 30% materials coated fabric. The mitochondrial DNA copy number significantly decreased and subsequently recovered in a dose-dependent manner. The respiratory control ratio to mitochondrial DNA copy number showed a dose-dependent increment. As times passed, Bax, caspase 9, PGC-1α and β-actin increased, and Bcl-2 decreased in a dose-dependent manner. However, the BMCF can be seen to have had no effect on Fas receptor. PINK1 expression did not change considerably and was inclined to decrease in control group, but the expression was down-regulated then subsequently increased with the use of the BMCF in a dose-dependent manner. Caspase 3 increased and subsequently decreased in a dose-dependent manner. These results suggest that the BMCF invigorates mitophagy and improves mitochondrial oxidative respiration in skeletal muscle, and in early stage of apoptosis induced by the BMCF is not related to extrinsic death-receptor mediated but mitochondria-mediated signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donghee Lee
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 156-756, Korea
| | - Young-Won Kim
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 156-756, Korea
| | - Jung-Ha Kim
- Department of Family Medicine, College of Medicine, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 156-756, Korea
| | - Misuk Yang
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 156-756, Korea
| | - Hyemi Bae
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 156-756, Korea
| | - Inja Lim
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 156-756, Korea
| | - Hyoweon Bang
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 156-756, Korea
| | - Kyung-Chan Go
- Research and Development Center, VENTEX Co. Ltd., Seoul 138-220, Korea
| | - Gwang-Wung Yang
- Research and Development Center, VENTEX Co. Ltd., Seoul 138-220, Korea
| | - Yong-Hwan Rho
- Research and Development Center, VENTEX Co. Ltd., Seoul 138-220, Korea
| | - Hyo-Suk Park
- Research and Development Center, VENTEX Co. Ltd., Seoul 138-220, Korea
| | - Eun-Ho Park
- Research and Development Center, VENTEX Co. Ltd., Seoul 138-220, Korea
| | - Jae-Hong Ko
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 156-756, Korea
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175
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Lu CY, Hsu CY. Ambient temperature reduction extends lifespan via activating cellular degradation activity in an annual fish (Nothobranchius rachovii). AGE (DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS) 2015; 37:33. [PMID: 25864186 PMCID: PMC4393827 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-015-9775-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2014] [Accepted: 04/02/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Ambient temperature reduction (ATR) can extend the lifespan of organisms, but the underlying mechanism is poorly understood. In this study, cellular degradation activity was evaluated in the muscle of an annual fish (Nothobranchius rachovii) reared under high (30 °C), moderate (25 °C), and low (20 °C) ambient temperatures. The results showed the following: (i) the activity of the 20S proteasome and the expression of polyubiquitin aggregates increased with ATR, whereas 20S proteasome expression did not change; (ii) the expression of microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3-II (LC3-II) increased with ATR; (iii) the expression of lysosome-associated membrane protein type 2a (Lamp 2a) increased with ATR, whereas the expression of the 70-kD heat shock cognate protein (Hsc 70) decreased with ATR; (iv) lysosome activity increased with ATR, whereas the expression of lysosome-associated membrane protein type 1 (Lamp 1) did not change with ATR; and (v) the expression of molecular target of rapamycin (mTOR) and phosphorylated mTOR (p-mTOR) as well as the p-mTOR/mTOR ratio did not change with ATR. These findings indicate that ATR activates cellular degradation activity, constituting part of the mechanism underlying the longevity-promoting effects of ATR in N. rachovii.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Yen Lu
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
| | - Chin-Yuan Hsu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, 259 Wen-Hwa 1st Road, Kwei-Shan, Tao-Yuan 333 Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
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176
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Kyriakakis E, Markaki M, Tavernarakis N. Caenorhabditis elegans as a model for cancer research. Mol Cell Oncol 2015; 2:e975027. [PMID: 27308424 PMCID: PMC4905018 DOI: 10.4161/23723556.2014.975027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2014] [Revised: 09/18/2014] [Accepted: 09/18/2014] [Indexed: 04/21/2023]
Abstract
The term cancer describes a group of multifaceted diseases characterized by an intricate pathophysiology. Despite significant advances in the fight against cancer, it remains a key public health concern and burden on societies worldwide. Elucidation of key molecular and cellular mechanisms of oncogenic diseases will facilitate the development of better intervention strategies to counter or prevent tumor development. In vivo and in vitro models have long been used to delineate distinct biological processes involved in cancer such as apoptosis, proliferation, angiogenesis, invasion, metastasis, genome instability, and metabolism. In this review, we introduce Caenorhabditis elegans as an emerging animal model for systematic dissection of the molecular basis of tumorigenesis, focusing on the well-established processes of apoptosis and autophagy. Additionally, we propose that C. elegans can be used to advance our understanding of cancer progression, such as deregulation of energy metabolism, stem cell reprogramming, and host-microflora interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanouil Kyriakakis
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology; Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas
| | - Maria Markaki
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology; Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas
| | - Nektarios Tavernarakis
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology; Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas
- Department of Basic Sciences; Faculty of Medicine; University of Crete Heraklion; Crete, Greece
- Correspondence to: N. Tavernarakis;
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177
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Nam H, Kim MM. Scopoletin has a potential activity for anti-aging via autophagy in human lung fibroblasts. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2015; 22:362-368. [PMID: 25837273 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2015.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2014] [Revised: 01/04/2015] [Accepted: 01/08/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy was known to be associated with aging in addition to cancer and neurodegeneration. The effects of scopoletin on autophagy and anti-aging were investigated in human lung fibroblast cell line, IMR 90. Here we show that scopoletin induces autophagy. It is also identified that the modulation of p53 by scopoletin are related to the induction of autophagy. Moreover, the level of SA-β-Gal staining, an aging marker, is reduced by scopoletin. In addition, while the expression levels of histone deacetylases such as HDAC1, SIRT1 and SIRT6 are increased in IMR 90 cells in the presence of scopoletin, the expression levels of histone acetyltransferases are decreased. Furthermore, scopoletin enhances the level of transcription factors such as Nrf-2and p-FoxO1 related to anti-aging. In addition, scopoletin modulates the reprogramming proteins. Therefore, these findings suggest that scopoletin could exert a positive effect on anti-aging related to autophagy through modulation of p53 in human lung fibroblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyang Nam
- Department of Chemistry, Dong-Eui University, Busan 614-714, Republic of Korea
| | - Moon-Moo Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Dong-Eui University, Busan 614-714, Republic of Korea.
