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Caballero FJ, Soler-Torronteras R, Lara-Chica M, García V, Fiebich BL, Muñoz E, Calzado MA. AM404 inhibits NFAT and NF-κB signaling pathways and impairs migration and invasiveness of neuroblastoma cells. Eur J Pharmacol 2014; 746:221-32. [PMID: 25460026 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2014.11.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2014] [Revised: 11/14/2014] [Accepted: 11/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
N-Arachidonoylphenolamine (AM404), a paracetamol lipid metabolite, is a modulator of the endocannabinoid system endowed with pleiotropic activities. AM404 is a dual agonist of the Transient Receptor Potential Vanilloid type 1 (TRPV1) and the Cannabinoid Receptor type 1 (CB₁) and inhibits anandamide (AEA) transport and degradation. In addition, it has been shown that AM404 also exerts biological activities through TRPV1- and CB₁ -independent pathways. In the present study we have investigated the effect of AM404 in the NFAT and NF-κB signaling pathways in SK-N-SH neuroblastoma cells. AM404 inhibited NFAT transcriptional activity through a CB₁- and TRPV1-independent mechanism. Moreover, AM404 inhibited both the expression of COX-2 at transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels and the synthesis of PGE₂. AM404 also inhibited NF-κB activation induced by PMA/Ionomycin in SK-N-SH cells by targeting IKKβ phosphorylation and activation. We found that Cot/Tlp-2 induced NFAT and COX-2 transcriptional activities were inhibited by AM404. NFAT inhibition paralleled with the ability of AM404 to inhibit MMP-1, -3 and -7 expression, cell migration and invasion in a cell-type specific dependent manner. Taken together, these data reveal that paracetamol, the precursor of AM404, can be explored not only as an antipyretic and painkiller drug but also as a co-adjuvant therapy in inflammatory and cancer diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco J Caballero
- Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC)/ Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía/ Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Rafael Soler-Torronteras
- Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC)/ Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía/ Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Maribel Lara-Chica
- Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC)/ Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía/ Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Victor García
- Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC)/ Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía/ Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Bernd L Fiebich
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Freiburg Medical School, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Eduardo Muñoz
- Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC)/ Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía/ Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain.
| | - Marco A Calzado
- Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC)/ Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía/ Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain.
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Tardif G, Pelletier JP, Fahmi H, Hum D, Zhang Y, Kapoor M, Martel-Pelletier J. NFAT3 and TGF-β/SMAD3 regulate the expression of miR-140 in osteoarthritis. Arthritis Res Ther 2014; 15:R197. [PMID: 24257415 PMCID: PMC3978709 DOI: 10.1186/ar4387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2013] [Accepted: 11/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction MicroRNAs (miRNAs) down-regulate their target genes. The intronic miR-140, present in the WW domain containing E3 ubiquitin protein ligase 2 (WWP2) gene, decreases the expression of genes that play detrimental roles in osteoarthritis (OA). As the expression level of miR-140 is significantly decreased in human OA chondrocytes, we investigated its regulation in those cells. Methods Gene expression in human chondrocytes was determined by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) and gene silencing was done in OA chondrocytes by transient transfection with specific small interfering RNAs (siRNAs). Binding sites of the miR-140 regulatory sequence (rsmiR-140) were identified by mutagenesis and chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) in OA chondrocytes. The effects of translocation on OA chondrocytes were determined by immunocytochemistry and qPCR. Results In contrast to miR-140, the expression of WWP2 was similar in both normal and OA cells, suggesting that miR-140 has an additional level of regulation. rsmiR-140 showed activity and predicted binding sites for nuclear matrix transcription factor 4 (NMP4), myc-associated zinc (MAZ), nuclear factor of activated T-cells (NFAT), and mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 3 (SMAD3). Silencing NFAT3 (P ≤0.01) and SMAD3 (P ≤0.05) differentially regulated miR-140 independently of WWP2. Silencing NFAT5 decreased both miR-140 and WWP2 (P ≤0.003 and P ≤0.05, respectively). NFAT3 activation increased and transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) decreased rsmiR-140 activity. Mutagenesis of rsmiR-140 and ChIP assays identified binding sites at which NFAT3 (activator) and SMAD3 (repressor) directly regulated miR-140. TGF-β interfered with NFAT3 translocation, and subsequently with miR-140 expression. Conclusions This is the first study to provide evidence of a regulatory mechanism of miR-140 independent of WWP2, and new and differential roles for NFAT3 and SMAD3 in the OA process in the regulation of miR-140 transcription. Such knowledge could advance therapeutic strategies targeting OA.
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Mognol GP, de Araujo-Souza PS, Robbs BK, Teixeira LK, Viola JP. Transcriptional regulation of thec-Mycpromoter by NFAT1 involves negative and positive NFAT-responsive elements. Cell Cycle 2014; 11:1014-28. [DOI: 10.4161/cc.11.5.19518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
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Li JT, Wang LF, Zhao YL, Yang T, Li W, Zhao J, Yu F, Wang L, Meng YL, Liu NN, Zhu XS, Gao CF, Jia LT, Yang AG. Nuclear factor of activated T cells 5 maintained by Hotair suppression of miR-568 upregulates S100 calcium binding protein A4 to promote breast cancer metastasis. Breast Cancer Res 2014; 16:454. [PMID: 25311085 PMCID: PMC4303133 DOI: 10.1186/s13058-014-0454-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2014] [Accepted: 10/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction The onset of distal metastasis, which underlies the high mortality of breast cancers, warrants substantial studies to depict its molecular basis. Nuclear factor of activated T cells 5 (NFAT5) is upregulated in various malignancies and is critically involved in migration and invasion of neoplastic cells. Nevertheless, the metastasis-related events potentiated by this transcriptional factor and the mechanism responsible for NFAT5 elevation in carcinoma cells remain to be fully elucidated. Methods The correlation of NFAT5 with breast cancer invasiveness was investigated in vitro and clinically. The genes transcriptionally activated by NFAT5 were probed and their roles in breast cancer progression were dissected. The upstream regulators of NFAT5 were studied with particular attempt to explore the involvement of non-coding RNAs, and the mechanism underlying the maintenance of NFAT5 expression was deciphered. Results In metastatic breast cancers, NFAT5 promotes epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and invasion of cells by switching on the expression of the calcium binding protein S100A4, and facilitates the angiogenesis of breast epithelial cells and thus the development of metastases by transcriptionally activating vascular endothelial growth factor C (VEGF-C). NFAT5 is directly targeted by miR-568, which is in turn suppressed by the long non-coding RNA, Hotair, via a documented in trans gene silencing pattern, that is recruitment of the polycomb complex (Polycomb Repressive Complex 2; PRC2) and LSD1, and consequently methylation of histone H3K27 and demethylation of H3K4 on the miR-568 loci. Conclusion This study unravels a detailed role of NFAT5 in mediating metastatic signaling, and provides broad insights into the involvement of Hotair, in particular, by transcriptionally regulating the expression of microRNA(s), in the metastasis of breast cancers. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13058-014-0454-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Brun C, Demeaux A, Guaddachi F, Jean-Louis F, Oddos T, Bagot M, Bensussan A, Jauliac S, Michel L. T-plastin expression downstream to the calcineurin/NFAT pathway is involved in keratinocyte migration. PLoS One 2014; 9:e104700. [PMID: 25226517 PMCID: PMC4165579 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0104700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2014] [Accepted: 07/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cutaneous wound healing requires keratinocyte proliferation, migration and differentiation to restore the barrier function of the skin. The calcineurin/nuclear factor of activated-T-cell (NFAT) signaling pathway has been recently shown to be involved in keratinocyte growth, differentiation and migration. It is induced by an increased intracellular calcium rate and its inhibition results in decreased capacities of keratinocytes to migrate. Nevertheless, the link between calcineurin activation and keratinocyte migration remains unknown. Recently, Orai1, a pore subunit of a store-operated calcium channel that favors calcium influx, was shown to play a critical role to control proliferation and migration of basal keratinocytes. Of interest, the actin-bundling T-plastin is crucial in cell motility through cross-linking to actin filament and its synthesis was shown to be induced by calcium influx and regulated by the calcineurin/NFAT pathway in tumor Sezary cells. We investigated herein the role of the calcineurin/NFAT pathway-dependent T-plastin in keratinocyte migration, by quantifying T-plastin expression in keratinocytes and by analyzing their migration under calcineurin inhibition or knockdown of NFAT2 or T-plastin. We did confirm the role of the calcineurin/NFAT pathway in keratinocyte migration as shown by their decreased capacities to migrate after FK506 treatment or siNFAT2 transfection in both scratching and Boyden assays. The expression of NFAT2 and T-plastin in keratinocytes was decreased under FK506 treatment, suggesting that T-plastin plays a role in keratinocyte migration downstream to the calcineurin/NFAT pathway. Accordingly, siRNA knockdown of T-plastin expression also decreased their migration capacities. Actin lamellipodia formation as well as FAK and β6-integrin expression were also significantly decreased after treatment with FK506 or siRNA, reinforcing that NFAT2-dependent T-plastin expression plays a role in keratinocyte migration. These results indicate that T-plastin might be considered as a major actor in the mechanisms underlying calcineurin/NFAT-dependent keratinocyte migration and may explain wound-healing defects observed in patients under calcineurin inhibitor long-term treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cécilia Brun
- INSERM U976, Centre de Recherche sur la Peau, Hôpital Saint Louis, Paris, France, and Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris cité, Paris, France
- Johnson & Johnson Santé Beauté France, Centre de Recherche, Val de Reuil, France
| | - Agathe Demeaux
- INSERM U976, Centre de Recherche sur la Peau, Hôpital Saint Louis, Paris, France, and Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris cité, Paris, France
| | - Frédéric Guaddachi
- INSERM U976, Centre de Recherche sur la Peau, Hôpital Saint Louis, Paris, France, and Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris cité, Paris, France
| | - Francette Jean-Louis
- INSERM U976, Centre de Recherche sur la Peau, Hôpital Saint Louis, Paris, France, and Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris cité, Paris, France
| | - Thierry Oddos
- Johnson & Johnson Santé Beauté France, Centre de Recherche, Val de Reuil, France
| | - Martine Bagot
- INSERM U976, Centre de Recherche sur la Peau, Hôpital Saint Louis, Paris, France, and Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris cité, Paris, France
| | - Armand Bensussan
- INSERM U976, Centre de Recherche sur la Peau, Hôpital Saint Louis, Paris, France, and Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris cité, Paris, France
| | - Sébastien Jauliac
- INSERM U976, Centre de Recherche sur la Peau, Hôpital Saint Louis, Paris, France, and Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris cité, Paris, France
| | - Laurence Michel
- INSERM U976, Centre de Recherche sur la Peau, Hôpital Saint Louis, Paris, France, and Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris cité, Paris, France
- * E-mail:
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156
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Extracellular osmolarity regulates matrix homeostasis in the intervertebral disc and articular cartilage: evolving role of TonEBP. Matrix Biol 2014; 40:10-6. [PMID: 25172826 PMCID: PMC4390124 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2014.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2014] [Revised: 08/18/2014] [Accepted: 08/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Degeneration of the intervertebral disc is characterized by changes in proteoglycan status, loss of bound water molecules, decreased tissue osmotic pressure and a resulting mechanical failure of the disc. A similar spectrum of changes is evident in osteoarthritic articular cartilage. When healthy, resident cells in these skeletal tissues respond to applied mechanical loads by regulating their own osmotic state and the hydration of the extracellular matrix. The transcription factor Tonicity-Responsive Enhancer Binding Protein (TonEBP or NFAT5) is known to mediate the osmoadaptive response in these and other tissues. While the molecular basis of how osmotic loading controls matrix homeostasis is not completely understood, TonEBP regulates the expression of aggrecan and β1,3-glucoronosyltransferase in nucleus pulposus cells, in addition to targets that allow for survival under hypertonic stress. Moreover, in chondrocytes, TonEBP controls expression of several collagen subtypes and Sox9, a master regulator of aggrecan and collagen II expression. Thus, TonEBP-mediated regulation of the matrix composition allows disc cells and chondrocytes to modify the extracellular osmotic state itself. On the other hand, TonEBP in immune cells induces expression of TNF-α, IL-6 and MCP-1, pro-inflammatory molecules closely linked to matrix catabolism and pathogenesis of both disc degeneration and osteoarthritis, warranting investigations of this aspect of TonEBP function in skeletal cells. In summary, the TonEBP system, through its effects on extracellular matrix and osmoregulatory genes can be viewed primarily as a protective or homeostatic response to physiological loading.
