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Sauls K, Toomer K, Williams K, Johnson AJ, Markwald RR, Hajdu Z, Norris RA. Increased Infiltration of Extra-Cardiac Cells in Myxomatous Valve Disease. J Cardiovasc Dev Dis 2015; 2:200-213. [PMID: 26473162 PMCID: PMC4603574 DOI: 10.3390/jcdd2030200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the actin-binding gene Filamin-A have been linked to non-syndromic myxomatous valvular dystrophy and associated mitral valve prolapse. Previous studies by our group traced the adult valve defects back to developmental errors in valve interstitial cell-mediated extracellular matrix remodeling during fetal valve gestation. Mice deficient in Filamin-A exhibit enlarged mitral leaflets at E17.5, and subsequent progression to a myxomatous phenotype is observed by two months. For this study, we sought to define mechanisms that contribute to myxomatous degeneration in the adult Filamin-A-deficient mouse. In vivo experiments demonstrate increased infiltration of hematopoietic-derived cells and macrophages in adolescent Filamin-A conditional knockout mice. Concurrent with this infiltration of hematopoietic cells, we show an increase in Erk activity, which localizes to regions of MMP2 expression. Additionally, increases in cell proliferation are observed at two months, when hematopoietic cell engraftment and signaling are pronounced. Similar changes are observed in human myxomatous mitral valve tissue, suggesting that infiltration of hematopoietic-derived cells and/or increased Erk signaling may contribute to myxomatous valvular dystrophy. Consequently, immune cell targeting and/or suppression of pErk activities may represent an effective therapeutic option for mitral valve prolapse patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly Sauls
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology, Children’s Research Institute, Medical University of South Carolina, 171 Ashley Ave, Charleston, SC 29425, USA; E-Mails: (K.S.); (K.T.); (K.W.); (A.J.J.); (R.R.M.)
| | - Katelynn Toomer
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology, Children’s Research Institute, Medical University of South Carolina, 171 Ashley Ave, Charleston, SC 29425, USA; E-Mails: (K.S.); (K.T.); (K.W.); (A.J.J.); (R.R.M.)
| | - Katherine Williams
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology, Children’s Research Institute, Medical University of South Carolina, 171 Ashley Ave, Charleston, SC 29425, USA; E-Mails: (K.S.); (K.T.); (K.W.); (A.J.J.); (R.R.M.)
| | - Amanda J. Johnson
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology, Children’s Research Institute, Medical University of South Carolina, 171 Ashley Ave, Charleston, SC 29425, USA; E-Mails: (K.S.); (K.T.); (K.W.); (A.J.J.); (R.R.M.)
| | - Roger R. Markwald
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology, Children’s Research Institute, Medical University of South Carolina, 171 Ashley Ave, Charleston, SC 29425, USA; E-Mails: (K.S.); (K.T.); (K.W.); (A.J.J.); (R.R.M.)
| | - Zoltan Hajdu
- Department of Bioengineering, Clemson University, 200 C Patewood Drive, Greenville, SC 29615, USA; E-Mail:
| | - Russell A. Norris
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology, Children’s Research Institute, Medical University of South Carolina, 171 Ashley Ave, Charleston, SC 29425, USA; E-Mails: (K.S.); (K.T.); (K.W.); (A.J.J.); (R.R.M.)
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +1-843-792-3544; Fax: +1-843-792-0664
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152
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Proost D, Vandeweyer G, Meester JAN, Salemink S, Kempers M, Ingram C, Peeters N, Saenen J, Vrints C, Lacro RV, Roden D, Wuyts W, Dietz HC, Mortier G, Loeys BL, Van Laer L. Performant Mutation Identification Using Targeted Next-Generation Sequencing of 14 Thoracic Aortic Aneurysm Genes. Hum Mutat 2015; 36:808-14. [PMID: 25907466 DOI: 10.1002/humu.22802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2015] [Accepted: 04/08/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
At least 14 causative genes have been identified for both syndromic and nonsyndromic forms of thoracic aortic aneurysm/dissection (TAA), an important cause of death in the industrialized world. Molecular confirmation of the diagnosis is increasingly important for gene-tailored patient management but consecutive, conventional molecular TAA gene screening is expensive and labor-intensive. To circumvent these problems, we developed a TAA gene panel for next-generation sequencing of 14 TAA genes. After validation, we applied the assay to 100 Marfan patients. We identified 90 FBN1 mutations, 44 of which were novel. In addition, Multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification identified large deletions in six of the remaining samples, whereas false-negative results were excluded by Sanger sequencing of FBN1, TGFBR1, and TGFBR2 in the last four samples. Subsequently, we screened 55 syndromic and nonsyndromic TAA patients. We identified causal mutations in 15 patients (27%), one in each of the six following genes: ACTA2, COL3A1, TGFBR1, MYLK, SMAD3, SLC2A10 (homozygous), two in NOTCH1, and seven in FBN1. We conclude that our approach for TAA genetic testing overcomes the intrinsic hurdles of consecutive Sanger sequencing of all candidate genes and provides a powerful tool for the elaboration of clinical phenotypes assigned to different genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorien Proost
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp and Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Geert Vandeweyer
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp and Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Josephina A N Meester
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp and Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Simone Salemink
- Department of Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Marlies Kempers
- Department of Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Christie Ingram
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Nils Peeters
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp and Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Johan Saenen
- Department of Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp and Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Christiaan Vrints
- Department of Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp and Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerp, Belgium
| | | | - Dan Roden
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Wim Wuyts
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp and Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Harry C Dietz
- McKusick Nathans Institute for Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Geert Mortier
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp and Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Bart L Loeys
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp and Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerp, Belgium.,Department of Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Lut Van Laer
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp and Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerp, Belgium
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153
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Bertoli-Avella AM, Gillis E, Morisaki H, Verhagen JMA, de Graaf BM, van de Beek G, Gallo E, Kruithof BPT, Venselaar H, Myers LA, Laga S, Doyle AJ, Oswald G, van Cappellen GWA, Yamanaka I, van der Helm RM, Beverloo B, de Klein A, Pardo L, Lammens M, Evers C, Devriendt K, Dumoulein M, Timmermans J, Bruggenwirth HT, Verheijen F, Rodrigus I, Baynam G, Kempers M, Saenen J, Van Craenenbroeck EM, Minatoya K, Matsukawa R, Tsukube T, Kubo N, Hofstra R, Goumans MJ, Bekkers JA, Roos-Hesselink JW, van de Laar IMBH, Dietz HC, Van Laer L, Morisaki T, Wessels MW, Loeys BL. Mutations in a TGF-β ligand, TGFB3, cause syndromic aortic aneurysms and dissections. J Am Coll Cardiol 2015; 65:1324-1336. [PMID: 25835445 PMCID: PMC4380321 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2015.01.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 209] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2014] [Revised: 12/17/2014] [Accepted: 01/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Background Aneurysms affecting the aorta are a common condition associated with high mortality as a result of aortic dissection or rupture. Investigations of the pathogenic mechanisms involved in syndromic types of thoracic aortic aneurysms, such as Marfan and Loeys-Dietz syndromes, have revealed an important contribution of disturbed transforming growth factor (TGF)-β signaling. Objectives This study sought to discover a novel gene causing syndromic aortic aneurysms in order to unravel the underlying pathogenesis. Methods We combined genome-wide linkage analysis, exome sequencing, and candidate gene Sanger sequencing in a total of 470 index cases with thoracic aortic aneurysms. Extensive cardiological examination, including physical examination, electrocardiography, and transthoracic echocardiography was performed. In adults, imaging of the entire aorta using computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging was done. Results Here, we report on 43 patients from 11 families with syndromic presentations of aortic aneurysms caused by TGFB3 mutations. We demonstrate that TGFB3 mutations are associated with significant cardiovascular involvement, including thoracic/abdominal aortic aneurysm and dissection, and mitral valve disease. Other systemic features overlap clinically with Loeys-Dietz, Shprintzen-Goldberg, and Marfan syndromes, including cleft palate, bifid uvula, skeletal overgrowth, cervical spine instability and clubfoot deformity. In line with previous observations in aortic wall tissues of patients with mutations in effectors of TGF-β signaling (TGFBR1/2, SMAD3, and TGFB2), we confirm a paradoxical up-regulation of both canonical and noncanonical TGF-β signaling in association with up-regulation of the expression of TGF-β ligands. Conclusions Our findings emphasize the broad clinical variability associated with TGFB3 mutations and highlight the importance of early recognition of the disease because of high cardiovascular risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aida M Bertoli-Avella
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Center of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp and Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerp, Belgium; Department of Cardiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - Elisabeth Gillis
- Center of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp and Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Hiroko Morisaki
- Departments of Bioscience and Genetics, and Medical Genetics, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Judith M A Verhagen
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Bianca M de Graaf
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Gerarda van de Beek
- Center of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp and Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Elena Gallo
- McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Boudewijn P T Kruithof
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Hanka Venselaar
- Nijmegen Center for Molecular Life Sciences (NCMLS), Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Center for Molecular and Biomolecular Informatics (CMBI), Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Loretha A Myers
- McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Steven Laga
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Alexander J Doyle
- McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Baltimore, Maryland; William Harvey Research Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Gretchen Oswald
- McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Gert W A van Cappellen
- Erasmus Optical Imaging Centre, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Pathology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Itaru Yamanaka
- Department of Bioscience and Genetics, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Robert M van der Helm
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Berna Beverloo
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Annelies de Klein
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Luba Pardo
- Department of Dermatology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Martin Lammens
- Department of Pathology, Antwerp University Hospital, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Christina Evers
- Institute of Human Genetics, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | | | - Janneke Timmermans
- Department of Cardiology, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Hennie T Bruggenwirth
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Frans Verheijen
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Inez Rodrigus
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Gareth Baynam
- Genetic Services of Western Australia, Subiaco, Western Australia, Australia; School of Paediatrics and Child Health, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Marlies Kempers
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Johan Saenen
- Department of Cardiology, University Hospital Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | | | - Kenji Minatoya
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Ritsu Matsukawa
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Japanese Red Cross Kobe Hospital, Kobe, Japan
| | - Takuro Tsukube
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Japanese Red Cross Kobe Hospital, Kobe, Japan
| | - Noriaki Kubo
- Department of Pediatrics, Urakawa Red Cross Hospital, Urakawa, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Robert Hofstra
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Marie Jose Goumans
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Jos A Bekkers
- Department of Cardio-Thoracic Surgery, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | | | - Harry C Dietz
- McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Baltimore, Maryland; Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Lut Van Laer
- Center of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp and Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Takayuki Morisaki
- Departments of Bioscience and Genetics, and Medical Genetics, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Osaka, Japan; Department of Molecular Pathophysiology, Osaka University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Marja W Wessels
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Bart L Loeys
- Center of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp and Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerp, Belgium; Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
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154
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Wooderchak-Donahue W, VanSant-Webb C, Tvrdik T, Plant P, Lewis T, Stocks J, Raney JA, Meyers L, Berg A, Rope AF, Yetman AT, Bleyl SB, Mesley R, Bull DA, Collins RT, Ojeda MM, Roberts A, Lacro R, Woerner A, Stoler J, Bayrak-Toydemir P. Clinical utility of a next generation sequencing panel assay for Marfan and Marfan-like syndromes featuring aortopathy. Am J Med Genet A 2015; 167A:1747-57. [PMID: 25944730 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.37085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2014] [Accepted: 03/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Aortopathy can be defined as aortic dilation, aneurysm, dissection, and tortuosity. Familial aortopathy may occur secondary to fibrillin-1 (FBN1) mutations in the setting of Marfan syndrome, or may occur as a result of other genetic defects with different, but occasionally overlapping, phenotypes. Because of the phenotypic overlap and genetic heterogeneity of disorders featuring aortopathy, we developed a next generation sequencing (NGS) assay and comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) array to detect mutations in 10 genes that cause thoracic aortic aneurysms (TAAs). Here, we report on the clinical and molecular findings in 175 individuals submitted for aortopathy panel testing at ARUP laboratories. Ten genes associated with heritable aortopathies were targeted using hybridization capture prior to sequencing. NGS results were analyzed, and variants were confirmed using Sanger sequencing. Array CGH was used to detect copy-number variation. Of 175 individuals, 18 had a pathogenic mutation and 32 had a variant of uncertain significance (VUS). Most pathogenic mutations (72%) were identified in FBN1. A novel large SMAD3 duplication and FBN1 deletion were identified. Over half who had TAAs or other aortic involvement tested negative for a mutation, suggesting that additional aortopathy genes exist. We anticipate that the clinical sensitivity of at least 10.3% will rise with VUS reclassification and as additional genes are identified and included in the panel. The aortopathy NGS panel aids in the timely molecular diagnosis of individuals with disorders featuring aortopathy and guides proper treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Whitney Wooderchak-Donahue
- ARUP Institute for Clinical and Experimental Pathology, Salt Lake City, Utah.,Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Chad VanSant-Webb
- ARUP Institute for Clinical and Experimental Pathology, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Tatiana Tvrdik
- ARUP Institute for Clinical and Experimental Pathology, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Parker Plant
- ARUP Institute for Clinical and Experimental Pathology, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Tracey Lewis
- ARUP Institute for Clinical and Experimental Pathology, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Jennifer Stocks
- ARUP Institute for Clinical and Experimental Pathology, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Joshua A Raney
- ARUP Institute for Clinical and Experimental Pathology, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Lindsay Meyers
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Medical Genetics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Alizabeth Berg
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Medical Genetics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Alan F Rope
- Department of Medical Genetics, Kaiser Permanente, Portland, Oregon
| | - Anji T Yetman
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cardiology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Steven B Bleyl
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cardiology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah.,Clinical Genetics Institute, Intermountain Healthcare, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Rebecca Mesley
- Department of Surgery, Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - David A Bull
- Department of Surgery, Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - R Thomas Collins
- Department of Pediatrics and Internal Medicine, Cardiology Division, Arkansas Children's Hospital, Little Rock, Arkansas
| | | | - Amy Roberts
- Department of Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Ronald Lacro
- Department of Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Audrey Woerner
- Division of Genetics, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Joan Stoler
- Division of Genetics, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Pinar Bayrak-Toydemir
- ARUP Institute for Clinical and Experimental Pathology, Salt Lake City, Utah.,Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
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155
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Reply to Liu et al.: Loss of TGF-β signaling in CARASIL pathogenesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 112:E1694. [PMID: 25770223 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1501817112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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156
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Ramachandra CJA, Mehta A, Guo KWQ, Wong P, Tan JL, Shim W. Molecular pathogenesis of Marfan syndrome. Int J Cardiol 2015; 187:585-91. [PMID: 25863307 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2015.03.423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2014] [Revised: 03/26/2015] [Accepted: 03/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Marfan syndrome (MFS) is a genetic disorder that affects multiple organs. Mortality imposed by aortic aneurysm and dissections represent the most serious clinical manifestation of MFS. Progressive pathological aortic root enlargement as the result of degeneration of microfibril architecture and consequential loss of extracellular matrix integrity due to fibrillin-1 (FBN1) mutations are commonly diagnosed clinical manifestations of MFS. However, overlapping clinical manifestations with other aneurysmal disorders present a significant challenge in early and accurate diagnosis of MFS. While FBN1 mutations, abnormal transforming growth factor-β signaling and dysregulated matrix metalloproteinases have been implicated in MFS, clinically accepted risk-stratifying biomarkers have yet to be reliably identified. In this review, we summarize current consensus and recent insights in the understanding of MFS pathogenesis. Finally, we introduce the application of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) as cellular models for MFS and its potential as a novel platform into providing better appreciation of mechanisms underlying MFS diverse manifestations in the cardiovascular system.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ashish Mehta
- National Heart Research Institute Singapore, Singapore
| | | | - Philip Wong
- National Heart Research Institute Singapore, Singapore; Department of Cardiology, National Heart Centre Singapore, Singapore; Cardiovascular & Metabolic Disorders Program, DUKE-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore
| | - Ju Le Tan
- Department of Cardiology, National Heart Centre Singapore, Singapore
| | - Winston Shim
- National Heart Research Institute Singapore, Singapore; Cardiovascular & Metabolic Disorders Program, DUKE-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore.
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157
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Chondrodysplasias and TGFβ signaling. BONEKEY REPORTS 2015; 4:642. [PMID: 25798233 DOI: 10.1038/bonekey.2015.9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2014] [Accepted: 12/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Human chondrodysplasias are a group of conditions that affect the cartilage. This review is focused on the involvement of transforming growth factor-β signaling in a group of chondrodysplasias, entitled acromelic dysplasia, characterized by short stature, short hands and restricted joint mobility.