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178
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Hunn BHM, Cragg SJ, Bolam JP, Spillantini MG, Wade-Martins R. Impaired intracellular trafficking defines early Parkinson's disease. Trends Neurosci 2015; 38:178-88. [PMID: 25639775 PMCID: PMC4740565 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2014.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2014] [Revised: 12/17/2014] [Accepted: 12/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is an insidious and incurable neurodegenerative disease, and represents a significant cost to individuals, carers, and ageing societies. It is defined at post-mortem by the loss of dopamine neurons in the substantia nigra together with the presence of Lewy bodies and Lewy neurites. We examine here the role of α-synuclein and other cellular transport proteins implicated in PD and how their aberrant activity may be compounded by the unique anatomy of the dopaminergic neuron. This review uses multiple lines of evidence from genetic studies, human tissue, induced pluripotent stem cells, and refined animal models to argue that prodromal PD can be defined as a disease of impaired intracellular trafficking. Dysfunction of the dopaminergic synapse heralds trafficking impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin H M Hunn
- Oxford Parkinson's Disease Centre, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QX, UK; Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QX, UK
| | - Stephanie J Cragg
- Oxford Parkinson's Disease Centre, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QX, UK; Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QX, UK
| | - J Paul Bolam
- Oxford Parkinson's Disease Centre, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QX, UK; Medical Research Council Anatomical Neuropharmacology Unit, Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3QT, UK
| | - Maria-Grazia Spillantini
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, The Clifford Allbutt Building, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK
| | - Richard Wade-Martins
- Oxford Parkinson's Disease Centre, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QX, UK; Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QX, UK.
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179
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Rockenfeller P, Koska M, Pietrocola F, Minois N, Knittelfelder O, Sica V, Franz J, Carmona-Gutierrez D, Kroemer G, Madeo F. Phosphatidylethanolamine positively regulates autophagy and longevity. Cell Death Differ 2015; 22:499-508. [PMID: 25571976 PMCID: PMC4326582 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2014.219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2014] [Revised: 11/17/2014] [Accepted: 11/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a cellular recycling program that retards ageing by efficiently eliminating damaged and potentially harmful organelles and intracellular protein aggregates. Here, we show that the abundance of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) positively regulates autophagy. Reduction of intracellular PE levels by knocking out either of the two yeast phosphatidylserine decarboxylases (PSD) accelerated chronological ageing-associated production of reactive oxygen species and death. Conversely, the artificial increase of intracellular PE levels, by provision of its precursor ethanolamine or by overexpression of the PE-generating enzyme Psd1, significantly increased autophagic flux, both in yeast and in mammalian cell culture. Importantly administration of ethanolamine was sufficient to extend the lifespan of yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae), mammalian cells (U2OS, H4) and flies (Drosophila melanogaster). We thus postulate that the availability of PE may constitute a bottleneck for functional autophagy and that organismal life or healthspan could be positively influenced by the consumption of ethanolamine-rich food.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Rockenfeller
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, NAWI Graz, University of Graz, Humboldtstr. 50, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - M Koska
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, NAWI Graz, University of Graz, Humboldtstr. 50, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | | | - N Minois
- Biomedical Sciences Research Complex, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, UK
| | - O Knittelfelder
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, NAWI Graz, University of Graz, Humboldtstr. 50, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - V Sica
- INSERM U848, Villejuif, Paris, France
| | - J Franz
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, NAWI Graz, University of Graz, Humboldtstr. 50, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - D Carmona-Gutierrez
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, NAWI Graz, University of Graz, Humboldtstr. 50, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - G Kroemer
- INSERM U848, Villejuif, Paris, France
- Metabolomics Platform, Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, Paris, France
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France
- Pôle de Biologie; Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, AP – HP, Paris, France
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - F Madeo
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, NAWI Graz, University of Graz, Humboldtstr. 50, 8010 Graz, Austria
- BioTechMed-Graz, Humboldtstr. 50, 8010 Graz, Austria
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180