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Levin-Gromiko U, Koshelev V, Kushnir P, Fedida-Metula S, Voronov E, Fishman D. Amplified lipid rafts of malignant cells constitute a target for inhibition of aberrantly active NFAT and melanoma tumor growth by the aminobisphosphonate zoledronic acid. Carcinogenesis 2014; 35:2555-66. [DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgu178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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158
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Inhibition of breast cancer cell proliferation through disturbance of the calcineurin/NFAT pathway by human herpesvirus 6B U54 tegument protein. J Virol 2014; 88:12910-4. [PMID: 25122795 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02107-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Nuclear factor of activated T cell (NFAT) proteins are key regulators involved in multiple physiological mechanisms, such as immune response and cell growth. The capacity of selective calcineurin/NFAT inhibitors to decrease NFAT-dependent cancer cell progression, particularly in breast cancer, has already been demonstrated. In this study, we report a role for the human herpesvirus 6B (HHV-6B) U54 tegument protein in inhibiting MCF-7 breast cancer cell proliferation by inhibiting NFAT activation.
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159
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Kim NH, Choi S, Han EJ, Hong BK, Choi SY, Kwon HM, Hwang SY, Cho CS, Kim WU. The xanthine oxidase-NFAT5 pathway regulates macrophage activation and TLR-induced inflammatory arthritis. Eur J Immunol 2014; 44:2721-36. [PMID: 25044064 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201343669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2013] [Revised: 06/09/2014] [Accepted: 07/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
NFAT5 (nuclear factor of activated T cells), a well-known osmoprotective factor, can be activated by isotonic stimuli such as Toll-like receptor (TLR) triggering. However, it is unclear how NFAT5 discriminates between isotonic and hypertonic stimuli to produce different functional and molecular outcomes. Here, we identified a novel XO-ROS-p38 MAPK-NFAT5 pathway (XO is xanthine oxidase, ROS is reactive oxygen species) that is activated in RAW 264.7 macrophages upon isotonic TLR stimulation. Unlike what is seen under hypertonic conditions, XO-derived ROS were selectively required for the TLR-induced NFAT5 activation and NFAT5 binding to the IL-6 promoter in RAW 264.7 macrophages under isotonic conditions. In mouse peritoneal macrophages and human macrophages, TLR ligation also induced NFAT5 activation, which was dependent on XO and p38 kinase. The involvement of XO in NFAT5 activation by TLR was confirmed in RAW 264.7 macrophages implanted in BALB/c mice. Moreover, allopurinol, an XO inhibitor, suppressed arthritis severity and decreased the expression of NFAT5 and IL-6 in splenic macrophages in C57BL/6 mice. Collectively, these data support a novel function of the XO-NFAT5 axis in macrophage activation and TLR-induced arthritis, and suggest that XO inhibitor(s) could serve as a therapeutic agent for chronic inflammatory arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nam-Hoon Kim
- POSTECH-CATHOLIC BioMedical Engineering Institute, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
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Küper C, Beck FX, Neuhofer W. NFAT5-mediated expression of S100A4 contributes to proliferation and migration of renal carcinoma cells. Front Physiol 2014; 5:293. [PMID: 25152734 PMCID: PMC4126233 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2014.00293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2013] [Accepted: 07/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The osmosensitive transcription factor nuclear factor of activated T-cells (NFAT) 5, also known as tonicity enhancer binding protein (TonEBP), has been associated with the development of a variety of tumor entities, among them breast cancer, colon carcinoma, and melanoma. The aim of the present study was to determine whether NFAT5 is also involved in the development of renal cell carcinoma (RCC). The most common type of RCC, the clear cell RCC, originates from the proximal convoluted tubule. We tested our hypothesis in the clear cell RCC cell line CaKi-1 and the non-cancerous proximal tubule cell line HK-2, as control. Basal expression of NFAT5 and NFAT5 activity in CaKi-1 cells was several times higher than in HK-2 cells. Osmotic stress induced an increased NFAT5 activity in both CaKi-1 and HK-2 cells, again with significantly higher activities in CaKi-1 cells. Analysis of NFAT5-regulating signaling pathways in CaKi-1 cells revealed that inhibition of the MAP kinases p38, c-Jun-terminal kinase (JNK) and extracellular regulated kinase (ERK) and of the focal adhesion kinase (FAK) partially blunted NFAT5 activity. FAK and ERK were both constitutively active, even under isotonic conditions, which may contribute to the high basal expression and activity of NFAT5 in CaKi-1 cells. In contrast, the MAP kinases p38 and JNK were inactive under isotonic conditions and became activated under osmotic stress conditions, indicating that p38 and JNK mediate upregulation of NFAT5 activity under these conditions. siRNA-mediated knockdown of NFAT5 in CaKi-1 cells reduced the expression of S100A4, a member of the S100 family of proteins, which promotes metastasis. Knockdown of NFAT5 was accompanied by a significant decrease in proliferation and migration activity. Taken together, our results indicate that NFAT5 induces S100A4 expression in CaKi-1 cells, thereby playing an important role in RCC proliferation and migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Küper
- Department of Physiology, University of Munich Munich, Germany
| | | | - Wolfgang Neuhofer
- Department of Internal Medicine, Medical Faculty of Mannheim, Medical Clinic V, University of Heidelberg Mannheim, Germany
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Qin JJ, Nag S, Wang W, Zhou J, Zhang WD, Wang H, Zhang R. NFAT as cancer target: mission possible? Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2014; 1846:297-311. [PMID: 25072963 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2014.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2014] [Revised: 07/17/2014] [Accepted: 07/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The NFAT signaling pathway regulates various aspects of cellular functions; NFAT acts as a calcium sensor, integrating calcium signaling with other pathways involved in development and growth, immune response, and inflammatory response. The NFAT family of transcription factors regulates diverse cellular functions such as cell survival, proliferation, migration, invasion, and angiogenesis. The NFAT isoforms are constitutively activated and overexpressed in several cancer types wherein they transactivate downstream targets that play important roles in cancer development and progression. Though the NFAT family has been conclusively proved to be pivotal in cancer progression, the different isoforms play distinct roles in different cellular contexts. In this review, our discussion is focused on the mechanisms that drive the activation of various NFAT isoforms in cancer. Additionally, we analyze the potential of NFAT as a valid target for cancer prevention and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiang-Jiang Qin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX 79106, USA
| | - Subhasree Nag
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX 79106, USA
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX 79106, USA; Cancer Biology Center, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX 79106, USA
| | - Jianwei Zhou
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Toxicology, Cancer Center, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, PR China
| | - Wei-Dong Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, PR China
| | - Hui Wang
- Key Laboratory of Food Safety Research, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, PR China; Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, Ministry of Health, Beijing 100021, PR China
| | - Ruiwen Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX 79106, USA; Cancer Biology Center, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX 79106, USA.