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158
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Hayata T, Ezura Y, Asashima M, Nishinakamura R, Noda M, Noda M. Dullard/Ctdnep1 regulates endochondral ossification via suppression of TGF-β signaling. J Bone Miner Res 2015; 30:318-29. [PMID: 25155999 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.2343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2014] [Revised: 08/10/2014] [Accepted: 08/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Transforming growth factor (TGF)-β signaling plays critical roles during skeletal development and its excessive signaling causes genetic diseases of connective tissues including Marfan syndrome and acromelic dysplasia. However, the mechanisms underlying prevention of excessive TGF-β signaling in skeletogenesis remain unclear. We previously reported that Dullard/Ctdnep1 encoding a small phosphatase is required for nephron maintenance after birth through suppression of bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling. Unexpectedly, we found that Dullard is involved in suppression of TGF-β signaling during endochondral ossification. Conditional Dullard-deficient mice in the limb and sternum mesenchyme by Prx1-Cre displayed the impaired growth and ossification of skeletal elements leading to postnatal lethality. Dullard was expressed in early cartilage condensations and later in growth plate chondrocytes. The tibia growth plate of newborn Dullard mutant mice showed reduction of the proliferative and hypertrophic chondrocyte layers. The sternum showed deformity of cartilage primordia and delayed hypertrophy. Micromass culture experiments revealed that Dullard deficiency enhanced early cartilage condensation and differentiation, but suppressed mineralized hypertrophic chondrocyte differentiation, which was reversed by treatment with TGF-β type I receptor kinase blocker LY-364947. Dullard deficiency induced upregulation of protein levels of both phospho-Smad2/3 and total Smad2/3 in micromass cultures without increase of Smad2/3 mRNA levels, suggesting that Dullard may affect Smad2/3 protein stability. The phospho-Smad2/3 level was also upregulated in perichondrium and hypertrophic chondrocytes in Dullard-deficient embryos. Response to TGF-β signaling was enhanced in Dullard-deficient primary chondrocyte cultures at late, but not early, time point. Moreover, perinatal administration of LY-364947 ameliorated the sternum deformity in vivo. Thus, we identified Dullard as a new negative regulator of TGF-β signaling in endochondral ossification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadayoshi Hayata
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
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159
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Vázquez-Victorio G, Caligaris C, Del Valle-Espinosa E, Sosa-Garrocho M, González-Arenas NR, Reyes-Cruz G, Briones-Orta MA, Macías-Silva M. Novel regulation of Ski protein stability and endosomal sorting by actin cytoskeleton dynamics in hepatocytes. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:4487-99. [PMID: 25561741 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.579532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
TGF-β-induced antimitotic signals are highly regulated during cell proliferation under normal and pathological conditions, such as liver regeneration and cancer. Up-regulation of the transcriptional cofactors Ski and SnoN during liver regeneration may favor hepatocyte proliferation by inhibiting TGF-β signals. In this study, we found a novel mechanism that regulates Ski protein stability through TGF-β and G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) signaling. Ski protein is distributed between the nucleus and cytoplasm of normal hepatocytes, and the molecular mechanisms controlling Ski protein stability involve the participation of actin cytoskeleton dynamics. Cytoplasmic Ski is partially associated with actin and localized in cholesterol-rich vesicles. Ski protein stability is decreased by TGF-β/Smads, GPCR/Rho signals, and actin polymerization, whereas GPCR/cAMP signals and actin depolymerization promote Ski protein stability. In conclusion, TGF-β and GPCR signals differentially regulate Ski protein stability and sorting in hepatocytes, and this cross-talk may occur during liver regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Genaro Vázquez-Victorio
- From the Departamento de Biología Celular y Desarrollo, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México, D. F. 04510, México and
| | - Cassandre Caligaris
- From the Departamento de Biología Celular y Desarrollo, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México, D. F. 04510, México and
| | - Eugenio Del Valle-Espinosa
- From the Departamento de Biología Celular y Desarrollo, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México, D. F. 04510, México and
| | - Marcela Sosa-Garrocho
- From the Departamento de Biología Celular y Desarrollo, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México, D. F. 04510, México and
| | - Nelly R González-Arenas
- From the Departamento de Biología Celular y Desarrollo, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México, D. F. 04510, México and
| | - Guadalupe Reyes-Cruz
- the Departamento de Biología Celular, CINVESTAV-IPN, México, D. F. 07000, México
| | - Marco A Briones-Orta
- From the Departamento de Biología Celular y Desarrollo, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México, D. F. 04510, México and
| | - Marina Macías-Silva
- From the Departamento de Biología Celular y Desarrollo, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México, D. F. 04510, México and
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Review of Molecular and Mechanical Interactions in the Aortic Valve and Aorta: Implications for the Shared Pathogenesis of Aortic Valve Disease and Aortopathy. J Cardiovasc Transl Res 2014; 7:823-46. [DOI: 10.1007/s12265-014-9602-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2014] [Accepted: 10/30/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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161
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Howell DW, Popovic N, Metz RP, Wilson E. Regional changes in elastic fiber organization and transforming growth factor β signaling in aortas from a mouse model of marfan syndrome. Cell Tissue Res 2014; 358:807-19. [PMID: 25238995 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-014-1993-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2014] [Accepted: 08/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
In Marfan Syndrome (MFS), development of thoracic aortic aneurysms (TAAs) is characterized by degeneration of the medial layer of the aorta, including fragmentation and loss of elastic fibers, phenotypic changes in the smooth muscle cells, and an increase in the active form of transforming growth factor-β (TGFβ), which is thought to play a major role in development and progression of the aneurysm. We hypothesized that regional difference in elastic fiber fragmentation contributes to TGFβ activation and hence the localization of aneurysm formation. The fibrillin-1-deficient mgR/mgR mouse model of MFS was used to investigate regional changes in elastin fiber fragmentation, TGFβ activation and changes in gene expression as compared to wild-type littermates. Knockdown of Smad 2 and Smad 3 with shRNA was used to determine the role of the specific transcription factors in gene regulation in aortic smooth muscle cells. We show increased elastin fiber fragmentation in the regions associated with aneurysm formation and altered TGFβ signaling in these regions. Differential effects of Smad 2 and Smad 3 were observed in cultured smooth muscle cells by shRNA-mediated knockdown of expression of these transcription factors. Differential signaling through Smad 2 and Smad 3 in regions of active vascular remodeling likely contribute to aneurysm formation in the mgR/mgR model of MFS. Increased elastin fiber fragmentation in these regions is associated with these changes as compared to other regions of the thoracic aorta and may contribute to the changes in TGFβ signaling in these regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- David W Howell
- Department of Medical Physiology, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College Station, TX, 77843-1114, USA
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162
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Abstract
Gene identification in human aortic aneurysm conditions is proceeding at a rapid pace and the integration of pathogenesis-based management strategies in clinical practice is an emerging reality. Human genetic alterations causing aneurysm involve diverse gene products including constituents of the extracellular matrix, cell surface receptors, intracellular signaling molecules, and elements of the contractile cytoskeleton. Animal modeling experiments and human genetic discoveries have extensively implicated the transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) cytokine-signaling cascade in aneurysm progression, but mechanistic links between many gene products remain obscure. This chapter will integrate human genetic alterations associated with aortic aneurysm with current basic research findings in an attempt to form a reconciling if not unifying model for hereditary aortic aneurysm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark E Lindsay
- Massachusetts General Hospital Thoracic Aortic Center, Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114
| | - Harry C Dietz
- McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Departments of Pediatrics, Medicine, and Molecular Biology & Genetics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205 Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
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163
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Reinstein E, Morris SA, Rimoin DL, Robertson SP, Lacro RV. Arterial tortuosity in patients with Filamin A- associated vascular aneurysms. Am J Med Genet A 2014; 164A:2961-3. [PMID: 25124759 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.36717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2014] [Accepted: 07/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eyal Reinstein
- Medical Genetics Institute, Rabin Medical Center, Petach-Tikva, Israel
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164
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Cook JR, Carta L, Galatioto J, Ramirez F. Cardiovascular manifestations in Marfan syndrome and related diseases; multiple genes causing similar phenotypes. Clin Genet 2014; 87:11-20. [PMID: 24867163 DOI: 10.1111/cge.12436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2013] [Revised: 05/23/2014] [Accepted: 05/23/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Cardiovascular abnormalities are the major cause of morbidity and mortality in Marfan syndrome (MFS) and a few clinically related diseases that share, with MFS, the pathogenic contribution of dysregulated transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) signaling. They include Loeys-Dietz syndrome, Shprintzen-Goldberg syndrome, aneurysm-osteoarthritis syndrome and syndromic thoracic aortic aneurysms. Unlike the causal association of MFS with mutations in an extracellular matrix protein (ECM), the aforementioned conditions are due to defects in components of the TGFβ pathway. While TGFβ antagonism is being considered as a potential new therapy for these heritable syndromes, several points still need to be clarified in relevant animal models before this strategy could be safely applied to patients. Among others, unresolved issues include whether elevated TGFβ signaling is responsible for all MFS manifestations and is the common trigger of disease in MFS and related conditions. The scope of our review is to highlight the clinical and experimental findings that have forged our understanding of the natural history and molecular pathogenesis of cardiovascular manifestations in this group of syndromic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- J R Cook
- Department of Pharmacology and Systems Therapeutics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
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165
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Yue H, Yu JB, He JW, Zhang Z, Fu WZ, Zhang H, Wang C, Hu WW, Gu JM, Hu YQ, Li M, Liu YJ, Zhang ZL. Identification of two novel mutations in the PHEX gene in Chinese patients with hypophosphatemic rickets/osteomalacia. PLoS One 2014; 9:e97830. [PMID: 24836714 PMCID: PMC4024000 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0097830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2013] [Accepted: 04/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective X-linked dominant hypophosphatemia (XLH) is the most prevalent form of inherited rickets/osteomalacia in humans. The aim of this study was to identify PHEX gene mutations and describe the clinical features observed in 6 unrelated Chinese families and 3 sporadic patients with hypophosphatemic rickets/osteomalacia. Methods For this study, 45 individuals from 9 unrelated families of Chinese Han ethnicity (including 16 patients and 29 normal phenotype subjects), and 250 healthy donors were recruited. All 22 exons and exon-intron boundaries of the PHEX gene were amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and directly sequenced. Results The PHEX mutations were detected in 6 familial and 3 sporadic hypophosphatemic rickets/osteomalacia. Altogether, 2 novel mutations were detected: 1 missense mutation c.1183G>C in exon 11, resulting in p.Gly395Arg and 1 missense mutation c.1751A>C in exon 17, resulting in p.His584Pro. No mutations were found in the 250 healthy controls. Conclusions Our study increases knowledge of the PHEX gene mutation types and clinical phenotypes found in Chinese patients with XLH, which is important for understanding the genetic basis of XLH. The molecular diagnosis of a PHEX genetic mutation is of great importance for confirming the clinical diagnosis of XLH, conducting genetic counseling, and facilitating prenatal intervention, especially in the case of sporadic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Yue