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Dong W, Zhang P, Fu Y, Ge J, Cheng J, Yuan H, Jiang H. Roles of SATB2 in site-specific stemness, autophagy and senescence of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells. J Cell Physiol 2015; 230:680-90. [PMID: 25200657 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.24792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2014] [Accepted: 09/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Craniofacial bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) display some site-specific properties that differ from those of BMSCs derived from the trunk and appendicular skeleton, but the characteristics of craniofacial BMSCs and the mechanisms that underlie their properties are not completely understood. Previous studies indicated that special AT-rich binding protein 2 (SATB2) may be a potential regulator of craniofacial skeletal patterning and site-specific osteogenic capacity. Here, we investigated the stemness, autophagy, and anti-aging capacity of mandible-derived BMSCs (M-BMSCs) and tibia-derived BMSCs (T-BMSCs) and explored the role of SATB2 in regulating these properties. M-BMSCs not only possessed stronger expression of SATB2 and stemness markers (pluripotency genes, such as Nanog, OCT-4, Sox2, and Nestin) but also exhibited stronger autophagy and anti-aging capacities under normal or hypoxia/serum deprivation conditions compared to T-BMSCs. Exogenous expression of SATB2 in T-BMSCs significantly enhanced the expression of pluripotency genes as well as autophagy and anti-aging capacity. Moreover, SATB2 markedly enhanced osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs in vitro, and promoted bone defect regeneration and the survival of BMSCs that were transplanted into mandibles with critical size defects. Mechanistically, SATB2 upregulates pluripotency genes and autophagy-related genes, which in turn activate the mechanistic target of rapamycin signaling pathway. Collectively, our results provide novel evidence that site-specific BMSCs have distinct biological properties and suggest that SATB2 plays a potential role in regulating the stemness, autophagy, and anti-aging properties of craniofacial BMSCs. The application of SATB2 to manipulate stem cells for the reconstruction of bone defects might represent a new approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weijie Dong
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing Medical University, 136, Hanzhong Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China; Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Stomatology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China; Department of Stomatology, The First Hospital of Jiaxing, Zhejiang Province, China
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181
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Pride H, Yu Z, Sunchu B, Mochnick J, Coles A, Zhang Y, Buffenstein R, Hornsby PJ, Austad SN, Pérez VI. Long-lived species have improved proteostasis compared to phylogenetically-related shorter-lived species. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2015; 457:669-75. [PMID: 25615820 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2015.01.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2015] [Accepted: 01/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Our previous studies have shown that the liver from Naked Mole Rats (NMRs), a long-lived rodent, has increased proteasome activity and lower levels of protein ubiquitination compared to mice. This suggests that protein quality control might play a role in assuring species longevity. To determine whether enhanced proteostasis is a common mechanism in the evolution of other long-lived species, here we evaluated the major players in protein quality control including autophagy, proteasome activity, and heat shock proteins (HSPs), using skin fibroblasts from three phylogenetically-distinct pairs of short- and long-lived mammals: rodents, marsupials, and bats. Our results indicate that in all cases, macroautophagy was significantly enhanced in the longer-lived species, both at basal level and after induction by serum starvation. Similarly, basal levels of most HSPs were elevated in all the longer-lived species. Proteasome activity was found to be increased in the long-lived rodent and marsupial but not in bats. These observations suggest that long-lived species may have superior mechanisms to ensure protein quality, and support the idea that protein homeostasis might play an important role in promoting longevity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Zhen Yu
- Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, USA
| | | | | | - Alexander Coles
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Michigan-Flint, MI 48502, USA
| | - Yiqiang Zhang
- Department of Physiology, The University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, USA; Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, The University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Rochelle Buffenstein
- Department of Physiology, The University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, USA; Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, The University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Peter J Hornsby
- Department of Physiology, The University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, USA; Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, The University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, USA; South Texas Veteran's Health Care System, Audie L Murphy Division, San Antonio, TX 78249, USA
| | - Steven N Austad
- Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, The University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, USA; Department of Cell and Structural Biology, The University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Viviana I Pérez
- Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA.
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182
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Teaching the basics of autophagy and mitophagy to redox biologists--mechanisms and experimental approaches. Redox Biol 2015; 4:242-59. [PMID: 25618581 PMCID: PMC4803799 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2015.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2014] [Revised: 12/24/2014] [Accepted: 01/01/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a lysosomal mediated degradation activity providing an essential mechanism for recycling cellular constituents, and clearance of excess or damaged lipids, proteins and organelles. Autophagy involves more than 30 proteins and is regulated by nutrient availability, and various stress sensing signaling pathways. This article provides an overview of the mechanisms and regulation of autophagy, its role in health and diseases, and methods for its measurement. Hopefully this teaching review together with the graphic illustrations will be helpful for instructors teaching graduate students who are interested in grasping the concepts and major research areas and introducing recent developments in the field. mTOR, Beclin–VPS34, LC3 homologs, and adaptor proteins in autophagy. Autophagosomal membranes may derive from multiple sources. Autophagosomal–lysosomal fusion contributes to the control of autophagic flux. Assess autophagy by autophagosomal and protein turnover, and morphological alterations. Autophagy adysfunction in cancer, aging, neurodegeneration and infection.