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He N, Zheng H, Li P, Zhao Y, Zhang W, Song F, Chen K. miR-485-5p binding site SNP rs8752 in HPGD gene is associated with breast cancer risk. PLoS One 2014; 9:e102093. [PMID: 25003827 PMCID: PMC4087002 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0102093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2014] [Accepted: 06/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that reside in microRNA target sites may play an important role in breast cancer development and progression. To reveal the association between microRNA target site SNPs and breast cancer risk, we performed a large case-control study in China. METHODS We performed a two-stage case-control study including 2744 breast cancer cases and 3125 controls. In Stage I, we genotyped 192 SNPs within microRNA binding sites identified from the "Patrocles" database using custom Illumina GoldenGate VeraCode assays on the Illumina BeadXpress platform. In Stage II, genotyping was performed on SNPs potentially associated with breast cancer risk using the TaqMan platform in an independent replication set. RESULTS In stage I, 15 SNPs were identified to be significantly associated with breast cancer risk (P<0.05). In stage II, one SNP rs8752 was replicated at P<0.05. This SNP is located in the 3' untranslated region (UTR) of the 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase (HPGD) gene at 4q34-35, a miR-485-5p binding site. Compared with the GG genotype, the combined GA+AA genotypes has a significantly higher risk of breast cancer (OR = 1.18; 95% CI: 1.06-1.31, P = 0.002). Specifically, this SNP was associated with estrogen receptor (ER) positive breast cancer (P = 0.0007), but not with ER negative breast cancer (P = 0.23), though p for heterogeneity not significant. CONCLUSION Through a systematic case-control study of microRNA binding site SNPs, we identified a new breast cancer risk variant rs8752 in HPGD in Chinese women. Further studies are warranted to investigate the underling mechanism for this association.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na He
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, National Clinical Research Center of Cancer, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, P. R. China
| | - Hong Zheng
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, National Clinical Research Center of Cancer, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, P. R. China
| | - Pei Li
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, National Clinical Research Center of Cancer, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, P. R. China
| | - Yanrui Zhao
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, National Clinical Research Center of Cancer, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, P. R. China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Pathology, the University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Fengju Song
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, National Clinical Research Center of Cancer, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, P. R. China
- * E-mail:
| | - Kexin Chen
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, National Clinical Research Center of Cancer, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, P. R. China
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163
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Sun X, Wu Y, Herculano B, Song W. RCAN1 overexpression exacerbates calcium overloading-induced neuronal apoptosis. PLoS One 2014; 9:e95471. [PMID: 24751678 PMCID: PMC3994074 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0095471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2014] [Accepted: 03/26/2014] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Down Syndrome (DS) patients develop characteristic Alzheimer's Disease (AD) neuropathology after their middle age. Prominent neuronal loss has been observed in the cortical regions of AD brains. However, the underlying mechanism leading to this neuronal loss in both DS and AD remains to be elucidated. Calcium overloading and oxidative stress have been implicated in AD pathogenesis. Two major isoforms of regulator of calcineurin 1 (RCAN1), RCAN1.1 and RCAN1.4, are detected in human brains. In this report we defined the transcriptional regulation of RCAN1.1 and RCAN1.4 by two alternative promoters. Calcium overloading upregulated RCAN1.4 expression by activating RCAN1.4 promoter through calcineurin-NFAT signaling pathway, thus forming a negative feedback loop in isoform 4 regulation. Furthermore, RCAN1.4 overexpression exacerbated calcium overloading-induced neuronal apoptosis, which was mediated by caspase-3 apoptotic pathway. Our results suggest that downregulating RCAN1.4 expression in neurons could be beneficial to AD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiulian Sun
- Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
- Townsend Family Laboratories, Department of Psychiatry, Brain Research Center, Graduate Program in Neuroscience, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Yili Wu
- Chongqing City Key Lab of Translational Medical Research in Cognitive Development and Learning and Memory Disorders, and Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Townsend Family Laboratories, Department of Psychiatry, Brain Research Center, Graduate Program in Neuroscience, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Bruno Herculano
- Townsend Family Laboratories, Department of Psychiatry, Brain Research Center, Graduate Program in Neuroscience, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Weihong Song
- Chongqing City Key Lab of Translational Medical Research in Cognitive Development and Learning and Memory Disorders, and Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Townsend Family Laboratories, Department of Psychiatry, Brain Research Center, Graduate Program in Neuroscience, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
- * E-mail:
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Mena MP, Papiewska-Pajak I, Przygodzka P, Kozaczuk A, Boncela J, Cierniewski CS. NFAT2 regulates COX-2 expression and modulates the integrin repertoire in endothelial cells at the crossroads of angiogenesis and inflammation. Exp Cell Res 2014; 324:124-36. [PMID: 24657343 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2014.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2013] [Revised: 02/17/2014] [Accepted: 03/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The mechanisms controlling the switch between the pro-angiogenic and pro-inflammatory states of endothelial cells are still poorly understood. In this paper, we show that: (a) COX-2 expression induced by VEGF-A is NFAT2-dependent; and (b) the integrin profile in endothelial cells induced by the pro-angiogenic VEGF-A is distinct from that brought on by the inflammatory cytokine TNF-α. Two groups of integrin subunits specifically upregulated over time by both cytokines were identified using RT-PCR and Western Immunoblotting. The first group included α4, α5, α6, and β5 subunits that were upregulated by VEGF-A; the second group consisted of αV and β3 induced by TNF-α. Both cytokines significantly enhanced the expression of β1 and modulated α2 mRNA. In contrast to TNF-α, VEGF-A induction of integrin subunits depended on the activation of the calcineurin/NFAT pathway. Both calcineurin inhibitors (cyclosporineA and 11R-VIVIT) and downregulation of NFAT2 with specific siRNA decreased induction of integrin subunits. This process of induction could be increased by upregulation of NFAT2 by pBJ5-NFAT2 transfection. This suggests that NFAT2 mediates VEGF-induced upregulation of integrin subunit synthesis by providing a constant supply of newly synthesized "refreshed" mature integrin receptors, particularly α2β1, α5β1, α4β1, α6β1 and αVβ5, which are involved at different stages of angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mari-Pau Mena
- Institute of Medical Biology, Polish Academy of Science, Lodz 93-232, Poland
| | - Izabela Papiewska-Pajak
- Institute of Medical Biology, Polish Academy of Science, Lodz 93-232, Poland; Department of Molecular and Medical Biophysics, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland.
| | - Patrycja Przygodzka
- Institute of Medical Biology, Polish Academy of Science, Lodz 93-232, Poland
| | - Anna Kozaczuk
- Institute of Medical Biology, Polish Academy of Science, Lodz 93-232, Poland
| | - Joanna Boncela
- Institute of Medical Biology, Polish Academy of Science, Lodz 93-232, Poland
| | - Czeslaw S Cierniewski
- Institute of Medical Biology, Polish Academy of Science, Lodz 93-232, Poland; Department of Molecular and Medical Biophysics, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
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165
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Scherer C, Pfisterer L, Wagner AH, Hödebeck M, Cattaruzza M, Hecker M, Korff T. Arterial wall stress controls NFAT5 activity in vascular smooth muscle cells. J Am Heart Assoc 2014; 3:e000626. [PMID: 24614757 PMCID: PMC4187483 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.113.000626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Background Nuclear factor of activated T‐cells 5 (NFAT5) has recently been described to control the phenotype of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs). Although an increase in wall stress or stretch (eg, elicited by hypertension) is a prototypic determinant of VSMC activation, the impact of this biomechanical force on the activity of NFAT5 is unknown. This study intended to reveal the function of NFAT5 and to explore potential signal transduction pathways leading to its activation in stretch‐stimulated VSMCs. Methods and Results Human arterial VSMCs were exposed to biomechanical stretch and subjected to immunofluorescence and protein‐biochemical analyses. Stretch promoted the translocation of NFAT5 to the nucleus within 24 hours. While the protein abundance of NFAT5 was regulated through activation of c‐Jun N‐terminal kinase under these conditions, its translocation required prior activation of palmitoyltransferases. DNA microarray and ChiP analyses identified the matrix molecule tenascin‐C as a prominent transcriptional target of NFAT5 under these conditions that stimulates migration of VSMCs. Analyses of isolated mouse femoral arteries exposed to hypertensive perfusion conditions verified that NFAT5 translocation to the nucleus is followed by an increase in tenascin‐C abundance in the vessel wall. Conclusions Collectively, our data suggest that biomechanical stretch is sufficient to activate NFAT5 both in native and cultured VSMCs where it regulates the expression of tenascin‐C. This may contribute to an improved migratory activity of VSMCs and thus promote maladaptive vascular remodeling processes such as hypertension‐induced arterial stiffening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clemens Scherer
- Division of Cardiovascular Physiology, Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
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166
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Kuo IY, Wu CC, Chang JM, Huang YL, Lin CH, Yan JJ, Sheu BS, Lu PJ, Chang WL, Lai WW, Wang YC. Low SOX17 expression is a prognostic factor and drives transcriptional dysregulation and esophageal cancer progression. Int J Cancer 2014; 135:563-73. [PMID: 24407731 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.28695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2013] [Revised: 12/11/2013] [Accepted: 12/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- I-Ying Kuo
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences College of Medicine; National Cheng Kung University; Tainan Taiwan Republic of China
| | - Ching-Chi Wu
- Department of Pharmacology College of Medicine; National Cheng Kung University; Tainan Taiwan Republic of China
| | - Jia-Ming Chang
- Institute of Clinical Medicine College of Medicine; National Cheng Kung University; Tainan Taiwan Republic of China
- Department of Surgery; Chia-Yi Christian Hospital; Chiayi Taiwan Republic of China
| | - Yu-Lin Huang
- Department of Pharmacology College of Medicine; National Cheng Kung University; Tainan Taiwan Republic of China
| | - Chien-Hsun Lin
- Department of Pharmacology College of Medicine; National Cheng Kung University; Tainan Taiwan Republic of China
| | - Jing-Jou Yan
- Department of Pathology; National Cheng Kung University Hospital; Tainan Taiwan Republic of China
| | - Bor-Shyang Sheu
- Department of Internal Medicine; National Cheng Kung University Hospital; Tainan Taiwan Republic of China
| | - Pei-Jung Lu
- Institute of Clinical Medicine College of Medicine; National Cheng Kung University; Tainan Taiwan Republic of China
| | - Wei-Lun Chang
- Department of Internal Medicine; National Cheng Kung University Hospital; Tainan Taiwan Republic of China
| | - Wu-Wei Lai
- Department of Surgery; National Cheng Kung University Hospital; Tainan Taiwan Republic of China
| | - Yi-Ching Wang
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences College of Medicine; National Cheng Kung University; Tainan Taiwan Republic of China
- Department of Pharmacology College of Medicine; National Cheng Kung University; Tainan Taiwan Republic of China
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167
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Pyatnitskiy M, Mazo I, Shkrob M, Schwartz E, Kotelnikova E. Clustering gene expression regulators: new approach to disease subtyping. PLoS One 2014; 9:e84955. [PMID: 24416320 PMCID: PMC3887006 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0084955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2013] [Accepted: 11/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the main challenges in modern medicine is to stratify different patient groups in terms of underlying disease molecular mechanisms as to develop more personalized approach to therapy. Here we propose novel method for disease subtyping based on analysis of activated expression regulators on a sample-by-sample basis. Our approach relies on Sub-Network Enrichment Analysis algorithm (SNEA) which identifies gene subnetworks with significant concordant changes in expression between two conditions. Subnetwork consists of central regulator and downstream genes connected by relations extracted from global literature-extracted regulation database. Regulators found in each patient separately are clustered together and assigned activity scores which are used for final patients grouping. We show that our approach performs well compared to other related methods and at the same time provides researchers with complementary level of understanding of pathway-level biology behind a disease by identification of significant expression regulators. We have observed the reasonable grouping of neuromuscular disorders (triggered by structural damage vs triggered by unknown mechanisms), that was not revealed using standard expression profile clustering. For another experiment we were able to suggest the clusters of regulators, responsible for colorectal carcinoma vs adenoma discrimination and identify frequently genetically changed regulators that could be of specific importance for the individual characteristics of cancer development. Proposed approach can be regarded as biologically meaningful feature selection, reducing tens of thousands of genes down to dozens of clusters of regulators. Obtained clusters of regulators make possible to generate valuable biological hypotheses about molecular mechanisms related to a clinical outcome for individual patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikhail Pyatnitskiy
- Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, RAMS, Moscow, Russia
- Ariadne Diagnostics LLC, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Ilya Mazo
- Ariadne Diagnostics LLC, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Maria Shkrob
- Elsevier Inc, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Elena Schwartz
- Ariadne Diagnostics LLC, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Ekaterina Kotelnikova
- Ariadne Diagnostics LLC, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
- Institute for Information Transmission Problems, RAS, Moscow, Russia
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Woo JE, Kwon MY, Chung SW, Woo JM. Expression of TonEBP by Hypertonic and Hyperosmolar Stress in RGC-5 Cells. JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN OPHTHALMOLOGICAL SOCIETY 2014. [DOI: 10.3341/jkos.2014.55.8.1195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jong Eun Woo
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ulsan University Hospital, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Ulsan, Korea
| | - Min Young Kwon
- School of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Science, University of Ulsan, Ulsan, Korea
| | - Su Wol Chung
- School of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Science, University of Ulsan, Ulsan, Korea
| | - Je Moon Woo
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ulsan University Hospital, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Ulsan, Korea
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169
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WNT5A-NFAT signaling mediates resistance to apoptosis in pancreatic cancer. Neoplasia 2013; 15:11-22. [PMID: 23359789 DOI: 10.1593/neo.121312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2012] [Revised: 11/25/2012] [Accepted: 11/29/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION WNT5A belongs to the Wnt family of secreted signaling molecules. Using transcriptional profiling, we previously identified WNT5A as target of the antiapoptotic transcription factor CUX1 and demonstrated high expression levels in pancreatic cancer. However, the impact of WNT5A on drug resistance and the signaling pathways employed by WNT5A remain to be elucidated. OBJECTIVES This project aims to decipher the impact of WNT5A on resistance to apoptosis and the signaling pathways employed by WNT5A in pancreatic cancer. METHODS The impact of WNT5A and its downstream effectors on tumor growth and drug resistance was studied in vitro and in xenograft models in vivo. Tissue microarrays of pancreatic cancer specimens were employed for immunohistochemical studies. RESULTS Knockdown of WNT5A results in a significant increase in drug-induced apoptosis. In contrast, overexpression of WNT5A or addition of recombinant WNT5A mediates resistance to apoptosis in vitro. In our attempt to identify downstream effectors of WNT5A, we identified the transcription factor nuclear factor of activated T cells c2 (NFATc2) as transcriptional target of WNT5A signaling. NFATc2 confers a strong antiapoptotic phenotype mediating at least in part the effects of WNT5A on drug resistance and tumor cell survival. In vivo, WNT5A expression leads to resistance to gemcitabine-induced apoptosis in a xenograft model, which is paralleled by up-regulation of NFATc2. Both WNT5A and NFATc2 proteins are highly expressed in human pancreatic cancer tissues and their expression levels correlated significantly. CONCLUSION We identified the WNT5A-NFATc2 axis as important mediator of drug resistance in pancreatic cancer.
