151
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Wheeler E, Miller EN, Peacock CS, Donaldson IJ, Shaw MA, Jamieson SE, Blackwell JM, Cordell HJ. Genome-wide scan for loci influencing quantitative immune response traits in the Belém family study: comparison of methods and summary of results. Ann Hum Genet 2006; 70:78-97. [PMID: 16441259 DOI: 10.1111/j.1529-8817.2005.00223.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Here we report the results from a genome-wide linkage scan to identify genes and chromosomal regions that influence quantitative immune response traits, using multi-case leprosy and tuberculosis families from north-eastern Brazil. Total plasma IgE, antigen-specific IgG to Mycobacterium leprae soluble antigen (MLSA), M. tuberculosis soluble antigen (MTSA) and M. tuberculosis purified protein derivative (PPD), and antigen-specific lymphocyte proliferation (stimulation index or SI) and interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) release to MLSA and PPD, were measured in 16 tuberculosis (184 individuals) and 21 leprosy (177 individuals) families. The individuals were genotyped at 382 autosomal microsatellite markers across the genome. The adjusted immune-response phenotypes were analysed using a variety of variance components and regression-based methods. These analyses highlighted a number of practical issues and problems with regard to implementation of the methods and, interestingly, differences were observed between several standard statistical and genetic analysis packages used. From this we determined that, for this set of traits in these pedigrees, significant p values for linkage using variance components analysis, supported by significance using the Visscher-Hopper modification of the Haseman-Elston method, provided the most compelling evidence for linkage. Using these criteria, linkage (5.8 x 10(-5) < p < 0.008) was seen for: total plasma IgE on chromosome 2; IgG to MLSA on chromosomes 8, 17 and 21; IgG to PPD on chromosome 12; SI to PPD on chromosome 1; IFN-gamma to MLSA on chromosomes 6, 7, 10, 12 and 14; and IFN-gamma to PPD on chromosomes 1, 16 and 19.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Wheeler
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Cambridge, UK
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152
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Nyfeler B, Zhang B, Ginsburg D, Kaufman RJ, Hauri HP. Cargo Selectivity of the ERGIC-53/MCFD2 Transport Receptor Complex. Traffic 2006; 7:1473-81. [PMID: 17010120 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0854.2006.00483.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Exit of soluble secretory proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) can occur by receptor-mediated export as exemplified by blood coagulation factors V and VIII. Their efficient secretion requires the membrane lectin ER Golgi intermediate compartment protein-53 (ERGIC-53) and its soluble luminal interaction partner multiple coagulation factor deficiency protein 2 (MCFD2), which form a cargo receptor complex in the early secretory pathway. ERGIC-53 also interacts with the two lysosomal glycoproteins cathepsin Z and cathepsin C. Here, we tested the subunit interdependence and cargo selectivity of ERGIC-53 and MCFD2 by short interference RNA-based knockdown. In the absence of ERGIC-53, MCFD2 was secreted, whereas knocking down MCFD2 had no effect on the localization of ERGIC-53. Cargo binding properties of the ERGIC-53/MCFD2 complex were analyzed in vivo using yellow fluorescent protein fragment complementation. We found that MCFD2 is dispensable for the binding of cathepsin Z and cathepsin C to ERGIC-53. The results indicate that ERGIC-53 can bind cargo glycoproteins in an MCFD2-independent fashion and suggest that MCFD2 is a recruitment factor for blood coagulation factors V and VIII.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beat Nyfeler
- Biozentrum, University of Basel, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
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153