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183
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Wang Y, Santos A, Evdokiou A, Losic D. An overview of nanotoxicity and nanomedicine research: principles, progress and implications for cancer therapy. J Mater Chem B 2015; 3:7153-7172. [DOI: 10.1039/c5tb00956a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The studies of nanomaterial-based drug delivery and nanotoxicity are closely interconnected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Wang
- School of Chemical Engineering
- The University of Adelaide
- 5005 Adelaide
- Australia
- School of Medicine
| | - Abel Santos
- School of Chemical Engineering
- The University of Adelaide
- 5005 Adelaide
- Australia
| | - Andreas Evdokiou
- School of Medicine
- Discipline of Surgery
- The University of Adelaide
- Australia
| | - Dusan Losic
- School of Chemical Engineering
- The University of Adelaide
- 5005 Adelaide
- Australia
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184
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Linton PJ, Gurney M, Sengstock D, Mentzer RM, Gottlieb RA. This old heart: Cardiac aging and autophagy. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2014; 83:44-54. [PMID: 25543002 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2014.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2014] [Revised: 12/10/2014] [Accepted: 12/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy, a cellular housekeeping process, is essential to maintain tissue homeostasis, particularly in long-lived cells such as cardiomyocytes. Autophagic activity declines with age and may explain many features of age-related cardiac dysfunction. In this review we summarize the current state of knowledge regarding age-related changes in autophagy in the heart. Recent findings from studies in human hearts are presented, including evidence that the autophagic response is intact in the aged human heart. Impaired autophagic clearance of protein aggregates or deteriorating mitochondria will have multiple consequences including increased arrhythmia risk, decreased contractile function, reduced tolerance to ischemic stress, and increased inflammation; thus autophagy represents a potentially important therapeutic target to mitigate the cardiac consequences of aging. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled CV Aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phyllis-Jean Linton
- Donald P. Shiley BioScience Center, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Michael Gurney
- Donald P. Shiley BioScience Center, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - David Sengstock
- Division of Geriatric Medicine, Oakwood Hospital, Dearborn, MI, USA; Department of Internal Medicine, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Robert M Mentzer
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Departments of Surgery and Physiology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA; Heart Institute and Barbra Streisand Women's Heart Center, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Roberta A Gottlieb
- Heart Institute and Barbra Streisand Women's Heart Center, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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185
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Spermidine induces autophagy by inhibiting the acetyltransferase EP300. Cell Death Differ 2014; 22:509-16. [PMID: 25526088 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2014.215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 201] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2014] [Revised: 11/14/2014] [Accepted: 11/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Several natural compounds found in health-related food items can inhibit acetyltransferases as they induce autophagy. Here we show that this applies to anacardic acid, curcumin, garcinol and spermidine, all of which reduce the acetylation level of cultured human cells as they induce signs of increased autophagic flux (such as the formation of green fluorescent protein-microtubule-associated protein 1A/1B-light chain 3 (GFP-LC3) puncta and the depletion of sequestosome-1, p62/SQSTM1) coupled to the inhibition of the mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1). We performed a screen to identify the acetyltransferases whose depletion would activate autophagy and simultaneously inhibit mTORC1. The knockdown of only two acetyltransferases (among 43 candidates) had such effects: EP300 (E1A-binding protein p300), which is a lysine acetyltranferase, and NAA20 (N(α)-acetyltransferase 20, also known as NAT5), which catalyzes the N-terminal acetylation of methionine residues. Subsequent studies validated the capacity of a pharmacological EP300 inhibitor, C646, to induce autophagy in both normal and enucleated cells (cytoplasts), underscoring the capacity of EP300 to repress autophagy by cytoplasmic (non-nuclear) effects. Notably, anacardic acid, curcumin, garcinol and spermidine all inhibited the acetyltransferase activity of recombinant EP300 protein in vitro. Altogether, these results support the idea that EP300 acts as an endogenous repressor of autophagy and that potent autophagy inducers including spermidine de facto act as EP300 inhibitors.
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186
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Emanuele E, Minoretti P, Sanchis-Gomar F, Pareja-Galeano H, Yilmaz Y, Garatachea N, Lucia A. Can Enhanced Autophagy Be Associated with Human Longevity? Serum Levels of the Autophagy Biomarker Beclin-1 Are Increased in Healthy Centenarians. Rejuvenation Res 2014; 17:518-24. [DOI: 10.1089/rej.2014.1607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Enzo Emanuele
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | | | - Fabian Sanchis-Gomar
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Valencia and Fundación para la Investigación del Hospital Clínico Universitario (INCLIVA), Valencia, Spain
| | - Helios Pareja-Galeano
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Valencia and Fundación para la Investigación del Hospital Clínico Universitario (INCLIVA), Valencia, Spain
| | - Yusuf Yilmaz
- Institute of Gastroenterology, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey
- Department of Gastroenterology, Marmara University, School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Nuria Garatachea
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud y del Deporte, Universidad de Zaragoza, Huesca, Spain
| | - Alejandro Lucia
- Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre (‘i+12’), Madrid, Spain
- School of Doctorate Studies and Research, Universidad Europea Madrid, Villaviciosa de Odón, Madrid, Spain
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187
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Glover-Cutter KM, Alderman S, Dombrowski JE, Martin RC. Enhanced oxidative stress resistance through activation of a zinc deficiency transcription factor in Brachypodium distachyon. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2014; 166:1492-505. [PMID: 25228396 PMCID: PMC4226367 DOI: 10.1104/pp.114.240457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2014] [Accepted: 09/15/2014] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Identification of viable strategies to increase stress resistance of crops will become increasingly important for the goal of global food security as our population increases and our climate changes. Considering that resistance to oxidative stress is oftentimes an indicator of health and longevity in animal systems, characterizing conserved pathways known to increase oxidative stress resistance could prove fruitful for crop improvement strategies. This report argues for the usefulness and practicality of the model organism Brachypodium distachyon for identifying and validating stress resistance factors. Specifically, we focus on a zinc deficiency B. distachyon basic leucine zipper transcription factor, BdbZIP10, and its role in oxidative stress in the model organism B. distachyon. When overexpressed, BdbZIP10 protects plants and callus tissue from oxidative stress insults, most likely through distinct and direct activation of protective oxidative stress genes. Increased oxidative stress resistance and cell viability through the overexpression of BdbZIP10 highlight the utility of investigating conserved stress responses between plant and animal systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kira M Glover-Cutter
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, National Forage Seed Production Research Center, Corvallis, Oregon 97331
| | - Stephen Alderman
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, National Forage Seed Production Research Center, Corvallis, Oregon 97331
| | - James E Dombrowski
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, National Forage Seed Production Research Center, Corvallis, Oregon 97331
| | - Ruth C Martin
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, National Forage Seed Production Research Center, Corvallis, Oregon 97331
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188
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Li Y, Wang S, Wang Z, Qian X, Fan J, Zeng X, Sun Y, Song P, Feng M, Ju D. Cationic poly(amidoamine) dendrimers induced cyto-protective autophagy in hepatocellular carcinoma cells. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2014; 25:365101. [PMID: 25140534 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/25/36/365101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Poly(amidoamine) (PAMAM) dendrimers are proposed as one of the most promising nanomaterials for biomedical applications because of their unique tree-like structure, monodispersity and tunable properties. In this study, we found that PAMAM dendrimers could induce the formation of autophagosomes and the conversion of microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 (LC3) in hepatocellular carcinoma HepG2 cells, while the inhibition of the Akt/mTOR and activation of the Erk 1/2 signaling pathways were involved in autophagy-induced by PAMAM dendrimers. We also investigated the suppression of autophagy with the obviously enhanced cytotoxicity of PAMAM dendrimers. Moreover, the blockage of a reactive oxygen species (ROS) could enhance the growth inhibition and apoptosis of hepatocellular carcinoma cells, induced by PAMAM dendrimers through reducing autophagic effects. Taken together, these findings explored the role and mechanism of autophagy induced by PAMAM dendrimers in HepG2 cells, provided new insight into the effect of autophagy on drug delivery nanomaterials and tumor cells and contributed to the use of a drug delivery vehicle for hepatocellular carcinoma treatment.