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170
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Pan MG, Xiong Y, Chen F. NFAT gene family in inflammation and cancer. Curr Mol Med 2013; 13:543-54. [PMID: 22950383 DOI: 10.2174/1566524011313040007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2012] [Revised: 08/04/2012] [Accepted: 08/10/2012] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Calcineurin-NFAT signaling is critical for numerous aspects of vertebrate function during and after embryonic development. Initially discovered in T cells, the NFAT gene family, consisting of five members, regulates immune system, inflammatory response, angiogenesis, cardiac valve formation, myocardial development, axonal guidance, skeletal muscle development, bone homeostasis, development and metastasis of cancer, and many other biological processes. In this review we will focus on the NFAT literature relevant to the two closely related pathological systems: inflammation and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- M-G Pan
- Division of Oncology and Hematology, Kaiser Permanente Medical Center, Santa Clara, CA 95051, USA.
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171
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Müller S, Quast T, Schröder A, Hucke S, Klotz L, Jantsch J, Gerzer R, Hemmersbach R, Kolanus W. Salt-dependent chemotaxis of macrophages. PLoS One 2013; 8:e73439. [PMID: 24066047 PMCID: PMC3774673 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0073439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2013] [Accepted: 07/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Besides their role in immune system host defense, there is growing evidence that macrophages may also be important regulators of salt homeostasis and blood pressure by a TonEBP-VEGF-C dependent buffering mechanism. As macrophages are known to accumulate in the skin of rats fed under high salt diet conditions and are pivotal for removal of high salt storage, the question arose how macrophages sense sites of high sodium storage. Interestingly, we observed that macrophage-like RAW264.7 cells, murine bone marrow-derived macrophages and peritoneal macrophages recognize NaCl hypertonicity as a chemotactic stimulus and migrate in the direction of excess salt concentration by using an in vitro transwell migration assay. While RAW264.7 cells migrated toward NaCl in a dose-dependent fashion, no migratory response toward isotonic or hypotonic media controls, or other osmo-active agents, e.g. urea or mannitol, could be detected. Interestingly, we could not establish a specific role of the osmoprotective transcription factor TonEBP in regulating salt-dependent chemotaxis, since the specific migration of bone marrow-derived macrophages following RNAi of TonEBP toward NaCl was not altered. Although the underlying mechanism remains unidentified, these data point to a thus far unappreciated role for NaCl-dependent chemotaxis of macrophages in the clearance of excess salt, and suggest the existence of novel NaCl sensor/effector circuits, which are independent of the TonEBP system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silke Müller
- Institute of Aerospace Medicine, German Aerospace Center, Cologne, Germany
| | - Thomas Quast
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Life and Medical Sciences (LIMES) Institute, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Agnes Schröder
- Interdisciplinary Center for Clinical Research, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Stephanie Hucke
- Clinic for Neurology – Inflammatory Disorders of the Central Nervous System and Neurooncology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Luisa Klotz
- Clinic for Neurology – Inflammatory Disorders of the Central Nervous System and Neurooncology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Jonathan Jantsch
- Microbiology Institute – Clinical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, University Hospital of Erlangen and Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Rupert Gerzer
- Institute of Aerospace Medicine, German Aerospace Center, Cologne, Germany
| | - Ruth Hemmersbach
- Institute of Aerospace Medicine, German Aerospace Center, Cologne, Germany
| | - Waldemar Kolanus
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Life and Medical Sciences (LIMES) Institute, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- * E-mail:
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172
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Noncoding RNA in oncogenesis: a new era of identifying key players. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:18319-49. [PMID: 24013378 PMCID: PMC3794782 DOI: 10.3390/ijms140918319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2013] [Revised: 08/23/2013] [Accepted: 08/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
New discoveries and accelerating progresses in the field of noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) continuously challenges our deep-rooted doctrines in biology and sometimes our imagination. A growing body of evidence indicates that ncRNAs are important players in oncogenesis. While a stunning list of ncRNAs has been discovered, only a small portion of them has been examined for their biological activities and very few have been characterized for the molecular mechanisms of their action. To date, ncRNAs have been shown to regulate a wide range of biological processes, including chromatin remodeling, gene transcription, mRNA translation and protein function. Dysregulation of ncRNAs contributes to the pathogenesis of a variety of cancers and aberrant ncRNA expression has a high potential to be prognostic in some cancers. Thus, a new cancer research era has begun to identify novel key players of ncRNAs in oncogenesis. In this review, we will first discuss the function and regulation of miRNAs, especially focusing on the interplay between miRNAs and several key cancer genes, including p53, PTEN and c-Myc. We will then summarize the research of long ncRNAs (lncRNAs) in cancers. In this part, we will discuss the lncRNAs in four categories based on their activities, including regulating gene expression, acting as miRNA decoys, mediating mRNA translation, and modulating protein activities. At the end, we will also discuss recently unraveled activities of circular RNAs (circRNAs).
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173
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Borges S, Döppler H, Perez EA, Andorfer CA, Sun Z, Anastasiadis PZ, Thompson E, Geiger XJ, Storz P. Pharmacologic reversion of epigenetic silencing of the PRKD1 promoter blocks breast tumor cell invasion and metastasis. Breast Cancer Res 2013; 15:R66. [PMID: 23971832 PMCID: PMC4052945 DOI: 10.1186/bcr3460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2013] [Accepted: 06/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION DNA methylation-induced silencing of genes encoding tumor suppressors is common in many types of cancer, but little is known about how such epigenetic silencing can contribute to tumor metastasis. The PRKD1 gene encodes protein kinase D1 (PKD1), a serine/threonine kinase that is expressed in cells of the normal mammary gland, where it maintains the epithelial phenotype by preventing epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition. METHODS The status of PRKD1 promoter methylation was analyzed by reduced representation bisulfite deep sequencing, methylation-specific PCR (MSP-PCR) and in situ MSP-PCR in invasive and noninvasive breast cancer lines, as well as in humans in 34 cases of "normal" tissue, 22 cases of ductal carcinoma in situ, 22 cases of estrogen receptor positive, HER2-negative (ER+/HER2-) invasive lobular carcinoma, 43 cases of ER+/HER2- invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC), 93 cases of HER2+ IDC and 96 cases of triple-negative IDC. A reexpression strategy using the DNA methyltransferase inhibitor decitabine was used in vitro in MDA-MB-231 cells as well as in vivo in a tumor xenograft model and measured by RT-PCR, immunoblotting and immunohistochemistry. The effect of PKD1 reexpression on cell invasion was analyzed in vitro by transwell invasion assay. Tumor growth and metastasis were monitored in vivo using the IVIS Spectrum Pre-clinical In Vivo Imaging System. RESULTS Herein we show that the gene promoter of PRKD1 is aberrantly methylated and silenced in its expression in invasive breast cancer cells and during breast tumor progression, increasing with the aggressiveness of tumors. Using an animal model, we show that reversion of PRKD1 promoter methylation with the DNA methyltransferase inhibitor decitabine restores PKD1 expression and blocks tumor spread and metastasis to the lung in a PKD1-dependent fashion. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest that the status of epigenetic regulation of the PRKD1 promoter can provide valid information on the invasiveness of breast tumors and therefore could serve as an early diagnostic marker. Moreover, targeted upregulation of PKD1 expression may be used as a therapeutic approach to reverse the invasive phenotype of breast cancer cells.
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174
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Zheng H, Li W, Wang Y, Xie T, Cai Y, Wang Z, Jiang B. miR-23a inhibits E-cadherin expression and is regulated by AP-1 and NFAT4 complex during Fas-induced EMT in gastrointestinal cancer. Carcinogenesis 2013; 35:173-83. [PMID: 23929433 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgt274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Fas signaling has been shown to induce the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) to promote gastrointestinal (GI) cancer metastasis, but the involvement of microRNA in this mechanism remains unknown. We found that Fas ligand (FasL) treatment inhibited E-cadherin expression and promoted cell invasion by upregulation of miR-23a, but overexpression of the miR-23a inhibitor could partially block this activity. FasL-induced extracellular signal-regulated kinase/mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling activated the activator protein 1 (AP-1) complex and repressed glycogen synthase kinase-3β activity, which contributed to nuclear translocation of AP-1 and nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT4). Nuclear accumulation and interaction of AP-1 and NFAT4 and subsequent binding to the miR-23a promoter led to increased miR-23a expression. Inhibition of Fas signaling by downregulation of the Fas receptor led to a decrease in miR-23a expression and cell invasion ability in vivo and in vitro, as well as an increase in E-cadherin. Evaluation of human GI precancerous and cancer specimens showed that the expression of FasL and miR-23a increased, whereas the expression of E-cadherin decreased during GI cancer progression. A significant correlation was noted between any two of these three molecules. An EMT phenotype was shown to correlate with an advanced cancer stage and worse prognosis. Taken together, our results show that miR-23a participates in the mechanism of the FasL-induced EMT process and may serve as a potential therapeutic target for cancer metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoxuan Zheng
- Department of Gastroenterology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
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175
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Gene expression profile of endometrial carcinoma cells exposed to di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate. Mol Cell Toxicol 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s13273-013-0015-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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176
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USP-11 as a predictive and prognostic factor following neoadjuvant therapy in women with breast cancer. Cancer J 2013; 19:10-7. [PMID: 23337751 DOI: 10.1097/ppo.0b013e3182801b3a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE USP-11, a member of the ubiquitin-specific protease family, has emerged as an essential regulator of double-strand break repair. Few studies have shown that silencing USP-11 led to hypersensitivity to poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibition, ionizing radiation, and DNA-damaging agents. We sought to examine the predictive and prognostic relevance of USP-11 in patients treated with neoadjuvant systemic therapy (NST) for breast cancer. METHODS Fifty-six women who were treated with NST for breast cancer between 1999 and 2004 were included in the study. The Kaplan-Meier product-limit method was used to estimate disease-free survival and overall survival rates. Logistic regression models were fit to determine the associations between USP-11 status, pathological complete response (pCR), and survival. RESULTS Sixteen patients (29%) had high-USP-11-expressing tumors, and 40 (71%) patients had low-USP-11-expressing tumors. No significant differences were observed in pCR rates with respect to USP-11 status. At a median follow-up of 7.4 years, 33 patients (59%) experienced a disease recurrence or death. Patients with high-USP-11-expressing tumors had a higher risk of recurrence (odds ratio [OR], 3.87; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.51-9.93; P = 0.005) and death (OR, 6.03; 95% CI, 2.00-18.17; P = 0.001) than those with low-USP-11-expressing tumors. Patients who did not achieve a pCR had an increased risk of recurrence (OR, 5.16; 95% CI, 1.16-23.07; P = 0.03). CONCLUSIONS Our data indicate that USP-11 is not a predictor of a pCR after anthracycline-taxane-containing NST for breast cancer. Low USP-11 expression was independently correlated with better survival outcomes.