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Tanino Y, Hizawa N, Konno S, Fukui Y, Takahashi D, Maeda Y, Huang SK, Nishimura M. Sequence variants of the secreted phosphoprotein 1 gene are associated with total serum immunoglobulin E levels in a Japanese population. Clin Exp Allergy 2006; 36:219-25. [PMID: 16433860 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2222.2006.02414.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Secreted phosphoprotein 1 (SPP1) is a cytokine with pleiotrophic immunological activities, including activation of macrophage chemotaxis and T-helper type 1 (Th1) immune responses. SPP1 gene polymorphisms have been shown to be associated with several immune inflammatory diseases including multiple sclerosis (MS), which is characterized by fewer allergic symptoms and lower numbers of allergen sensitizations. OBJECTIVE The present study examined whether SPP1 gene polymorphisms are associated with total serum IgE levels, atopy and asthma in a Japanese population. METHODS This case-control association analysis examined 611 subjects, including 268 subjects with asthma. We genotyped three promoter and two exon polymorphisms at SPP1: -1687A/G; -381T/C; -94 deletion/G; 5891C/T; and 7052T/C. Results Association analyses of SPP1 polymorphisms showed that homozygosities for the 5891T allele (P=0.009) and 7052C allele (P=0.001) were significantly associated with increased levels of total IgE in non-asthmatic subjects. However, these variants were not associated with asthma and atopy. Interestingly, individuals carrying the 5891C allele, which is more prevalent in patients with MS in Japanese populations, displayed significantly lower levels of total serum IgE. Individuals homozygous for the 7052C allele, which is associated with development of systemic lupus erythematosus, displayed significantly higher total serum IgE levels. CONCLUSION These findings suggest that genetic polymorphisms in SPP1 may play a role in controlling basal levels of total serum IgE, independent of atopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Tanino
- First Department of Medicine, Hokkaido University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
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154
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Peyvandi F, Jayandharan G, Chandy M, Srivastava A, Nakaya SM, Johnson MJ, Thompson AR, Goodeve A, Garagiola I, Lavoretano S, Menegatti M, Palla R, Spreafico M, Tagliabue L, Asselta R, Duga S, Mannucci PM. Genetic diagnosis of haemophilia and other inherited bleeding disorders. Haemophilia 2006; 12 Suppl 3:82-9. [PMID: 16684001 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2516.2006.01263.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Inherited deficiencies of plasma proteins involved in blood coagulation generally lead to lifelong bleeding disorders, whose severity is inversely proportional to the degree of factor deficiency. Haemophilia A and B, inherited as X-linked recessive traits, are the most common hereditary hemorrhagic disorders caused by a deficiency or dysfunction of blood coagulation factor VIII (FVIII) and factor IX (FIX). Together with von Willebrand's disease, a defect of primary haemostasis, these X-linked disorders include 95% to 97% of all the inherited deficiencies of coagulation factors. The remaining defects, generally transmitted as autosomal recessive traits, are rare with prevalence of the presumably homozygous forms in the general population of 1:500,000 for FVII deficiency and 1 in 2 million for prothrombin (FII) and factor XIII (FXIII) deficiency. Molecular characterization, carrier detection and prenatal diagnosis remain the key steps for the prevention of the birth of children affected by coagulation disorders in developing countries, where patients with these deficiencies rarely live beyond childhood and where management is still largely inadequate. These characterizations are possible by direct or indirect genetic analysis of genes involved in these diseases, and the choice of the strategy depends on the effective available budget and facilities to achieve a large benefit. In countries with more advanced molecular facilities and higher budget resources, the most appropriate choice in general is a direct strategy for mutation detection. However, in countries with limited facilities and low budget resources, carrier detection and prenatal diagnosis are usually performed by linkage analysis with genetic markers. This article reviews the genetic diagnosis of haemophilia, genetics and inhibitor development, genetics of von Willebrand's disease and of rare bleeding disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Peyvandi
- Department of Medicine and Medical Specialities, IRCCS Maggiore Hospital, Mangiagalli and Regina Elena Foundation, Luigi Villa Foundation, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.