- Department of Osteoporosis, Metabolic Bone Disease and Genetic Research Unit, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Jin-bo Yu
- Department of pediatrics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Jin-wei He
- Department of Osteoporosis, Metabolic Bone Disease and Genetic Research Unit, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Zeng Zhang
- Department of Osteoporosis, Metabolic Bone Disease and Genetic Research Unit, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital, Shanghai, P. R. China
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Wen-zhen Fu
- Department of Osteoporosis, Metabolic Bone Disease and Genetic Research Unit, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Hao Zhang
- Department of Osteoporosis, Metabolic Bone Disease and Genetic Research Unit, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Chun Wang
- Department of Osteoporosis, Metabolic Bone Disease and Genetic Research Unit, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Wei-wei Hu
- Department of Osteoporosis, Metabolic Bone Disease and Genetic Research Unit, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Jie-mei Gu
- Department of Osteoporosis, Metabolic Bone Disease and Genetic Research Unit, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Yun-qiu Hu
- Department of Osteoporosis, Metabolic Bone Disease and Genetic Research Unit, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Miao Li
- Department of Osteoporosis, Metabolic Bone Disease and Genetic Research Unit, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Yu-juan Liu
- Department of Osteoporosis, Metabolic Bone Disease and Genetic Research Unit, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Zhen-Lin Zhang
- Department of Osteoporosis, Metabolic Bone Disease and Genetic Research Unit, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital, Shanghai, P. R. China
- * E-mail:
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166
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Genetic variants of Adam17 differentially regulate TGFβ signaling to modify vascular pathology in mice and humans. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 111:7723-8. [PMID: 24812125 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1318761111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Outcome of TGFβ1 signaling is context dependent and differs between individuals due to germ-line genetic variation. To explore innate genetic variants that determine differential outcome of reduced TGFβ1 signaling, we dissected the modifier locus Tgfbm3, on mouse chromosome 12. On a NIH/OlaHsd genetic background, the Tgfbm3b(C57) haplotype suppresses prenatal lethality of Tgfb1(-/-) embryos and enhances nuclear accumulation of mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 2 (Smad2) in embryonic cells. Amino acid polymorphisms within a disintegrin and metalloprotease 17 (Adam17) can account, at least in part, for this Tgfbm3b effect. ADAM17 is known to down-regulate Smad2 signaling by shedding the extracellular domain of TGFβRI, and we show that the C57 variant is hypomorphic for down-regulation of Smad2/3-driven transcription. Genetic variation at Tgfbm3 or pharmacological inhibition of ADAM17, modulates postnatal circulating endothelial progenitor cell (CEPC) numbers via effects on TGFβRI activity. Because CEPC numbers correlate with angiogenic potential, this suggests that variant Adam17 is an innate modifier of adult angiogenesis, acting through TGFβR1. To determine whether human ADAM17 is also polymorphic and interacts with TGFβ signaling in human vascular disease, we investigated hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia (HHT), which is caused by mutations in TGFβ/bone morphogenetic protein receptor genes, ENG, encoding endoglin (HHT1), or ACVRL1 encoding ALK1 (HHT2), and considered a disease of excessive abnormal angiogenesis. HHT manifests highly variable incidence and severity of clinical features, ranging from small mucocutaneous telangiectases to life-threatening visceral and cerebral arteriovenous malformations (AVMs). We show that ADAM17 SNPs associate with the presence of pulmonary AVM in HHT1 but not HHT2, indicating genetic variation in ADAM17 can potentiate a TGFβ-regulated vascular disease.
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167
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Seta
- From the Vascular Biology Section, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA.
| | - Richard A Cohen
- From the Vascular Biology Section, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA
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168
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Õiglane-Shlik E, Puusepp S, Talvik I, Vaher U, Rein R, Tammur P, Reimand T, Teek R, Žilina O, Tomberg T, Õunap K. Monosomy 1p36 - a multifaceted and still enigmatic syndrome: four clinically diverse cases with shared white matter abnormalities. Eur J Paediatr Neurol 2014; 18:338-46. [PMID: 24529875 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpn.2014.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2013] [Revised: 01/05/2014] [Accepted: 01/19/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Monosomy 1p36 is the most common subtelomeric deletion syndrome seen in humans. Uniform features of the syndrome include early developmental delay and consequent intellectual disability, muscular hypotonia, and characteristic dysmorphic facial features. The gene-rich nature of the chromosomal band, inconsistent deletion sizes and overlapping clinical features have complicated relevant genotype-phenotype correlations. We describe four patients with isolated chromosome 1p36 deletions. All patients shared white matter abnormalities, allowing us to narrow the critical region for white matter involvement to the deletion size of up to 2.5 Mb from the telomere. We hypothesise that there might be a gene(s) responsible for myelin development in the 1p36 subtelomeric region. Other significant clinical findings were progressive spastic paraparesis, epileptic encephalopathy, various skeletal anomalies, Prader-Willi-like phenotype, neoplastic changes - a haemangioma and a benign skin tumour, and in one case, sleep myoclonus, a clinical entity not previously described in association with 1p36 monosomy. Combined with prior studies, our results suggest that the clinical features seen in monosomy 1p36 have more complex causes than a classical contiguous gene deletion syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eve Õiglane-Shlik
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia; Children's Clinic, Tartu University Hospital, Tartu, Estonia.
| | - Sanna Puusepp
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Inga Talvik
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia; Children's Clinic, Tartu University Hospital, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Ulvi Vaher
- Children's Clinic, Tartu University Hospital, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Reet Rein
- Children's Clinic, Tartu University Hospital, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Pille Tammur
- Department of Genetics, United Laboratories, Tartu University Hospital, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Tiia Reimand
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia; Department of Genetics, United Laboratories, Tartu University Hospital, Tartu, Estonia; Department of Biomedicine, Institute of Biomedicine and Centre for Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Rita Teek
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia; Department of Genetics, United Laboratories, Tartu University Hospital, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Olga Žilina
- Department of Genetics, United Laboratories, Tartu University Hospital, Tartu, Estonia; Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Tiiu Tomberg
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Katrin Õunap
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia; Department of Genetics, United Laboratories, Tartu University Hospital, Tartu, Estonia
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169
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Schepers D, Doyle AJ, Oswald G, Sparks E, Myers L, Willems PJ, Mansour S, Simpson MA, Frysira H, Maat-Kievit A, Van Minkelen R, Hoogeboom JM, Mortier GR, Titheradge H, Brueton L, Starr L, Stark Z, Ockeloen C, Lourenco CM, Blair E, Hobson E, Hurst J, Maystadt I, Destrée A, Girisha KM, Miller M, Dietz HC, Loeys B, Van Laer L. The SMAD-binding domain of SKI: a hotspot for de novo mutations causing Shprintzen-Goldberg syndrome. Eur J Hum Genet 2014; 23:224-8. [PMID: 24736733 DOI: 10.1038/ejhg.2014.61] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2013] [Revised: 02/24/2014] [Accepted: 03/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Shprintzen-Goldberg syndrome (SGS) is a rare, systemic connective tissue disorder characterized by craniofacial, skeletal, and cardiovascular manifestations that show a significant overlap with the features observed in the Marfan (MFS) and Loeys-Dietz syndrome (LDS). A distinguishing observation in SGS patients is the presence of intellectual disability, although not all patients in this series present this finding. Recently, SGS was shown to be due to mutations in the SKI gene, encoding the oncoprotein SKI, a repressor of TGFβ activity. Here, we report eight recurrent and three novel SKI mutations in eleven SGS patients. All were heterozygous missense mutations located in the R-SMAD binding domain, except for one novel in-frame deletion affecting the DHD domain. Adding our new findings to the existing data clearly reveals a mutational hotspot, with 73% (24 out of 33) of the hitherto described unrelated patients having mutations in a stretch of five SKI residues (from p.(Ser31) to p.(Pro35)). This implicates that the initial molecular testing could be focused on mutation analysis of the first half of exon 1 of SKI. As the majority of the known mutations are located in the R-SMAD binding domain of SKI, our study further emphasizes the importance of TGFβ signaling in the pathogenesis of SGS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorien Schepers
- Center for Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp and Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Alexander J Doyle
- 1] McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA [2] Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Gretchen Oswald
- McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Elizabeth Sparks
- McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Loretha Myers
- McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | - Sahar Mansour
- SW Thames Regional Genetics Service, St George's, University of London, London, UK
| | - Michael A Simpson
- Division of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, King's College London School of Medicine, London, UK
| | - Helena Frysira
- Department of Medical Genetics, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece
| | - Anneke Maat-Kievit
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rick Van Minkelen
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jeanette M Hoogeboom
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Geert R Mortier
- Center for Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp and Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Hannah Titheradge
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Birmingham Women's Hospital, Birmingham, UK
| | - Louise Brueton
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Birmingham Women's Hospital, Birmingham, UK
| | - Lois Starr
- Clinical Genetics, Munroe-Meyer Institute for Genetics and Rehabilitation, Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Zornitza Stark
- Victorian Clinical Genetics Services, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Charlotte Ockeloen
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Charles Marques Lourenco
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine of Ribeirao Preto, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ed Blair
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Emma Hobson
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Chapel Allerton Hospital, Leeds, UK
| | - Jane Hurst
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, UK
| | - Isabelle Maystadt
- Center for Human Genetics, Institute for Pathology and Genetics (IPG), Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Anne Destrée
- Center for Human Genetics, Institute for Pathology and Genetics (IPG), Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Katta M Girisha
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal University, Manipal, India
| | - Michelle Miller
- Department of Cardiology, All Childrens Hospital, St. Petersburg, FL, USA
| | - Harry C Dietz
- 1] McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA [2] Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Bart Loeys
- Center for Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp and Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Lut Van Laer
- Center for Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp and Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerp, Belgium
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170