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Tie X, Han S, Meng L, Wang Y, Wu A. NFAT1 is highly expressed in, and regulates the invasion of, glioblastoma multiforme cells. PLoS One 2013; 8:e66008. [PMID: 23762456 PMCID: PMC3675208 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0066008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2013] [Accepted: 04/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Members of the nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT) family have been identified as regulators of oncogenic transformation in several human malignancies. A prominent member of this family, NFAT1, is associated with tumor cell survival, apoptosis, migration and invasion. Here, we investigated the role of NFAT1 in glioma cells. In 111 clinical samples, microarray analysis demonstrated that NFAT1 was over-expressed in glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), compared with low-grade gliomas, a result confirmed by RT-PCR in 24 clinical samples and in the U87 and U251 cell lines. Immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence stain indicated that over-expressed NFAT1 was mainly located in the nucleus, where it acted as a transcription factor. After treatment with the NFAT antagonist cyclosporin A (CsA) and FK506, levels of NFAT1 in the nuclei of U87 GBM cells were dramatically reduced. The invasive potential of U87 cells was reduced by the same treatment, as well as by inhibition of NFAT1 expression using small hairpin RNA. Proliferation of U87 cells was unaffected by CsA, FK506 and NFAT1 shRNA transfection. Clustering analysis and Pearson correlation analysis of microarray data showed that the expression of NFAT1 correlated with the expression of the invasion-related genes cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), matrix metalloproteinase-7 (MMP-7) and MMP-9, a result confirmed by in vitro analysis. These findings demonstrate that NFAT1 contributes to the invasive potential but not the proliferation of GBM cells, and suggest that CsA may find application as an adjuvant in combined treatment strategies for GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinxin Tie
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Sheng Han
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Lingxuan Meng
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yunjie Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Anhua Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- * E-mail:
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178
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Activation of NFAT signaling establishes a tumorigenic microenvironment through cell autonomous and non-cell autonomous mechanisms. Oncogene 2013; 33:1840-9. [PMID: 23624921 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2013.132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2012] [Revised: 02/27/2013] [Accepted: 03/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
NFAT (the nuclear factor of activated T cells) upregulation has been linked to cellular transformation intrinsically, but it is unclear whether and how tissue cells with NFAT activation change the local environment for tumor initiation and progression. Direct evidence showing NFAT activation initiates primary tumor formation in vivo is also lacking. Using inducible transgenic mouse systems, we show that tumors form in a subset of, but not all, tissues with NFATc1 activation, indicating that NFAT oncogenic effects depend on cell types and tissue contexts. In NFATc1-induced skin and ovarian tumors, both cells with NFATc1 activation and neighboring cells without NFATc1 activation have significant upregulation of c-Myc and activation of Stat3. Besides known and suspected NFATc1 targets, such as Spp1 and Osm, we have revealed the early upregulation of a number of cytokines and cytokine receptors, as key molecular components of an inflammatory microenvironment that promotes both NFATc1(+) and NFATc1(-) cells to participate in tumor formation. Cultured cells derived from NFATc1-induced tumors were able to establish a tumorigenic microenvironment, similar to that of the primary tumors, in an NFATc1-dependent manner in nude mice with T-cell deficiency, revealing an addiction of these tumors to NFATc1 activation and downplaying a role for T cells in the NFATc1-induced tumorigenic microenvironment. These findings collectively suggest that beyond the cell autonomous effects on the upregulation of oncogenic proteins, NFATc1 activation has non-cell autonomous effects through the establishment of a promitogenic microenvironment for tumor growth. This study provides direct evidence for the ability of NFATc1 in inducing primary tumor formation in vivo and supports targeting NFAT signaling in anti-tumor therapy.
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179
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Cheung CY, Ko BC. NFAT5 in cellular adaptation to hypertonic stress - regulations and functional significance. J Mol Signal 2013; 8:5. [PMID: 23618372 PMCID: PMC3655004 DOI: 10.1186/1750-2187-8-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2012] [Accepted: 04/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The Nuclear Factor of Activated T Cells-5 (NFAT5), also known as OREBP or TonEBP, is a member of the nuclear factors of the activated T cells family of transcription factors. It is also the only known tonicity-regulated transcription factor in mammals. NFAT5 was initially known for its role in the hypertonic kidney inner medulla for orchestrating a genetic program to restore the cellular homeostasis. Emerging evidence, however, suggests that NFAT5 might play a more diverse functional role, including a pivotal role in blood pressure regulation and the development of autoimmune diseases. Despite the growing significance of NFAT5 in physiology and diseases, our understanding of how its activity is regulated remains very limited. Furthermore, how changes in tonicities are converted into functional outputs via NFAT5 remains elusive. Therefore, this review aims to summarize our current knowledge on the functional roles of NFAT5 in osmotic stress adaptation and the signaling pathways that regulate its activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris Yk Cheung
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, and The State Key Laboratory in Oncology in South China, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, The Prince of Wales Hospital, Rm 38019, Clinical Sciences Building, Shatin, Hong Kong, China.
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180
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Bergmeier W, Weidinger C, Zee I, Feske S. Emerging roles of store-operated Ca²⁺ entry through STIM and ORAI proteins in immunity, hemostasis and cancer. Channels (Austin) 2013; 7:379-91. [PMID: 23511024 DOI: 10.4161/chan.24302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Store-operated Ca(2+) entry (SOCE) is an important Ca(2+) influx pathway, which is defined by the fact that depletion of intracellular Ca(2+) stores, mainly the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), triggers the opening of Ca(2+) channels in the plasma membrane. The best characterized SOC channel is the Ca(2+) release-activated Ca(2+) (CRAC) channel, which was first described in cells of the immune system but has since been reported in many different cell types. CRAC channels are multimers of ORAI family proteins, of which ORAI1 is the best characterized. They are activated by stromal interaction molecules (STIM) 1 and 2, which respond to the depletion of intracellular Ca(2+) stores with oligomerization and binding to ORAI proteins. The resulting SOCE is critical for the physiological function of many cell types including immune cells and platelets. Recent studies using cell lines, animal models and primary cells from human patients with defects in SOCE have highlighted the importance of this Ca(2+) entry mechanism in a variety of pathophysiological processes. This review focuses on the role of SOCE in immunity to infection, allergy, hemostasis and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang Bergmeier
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics; McAllister Heart Institute; University of North Carolina; Chapel Hill, NC USA
| | - Carl Weidinger
- Department of Pathology; New York University Langone Medical Center; New York, NY USA
| | - Isabelle Zee
- Department of Pathology; New York University Langone Medical Center; New York, NY USA
| | - Stefan Feske
- Department of Pathology; New York University Langone Medical Center; New York, NY USA
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181
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Caron MMJ, van der Windt AE, Emans PJ, van Rhijn LW, Jahr H, Welting TJM. Osmolarity determines the in vitro chondrogenic differentiation capacity of progenitor cells via nuclear factor of activated T-cells 5. Bone 2013; 53:94-102. [PMID: 23219947 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2012.11.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2012] [Revised: 10/29/2012] [Accepted: 11/21/2012] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Previous studies have shown that human articular chondrocytes in vitro are osmolarity-responsive and increase matrix synthesis under cartilage-specific physiological osmolarity. The effects of increased osmolarity on chondrogenesis of progenitor cells in vitro are largely unknown. We therefore aimed to elucidate whether hyperosmolarity facilitates their chondrogenic differentiation and whether Nfat5 is involved. MATERIALS AND METHODS ATDC5 cells and human bone marrow stem cells (hBMSCs) were differentiated in the chondrogenic lineage in control and increased osmolarity conditions. Chondrogenic outcome was measured by gene- and protein expression analysis. RNAi was used to determine the role of Nfat5 in chondrogenic differentiation under normal and increased osmolarity. RESULTS Increasing the osmolarity of differentiation medium with 100mOsm resulted in significantly increased chondrogenic marker expression (Col2a1, Col10a1, Acan, Sox9, Runx2 and GAGs) during chondrogenic differentiation of the two chondroprogenitors, ATDC5 and hBMSCs. Nfat5 knockdown under both control and increased osmolarity affected chondrogenic differentiation and suppressed the osmolarity-induced chondrogenic induction. Knockdown of Nfat5 in early differentiation significantly decreased early Sox9 expression, whereas knockdown of Sox9 in early differentiation did not affect early Nfat5 expression. CONCLUSIONS Increasing the osmolarity of chondrogenic culture media by 100mOsm significantly increased chondrogenic gene expression during the course of chondrogenic differentiation of progenitor cells. Nfat5 may be involved in regulating chondrogenic differentiation of these cells under both normal and increased osmolarities and might regulate chondrogenic differentiation through influencing early Sox9 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marjolein M J Caron
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, CAPHRI school for public health and primary care, Maastricht University Medical Center, P.O. Box 5800, 6202 AZ, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
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182
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Arlt A, Schäfer H, Kalthoff H. The 'N-factors' in pancreatic cancer: functional relevance of NF-κB, NFAT and Nrf2 in pancreatic cancer. Oncogenesis 2012; 1:e35. [PMID: 23552468 PMCID: PMC3511680 DOI: 10.1038/oncsis.2012.35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2012] [Accepted: 10/06/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) represents one of the deadliest malignancies, with an overall life expectancy of 6 months. Despite considerable advances in the understanding of the molecular mechanisms involved in the carcinogenesis of PDAC, the outcome of the disease was not significantly improved over the last 20 years. Although some achievements in molecular-targeted therapies have been made (that is, targeting the epidermal growth factor receptor by erlotinib), which already entered clinical settings, and despite the promising outcome of the FOLFIRINOX trial, there is an urgent need for improvement of the chemotherapy in this disease. A plethora of molecular alterations are thought to be responsible for the profound chemoresistance, including mutations in oncogenes and tumor suppressors. Besides these classical hallmarks of cancer, the constitutive or inducible activity of transcription factor pathways are characteristic changes in PDAC. Recently, three transcription factors-nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT) and nuclear factor-E2-related factor-2 (Nrf2)-have been shown to be crucial for tumor development and chemoresistance in pancreatic cancer. These transcription factors are key regulators of a variety of genes involved in nearly all aspects of tumorigenesis and resistance against chemotherapeutics and death receptor ligands. Furthermore, the pathways of NF-κB, NFAT and Nrf2 are functional, interacting on several regulatory steps, and, especially, natural compounds such as curcumin interfere with more than one pathway. Thus, targeting these pathways by established inhibitors or new drugs might have great potential to improve the outcome of PDAC patients, most likely in combination with established anticancer drugs. In this article, we summarize recent progress in the characterization of these transcription-factor pathways and their role in PDAC and therapy resistance. We also discuss future concepts for the treatment of PDAC relying on these pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Arlt
- Laboratory of Molecular Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine I, Kiel, Germany
| | - H Schäfer
- Laboratory of Molecular Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine I, Kiel, Germany
| | - H Kalthoff
- Division of Molecular Oncology, Institute for Experimental Cancer Research, Comprehensive Cancer Center North, Kiel, Germany
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Abstract
The maintenance of water homeostasis under pathological conditions is mediated by the aquaporin-4 (AQP4) channel in astrocytes. To clarify the transcriptional regulation for AQP4 under conditions of astrocytic swelling, we examined the role of nuclear factor of activated T cells 5 (NFAT5). We evaluated NFAT5 expression patterns after the induction of brain edema and following excitotoxic neuronal death by kainic acid injection. In injured hippocampi, NFAT5 expression increased in astrocytes from 12 h to 3 days post-injection. AQP4 was redistributed from perivascular to whole-cell processes in astrocytes. NFAT5 and AQP4 expression increased under astrocytic swelling induced by ammonia treatment, and NFAT5-targeted silencing significantly reduced AQP4 expression. The promoter region required for NFAT5 transcriptional activation was located between -49 and -38 bp of rat AQP4. The amount of NFAT5 bound to the promoter of AQP4 was increased in response to ammonia. Our data demonstrate that NFAT5 is necessary for the transcriptional regulation of AQP4 expression and for local astrocyte swelling with accompanying restriction of the neuropil extracellular space in vivo.