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155
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Abstract
Since publication of the sequence of the factor VIII gene (F8) in 1984, a large number of mutations that cause hemophilia A (HA) have been identified. With the technical advances associated with mutation screenings, it is now possible to identify a putative F8 sequence alteration in the great majority of HA patients. The mutation spectrum includes 2 inversion hot spots (intron 1 and intron 22 inversions) mediated by intrachromosomal recombination between 2 copies of long inverted repeats, one of which lies within the F8 gene whereas the other is extragenic. Point mutations are distributed over all of the exons, and deletions or insertions of different sizes and mutations affecting splice sites account for the rest of the known mutations. In a small number of cases, however, we are unable to find any disease-determining DNA changes in the coding regions of the F8 gene. This fact points to possibilities of unknown gene rearrangements that disrupt the F8 gene or mutations in other genes that play a role in the processing/secretion of the factor VIII protein. Moreover, the proof of an absence of F8 messenger RNA (mRNA) in one patient points to either a defect in the expression of F8 mRNA or its rapid degradation, which may represent a novel mechanism leading to HA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Oldenburg
- Institute of Experimental Haematology and Transfusion Medicine, Bonn, Germany.
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156
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Seligsohn U, Ginsburg D. Deciphering the mystery of combined factor V and factor VIII deficiency. J Thromb Haemost 2006; 4:927-31. [PMID: 16689736 DOI: 10.1111/j.1538-7836.2006.01939.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- U Seligsohn
- Amalia Biron Research Institute of Thrombosis and Hemostasis, Sheba Medical Center, 52621 Tel Hashomer, Israel.
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157
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El-Maarri O, Brackmann HH, Hanfland P, Oldenburg J. Hemophilia A Patients with Undetectable Mutations: Current Knowledge and Future Directions*. Transfus Med Hemother 2006. [DOI: 10.1159/000091104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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158
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Abstract
Coagulation factor V (FV) is the protein cofactor required in vivo for the rapid generation of thrombin catalyzed by the prothrombinase complex. It also represents a central regulator in the early phases of blood clot formation, as it contributes to the anticoagulant pathway by participating in the downregulation of factor VIII activity. Conversion of precursor FV to either a procoagulant or anticoagulant cofactor depends on the local concentration of procoagulant and anticoagulant enzymes, so that FV may be regarded as a daring tight-rope walker gently balancing opposite forces. Given this dual role, genetic defects in the FV gene may result in opposite phenotypes (hemorrhagic or thrombotic). Besides a concise description on the structural, procoagulant and anticoagulant properties of FV, this review will focus on bleeding disorders associated with altered levels of this molecule. Particular attention will be paid to the mutational spectrum of type I FV deficiency, which is characterized by a remarkable genetic heterogeneity and by an uneven distribution of mutations throughout the FV gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Asselta
- Department of Biology and Genetics for Medical Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
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159
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Quélin F, Mathonnet F, Potentini-Esnault C, Trigui N, Peynet J, Bastenaire B, Guillon L, Bigel ML, Sauger A, Mazurier C, de Mazancourt P. Identification of five novel mutations in the factor XI gene (F11) of patients with factor XI deficiency. Blood Coagul Fibrinolysis 2006; 17:69-73. [PMID: 16607084 DOI: 10.1097/01.mbc.0000198054.50257.96] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Factor XI (FXI) deficiency is an inherited autosomal recessive disorder associated with bleeding of variable severity. However, many cases of dominant disease transmission have been recently described. This disorder is rare in the general population, whereas it is commonly found in individuals of Ashkenazi Jewish ancestry. This study reports the molecular genetic analysis of FXI deficiencies in 11 unrelated families of different origin. Five novel mutations have been identified. Severe FXI deficiency of two unrelated patients resulted from two novel mutations: one deletion (960-961delGT) in exon 9 predicting a frameshift, and a Ser-4Leu mutation located in the signal peptide. In addition, three novel missense mutations associated with partial FXI deficiency have been identified: Cys122Tyr, Glu297Lys and Glu579Lys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florence Quélin
- Laboratoire de Biochimie et de Biologie Moléculaire, Hôpital Raymond Poincaré, Garches, France.