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Zhen G, Cao X. Targeting TGFβ signaling in subchondral bone and articular cartilage homeostasis. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2014; 35:227-36. [PMID: 24745631 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2014.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2013] [Revised: 02/27/2014] [Accepted: 03/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most common degenerative joint disease and no disease-modifying therapy for OA is currently available. Targeting articular cartilage alone may not be sufficient to halt this disease progression. Articular cartilage and subchondral bone act as a functional unit. Increasing evidence indicates that transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) plays a crucial role in maintaining homeostasis of both articular cartilage and subchondral bone. Activation of extracellular matrix (ECM) latent TGFβ at the appropriate time and location is a prerequisite for its function. Aberrant activation of TGFβ in the subchondral bone in response to an abnormal mechanical loading environment induces formation of osteroid islets at the onset of OA. As a result, alteration of subchondral bone structure changes the stress distribution on the articular cartilage and leads to its degeneration. Thus, inhibition of TGFβ activity in the subchondral bone may provide a new avenue of treatment for OA. In this review we will discuss the role of TGFβ in the homeostasis of articular cartilage and subchondral bone as a novel target for OA therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gehua Zhen
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Ross Building, Room 229, 720 Rutland Ave, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Xu Cao
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Ross Building, Room 229, 720 Rutland Ave, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
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171
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Ganesh SK, Morissette R, Xu Z, Schoenhoff F, Griswold BF, Yang J, Tong L, Yang ML, Hunker K, Sloper L, Kuo S, Raza R, Milewicz DM, Francomano CA, Dietz HC, Van Eyk J, McDonnell NB. Clinical and biochemical profiles suggest fibromuscular dysplasia is a systemic disease with altered TGF-β expression and connective tissue features. FASEB J 2014; 28:3313-24. [PMID: 24732132 DOI: 10.1096/fj.14-251207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Fibromuscular dysplasia (FMD) is a rare, nonatherosclerotic arterial disease for which the molecular basis is unknown. We comprehensively studied 47 subjects with FMD, including physical examination, spine magnetic resonance imaging, bone densitometry, and brain magnetic resonance angiography. Inflammatory biomarkers in plasma and transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) cytokines in patient-derived dermal fibroblasts were measured by ELISA. Arterial pathology other than medial fibrodysplasia with multifocal stenosis included cerebral aneurysm, found in 12.8% of subjects. Extra-arterial pathology included low bone density (P<0.001); early onset degenerative spine disease (95.7%); increased incidence of Chiari I malformation (6.4%) and dural ectasia (42.6%); and physical examination findings of a mild connective tissue dysplasia (95.7%). Screening for mutations causing known genetically mediated arteriopathies was unrevealing. We found elevated plasma TGF-β1 (P=0.009), TGF-β2 (P=0.004) and additional inflammatory markers, and increased TGF-β1 (P=0.0009) and TGF-β2 (P=0.0001) secretion in dermal fibroblast cell lines from subjects with FMD compared to age- and gender-matched controls. Detailed phenotyping of patients with FMD allowed us to demonstrate that FMD is a systemic disease with alterations in common with the spectrum of genetic syndromes that involve altered TGF-β signaling and offers TGF-β as a marker of FMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santhi K Ganesh
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, and Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA;
| | - Rachel Morissette
- Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, Maryland, USA;
| | - Zhi Xu
- Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Florian Schoenhoff
- Johns Hopkins Bayview Proteomics Center, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Benjamin F Griswold
- Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Jiandong Yang
- Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Lan Tong
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, and Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Min-Lee Yang
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, and Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Kristina Hunker
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, and Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Leslie Sloper
- Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Shinie Kuo
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, and Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Rafi Raza
- Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Dianna M Milewicz
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | | | - Harry C Dietz
- McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA; and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Jennifer Van Eyk
- Johns Hopkins Bayview Proteomics Center, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Nazli B McDonnell
- Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, Maryland, USA;
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173
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Crane JL, Cao X. Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells and TGF-β signaling in bone remodeling. J Clin Invest 2014; 124:466-72. [PMID: 24487640 DOI: 10.1172/jci70050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 303] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
During bone resorption, abundant factors previously buried in the bone matrix are released into the bone marrow microenvironment, which results in recruitment and differentiation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) for subsequent bone formation, temporally and spatially coupling bone remodeling. Parathyroid hormone (PTH) orchestrates the signaling of many pathways that direct MSC fate. The spatiotemporal release and activation of matrix TGF-β during osteoclast bone resorption recruits MSCs to bone-resorptive sites. Dysregulation of TGF-β alters MSC fate, uncoupling bone remodeling and causing skeletal disorders. Modulation of TGF-β or PTH signaling may reestablish coupled bone remodeling and be a potential therapy.
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174
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Ghatak S, Misra S, Norris RA, Moreno-Rodriguez RA, Hoffman S, Levine RA, Hascall VC, Markwald RR. Periostin induces intracellular cross-talk between kinases and hyaluronan in atrioventricular valvulogenesis. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:8545-61. [PMID: 24469446 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.539882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Periostin (PN), a novel fasciclin-related matricellular protein, has been implicated in cardiac development and postnatal remodeling, but the mechanism remains unknown. We examined the role of PN in mediating intracellular kinase activation for atrioventricular valve morphogenesis using well defined explant cultures, gene transfection systems, and Western blotting. The results show that valve progenitor (cushion) cells secrete PN into the extracellular matrix, where it can bind to INTEGRINs and activate INTEGRIN/focal adhesion kinase signaling pathways and downstream kinases, PI3K/AKT and ERK. Functional assays with prevalvular progenitor cells showed that activating these signaling pathways promoted adhesion, migration, and anti-apoptosis. Through activation of PI3K/ERK, PN directly enhanced collagen expression. Comparing PN-null to WT mice also revealed that expression of hyaluronan (HA) and activation of hyaluronan synthase-2 (Has2) are also enhanced upon PN/INTEGRIN/focal adhesion kinase-mediated activation of PI3K and/or ERK, an effect confirmed by the reduction of HA synthase-2 in PN-null mice. We also identified in valve progenitor cells a potential autocrine signaling feedback loop between PN and HA through PI3K and/or ERK. Finally, in a three-dimensional assay to simulate normal valve maturation in vitro, PN promoted collagen compaction in a kinase-dependent fashion. In summary, this study provides the first direct evidence that PN can act to stimulate a valvulogenic signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shibnath Ghatak
- From the Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology
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175
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Zaveri HP, Beck TF, Hernández-García A, Shelly KE, Montgomery T, van Haeringen A, Anderlid BM, Patel C, Goel H, Houge G, Morrow BE, Cheung SW, Lalani SR, Scott DA. Identification of critical regions and candidate genes for cardiovascular malformations and cardiomyopathy associated with deletions of chromosome 1p36. PLoS One 2014; 9:e85600. [PMID: 24454898 PMCID: PMC3893250 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0085600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2013] [Accepted: 11/26/2013] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular malformations and cardiomyopathy are among the most common phenotypes caused by deletions of chromosome 1p36 which affect approximately 1 in 5000 newborns. Although these cardiac-related abnormalities are a significant source of morbidity and mortality associated with 1p36 deletions, most of the individual genes that contribute to these conditions have yet to be identified. In this paper, we use a combination of clinical and molecular cytogenetic data to define five critical regions for cardiovascular malformations and two critical regions for cardiomyopathy on chromosome 1p36. Positional candidate genes which may contribute to the development of cardiovascular malformations associated with 1p36 deletions include DVL1, SKI, RERE, PDPN, SPEN, CLCNKA, ECE1, HSPG2, LUZP1, and WASF2. Similarly, haploinsufficiency of PRDM16–a gene which was recently shown to be sufficient to cause the left ventricular noncompaction–SKI, PRKCZ, RERE, UBE4B and MASP2 may contribute to the development of cardiomyopathy. When treating individuals with 1p36 deletions, or providing prognostic information to their families, physicians should take into account that 1p36 deletions which overlie these cardiac critical regions may portend to cardiovascular complications. Since several of these cardiac critical regions contain more than one positional candidate gene–and large terminal and interstitial 1p36 deletions often overlap more than one cardiac critical region–it is likely that haploinsufficiency of two or more genes contributes to the cardiac phenotypes associated with many 1p36 deletions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hitisha P. Zaveri
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Tyler F. Beck
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Andrés Hernández-García
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Katharine E. Shelly
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Tara Montgomery
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Arie van Haeringen
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Britt-Marie Anderlid
- Clinical Genetic Department, Karolinska University Hospital and Institution of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Chirag Patel
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Birmingham Women’s Hospital, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Himanshu Goel
- Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Gunnar Houge
- Center for Medical Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Bernice E. Morrow
- Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, United States of America
| | - Sau Wai Cheung
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Seema R. Lalani
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Daryl A. Scott
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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176
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Talbert J, Chan ED. The association between body shape and nontuberculous mycobacterial lung disease. Expert Rev Respir Med 2014; 7:201-4. [PMID: 23734642 DOI: 10.1586/ers.13.23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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177
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Li W, Li Q, Jiao Y, Qin L, Ali R, Zhou J, Ferruzzi J, Kim RW, Geirsson A, Dietz HC, Offermanns S, Humphrey JD, Tellides G. Tgfbr2 disruption in postnatal smooth muscle impairs aortic wall homeostasis. J Clin Invest 2014; 124:755-67. [PMID: 24401272 DOI: 10.1172/jci69942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 210] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2013] [Accepted: 10/31/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
TGF-β is essential for vascular development; however, excess TGF-β signaling promotes thoracic aortic aneurysm and dissection in multiple disorders, including Marfan syndrome. Since the pathology of TGF-β overactivity manifests primarily within the arterial media, it is widely assumed that suppression of TGF-β signaling in vascular smooth muscle cells will ameliorate aortic disease. We tested this hypothesis by conditional inactivation of Tgfbr2, which encodes the TGF-β type II receptor, in smooth muscle cells of postweanling mice. Surprisingly, the thoracic aorta rapidly thickened, dilated, and dissected in these animals. Tgfbr2 disruption predictably decreased canonical Smad signaling, but unexpectedly increased MAPK signaling. Type II receptor-independent effects of TGF-β and pathological responses by nonrecombined smooth muscle cells were excluded by serologic neutralization. Aortic disease was caused by a perturbed contractile apparatus in medial cells and growth factor production by adventitial cells, both of which resulted in maladaptive paracrine interactions between the vessel wall compartments. Treatment with rapamycin restored a quiescent smooth muscle phenotype and prevented dissection. Tgfbr2 disruption in smooth muscle cells also accelerated aneurysm growth in a murine model of Marfan syndrome. Our data indicate that basal TGF-β signaling in smooth muscle promotes postnatal aortic wall homeostasis and impedes disease progression.