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184
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Vázquez-Cedeira M, Lazo PA. Human VRK2 (vaccinia-related kinase 2) modulates tumor cell invasion by hyperactivation of NFAT1 and expression of cyclooxygenase-2. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:42739-50. [PMID: 23105117 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.404285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Human VRK2 (vaccinia-related kinase 2), a kinase that emerged late in evolution, affects different signaling pathways, and some carcinomas express high levels of VRK2. Invasion by cancer cells has been associated with NFAT1 (nuclear factor of activated T cells) activation and expression of the COX-2 (cyclooxygenase 2) gene. We hypothesized that VRK proteins might play a regulatory role in NFAT1 activation in tumor cells. We demonstrate that VRK2 directly interacts and phosphorylates NFAT1 in Ser-32 within its N-terminal transactivation domain. VRK2 increases NFAT1-dependent transcription by phosphorylation, and this effect is only detected following cell phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate and ionomycin stimulation and calcineurin activation. This NFAT1 hyperactivation by VRK2 increases COX-2 gene expression through the proximal NFAT1 binding site in the COX-2 gene promoter. Furthermore, VRK2A down-regulation by RNA interference reduces COX-2 expression at transcriptional and protein levels. Therefore, VRK2 down-regulation reduces cell invasion by tumor cells, such as MDA-MB-231 and MDA-MB-435, upon stimulation with phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate plus ionomycin. These findings identify the first reported target and function of human VRK2 as an active kinase playing a role in regulation of cancer cell invasion through the NFAT pathway and COX-2 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Vázquez-Cedeira
- Experimental Therapeutics and Translational Oncology Program, Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular del Cáncer, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad de Salamanca, Campus Miguel de Unamuno, E-37007 Salamanca, Spain
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185
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Lysophosphatidic acid promotes cell migration through STIM1- and Orai1-mediated Ca2+(i) mobilization and NFAT2 activation. J Invest Dermatol 2012; 133:793-802. [PMID: 23096711 PMCID: PMC3572452 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2012.370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) enhances cell migration and promotes wound healing in vivo, but the intracellular signaling pathways regulating these processes remain incompletely understood. Here we investigated the involvement of agonist-induced Ca2+ entry and STIM1 and Orai1 proteins in regulating nuclear factor of activated T cell (NFAT) signaling and LPA-induced keratinocyte cell motility. As monitored by Fluo-4 imaging, stimulation with 10 μℳ LPA in 60 μℳ Ca2+o evoked Ca2+i transients owing to store release, whereas addition of LPA in physiological 1.2 mℳ Ca2+o triggered store release coupled to extracellular Ca2+ entry. Store-operated Ca2+ entry (SOCE) was blocked by the SOCE inhibitor diethylstilbestrol (DES), STIM1 silencing using RNA interference (RNAi), and expression of dominant/negative Orai1R91W. LPA induced significant NFAT activation as monitored by nuclear translocation of green fluorescent protein-tagged NFAT2 and a luciferase reporter assay, which was impaired by DES, expression of Orai1R91W, and inhibition of calcineurin using cyclosporin A (CsA). By using chemotactic migration assays, LPA-induced cell motility was significantly impaired by STIM1, CsA, and NFAT2 knockdown using RNAi. These data indicate that in conditions relevant to epidermal wound healing, LPA induces SOCE and NFAT activation through Orai1 channels and promotes cell migration through a calcineurin/NFAT2-dependent pathway.
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186
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Zhang B, Shi W, Ma J, Sloan A, Faul C, Wei C, Reiser J, Yang Y, Liu S, Wang W. The calcineurin-NFAT pathway allows for urokinase receptor-mediated beta3 integrin signaling to cause podocyte injury. J Mol Med (Berl) 2012; 90:1407-20. [PMID: 23015147 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-012-0960-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2011] [Revised: 09/09/2012] [Accepted: 09/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Circulating and podocyte-bound urokinase receptor (uPAR) is a mediator of podocyte injury, proteinuria, and focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) allowing pathological activation of the uPAR-β3 integrin signaling axis. Clinically, calcineurin inhibitors (e.g., cyclosporine A, CsA) are known to suppress T cells, yet are also being used to reduce proteinuria in FSGS, suggesting the possibility of signal cross talk between uPAR and calcineurin. Calcineurin is known to facilitate the nuclear translocation of the nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT). Accordingly, in vivo conditional NFATc1 activation in podocytes leads to proteinuria in mice, yet the downstream targets of NFAT remain unclear. Here, we show that inducible podocyte-specific expression of constitutively active NFATc1 increased podocyte uPAR expression by binding to the Plaur gene promoter (encoding uPAR) in chromatin immunoprecipitation assays. Pathological uPAR signals in podocytes are independent of T cells and affect cell motility via activation, but not expression, changes of the β3 integrin and can be blocked by CsA, NFAT-siRNA, or the cell-permeable NFAT inhibitor (11R-VIVIT) using rodent models of glomerular disease (LPS; 5/6 nephrectomized rats). Taken together, these findings identify podocyte uPAR as a downstream target of NFAT and provide further insights into the pathogenesis of FSGS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, 106 Zhongshan No. 2 Road, Guangzhou 510080, China
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187
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Netrin-4 promotes glioblastoma cell proliferation through integrin β4 signaling. Neoplasia 2012; 14:219-27. [PMID: 22496621 DOI: 10.1593/neo.111396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2011] [Revised: 02/16/2012] [Accepted: 02/20/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Netrin-4 is a laminin-related secreted molecule originally found to have roles in neuronal axon migration. Recent studies have indicated that netrin-4 also participates in the development of nonneural tissues and modulates tumor cell proliferation and tumor metastasis. Here we have explored the functions and molecular mechanisms of netrin-4 in glioblastoma multiforme. The suppression of netrin-4 expression in glioblastoma cell lines significantly reduced cell proliferation and motility and increased serum deprivation-induced apoptosis. Using tandem affinity purification combined with protein identification by mass spectrometry, we found that integrin β(4) interacts with netrin-4 and that it mediates mitogenic effects as well as AKT and mammalian target of rapamycin phosphorylation induced by netrin-4. Interestingly, netrin-4 acted as an inhibitor of cell proliferation in integrin β(4)-silenced glioblastoma cells, and high concentrations of netrin-4 reduced cell proliferation. The negative effects of netrin-4 on proliferation were mediated by UNC5B. Analysis of more than 400 primary tumors from The Cancer Genome Atlas repository revealed that the expression of netrin-4 is significantly downregulated in glioblastoma and that the reduced expression is linked to poor patient survival time. The expression of integrin β(4) is increased in glioblastoma, and it predicts poor patient survival time. Current results illustrate a novel mechanism for glioma progression, where glioma cells reduce netrin-4 expression to decrease its inhibitory effects. In parallel, the expression of integrin β(4) is upregulated to sensitize the cells to low concentrations of netrin-4 for maintaining cell proliferation.