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160
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Renna M, Faraonio R, Bonatti S, De Stefano D, Carnuccio R, Tajana G, Remondelli P. Nitric oxide-induced endoplasmic reticulum stress activates the expression of cargo receptor proteins and alters the glycoprotein transport to the Golgi complex. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2006; 38:2040-8. [PMID: 16899390 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2006.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2006] [Revised: 05/15/2006] [Accepted: 05/27/2006] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The endoplasmic reticulum Golgi intermediate compartment 53 protein recycles continuously between the endoplasmic reticulum and the Golgi complex and ensures the anterograde transport of specific glycoproteins with the assistance of the Multiple Clotting Factor Deficiency adaptor protein. Therefore, to analyze the effect of the endoplasmic reticulum stress on the secretory pathway beyond the endoplasmic reticulum, we analyzed the expression of both proteins in J774 macrophages incubated with the nitric oxide donor DETA NONOate or with thapsigargin. Both proteins accumulated progressively, by a transcriptional mechanism, in response to these inducers. Nitric oxide also induced a higher level of calreticulin and glucose regulated 78 protein, two endoplasmic reticulum proteins controlled by the unfolded protein response. Interestingly, nitric oxide induced the processing of the activating transcription factor 6alpha of the unfolded protein response, while thapsigargin also induced the activation of the transcription factor X-box Binding Protein 1. In addition, we showed that the accumulation of both transporters occurred simultaneously with the activation of endoplasmic reticulum-stress-dependent apoptosis, suggesting that these proteins may participate in the events that will eventually decide the fate of the cell. Induction of endoplasmic reticulum stress affected the rate of anterograde transport of a reporter glycoprotein, indicating that the endoplasmic reticulum to Golgi transport is remarkably impaired. Our results indicate that increased levels of cargo receptor proteins might have a function either in the quality control of protein folding in the endoplasmic reticulum or in the homeostasis of the intermediate compartment and Golgi complex during cell stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maurizio Renna
- Dipartimento di Biochimica e Biotecnologie Mediche, University of Naples Federico II, via S. Pansini 5, 1-80131 Naples, Italy
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161
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Zhang B, McGee B, Yamaoka JS, Guglielmone H, Downes KA, Minoldo S, Jarchum G, Peyvandi F, de Bosch NB, Ruiz-Saez A, Chatelain B, Olpinski M, Bockenstedt P, Sperl W, Kaufman RJ, Nichols WC, Tuddenham EGD, Ginsburg D. Combined deficiency of factor V and factor VIII is due to mutations in either LMAN1 or MCFD2. Blood 2005; 107:1903-7. [PMID: 16304051 PMCID: PMC1895703 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2005-09-3620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in LMAN1 (ERGIC-53) or MCFD2 cause combined deficiency of factor V and factor VIII (F5F8D). LMAN1 and MCFD2 form a protein complex that functions as a cargo receptor ferrying FV and FVIII from the endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi. In this study, we analyzed 10 previously reported and 10 new F5F8D families. Mutations in the LMAN1 or MCFD2 genes accounted for 15 of these families, including 3 alleles resulting in no LMAN1 mRNA accumulation. Combined with our previous reports, we have identified LMAN1 or MCFD2 mutations as the causes of F5F8D in 71 of 76 families. Among the 5 families in which no mutations were identified, 3 were due to misdiagnosis, with the remaining 2 likely carrying LMAN1 or MCFD2 mutations that were missed by direct sequencing. Our results suggest that mutations in LMAN1 and MCFD2 may account for all cases of F5F8D. Immunoprecipitation and Western blot analysis detected a low level of LMAN1-MCFD2 complex in lymphoblasts derived from patients with missense mutations in LMAN1 (C475R) or MCFD2 (I136T), suggesting that complete loss of the complex may not be required for clinically significant reduction in FV and FVIII.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Zhang
- Life Sciences Institute, Department of Internal Medicine, 210 Washtenaw Ave, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-0650, USA
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162
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Neve EPA, Lahtinen U, Pettersson RF. Oligomerization and interacellular localization of the glycoprotein receptor ERGIC-53 is independent of disulfide bonds. J Mol Biol 2005; 354:556-68. [PMID: 16257008 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2005.09.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2005] [Revised: 09/21/2005] [Accepted: 09/22/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