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178
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Morissette R, Schoenhoff F, Xu Z, Shilane DA, Griswold BF, Chen W, Yang J, Zhu J, Fert-Bober J, Sloper L, Lehman J, Commins N, Van Eyk JE, McDonnell NB. Transforming growth factor-β and inflammation in vascular (type IV) Ehlers-Danlos syndrome. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 7:80-8. [PMID: 24399159 DOI: 10.1161/circgenetics.113.000280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vascular Ehlers-Danlos syndrome (VEDS) causes reduced life expectancy because of arterial dissections/rupture and hollow organ rupture. Although the causative gene, COL3A1, was identified >20 years ago, there has been limited progress in understanding the disease mechanisms or identifying treatments. METHODS AND RESULTS We studied inflammatory and transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) signaling biomarkers in plasma and from dermal fibroblasts from patients with VEDS. Analyses were done in terms of clinical disease severity, genotype-phenotype correlations, and body composition and fat deposition alterations. VEDS subjects had increased circulating TGF-β1, TGF-β2, monocyte chemotactic protein-1, C-reactive protein, intercellular adhesion molecule-1, vascular cell adhesion molecule-1, and leptin and decreased interleukin-8 versus controls. VEDS dermal fibroblasts secreted more TGF-β2, whereas downstream canonical/noncanonical TGF-β signaling was not different. Patients with COL3A1 exon skipping mutations had higher plasma intercellular adhesion molecule-1 and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1, and VEDS probands had abnormally high plasma C-reactive protein versus affected patients identified through family members before any disease manifestations. Patients with VEDS had higher mean platelet volumes, suggesting increased platelet turnover because of ongoing vascular damage, as well as increased regional truncal adiposity. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that VEDS is a systemic disease with a major inflammatory component. C-reactive protein is linked to disease state and may be a disease activity marker. No changes in downstream TGF-β signaling and increased platelet turnover suggest that chronic vascular damage may partially explain increased plasma TGF-β1. Finally, we found a novel role for dysregulated TGF-β2, as well as adipocyte dysfunction, as demonstrated through reduced interleukin-8 and elevated leptin in VEDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Morissette
- Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD
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179
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Morissette R, Merke DP, McDonnell NB. Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) pathway abnormalities in tenascin-X deficiency associated with CAH-X syndrome. Eur J Med Genet 2013; 57:95-102. [PMID: 24380766 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmg.2013.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2013] [Accepted: 12/18/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Patients with congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) with tenascin-X deficiency (CAH-X syndrome) have both endocrine imbalances and characteristic Ehlers Danlos syndrome phenotypes. Unlike other subtypes, tenascin-X-related Ehlers Danlos syndrome is caused by an extracellular matrix protein deficiency rather than a defect in fibrillar collagen or a collagen-modifying enzyme, and the understanding of the disease mechanisms is limited. We hypothesized that transforming growth factor-β pathway dysregulation may, in part, be responsible for connective tissue phenotypes observed in CAH-X, due to this pathway's known role in connective tissue disorders. Fibroblasts and direct tissue from human skin biopsies from CAH-X probands and age- and sex-matched controls were screened for transforming growth factor-β biomarkers known to be dysregulated in other hereditary disorders of connective tissue. In CAH-X fibroblast lines and dermal tissue, pSmad1/5/8 was significantly upregulated compared to controls, suggesting involvement of the bone morphogenetic protein pathway. Additionally, CAH-X samples compared to controls exhibited significant increases in fibroblast-secreted TGF-β3, a cytokine important in secondary palatal development, and in plasma TGF-β2, a cytokine involved in cardiac function and development, as well as palatogenesis. Finally, MMP-13, a matrix metalloproteinase important in secondary palate formation and tissue remodeling, had significantly increased mRNA and protein expression in CAH-X fibroblasts and direct tissue. Collectively, these results demonstrate that patients with CAH-X syndrome exhibit increased expression of several transforming growth factor-β biomarkers and provide a novel link between this signaling pathway and the connective tissue dysplasia phenotypes associated with tenascin-X deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Morissette
- National Institutes of Health, National Institute on Aging, NIA Clinical Unit, 5th Floor, 3001 S. Hanover Street, Baltimore, MD 21225, USA; The National Institutes of Health, Clinical Center, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| | - Deborah P Merke
- The National Institutes of Health, Clinical Center, Bethesda, MD, USA; The Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Nazli B McDonnell
- National Institutes of Health, National Institute on Aging, NIA Clinical Unit, 5th Floor, 3001 S. Hanover Street, Baltimore, MD 21225, USA.
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180
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Gallo EM, Loch DC, Habashi JP, Calderon JF, Chen Y, Bedja D, van Erp C, Gerber EE, Parker SJ, Sauls K, Judge DP, Cooke SK, Lindsay ME, Rouf R, Myers L, ap Rhys CM, Kent KC, Norris RA, Huso DL, Dietz HC. Angiotensin II-dependent TGF-β signaling contributes to Loeys-Dietz syndrome vascular pathogenesis. J Clin Invest 2013; 124:448-60. [PMID: 24355923 DOI: 10.1172/jci69666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2013] [Accepted: 10/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Loeys-Dietz syndrome (LDS) is a connective tissue disorder that is characterized by a high risk for aneurysm and dissection throughout the arterial tree and phenotypically resembles Marfan syndrome. LDS is caused by heterozygous missense mutations in either TGF-β receptor gene (TGFBR1 or TGFBR2), which are predicted to result in diminished TGF-β signaling; however, aortic surgical samples from patients show evidence of paradoxically increased TGF-β signaling. We generated 2 knockin mouse strains with LDS mutations in either Tgfbr1 or Tgfbr2 and a transgenic mouse overexpressing mutant Tgfbr2. Knockin and transgenic mice, but not haploinsufficient animals, recapitulated the LDS phenotype. While heterozygous mutant cells had diminished signaling in response to exogenous TGF-β in vitro, they maintained normal levels of Smad2 phosphorylation under steady-state culture conditions, suggesting a chronic compensation. Analysis of TGF-β signaling in the aortic wall in vivo revealed progressive upregulation of Smad2 phosphorylation and TGF-β target gene output, which paralleled worsening of aneurysm pathology and coincided with upregulation of TGF-β1 ligand expression. Importantly, suppression of Smad2 phosphorylation and TGF-β1 expression correlated with the therapeutic efficacy of the angiotensin II type 1 receptor antagonist losartan. Together, these data suggest that increased TGF-β signaling contributes to postnatal aneurysm progression in LDS.