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Halterman JA, Kwon HM, Leitinger N, Wamhoff BR. NFAT5 expression in bone marrow-derived cells enhances atherosclerosis and drives macrophage migration. Front Physiol 2012; 3:313. [PMID: 22934063 PMCID: PMC3429083 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2012.00313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2012] [Accepted: 07/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We have previously shown that the transcription factor, nuclear factor of activated T-cells 5 (NFAT5), regulates vascular smooth muscle cell phenotypic modulation, but the role of NFAT5 in atherosclerosis is unknown. Our main objective was to determine if NFAT5 expression in bone marrow (BM)-derived cells altered atherosclerotic development and macrophage function. METHODS AND RESULTS NFAT5(+/-)ApoE(-/-) mice were generated for in vivo atherosclerosis studies. Following high fat diet feeding, en face analysis of the thoracic aorta established that genome-wide NFAT5 haploinsufficiency reduced atherosclerotic lesion formation by 73%. BM transplant studies revealed that transplantation of NFAT5(+/-)ApoE(-/-) marrow into NFAT5(+/+)ApoE(-/-) mice resulted in a similar 86% reduction in lesion formation. In vitro functional analysis of BM-derived macrophages demonstrated that NFAT5 is required for macrophage migration, which is a key event in the propagation of atherosclerosis. CONCLUSION We have identified NFAT5 in BM-derived cells as a positive regulator of atherosclerotic lesion formation and macrophage function in the vasculature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia A Halterman
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville VA, USA
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189
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Butler KS, Hines WC, Heaphy CM, Griffith JK. Coordinate regulation between expression levels of telomere-binding proteins and telomere length in breast carcinomas. Cancer Med 2012; 1:165-75. [PMID: 23342266 PMCID: PMC3544452 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2012] [Revised: 05/15/2012] [Accepted: 06/01/2012] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Telomere dysregulation occurs in both the in situ and invasive stages of many carcinomas, including breast. Knockout experiments have identified several telomere-associated proteins required for proper telomere function and maintenance, including telomere repeat-binding factor 1 and 2 (TRF1 and TRF2), protection of telomeres (POT1), and TRF1-interacting nuclear factor 2 (TIN2). Using telomere content assays and quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), we examined the relationship between telomere length and the mRNA levels of telomere-associated proteins in breast tumors. The levels of TRF2, TRF1, TIN2, and POT1 mRNA, but not telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) RNA, are inversely correlated with telomere content in breast tumors. Significant associations were identified between the mRNA levels of TRF1, TIN2, and POT1; however, there were no significant associations with the mRNA levels of TRF2 or TERT. These associations suggest that a complex transcriptional program coordinately regulates the expression of these mRNAs. We examined the promoter regions of the telomere-associated proteins to identify transcription factors consistent with the observed patterns of presumed coordinate expression. We demonstrated in human breast cancer cell lines that expressions of TRF1, TIN2, and POT1 are upregulated by dexamethasone, suggesting activation of the glucocorticoid receptor, whereas TERT, TRF2, TRF1, TIN2, and POT1 are upregulated by tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), suggesting activation of the nuclear factor kappa B transcription factor. These findings link telomere content in breast tumors to the coordinate expression of several telomere-associated proteins previously shown to be negative regulators of telomere length in cell lines. The results further suggest a possible link between the expressions of the telomere-associated proteins and mediators of stress and inflammation. Telomere content assays and quantitative RT-PCR demonstrate that the levels of TRF2, TRF1, TIN2, and POT1 mRNA, but not telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) RNA, are inversely correlated with telomere content in breast tumors. Within human breast cancer cell lines, expressions of TRF1, TIN2, and POT1 are upregulated by dexamethasone, suggesting activation of the glucocorticoid receptor, whereas TERT, TRF2, TRF1, TIN2, and POT1 are upregulated by TNF-α, suggesting activation of the NFκB transcription factor. These findings link telomere content in breast tumors to the expression of several telomere-associated proteins previously shown to be negative regulators of telomere length in cell lines and suggest a link between the expressions of the telomere-associated proteins and mediators of stress and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly S Butler
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine Albuquerque, New Mexico, 87131, USA
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190
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Zhang X, Zhang Z, Cheng J, Li M, Wang W, Xu W, Wang H, Zhang R. Transcription factor NFAT1 activates the mdm2 oncogene independent of p53. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:30468-76. [PMID: 22787160 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.373738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the MDM2-p53 interaction has been well documented, MDM2 overexpression is observed in human cancers with little or no functional p53, suggesting that mdm2 expression is regulated by mechanisms independent of p53. Dysregulation of NFAT signaling is associated with malignant transformation and cancer development and progression. In this study, we demonstrate that the human mdm2 P2 promoter contains a consensus binding site for the NFAT1 transcription factor. NFAT1 directly binds the mdm2 P2 promoter in vitro and in vivo, resulting in the up-regulation of mdm2 transcription. Enforced expression of NFAT1 results in an elevated MDM2 protein level and reduces p53 activation and function in response to DNA damage. Both NFAT1 and MDM2 are highly expressed in human hepatocellular carcinoma tissues, compared with adjacent normal liver tissues. There is a positive correlation between the NFAT1 and MDM2 levels in tumor tissues. The novel function of NFAT1 in the control of MDM2 expression provides a basis for future investigations of the role of NFAT1 in cancer development, progression, and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX 79106, USA
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191
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Gaudineau B, Fougère M, Guaddachi F, Lemoine F, de la Grange P, Jauliac S. Lipocalin 2, the TNF-like receptor TWEAKR and its ligand TWEAK act downstream of NFAT1 to regulate breast cancer cell invasion. J Cell Sci 2012; 125:4475-86. [PMID: 22767506 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.099879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
NFAT1 is a transcription factor that elicits breast carcinoma cells to become invasive, thus contributing to metastasis. The molecular mechanisms by which NFAT1 operates in this respect are still poorly known. Here, we report that NFAT1 increases lipocalin 2 (LCN2) mRNA and protein expression by binding to specific sites in the LCN2 gene promoter region. We show that the LCN2 protein is required downstream of NFAT1 to increase breast cancer cell invasion. We demonstrate that the NFAT1-LCN2 axis is sufficient to regulate expression of the TNF-like receptor TWEAKR at the RNA level and of its ligand, TWEAK, at the protein level. We show, however, that TWEAKR mediates an anti-invasive effect in breast cancer cells whereas, depending on LCN2 expression, TWEAK has either anti- or pro-invasive capacities. Thus, we identify LCN2 and TWEAKR-TWEAK as crucial downstream effectors of NFAT1 that regulate breast cancer cell motility and invasive capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benoît Gaudineau
- CNRS UMR7212, INSERM U944, Université Paris Diderot, Institut d'Hématologie, Hôpital Saint-Louis, 1 avenue Claude Vellefaux, 75475 Paris Cedex 10, France
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192
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Chen ZL, Zhao SH, Wang Z, Qiu B, Li BZ, Zhou F, Tan XG, He J. Expression and unique functions of four nuclear factor of activated T cells isoforms in non-small cell lung cancer. CHINESE JOURNAL OF CANCER 2012; 30:62-8. [PMID: 21192845 PMCID: PMC4012264 DOI: 10.5732/cjc.010.10156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT) is an important family of transcription factors that can be activated by calmodulin and calcineurin in human cells. To investigate the expression and clinical significance of NFAT isoforms and calcineurin in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), we collected tumor and adjacent normal tissues from 159 NSCLC patients and assembled them in a tissue microarray. Protein levels of NFAT1, NFAT2, NFAT3, NFAT4, and calcineurin were determined using immunohistochemistry. Correlations between NFAT and calcineurin expression and clinicopathologic characteristics were analyzed. We found that the positive rates of NFAT1 (52.8%, 84/159), NFAT2 (11.3%, 18/159), NFAT3 (28.3%, 45/ 159), NFAT4 (47.2%, 75/159), and calcineurin (47.8%, 76/159) expression were significantly higher in tumor tissues than in adjacent normal lung tissues (P < 0.001), respectively. The positive rate of NFAT1 expression was significantly higher in patients with adenocarcinoma (63.5%, 47/74) than in those with squamous cell carcinoma (43.5%, 37/85) (χ2 = 6.340, P = 0.012); with lymph node metastasis (61.6%, 53/ 86) than without lymph node metastasis (42.5%, 31/73) (χ2 = 5.818, P = 0.016); and with stage-ll and -III diseases (61.8%, 55/89) than with stage-I disease (41.4%, 29/70) (χ2 = 6.524, P = 0.011). Moreover, the overexpression of NFAT1 was associated with poor survival of NSCLC patients (χ2 = 5.006, P = 0.025). The positive rate of NFAT4 was significantly higher in patients with squamous carcinoma (57.6%, 49/85) than in those with adenocarcinoma (35.1%, 26/74) (χ2 = 8.045, P = 0.005) and with high and moderate differentiation (54.9%, 61/111) than with low differentiation (29.2%, 14/48) (χ2 = 8.943, P = 0.003). Calcineurin overexpression was significantly associated with histologic type (higher in squamous carcinoma than in adenocarcinoma, χ2 = 8.897, P = 0.003), differentiation grade (higher in high-moderation grade than in low grade, χ2 = 9.566, P = 0.002) and gender (higher in male than in female, χ2 = 5.766, P = 0.016). Furthermore, calcineurin expression was significantly correlated with NFAT4 level (r = 0.429, P < 0.001). These results suggest that NFAT1 expression is associated with lung adenocarcinoma progression, and NFAT4 expression, which was higher in squamous lung cancer, is associated with calcineurin expression and differentiation grade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao-Li Chen
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Cancer Institute and Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100021, PR China
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193
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Inducible expression and pathophysiologic functions of T-plastin in cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. Blood 2012; 120:143-54. [PMID: 22627769 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2011-09-379156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A molecular feature of Sézary syndrome (SS) is the abnormal expression of T-plastin by malignant T cells. Herein, we investigated the molecular mechanisms involved in T-plastin synthesis and the functions of this actin-binding protein, with a special interest in chemoresistance and migration. We confirm the specific expression of T-plastin in peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBLs) from SS patients and its total absence in PBLs from patients with mycosis fungoides, inflammatory cutaneous or hematologic diseases, and from healthy volunteers. Only 3 of 4 SS patients did constitutively express T-plastin. To assess whether T-plastin expression was inducible, T-plastin-negative PBLs were stimulated by phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate and ionomycin. Our results demonstrate that T-plastin synthesis was induced in negative PBLs from SS patients, other studied patients, and healthy volunteers. Both constitutive and calcium-induced T-plastin expression was down-regulated by calcineurin inhibitors and involved nuclear factor of activated T cells transcription pathway. Constitutive T-plastin expression in SS was associated with resistance to etoposide-induced apoptosis and cell migration toward chemokines (TARC/CCL17, IP-10). In conclusion, T-plastin is a marker restricted to malignant lymphocytes from SS patients and plays a role for cell survival and migration. This opens new strategies for the treatment of SS advanced stages.