ERGIC-53 is a type I transmembrane lectin facilitating the efficient export of a subset of secretory glycoproteins from the endoplasmic reticulum. Previous results have shown that ERGIC-53 is present as reduction-sensitive homo-oligomers, i.e. as a balanced mixture of disulfide-linked hexamers and dimers, with the two cysteine residues located close to the transmembrane domain playing a crucial role in oligomerization. Here, we demonstrate, using sucrose gradient sedimentation, cross-linking analyses, and non-denaturing gel electrophoresis, that ERGIC-53 is present exclusively as a hexameric complex in cells. However, the hexamers exist in two forms, one as a disulfide-linked, Triton X-100, perfluoro-octanic acid, and SDS-resistant complex, and the other as a non-covalent, Triton X-100, perfluoro-octanoic acid-resistant, but SDS-sensitive, complex made up of three disulfide-linked dimers that are likely to interact through the coiled-coil domains present in the luminal part of the protein. In contrast to what was previously believed, neither of the membrane-proximal cysteine residues plays an essential role in the formation, or maintenance, of the latter form of hexamers. Subcellular fractionation revealed that the double-cysteine mutant was present in the endoplasmic reticulum-Golgi-intermediate compartment, indicating that the two cysteine residues are not essential for the intracellular distribution of ERGIC-53. Based on these results, we present a model for the formation of the two hexameric forms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Etienne P A Neve
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Stockholm Branch, Karolinska Institutet, Box 240, S-17177 Stockholm, Sweden
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163
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Mohanty D, Ghosh K, Shetty S, Spreafico M, Garagiola I, Peyvandi F. Mutations in the MCFD2 gene and a novel mutation in the LMAN1 gene in Indian families with combined deficiency of factor V and VIII. Am J Hematol 2005; 79:262-6. [PMID: 16044454 DOI: 10.1002/ajh.20397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Combined deficiency of factors V (FV) and factor VIII (FVIII) (F5F8D) is an autosomal recessive bleeding disorder caused by simultaneous moderate-to-mild decrease of both clotting proteins. Mutations in two components of the ER-Golgi intermediate compartment (ERGIC-53), i.e., lectin mannose binding protein (LMAN1) and multiple coagulation factor deficiency 2 (MCFD2), have been found to be responsible for this dual deficiency in most of the cases reported in literature. Three Indian families with F5F8D were analyzed for the presence of mutations in their LMAN1 and MCFD2 genes. One of the three families showed the presence of a G to A substitution in exon 2 of the MCFD2 gene, whereas another family showed a nonsense mutation, i.e., G to T substitution, in exon 2 of the LMAN1 gene, the latter being a novel mutation not previously reported. The third family did not show mutations in either of the two genes, suggesting that a significant subset of F5F8D cases may be due to additional genes resulting in a similar phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dipika Mohanty
- Haemostasis Laboratory, Institute of Immunohaematology (ICMR), KEM Hospital, Parel, Mumbai, India
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164
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Abstract
Incomplete penetrance and variable expressivity confound the diagnosis and therapy of most inherited thrombotic and hemorrhagic disorders. For many of these diseases, some or most of this variability is determined by genetic modifiers distinct from the primary disease gene itself. Clues toward identifying such modifier genes may come from studying rare Mendelian disorders of hemostasis. Examples include identification of the cause of combined factor V and VIII deficiency as mutations in the ER Golgi intermediate compartment proteins LMAN1 and MCFD2. These proteins form a cargo receptor that facilitates the transport of factors V and VIII, and presumably other proteins, from the ER to the Golgi. A similar positional cloning approach identified ADAMTS-13 as the gene responsible for familial TTP. Along with the work of many other groups, these findings identified VWF proteolysis by ADAMTS-13 as a key regulatory pathway for hemostasis. Recent advances in mouse genetics also provide powerful tools for the identification of novel genes contributing to hemostatic balance. Genetic studies of inbred mouse lines with unusually high and unusually low plasma VWF levels identified polymorphic variation in the expression of a glycosyltransferase gene, Galgt2, as an important determinant of plasma VWF levels in the mouse. Ongoing studies in mice genetically engineered to carry the factor V Leiden mutation may similarly identify novel genes contributing to thrombosis risk in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Ginsburg
- Department of Internal Medicine, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Michigan, Life Sciences Institute, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2216, USA.