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MESH Headings
- Angiotensin II/physiology
- Angiotensin II Type 1 Receptor Blockers/therapeutic use
- Animals
- Aorta/pathology
- Aortic Aneurysm/metabolism
- Aortic Aneurysm/prevention & control
- Cells, Cultured
- Disease Progression
- Female
- Haploinsufficiency
- Humans
- Loeys-Dietz Syndrome/drug therapy
- Loeys-Dietz Syndrome/metabolism
- Loeys-Dietz Syndrome/pathology
- Losartan/therapeutic use
- Mice
- Mice, 129 Strain
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Transgenic
- Mutation, Missense
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/metabolism
- Phenotype
- Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases/genetics
- Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases/metabolism
- Receptor, Transforming Growth Factor-beta Type I
- Receptor, Transforming Growth Factor-beta Type II
- Receptors, Transforming Growth Factor beta/genetics
- Receptors, Transforming Growth Factor beta/metabolism
- Signal Transduction
- Smad2 Protein/metabolism
- Transforming Growth Factor beta/metabolism
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181
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Au PYB, Racher HE, Graham JM, Kramer N, Lowry RB, Parboosingh JS, Innes AM. De novo exon 1 missense mutations of SKI and Shprintzen-Goldberg syndrome: two new cases and a clinical review. Am J Med Genet A 2013; 164A:676-84. [PMID: 24357594 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.36340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2013] [Accepted: 10/06/2013] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Shprintzen-Goldberg syndrome (OMIM #182212) is a connective tissue disorder characterized by craniosynostosis, distinctive craniofacial features, skeletal abnormalities, marfanoid body habitus, aortic dilatation, and intellectual disability. Mutations in exon 1 of SKI have recently been identified as being responsible for approximately 90% of reported individuals diagnosed clinically with Shprintzen-Goldberg syndrome. SKI is a known regulator of TGFβ signaling. Therefore, like Marfan syndrome and Loeys-Dietz syndrome, Shprintzen-Goldberg syndrome is likely caused by deregulated TGFβ signals, explaining the considerable phenotypic overlap between these three disorders. We describe two additional patients with exon 1 SKI mutations and review the clinical features and literature of Shprintzen-Goldberg syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Y Billie Au
- Department of Medical Genetics, Alberta Children's Hospital, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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182
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Zhu X, Zhang Y, Wang J, Yang JF, Yang YF, Tan ZP. 576kb deletion in 1p36.33–p36.32 containing SKI is associated with limb malformation, congenital heart disease and epilepsy. Gene 2013; 528:352-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2013.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2013] [Revised: 06/23/2013] [Accepted: 07/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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183
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Wu D, Shen YH, Russell L, Coselli JS, LeMaire SA. Molecular mechanisms of thoracic aortic dissection. J Surg Res 2013; 184:907-24. [PMID: 23856125 PMCID: PMC3788606 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2013.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2013] [Revised: 05/31/2013] [Accepted: 06/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Thoracic aortic dissection (TAD) is a highly lethal vascular disease. In many patients with TAD, the aorta progressively dilates and ultimately ruptures. Dissection formation, progression, and rupture cannot be reliably prevented pharmacologically because the molecular mechanisms of aortic wall degeneration are poorly understood. The key histopathologic feature of TAD is medial degeneration, a process characterized by smooth muscle cell depletion and extracellular matrix degradation. These structural changes have a profound impact on the functional properties of the aortic wall and can result from excessive protease-mediated destruction of the extracellular matrix, altered signaling pathways, and altered gene expression. Review of the literature reveals differences in the processes that lead to ascending versus descending and sporadic versus hereditary TAD. These differences add to the complexity of this disease. Although tremendous progress has been made in diagnosing and treating TAD, a better understanding of the molecular, cellular, and genetic mechanisms that cause this disease is necessary to developing more effective preventative and therapeutic treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darrell Wu
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Michael E. DeBakey Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, BCM 390, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, Texas 77030
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Texas Heart Institute at St. Luke’s Episcopal Hospital, 6770 Bertner Ave., Houston, Texas 77030
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, BCM 335, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Ying H. Shen
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Michael E. DeBakey Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, BCM 390, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, Texas 77030
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Texas Heart Institute at St. Luke’s Episcopal Hospital, 6770 Bertner Ave., Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Ludivine Russell
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Michael E. DeBakey Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, BCM 390, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, Texas 77030
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Texas Heart Institute at St. Luke’s Episcopal Hospital, 6770 Bertner Ave., Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Joseph S. Coselli
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Michael E. DeBakey Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, BCM 390, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, Texas 77030
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Texas Heart Institute at St. Luke’s Episcopal Hospital, 6770 Bertner Ave., Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Scott A. LeMaire
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Michael E. DeBakey Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, BCM 390, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, Texas 77030
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Texas Heart Institute at St. Luke’s Episcopal Hospital, 6770 Bertner Ave., Houston, Texas 77030
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, BCM 335, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, Texas 77030
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184
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Gillis E, Van Laer L, Loeys BL. Genetics of thoracic aortic aneurysm: at the crossroad of transforming growth factor-β signaling and vascular smooth muscle cell contractility. Circ Res 2013; 113:327-40. [PMID: 23868829 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.113.300675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Aortic aneurysm, including both abdominal aortic aneurysm and thoracic aortic aneurysm, is the cause of death of 1% to 2% of the Western population. This review focuses only on thoracic aortic aneurysms and dissections. During the past decade, the genetic contribution to the pathogenesis of thoracic aortic aneurysms and dissections has revealed perturbed extracellular matrix signaling cascade interactions and deficient intracellular components of the smooth muscle contractile apparatus as the key mechanisms. Based on the study of different Marfan mouse models and the discovery of several novel thoracic aortic aneurysm genes, the involvement of the transforming growth factor-β signaling pathway has opened unexpected new avenues. Overall, these discoveries have 3 important consequences. First, the pathogenesis of thoracic aortic aneurysms and dissections is better understood, although some controversy still exists. Second, the management strategies for the medical and surgical treatment of thoracic aortic aneurysms and dissections are becoming increasingly gene-tailored. Third, the pathogenetic insights have delivered new treatment options that are currently being investigated in large clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth Gillis
- Center for Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp and Antwerp University Hospital, Belgium
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185
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Abstract
Elastic fibres are insoluble components of the extracellular matrix of dynamic connective tissues such as skin, arteries, lungs and ligaments. They are laid down during development, and comprise a cross-linked elastin core within a template of fibrillin-based microfibrils. Their function is to endow tissues with the property of elastic recoil, and they also regulate the bioavailability of transforming growth factor β. Severe heritable elastic fibre diseases are caused by mutations in elastic fibre components; for example, mutations in elastin cause supravalvular aortic stenosis and autosomal dominant cutis laxa, mutations in fibrillin-1 cause Marfan syndrome and Weill–Marchesani syndrome, and mutations in fibulins-4 and -5 cause autosomal recessive cutis laxa. Acquired elastic fibre defects include dermal elastosis, whereas inflammatory damage to fibres contributes to pathologies such as pulmonary emphysema and vascular disease. This review outlines the latest understanding of the composition and assembly of elastic fibres, and describes elastic fibre diseases and current therapeutic approaches.