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194
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Lim YS, Shin KS, Oh SH, Kang SM, Won SJ, Hwang SB. Nonstructural 5A protein of hepatitis C virus regulates heat shock protein 72 for its own propagation. J Viral Hepat 2012; 19:353-63. [PMID: 22497815 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2893.2011.01556.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
We identified heat shock protein 72 (Hsp72) as a host factor that was differentially expressed in cells expressing nonstructural 5A (NS5A) protein. To investigate how NS5A modulates Hsp72 in hepatitis C virus (HCV) life cycle, we examined the role of Hsp72 in HCV replication and virus production. NS5A specifically interacted with Hsp72. Both Hsp72 and nuclear factor of activated T cells 5 (NFAT5) levels were increased in cells expressing NS5A protein. Treatments of N-acetylcysteine and glutathione markedly reduced protein levels of both NFAT5 and Hsp72. Knockdown of NFAT5 resulted in decrease in Hsp72 level in cells expressing NS5A. Importantly, silencing of Hsp72 expression resulted in decrease in both RNA replication and virus production in HCV-infected cells. These data indicate that NS5A modulates Hsp72 via NFAT5 and reactive oxygen species activation for HCV propagation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y S Lim
- National Research Laboratory of Hepatitis C Virus, Ilsong Institute of Life Science, Hallym University, Anyang, South Korea
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195
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Ranjbar S, Jasenosky LD, Chow N, Goldfeld AE. Regulation of Mycobacterium tuberculosis-dependent HIV-1 transcription reveals a new role for NFAT5 in the toll-like receptor pathway. PLoS Pathog 2012; 8:e1002620. [PMID: 22496647 PMCID: PMC3320587 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1002620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2011] [Accepted: 02/21/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) disease in HIV co-infected patients contributes to increased mortality by activating innate and adaptive immune signaling cascades that stimulate HIV-1 replication, leading to an increase in viral load. Here, we demonstrate that silencing of the expression of the transcription factor nuclear factor of activated T cells 5 (NFAT5) by RNA interference (RNAi) inhibits Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTb)-stimulated HIV-1 replication in co-infected macrophages. We show that NFAT5 gene and protein expression are strongly induced by MTb, which is a Toll-like receptor (TLR) ligand, and that an intact NFAT5 binding site in the viral promoter of R5-tropic HIV-1 subtype B and subtype C molecular clones is required for efficent induction of HIV-1 replication by MTb. Furthermore, silencing by RNAi of key components of the TLR pathway in human monocytes, including the downstream signaling molecules MyD88, IRAK1, and TRAF6, significantly inhibits MTb-induced NFAT5 gene expression. Thus, the innate immune response to MTb infection induces NFAT5 gene and protein expression, and NFAT5 plays a crucial role in MTb regulation of HIV-1 replication via a direct interaction with the viral promoter. These findings also demonstrate a general role for NFAT5 in TLR- and MTb-mediated control of gene expression. The major cause of AIDS deaths globally has been tuberculosis (TB), which is caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTb). Co-infection with MTb exacerbates human immunodeficiency virus type1 (HIV-1) replication and disease progression via both innate and adaptive host immune responses to MTb infection. In this report, we present evidence that the transcription factor NFAT5 plays a crucial role in MTb-induced HIV-1 replication in human peripheral blood cells and monocytes. We also show that MTb infection itself stimulates NFAT5 gene expression in human monocytes and that its expression involves the TLR signalling pathway and requires the downstream adaptor proteins MyD88, IRAK1, and TRAF6. This identification of a novel role for NFAT5 in TB/HIV-1 co-infection reveals that NFAT5 is a major mediator of TLR-dependent gene expression and thus provides a potential new therapeutic target for treatment of HIV-1 and possibly other diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahin Ranjbar
- Immune Disease Institute and Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Children's Hospital Boston, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Luke D. Jasenosky
- Immune Disease Institute and Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Children's Hospital Boston, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Nancy Chow
- Immune Disease Institute and Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Children's Hospital Boston, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Anne E. Goldfeld
- Immune Disease Institute and Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Children's Hospital Boston, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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196
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Arroyo JA, Garcia-Jones P, Graham A, Teng CC, Battaglia FC, Galan HL. Placental TonEBP/NFAT5 osmolyte regulation in an ovine model of intrauterine growth restriction. Biol Reprod 2012; 86:94. [PMID: 22190709 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.111.094797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
TonEBP/NFAT5 (the tonicity-responsive enhancer binding protein/nuclear factor of activated T cells) modulates cellular response to osmotic changes by accumulating inositol and sorbitol inside the cells. Our objective was to assess placental osmolytes, TonEBP/NFAT5 RNA and protein expression, and signaling molecules across gestation between control and intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) ovine pregnancies. Pregnant sheep were placed in hyperthermic conditions to induce IUGR. Placental tissues were collected at 55, 95, and 130 days gestational age (dGA) to measure inositol, sorbitol, TonEBP/NFAT5 (NFAT5), sodium-dependent myo-inositol transporter (SMIT; official symbol SLC5A3), aldose reductase (AR), and NADPH (official symbol DE-CR1). Placental weight was reduced in IUGR compared to controls at 95 and 130 dGA. Osmolyte concentrations were similar between control and IUGR placentas, but both groups demonstrated a significant decrease in inositol concentration and an increase in sorbitol concentration with advancing gestation. Cytosolic NFAT5 protein decreased significantly from 55 to 95 dGA in both groups, and nuclear NFAT5 protein increased only at 130 dGA in the IUGR group, but no differences were seen between groups for either cytosolic or nuclear NFAT5 protein concentrations. DE-CR1 concentrations were similar between groups and increased significantly with advancing gestational age. AR was lowest at 55dGA, and SLC5A3 increased with advancing gestational age. We conclude that both placental osmolytes inositol and sorbitol (and their corresponding proteins SLC5A3 and AR) change with gestational age and are regulated, at least in part, by NFAT5 and DE-CR1 (NADPH). The inverse relationship between each osmolyte across gestation (e.g., inositol higher in early gestation and sorbitol higher in late gestation) may reflect nutritional needs that change across gestation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan A Arroyo
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Colorado Denver and Health Sciences Center, Aurora, Colorado, USA.
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197
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Endo M, Nakano M, Kadomatsu T, Fukuhara S, Kuroda H, Mikami S, Hato T, Aoi J, Horiguchi H, Miyata K, Odagiri H, Masuda T, Harada M, Horio H, Hishima T, Nomori H, Ito T, Yamamoto Y, Minami T, Okada S, Takahashi T, Mochizuki N, Iwase H, Oike Y. Tumor cell-derived angiopoietin-like protein ANGPTL2 is a critical driver of metastasis. Cancer Res 2012; 72:1784-94. [PMID: 22345152 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-11-3878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Strategies to inhibit metastasis have been mainly unsuccessful in part due to insufficient mechanistic understanding. Here, we report evidence of critical role for the angiopoietin-like protein 2 (ANGPTL2) in metastatic progression. In mice, Angptl2 has been implicated in inflammatory carcinogenesis but it has not been studied in human tumors. In patients with lung cancer, elevated levels of ANGPTL2 expression in tumor cells within the primary tumor were associated with a reduction in the period of disease-free survival after surgical resection. Transcription factors NFATc, ATF2, and c-Jun upregulated in aggressive tumor cells promoted increased Angptl2 expression. Most notably, tumor cell-derived ANGPTL2 increased in vitro motility and invasion in an autocrine/paracrine manner, conferring an aggressive metastatic tumor phenotype. In xenograft mouse models, tumor cell-derived ANGPTL2 accelerated metastasis and shortened survival whereas attenuating ANGPTL2 expression in tumor cells-blunted metastasis and extended survival. Overall, our findings showed that tumor cell-derived ANGPTL2 drives metastasis and provided an initial proof of concept for blockade of its action as a strategy to antagonize the metastatic process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Motoyoshi Endo
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
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198
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Alvarez-Díaz S, Valle N, Ferrer-Mayorga G, Lombardía L, Herrera M, Domínguez O, Segura MF, Bonilla F, Hernando E, Muñoz A. MicroRNA-22 is induced by vitamin D and contributes to its antiproliferative, antimigratory and gene regulatory effects in colon cancer cells. Hum Mol Genet 2012; 21:2157-65. [PMID: 22328083 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/dds031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Vitamin D deficiency is associated with the high risk of colon cancer and a variety of other diseases. The active vitamin D metabolite 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) (1,25(OH)(2)D(3)) regulates gene transcription via its nuclear receptor (VDR), and posttranscriptional regulatory mechanisms of gene expression have also been proposed. We have identified microRNA-22 (miR-22) and several other miRNA species as 1,25(OH)(2)D(3) targets in human colon cancer cells. Remarkably, miR-22 is induced by 1,25(OH)(2)D(3) in a time-, dose- and VDR-dependent manner. In SW480-ADH and HCT116 cells, miR-22 loss-of-function by transfection of a miR-22 inhibitor suppresses the antiproliferative effect of 1,25(OH)(2)D(3). Additionally, miR-22 inhibition increases cell migration per se and decreases the antimigratory effect of 1,25(OH)(2)D(3) in both cell types. In silico analysis shows a significant overlap between genes suppressed by 1,25(OH)(2)D(3) and miR-22 putative target genes. Consistently, miR-22 inhibition abrogates the 1,25(OH)(2)D(3)-mediated suppression of NELL2, OGN, HNRPH1, RERE and NFAT5 genes. In 39 out of 50 (78%) human colon cancer patients, miR-22 expression was found lower in the tumour than in the matched normal tissue and correlated directly with that of VDR. Our results indicate that miR-22 is induced by 1,25(OH)(2)D(3) in human colon cancer cells and it may contribute to its antitumour action against this neoplasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Alvarez-Díaz
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (CSIC-UAM), E-28029 Madrid, Spain.
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199
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Gerson KD, Shearstone JR, Maddula VSRK, Seligmann BE, Mercurio AM. Integrin β4 regulates SPARC protein to promote invasion. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:9835-9844. [PMID: 22308039 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.317727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The α6β4 integrin (referred to as "β4" integrin) is a receptor for laminins that promotes carcinoma invasion through its ability to regulate key signaling pathways and cytoskeletal dynamics. An analysis of published Affymetrix GeneChip data to detect downstream effectors involved in β4-mediated invasion of breast carcinoma cells identified SPARC, or secreted protein acidic and rich in cysteine. This glycoprotein has been shown to play an important role in matrix remodeling and invasion. Our analysis revealed that manipulation of β4 integrin expression and signaling impacted SPARC expression and that SPARC facilitates β4-mediated invasion. Expression of β4 in β4-deficient cells reduced the expression of a specific microRNA (miR-29a) that targets SPARC and impedes invasion. In cells that express endogenous β4, miR-29a expression is low and β4 ligation facilitates the translation of SPARC through a TOR-dependent mechanism. The results obtained in this study demonstrate that β4 can regulate SPARC expression and that SPARC is an effector of β4-mediated invasion. They also highlight a potential role for specific miRNAs in executing the functions of integrins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin D Gerson
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605 and
| | - Jeffrey R Shearstone
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605 and
| | | | | | - Arthur M Mercurio
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605 and.
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200
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Germann S, Gratadou L, Zonta E, Dardenne E, Gaudineau B, Fougère M, Samaan S, Dutertre M, Jauliac S, Auboeuf D. Dual role of the ddx5/ddx17 RNA helicases in the control of the pro-migratory NFAT5 transcription factor. Oncogene 2012; 31:4536-49. [PMID: 22266867 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2011.618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Ddx5 and ddx17 are two highly related RNA helicases involved in both transcription and splicing. These proteins coactivate transcription factors involved in cancer such as the estrogen receptor alpha, p53 and beta-catenin. Ddx5 and ddx17 are part of the splicing machinery and can modulate alternative splicing, the main mechanism increasing the proteome diversity. Alternative splicing also has a role in gene expression level regulation when it is coupled to the nonsense-mediated mRNA decay (NMD) pathway. In this work, we report that ddx5 and ddx17 have a dual role in the control of the pro-migratory NFAT5 transcription factor. First, ddx5 and ddx17 act as transcriptional coactivators of NFAT5 and are required for activating NFAT5 target genes involved in tumor cell migration. Second, at the splicing level, ddx5 and ddx17 increase the inclusion of NFAT5 exon 5. As exon 5 contains a pre-mature translation termination codon, its inclusion leads to the regulation of NFAT5 mRNAs by the NMD pathway and to a decrease in NFAT5 protein level. Therefore, we demonstrated for the first time that a transcriptional coregulator can simultaneously regulate the transcriptional activity and alternative splicing of a transcription factor. This dual regulation, where ddx5 and ddx17 enhance the transcriptional activity of NFAT5 although reducing its protein expression level, suggests a critical role for ddx5 and ddx17 in tumor cell migration through the fine regulation of NFAT5 pathway.
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