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Allison DB, Antoine LH, Ballinger SW, Bamman MM, Biga P, Darley-Usmar VM, Fisher G, Gohlke JM, Halade GV, Hartman JL, Hunter GR, Messina JL, Nagy TR, Plaisance EP, Powell ML, Roth KA, Sandel MW, Schwartz TS, Smith DL, Sweatt JD, Tollefsbol TO, Watts SA, Yang Y, Zhang J, Austad SN. Aging and energetics' 'Top 40' future research opportunities 2010-2013. F1000Res 2014; 3:219. [PMID: 25324965 PMCID: PMC4197746 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.5212.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND As part of a coordinated effort to expand our research activity at the interface of Aging and Energetics a team of investigators at The University of Alabama at Birmingham systematically assayed and catalogued the top research priorities identified in leading publications in that domain, believing the result would be useful to the scientific community at large. OBJECTIVE To identify research priorities and opportunities in the domain of aging and energetics as advocated in the 40 most cited papers related to aging and energetics in the last 4 years. DESIGN The investigators conducted a search for papers on aging and energetics in Scopus, ranked the resulting papers by number of times they were cited, and selected the ten most-cited papers in each of the four years that include 2010 to 2013, inclusive. RESULTS Ten research categories were identified from the 40 papers. These included: (1) Calorie restriction (CR) longevity response, (2) role of mTOR (mechanistic target of Rapamycin) and related factors in lifespan extension, (3) nutrient effects beyond energy (especially resveratrol, omega-3 fatty acids, and selected amino acids), 4) autophagy and increased longevity and health, (5) aging-associated predictors of chronic disease, (6) use and effects of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), (7) telomeres relative to aging and energetics, (8) accretion and effects of body fat, (9) the aging heart, and (10) mitochondria, reactive oxygen species, and cellular energetics. CONCLUSION The field is rich with exciting opportunities to build upon our existing knowledge about the relations among aspects of aging and aspects of energetics and to better understand the mechanisms which connect them.
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Affiliation(s)
- David B. Allison
- Office of Energetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, USA
- School of Public Health, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, USA
- Nutrition and Obesity Research Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, USA
- Comprehensive Center for Healthy Aging, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, USA
- UAB Center for Exercise Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, USA
| | - Lisa H. Antoine
- Office of Energetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, USA
- School of Engineering, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, USA
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, USA
| | - Scott W. Ballinger
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, USA
- UAB Center for Exercise Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, USA
| | - Marcas M. Bamman
- Nutrition and Obesity Research Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, USA
- Department of Cell, Developmental, & Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, USA
- UAB Center for Exercise Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, USA
- Birmingham VA Medical Center, Birmingham, USA
| | - Peggy Biga
- Nutrition and Obesity Research Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, USA
- Department of Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, USA
| | - Victor M. Darley-Usmar
- Nutrition and Obesity Research Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, USA
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, USA
- Center for Free Radical Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, USA
| | - Gordon Fisher
- Nutrition and Obesity Research Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, USA
- Department of Human Studies, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, USA
- UAB Center for Exercise Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, USA
| | - Julia M. Gohlke
- Nutrition and Obesity Research Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, USA
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, USA
| | - Ganesh V. Halade
- Nutrition and Obesity Research Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, USA
- Department of Medicine – Cardiovascular Disease, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, USA
| | - John L. Hartman
- Nutrition and Obesity Research Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, USA
- Department of Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, USA
| | - Gary R. Hunter
- Nutrition and Obesity Research Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, USA
- Department of Human Studies, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, USA
- UAB Center for Exercise Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, USA
| | - Joseph L. Messina
- Nutrition and Obesity Research Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, USA
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, USA
- UAB Center for Exercise Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, USA
- Birmingham VA Medical Center, Birmingham, USA
| | - Tim R. Nagy
- Nutrition and Obesity Research Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, USA
- Department of Nutrition Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, USA
- Comprehensive Center for Healthy Aging, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, USA
- UAB Center for Exercise Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, USA
| | - Eric P. Plaisance
- Nutrition and Obesity Research Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, USA
- Department of Human Studies, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, USA
- UAB Center for Exercise Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, USA
| | - Mickie L. Powell
- Nutrition and Obesity Research Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, USA
- Department of Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, USA
| | - Kevin A. Roth
- Nutrition and Obesity Research Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, USA
- Department of Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, USA
| | - Michael W. Sandel
- Nutrition and Obesity Research Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, USA