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165
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Tang BL, Wang Y, Ong YS, Hong W. COPII and exit from the endoplasmic reticulum. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2005; 1744:293-303. [PMID: 15979503 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2005.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2004] [Revised: 02/16/2005] [Accepted: 02/23/2005] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
First discovered by genetic analysis of yeast secretion mutants, the evolutionarily conserved vesicular coat protein II (COPII) complex is responsible for membrane transport from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to the Golgi apparatus. In recent years, extensive efforts in structural, morphological, genetic and molecular analysis have greatly enhanced our understanding of the structural and molecular basis of COPII subunit assembly and selective cargo packaging during ER export. Very recent data have also indicated that a more "classical" picture of vesicle formation from ER exit sites (ERES) followed by their transport to the Golgi is far from accurate. Proteins modulating the function of COPII have also emerged in recent analysis. They either affect COPII-based cargo selection, the formation of vesicle/transport carrier, or subsequent targeting of the transport carrier. Together, elucidation of COPII-mediated ER export has painted a fascinating picture of molecular complexity for an essential process in all eukaryotic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bor Luen Tang
- Department of Biochemistry, National University of Singapore, 8 Medical Drive, Singapore 117597, Singapore.
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166
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Abstract
Several genes, including ADAM33, DPP10, PHF11, GPRA, and TIM-1, have been implicated in the pathogenesis and susceptibility to atopy and asthma. Advances have been made in defining the mechanism for the control of allergic airway inflammation in response to inhaled antigens. There is growing evidence that associates asthma with a systemic propensity for allergic type 2 T-cell cytokines. Disordered coagulation and fibrinolysis could also exacerbate asthma symptoms. Major emphasis on immunotherapy for asthma during the past decade has been to direct the immune response to a type 1 response. Recent literature supports the pivotal role of plasmacytoid dendritic cells and allergen-specific T-regulatory cells in the development of tolerance to allergens. In this review article, we discuss the current information on the pathogenesis of allergic airway inflammation and potential allergen immunotherapies, which could be beneficial in the treatment of airway inflammation, allergy, and asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devendra K Agrawal
- Departments of Biomedical Sciences, Medicine, and Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Creighton University School of Medicine, CRISS I Room 131, 2500 California Plaza, Omaha, NE 68178, USA.
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167
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Graw J, Brackmann HH, Oldenburg J, Schneppenheim R, Spannagl M, Schwaab R. Haemophilia A: from mutation analysis to new therapies. Nat Rev Genet 2005; 6:488-501. [PMID: 15931172 DOI: 10.1038/nrg1617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Haemophilia is caused by hundreds of different mutations and manifests itself in clinical conditions of varying severity. Despite being inherited in monogenic form, the clinical features of haemophilia can be influenced by other genetic factors, thereby confounding the boundary between monogenic and multifactorial disease. Unlike sufferers of other genetic diseases, haemophiliacs can be treated successfully by intravenous substitution of coagulation factors. Haemophilia is also the most attractive model for developing gene-therapy protocols, as the normal life expectancy of haemophiliacs allows the side effects of gene therapy, as well as its efficiency, to be monitored over long periods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jochen Graw
- GSF-National Research Centre for Environment and Health, Institute of Developmental Genetics, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany.