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186
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Takenouchi T, Hida M, Sakamoto Y, Torii C, Kosaki R, Takahashi T, Kosaki K. Severe congenital lipodystrophy and a progeroid appearance: Mutation in the penultimate exon of FBN1 causing a recognizable phenotype. Am J Med Genet A 2013; 161A:3057-62. [PMID: 24039054 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.36157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2013] [Accepted: 07/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Recently, three marfanoid patients with congenital lipodystrophy and a neonatal progeroid appearance were reported. Although their phenotype was distinct from that of classic Marfan syndrome, they all had a truncating mutation in the penultimate exon, i.e., exon 64, of FBN1, the causative gene for Marfan syndrome. These patients might represent a new entity, but the exact phenotypic and genotypic spectrum remains unknown. Here, we report on a girl born prematurely who exhibited severe congenital lipodystrophy and a neonatal progeroid appearance. The patient exhibited a characteristic growth pattern consisting of an accelerated growth in height with a discrepant poor weight gain. She had a characteristic facial appearance with craniosynostosis. A mutation analysis identified c.8175_8182del8bp, p.Arg2726Glufs*9 in exon 64 of the FBN1 gene. A review of similar, recently reported patients revealed that the cardinal features of these patients include (1) congenital lipodystrophy, (2) premature birth with an accelerated linear growth disproportionate to the weight gain, and (3) a progeroid appearance with distinct facial features. Lines of molecular evidence suggested that this new progeroid syndrome represents a neomorphic phenotype caused by truncated transcripts with an extremely charged protein motif that escapes from nonsense-mediated mRNA decay, altering FBN1-TGF beta signaling, rather than representing the severe end of the hypomorphic phenotype of the FBN1-TGF beta disorder spectrum. We propose that this marfanoid entity comprised of congenital lipodystrophy, a neonatal progeroid appearance, and a peculiar growth profile and caused by rare mutations in the penultimate exon of FBN1, be newly referred to as marfanoid-progeroid syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiki Takenouchi
- Department of Pediatrics, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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187
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Abstract
The field of aortopathy, in common with other genomic disorders, is undergoing a revolution. This is largely driven by the implementation of newer forms of genetic sequencing (massively parallel or next-generation sequencing). Advantages conferred by this technology include reduced costs, reduced sequencing time and the ability to simultaneously test multiple genes. This has a significant advantage in the identification of genes disrupted in heritable aortopathies. These advances are enabling scientists and clinicians to identify key molecular pathways; translating fundamental genetic findings into a better understanding of disease mechanisms is ultimately leading to effective treatments. In outlining contemporary knowledge of genetic biomarkers in aortopathy we seek to demonstrate that the era of genomically orientated decision-making is here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gillian Rea
- NIHR Biomedical Research Unit in Cardiovascular Disease, Royal Brompton & Harefield NHS Foundation Trust & Imperial College London, BRU Cardiovascular Genetics Office, Royal Brompton Hospital, Sydney Street, London, SW3 6NP, UK
- Northern Ireland Regional Genetics Service, Level A, Belfast City Hospital, Lisburn Road, Belfast, BT9 7AB, UK
| | - Fiona J Stewart
- Northern Ireland Regional Genetics Service, Level A, Belfast City Hospital, Lisburn Road, Belfast, BT9 7AB, UK
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188
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Arndt AK, Schafer S, Drenckhahn JD, Sabeh M, Plovie E, Caliebe A, Klopocki E, Musso G, Werdich A, Kalwa H, Heinig M, Padera R, Wassilew K, Bluhm J, Harnack C, Martitz J, Barton P, Greutmann M, Berger F, Hubner N, Siebert R, Kramer HH, Cook S, MacRae C, Klaassen S. Fine mapping of the 1p36 deletion syndrome identifies mutation of PRDM16 as a cause of cardiomyopathy. Am J Hum Genet 2013; 93:67-77. [PMID: 23768516 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2013.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2013] [Revised: 05/05/2013] [Accepted: 05/20/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Deletion 1p36 syndrome is recognized as the most common terminal deletion syndrome. Here, we describe the loss of a gene within the deletion that is responsible for the cardiomyopathy associated with monosomy 1p36, and we confirm its role in nonsyndromic left ventricular noncompaction cardiomyopathy (LVNC) and dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM). With our own data and publically available data from array comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH), we identified a minimal deletion for the cardiomyopathy associated with 1p36del syndrome that included only the terminal 14 exons of the transcription factor PRDM16 (PR domain containing 16), a gene that had previously been shown to direct brown fat determination and differentiation. Resequencing of PRDM16 in a cohort of 75 nonsyndromic individuals with LVNC detected three mutations, including one truncation mutant, one frameshift null mutation, and a single missense mutant. In addition, in a series of cardiac biopsies from 131 individuals with DCM, we found 5 individuals with 4 previously unreported nonsynonymous variants in the coding region of PRDM16. None of the PRDM16 mutations identified were observed in more than 6,400 controls. PRDM16 has not previously been associated with cardiac disease but is localized in the nuclei of cardiomyocytes throughout murine and human development and in the adult heart. Modeling of PRDM16 haploinsufficiency and a human truncation mutant in zebrafish resulted in both contractile dysfunction and partial uncoupling of cardiomyocytes and also revealed evidence of impaired cardiomyocyte proliferative capacity. In conclusion, mutation of PRDM16 causes the cardiomyopathy in 1p36 deletion syndrome as well as a proportion of nonsyndromic LVNC and DCM.
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189
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De Backer J, Renard M, Campens L, François K, Callewaert B, Coucke P, De Paepe A. Genes in Thoracic Aortic Aneurysms and Dissections - Do they Matter?: Translation and Integration of Research and Modern Genetic Techniques into Daily Clinical Practice. AORTA : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE AORTIC INSTITUTE AT YALE-NEW HAVEN HOSPITAL 2013; 1:135-45. [PMID: 26798687 DOI: 10.12945/j.aorta.2013.13-024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2013] [Accepted: 06/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Since the identification of the fibrillin-1 gene as the causal gene for Marfan syndrome, our knowledge of molecular genetics and the applicability of genetic testing in clinical practice have expanded dramatically. Several new syndromes related to thoracic aortic aneurysms and dissections (TAAD) have been described and the list of underlying genes in syndromal and nonsyndromal TAAD already includes more than 10 different genes and is rapidly expanding. Based on this knowledge, our insights into the underlying pathophysiology of TAAD have improved significantly, and new opportunities for targeted treatment have emerged. Clinicians involved in the care of TAAD patients require a basic knowledge of the disease entities and need to be informed on the applicability of genetic testing in their patients and families. Gene-tailored treatment and management is indeed no science fiction anymore and should now be considered as part of good clinical practice. We provide a systematic overview of genetic TAAD entities and practical recommendations for genetic testing and patient management.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marjolijn Renard
- Centre for Medical Genetics, University Hospital Ghent, Ghent, Belgium
| | | | - Katrien François
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, University Hospital Ghent, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Bert Callewaert
- Centre for Medical Genetics, University Hospital Ghent, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Paul Coucke
- Centre for Medical Genetics, University Hospital Ghent, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Anne De Paepe
- Centre for Medical Genetics, University Hospital Ghent, Ghent, Belgium
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190
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Kuivaniemi H, Sakalihasan N, Lederle FA, Jones GT, Defraigne JO, Labropoulos N, Legrand V, Michel JB, Nienaber C, Radermecker MA, Elefteriades JA. New Insights Into Aortic Diseases: A Report From the Third International Meeting on Aortic Diseases (IMAD3). AORTA (STAMFORD, CONN.) 2013; 1:23-39. [PMID: 26798669 PMCID: PMC4682695 DOI: 10.12945/j.aorta.2013.13.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2013] [Accepted: 03/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The current state of research and treatment on aortic diseases was discussed in the "3rd International Meeting on Aortic Diseases" (IMAD3) held on October 4-6, 2012, in Liège, Belgium. The 3-day meeting covered a wide range of topics related to thoracic aortic aneurysms and dissections, abdominal aortic aneurysms, and valvular diseases. It brought together clinicians and basic scientists and provided an excellent opportunity to discuss future collaborative research projects for genetic, genomics, and biomarker studies, as well as clinical trials. Although great progress has been made in the past few years, there are still a large number of unsolved questions about aortic diseases. Obtaining answers to the key questions will require innovative, interdisciplinary approaches that integrate information from epidemiological, genetic, molecular biology, and bioengineering studies on humans and animal models. It is more evident than ever that multicenter collaborations are needed to accomplish these goals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena Kuivaniemi
- Sigfried and Janet Weis Center for Research, Geisinger Clinic, Danville, Pennsylvania
| | | | - Frank A. Lederle
- Minneapolis Center for Epidemiological and Clinical Research, Department of Medicine (III-0), VA Medical Center, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | | | | | - Nicos Labropoulos
- Department of Surgery, Stony Brook University Medical Center, Stony Brook, New York
| | - Victor Legrand
- Cardiology Departments, University Hospital of Liège, CHU, Liège, Belgium
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191
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Conidi A, van den Berghe V, Huylebroeck D. Aptamers and their potential to selectively target aspects of EGF, Wnt/β-catenin and TGFβ-smad family signaling. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:6690-719. [PMID: 23531534 PMCID: PMC3645661 DOI: 10.3390/ijms14046690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2013] [Revised: 03/05/2013] [Accepted: 03/12/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The smooth identification and low-cost production of highly specific agents that interfere with signaling cascades by targeting an active domain in surface receptors, cytoplasmic and nuclear effector proteins, remain important challenges in biomedical research. We propose that peptide aptamers can provide a very useful and new alternative for interfering with protein–protein interactions in intracellular signal transduction cascades, including those emanating from activated receptors for growth factors. By their targeting of short, linear motif type of interactions, peptide aptamers have joined nucleic acid aptamers for use in signaling studies because of their ease of production, their stability, their high specificity and affinity for individual target proteins, and their use in high-throughput screening protocols. Furthermore, they are entering clinical trials for treatment of several complex, pathological conditions. Here, we present a brief survey of the use of aptamers in signaling pathways, in particular of polypeptide growth factors, starting with the published as well as potential applications of aptamers targeting Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor signaling. We then discuss the opportunities for using aptamers in other complex pathways, including Wnt/β-catenin, and focus on Transforming Growth Factor-β/Smad family signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Conidi
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology (Celgen), Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven, Campus Gasthuisberg, Building Ond & Nav4 p.o.box 812, room 05.313, Stem Cell Institute, Herestraat 49, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium.
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192
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Hou R, Yang Z, Li M, Xiao H. Impact of the next-generation sequencing data depth on various biological result inferences. SCIENCE CHINA-LIFE SCIENCES 2013; 56:104-9. [PMID: 23393025 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-013-4441-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2012] [Accepted: 01/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Next-generation sequencing (NGS) technologies have revolutionized the field of genomics and provided unprecedented opportunities for high-throughput analysis at the levels of genomics, transcriptomics and epigenetics. However, the cost of NGS is still prohibitive for many laboratories. It is imperative to address the trade-off between the sequencing depth and cost. In this review, we will discuss the effects of sequencing depth on the detection of genes, quantification of gene expression and discovering of gene structural variants. This will provide readers information on choosing appropriate sequencing depth that best meet the needs of their particular project.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Hou
- National Engineering Center for Biochip at Shanghai, Shanghai 201203, China
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