| | - Tonia S. Schwartz
- School of Public Health, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, USA
- Nutrition and Obesity Research Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, USA
| | - Daniel L. Smith
- Nutrition and Obesity Research Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, USA
- Comprehensive Center for Healthy Aging, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, USA
| | - J. David Sweatt
- UAB Center for Exercise Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, USA
| | - Trygve O. Tollefsbol
- Nutrition and Obesity Research Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, USA
- Department of Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, USA
| | - Stephen A. Watts
- Nutrition and Obesity Research Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, USA
- Department of Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, USA
| | - Yongbin Yang
- Nutrition and Obesity Research Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, USA
- Department of Nutrition Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, USA
| | - Jianhua Zhang
- Center for Free Radical Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, USA
| | - Steven N. Austad
- Nutrition and Obesity Research Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, USA
- Department of Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, USA
- Comprehensive Center for Healthy Aging, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, USA
- UAB Center for Exercise Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, USA
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190
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Mitochondrial function and mitochondrial DNA maintenance with advancing age. Biogerontology 2014; 15:417-38. [PMID: 25015781 DOI: 10.1007/s10522-014-9515-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2014] [Accepted: 07/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
We review the impact of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) maintenance and mitochondrial function on the aging process. Mitochondrial function and mtDNA integrity are closely related. In order to create a protective barrier against reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS) attacks and ensure mtDNA integrity, multiple cellular mtDNA copies are packaged together with various proteins in nucleoids. Regulation of antioxidant and RONS balance, DNA base excision repair, and selective degradation of damaged mtDNA copies preserves normal mtDNA quantities. Oxidative damage to mtDNA molecules does not substantially contribute to increased mtDNA mutation frequency; rather, mtDNA replication errors of DNA PolG are the main source of mtDNA mutations. Mitochondrial turnover is the major contributor to maintenance of mtDNA and functionally active mitochondria. Mitochondrial turnover involves mitochondrial biogenesis, mitochondrial dynamics, and selective autophagic removal of dysfunctional mitochondria (i.e., mitophagy). All of these processes exhibit decreased activity during aging and fall under greater nuclear genome control, possibly coincident with the emergence of nuclear genome instability. We suggest that the age-dependent accumulation of mutated mtDNA copies and dysfunctional mitochondria is associated primarily with decreased cellular autophagic and mitophagic activity.
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191
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Minois N, Rockenfeller P, Smith TK, Carmona-Gutierrez D. Spermidine feeding decreases age-related locomotor activity loss and induces changes in lipid composition. PLoS One 2014; 9:e102435. [PMID: 25010732 PMCID: PMC4092136 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0102435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2013] [Accepted: 06/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Spermidine is a natural polyamine involved in many important cellular functions, whose supplementation in food or water increases life span and stress resistance in several model organisms. In this work, we expand spermidine's range of age-related beneficial effects by demonstrating that it is also able to improve locomotor performance in aged flies. Spermidine's mechanism of action on aging has been primarily related to general protein hypoacetylation that subsequently induces autophagy. Here, we suggest that the molecular targets of spermidine also include lipid metabolism: Spermidine-fed flies contain more triglycerides and show altered fatty acid and phospholipid profiles. We further determine that most of these metabolic changes are regulated through autophagy. Collectively, our data suggests an additional and novel lipid-mediated mechanism of action for spermidine-induced autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadège Minois
- Biomedical Sciences Research Complex, University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews, United Kingdom
| | | | - Terry K. Smith
- Biomedical Sciences Research Complex, University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews, United Kingdom
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192
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TOR complex 2-Ypk1 signaling is an essential positive regulator of the general amino acid control response and autophagy. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 111:10586-91. [PMID: 25002487 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1406305111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The highly conserved Target of Rapamycin (TOR) kinase is a central regulator of cell growth and metabolism in response to nutrient availability. TOR functions in two structurally and functionally distinct complexes, TOR Complex 1 (TORC1) and TOR Complex 2 (TORC2). Through TORC1, TOR negatively regulates autophagy, a conserved process that functions in quality control and cellular homeostasis and, in this capacity, is part of an adaptive nutrient deprivation response. Here we demonstrate that during amino acid starvation TOR also operates independently as a positive regulator of autophagy through the conserved TORC2 and its downstream target protein kinase, Ypk1. Under these conditions, TORC2-Ypk1 signaling negatively regulates the Ca(2+)/calmodulin-dependent phosphatase, calcineurin, to enable the activation of the amino acid-sensing eIF2α kinase, Gcn2, and to promote autophagy. Our work reveals that the TORC2 pathway regulates autophagy in an opposing manner to TORC1 to provide a tunable response to cellular metabolic status.