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168
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Zhang B, Kaufman RJ, Ginsburg D. LMAN1 and MCFD2 form a cargo receptor complex and interact with coagulation factor VIII in the early secretory pathway. J Biol Chem 2005; 280:25881-6. [PMID: 15886209 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m502160200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in LMAN1 (ERGIC-53) and MCFD2 are the causes of a human genetic disorder, combined deficiency of coagulation factor V and factor VIII. LMAN1 is a type 1 transmembrane protein with homology to mannose-binding lectins. MCFD2 is a soluble EF-hand-containing protein that is retained in the endoplasmic reticulum through its interaction with LMAN1. We showed that endogenous LMAN1 and MCFD2 are present primarily in complex with each other with a 1:1 stoichiometry, although MCFD2 is not required for oligomerization of LMAN1. Using a cross-linking-immunoprecipitation assay, we detected a specific interaction of both LMAN1 and MCFD2 with factor VIII, with the B domain as the most likely site of interaction. We also present evidence that this interaction is independent of the glycosylation state of factor VIII but requires native calcium concentration in the endoplasmic reticulum. The interaction of MCFD2 with factor VIII appeared to be independent of LMAN1-MCFD2 complex formation. These results suggest that LMAN1 and MCFD2 form a cargo receptor complex and that the primary sorting signals residing in the B domain direct the binding of factor VIII to LMAN1-MCFD2 through calcium-dependent protein-protein interactions. MCFD2 may function to specifically recruit factor V and factor VIII to sites of transport vesicle budding within the endoplasmic reticulum lumen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Zhang
- Life Sciences Institute, the Departments of Biological Chemistry, Internal Medicine, Human Genetics Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
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169
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Sirachainan N, Zhang B, Chuansumrit A, Pipe S, Sasanakul W, Ginsburg D. Combined factor V and factor VIII deficiency in a Thai patient: a case report of genotype and phenotype characteristics. Haemophilia 2005; 11:280-4. [PMID: 15876275 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2516.2005.01092.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A Thai woman, with no family history of bleeding disorders, presented with excessive bleeding after minor trauma and tooth extraction. The screening coagulogram revealed prolonged activated partial thromboplastin time and prothrombin time. The specific-factor assay confirmed the diagnosis of combined factor V and factor VIII deficiency (F5F8D). Her plasma levels of factor V and factor VIII were 10% and 12.5% respectively. The medications and blood product treatment to prevent bleeding from invasive procedure included 1-deamino-8-d-arginine vasopressin, cryoprecipitate, factor VIII concentrate, fresh frozen plasma and antifibrinolytic agent. Gene analysis of the proband identified two LMAN1 gene mutations; one of which is 823-1 G --> C, a novel splice acceptor site mutation that is inherited from her father, the other is 1366 C --> T, a nonsense mutation that is inherited from her mother. Thus, the compound heterozygote of these two mutations in LMAN1 cause combined F5F8D.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Sirachainan
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.
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170
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Nyfeler B, Michnick SW, Hauri HP. Capturing protein interactions in the secretory pathway of living cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2005; 102:6350-5. [PMID: 15849265 PMCID: PMC1084318 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0501976102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The secretory pathway is composed of membrane compartments specialized in protein folding, modification, transport, and sorting. Numerous transient protein-protein interactions guide the transport-competent proteins through the secretory pathway. Here we have adapted the yellow fluorescent protein (YFP)-based protein fragment complementation assay (PCA) to detect protein-protein interactions in the secretory pathway of living cells. Fragments of YFP were fused to the homooligomeric cargo-receptor lectin endoplasmic reticulum Golgi intermediate compartment (ERGIC)-53, to the ERGIC-53-interacting multi-coagulation factor deficiency protein MCFD2, and to ERGIC-53's cargo glycoprotein cathepsin Z. YFP PCA analysis revealed the oligomerization of ERGIC-53 and its interaction with MCFD2, as well as its lectin-mediated interaction with cathepsin Z. Mutation of the lectin domain of ERGIC-53 selectively decreased YFP complementation with cathepsin Z. Using YFP PCA, we discovered a carbohydrate-mediated interaction between ERGIC-53 and cathepsin C. We conclude that YFP PCA can detect weak and transient protein interactions in the secretory pathway and hence is a powerful approach to study luminal processes involved in protein secretion. The study extends the application of PCA to carbohydrate-mediated protein-protein interactions of low affinity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beat Nyfeler