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193
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Sanchis-Gomar F, Pareja-Galeano H, Mayero S, Perez-Quilis C, Lucia A. New molecular targets and lifestyle interventions to delay aging sarcopenia. Front Aging Neurosci 2014; 6:156. [PMID: 25071565 PMCID: PMC4078253 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2014.00156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2014] [Accepted: 06/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Sanchis-Gomar
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Valencia and Fundación Investigación Hospital Clínico Universitario INCLIVA , Valencia , Spain ; Department of Molecular and Mitochondrial Medicine, University Research Institute "Dr. Viña Giner", Catholic University of Valencia "San Vicente Mártir" , Valencia , Spain
| | - Helios Pareja-Galeano
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Valencia and Fundación Investigación Hospital Clínico Universitario INCLIVA , Valencia , Spain
| | - Sara Mayero
- Department of Psychiatry, Hospital General Universitario , Valencia , Spain
| | - Carme Perez-Quilis
- Department of Molecular and Mitochondrial Medicine, University Research Institute "Dr. Viña Giner", Catholic University of Valencia "San Vicente Mártir" , Valencia , Spain
| | - Alejandro Lucia
- Universidad Europea and Research Institute of Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12) , Madrid , Spain
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194
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Carroll B, Korolchuk VI, Sarkar S. Amino acids and autophagy: cross-talk and co-operation to control cellular homeostasis. Amino Acids 2014; 47:2065-88. [PMID: 24965527 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-014-1775-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2014] [Accepted: 05/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Maintenance of amino acid homeostasis is important for healthy cellular function, metabolism and growth. Intracellular amino acid concentrations are dynamic; the high demand for protein synthesis must be met with constant dietary intake, followed by cellular influx, utilization and recycling of nutrients. Autophagy is a catabolic process via which superfluous or damaged proteins and organelles are delivered to the lysosome and degraded to release free amino acids into the cytoplasm. Furthermore, autophagy is specifically activated in response to amino acid starvation via two key signaling cascades: the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) complex 1 (mTORC1) and the general control nonderepressible 2 (GCN2) pathways. These pathways are key regulators of the integration between anabolic (amino acid depleting) and catabolic (such as autophagy which is amino acid replenishing) processes to ensure intracellular amino acid homeostasis. Here, we discuss the key roles that amino acids, along with energy (ATP, glucose) and oxygen, are playing in cellular growth and proliferation. We further explore how sophisticated methods are employed by cells to sense intracellular amino acid concentrations, how amino acids can act as a switch to dictate the temporal and spatial activation of anabolic and catabolic processes and how autophagy contributes to the replenishment of free amino acids, all to ensure cell survival. Relevance of these molecular processes to cellular and organismal physiology and pathology is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernadette Carroll
- Institute for Ageing and Health, Newcastle University, Campus for Ageing and Vitality, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE4 5PL, UK
| | - Viktor I Korolchuk
- Institute for Ageing and Health, Newcastle University, Campus for Ageing and Vitality, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE4 5PL, UK.
| | - Sovan Sarkar
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 9 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA.
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195
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196
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WANG YAO, XU KUN, ZHANG HONGBING, ZHAO JUNHONG, ZHU XIUPING, WANG YANGZHENG, WU RENYI. Retinal ganglion cell death is triggered by paraptosis via reactive oxygen species production: A brief literature review presenting a novel hypothesis in glaucoma pathology. Mol Med Rep 2014; 10:1179-83. [DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2014.2346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2013] [Accepted: 05/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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197
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Visvikis O, Ihuegbu N, Labed SA, Luhachack LG, Alves AMF, Wollenberg AC, Stuart LM, Stormo GD, Irazoqui JE. Innate host defense requires TFEB-mediated transcription of cytoprotective and antimicrobial genes. Immunity 2014; 40:896-909. [PMID: 24882217 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2014.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 219] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2013] [Accepted: 04/08/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Animal host defense against infection requires the expression of defense genes at the right place and the right time. Understanding such tight control of host defense requires the elucidation of the transcription factors involved. By using an unbiased approach in the model Caenorhabditis elegans, we discovered that HLH-30 (known as TFEB in mammals) is a key transcription factor for host defense. HLH-30 was activated shortly after Staphylococcus aureus infection, and drove the expression of close to 80% of the host response, including antimicrobial and autophagy genes that were essential for host tolerance of infection. TFEB was also rapidly activated in murine macrophages upon S. aureus infection and was required for proper transcriptional induction of several proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines. Thus, our data suggest that TFEB is a previously unappreciated, evolutionarily ancient transcription factor in the host response to infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orane Visvikis
- Laboratory of Comparative Immunology, Center for the Study of Inflammatory Bowel Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
| | - Nnamdi Ihuegbu
- Department of Genetics, Center for Genome Sciences, Washington University Medical School, Saint Louis, Missouri 63118, USA
| | - Sid A Labed
- Laboratory of Comparative Immunology, Center for the Study of Inflammatory Bowel Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
| | - Lyly G Luhachack
- Laboratory of Comparative Immunology, Center for the Study of Inflammatory Bowel Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
| | - Anna-Maria F Alves
- Laboratory of Comparative Immunology, Center for the Study of Inflammatory Bowel Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
| | - Amanda C Wollenberg
- Laboratory of Comparative Immunology, Center for the Study of Inflammatory Bowel Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
| | - Lynda M Stuart
- Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA
| | - Gary D Stormo
- Department of Genetics, Center for Genome Sciences, Washington University Medical School, Saint Louis, Missouri 63118, USA
| | - Javier E Irazoqui
- Laboratory of Comparative Immunology, Center for the Study of Inflammatory Bowel Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
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198
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Mulakkal NC, Nagy P, Takats S, Tusco R, Juhász G, Nezis IP. Autophagy in Drosophila: from historical studies to current knowledge. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:273473. [PMID: 24949430 PMCID: PMC4052151 DOI: 10.1155/2014/273473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2014] [Accepted: 04/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The discovery of evolutionarily conserved Atg genes required for autophagy in yeast truly revolutionized this research field and made it possible to carry out functional studies on model organisms. Insects including Drosophila are classical and still popular models to study autophagy, starting from the 1960s. This review aims to summarize past achievements and our current knowledge about the role and regulation of autophagy in Drosophila, with an outlook to yeast and mammals. The basic mechanisms of autophagy in fruit fly cells appear to be quite similar to other eukaryotes, and the role that this lysosomal self-degradation process plays in Drosophila models of various diseases already made it possible to recognize certain aspects of human pathologies. Future studies in this complete animal hold great promise for the better understanding of such processes and may also help finding new research avenues for the treatment of disorders with misregulated autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nitha C. Mulakkal
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Peter Nagy
- Department of Anatomy, Cell and Developmental Biology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest H-1117, Hungary
| | - Szabolcs Takats
- Department of Anatomy, Cell and Developmental Biology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest H-1117, Hungary
| | - Radu Tusco
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Gábor Juhász
- Department of Anatomy, Cell and Developmental Biology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest H-1117, Hungary
| | - Ioannis P. Nezis
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
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199
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Stacchiotti A, Rovetta F, Ferroni M, Corsetti G, Lavazza A, Sberveglieri G, Aleo MF. Taurine rescues cisplatin-induced muscle atrophy in vitro: a morphological study. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2014; 2014:840951. [PMID: 24955211 PMCID: PMC4053152 DOI: 10.1155/2014/840951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2014] [Revised: 03/27/2014] [Accepted: 04/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Cisplatin (CisPt) is a widely used chemotherapeutic drug whose side effects include muscle weakness and cachexia. Here we analysed CisPt-induced atrophy in C2C12 myotubes by a multidisciplinary morphological approach, focusing on the onset and progression of autophagy, a protective cellular process that, when excessively activated, may trigger protein hypercatabolism and atrophy in skeletal muscle. To visualize autophagy we used confocal and transmission electron microscopy at different times of treatment and doses of CisPt. Moreover we evaluated the effects of taurine, a cytoprotective beta-amino acid able to counteract oxidative stress, apoptosis, and endoplasmic reticulum stress in different tissues and organs. Our microscopic results indicate that autophagy occurs very early in 50 μM CisPt challenged myotubes (4 h-8 h) before overt atrophy but it persists even at 24 h, when several autophagic vesicles, damaged mitochondria, and sarcoplasmic blebbings engulf the sarcoplasm. Differently, 25 mM taurine pretreatment rescues the majority of myotubes size upon 50 μM CisPt at 24 h. Taurine appears to counteract atrophy by restoring regular microtubular apparatus and mitochondria and reducing the overload and the localization of autophagolysosomes. Such a promising taurine action in preventing atrophy needs further molecular and biochemical studies to best define its impact on muscle homeostasis and the maintenance of an adequate skeletal mass in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Stacchiotti
- Division of Anatomy and Physiopathology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Brescia University, Viale Europa 11, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Francesca Rovetta
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Brescia University, Viale Europa 11, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Matteo Ferroni
- Department of Information Engineering, CNR-IDASC Sensor Laboratory, Brescia University, Via Valotti 9, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Giovanni Corsetti
- Division of Anatomy and Physiopathology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Brescia University, Viale Europa 11, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Antonio Lavazza
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e Dell'Emilia-Romagna, Via A. Bianchi 7/9, 25124 Brescia, Italy
| | - Giorgio Sberveglieri
- Department of Information Engineering, CNR-IDASC Sensor Laboratory, Brescia University, Via Valotti 9, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Maria Francesca Aleo
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Brescia University, Viale Europa 11, 25123 Brescia, Italy
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200
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Ruckenstuhl C, Netzberger C, Entfellner I, Carmona-Gutierrez D, Kickenweiz T, Stekovic S, Gleixner C, Schmid C, Klug L, Sorgo AG, Eisenberg T, Büttner S, Mariño G, Koziel R, Jansen-Dürr P, Fröhlich KU, Kroemer G, Madeo F. Lifespan extension by methionine restriction requires autophagy-dependent vacuolar acidification. PLoS Genet 2014; 10:e1004347. [PMID: 24785424 PMCID: PMC4006742 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1004347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2013] [Accepted: 03/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Reduced supply of the amino acid methionine increases longevity across species through an as yet elusive mechanism. Here, we report that methionine restriction (MetR) extends yeast chronological lifespan in an autophagy-dependent manner. Single deletion of several genes essential for autophagy (ATG5, ATG7 or ATG8) fully abolished the longevity-enhancing capacity of MetR. While pharmacological or genetic inhibition of TOR1 increased lifespan in methionine-prototroph yeast, TOR1 suppression failed to extend the longevity of methionine-restricted yeast cells. Notably, vacuole-acidity was specifically enhanced by MetR, a phenotype that essentially required autophagy. Overexpression of vacuolar ATPase components (Vma1p or Vph2p) suffices to increase chronological lifespan of methionine-prototrophic yeast. In contrast, lifespan extension upon MetR was prevented by inhibition of vacuolar acidity upon disruption of the vacuolar ATPase. In conclusion, autophagy promotes lifespan extension upon MetR and requires the subsequent stimulation of vacuolar acidification, while it is epistatic to the equally autophagy-dependent anti-aging pathway triggered by TOR1 inhibition or deletion.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Iryna Entfellner
- Institute for Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | | | - Thomas Kickenweiz
- Institute for Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Slaven Stekovic
- Institute for Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | | | - Christian Schmid
- Institute for Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Lisa Klug
- Institute for Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Alice G. Sorgo
- Institute for Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Tobias Eisenberg
- Institute for Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Sabrina Büttner
- Institute for Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Guillermo Mariño
- INSERM, U848, Villejuif, France
- Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
- Université Paris Sud, Paris 11, Villejuif, France
| | - Rafal Koziel
- Institute for Biomedical Aging Research (IBA), Austrian Academy of Sciences, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Pidder Jansen-Dürr
- Institute for Biomedical Aging Research (IBA), Austrian Academy of Sciences, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Kai-Uwe Fröhlich
- Institute for Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Guido Kroemer
- INSERM, U848, Villejuif, France
- Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
- Metabolomics Platform, Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France
- Pôle de Biologie, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, AP-HP, Paris, France
- Université Paris Descartes, Paris 5, Paris, France
| | - Frank Madeo
- Institute for Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
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