- Department of Pharmacology and Neurobiology, Biozentrum, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 70, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
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171
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Schröder M, Kaufman RJ. ER stress and the unfolded protein response. Mutat Res 2005; 569:29-63. [PMID: 15603751 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2004.06.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1294] [Impact Index Per Article: 68.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2004] [Accepted: 06/10/2004] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Conformational diseases are caused by mutations altering the folding pathway or final conformation of a protein. Many conformational diseases are caused by mutations in secretory proteins and reach from metabolic diseases, e.g. diabetes, to developmental and neurological diseases, e.g. Alzheimer's disease. Expression of mutant proteins disrupts protein folding in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), causes ER stress, and activates a signaling network called the unfolded protein response (UPR). The UPR increases the biosynthetic capacity of the secretory pathway through upregulation of ER chaperone and foldase expression. In addition, the UPR decreases the biosynthetic burden of the secretory pathway by downregulating expression of genes encoding secreted proteins. Here we review our current understanding of how an unfolded protein signal is generated, sensed, transmitted across the ER membrane, and how downstream events in this stress response are regulated. We propose a model in which the activity of UPR signaling pathways reflects the biosynthetic activity of the ER. We summarize data that shows that this information is integrated into control of cellular events, which were previously not considered to be under control of ER signaling pathways, e.g. execution of differentiation and starvation programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Schröder
- School of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, University of Durham, Durham DH1 3LE, UK
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172
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Lee MCS, Miller EA, Goldberg J, Orci L, Schekman R. Bi-directional protein transport between the ER and Golgi. Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol 2005; 20:87-123. [PMID: 15473836 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.cellbio.20.010403.105307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 686] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and the Golgi comprise the first two steps in protein secretion. Vesicular carriers mediate a continuous flux of proteins and lipids between these compartments, reflecting the transport of newly synthesized proteins out of the ER and the retrieval of escaped ER residents and vesicle machinery. Anterograde and retrograde transport is mediated by distinct sets of cytosolic coat proteins, the COPII and COPI coats, respectively, which act on the membrane to capture cargo proteins into nascent vesicles. We review the mechanisms that govern coat recruitment to the membrane, cargo capture into a transport vesicle, and accurate delivery to the target organelle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus C S Lee
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA.
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173
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Appenzeller-Herzog C, Nyfeler B, Burkhard P, Santamaria I, Lopez-Otin C, Hauri HP. Carbohydrate- and conformation-dependent cargo capture for ER-exit. Mol Biol Cell 2005; 16:1258-67. [PMID: 15635097 PMCID: PMC551490 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e04-08-0708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Some secretory proteins leave the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) by a receptor-mediated cargo capture mechanism, but the signals required for the cargo-receptor interaction are largely unknown. Here, we describe a novel targeting motif that is composed of a high-mannose type oligosaccharide intimately associated with a surface-exposed peptide beta-hairpin loop. The motif accounts for lectin ERGIC-53-assisted ER-export of the lyososomal enzyme procathepsin Z. The second oligosaccharide chain of procathepsin Z exhibits no binding activity for ERGIC-53, illustrating the selective lectin properties of ERGIC-53. Our data suggest that the conformation-based motif is only present in fully folded procathepsin Z and that its recognition by ERGIC-53 reflects a quality control mechanism that acts complementary to the primary folding machinery in the ER. A similar oligosaccharide/beta-hairpin loop structure is present in cathepsin C, another cargo of ERGIC-53, suggesting the general nature of this ER-exit signal. To our knowledge this is the first documentation of an ER-exit signal in soluble cargo in conjunction with its decoding by a transport receptor.
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174
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Paulhe F, Imhof BA, Wehrle-Haller B. A Specific Endoplasmic Reticulum Export Signal Drives Transport of Stem Cell Factor (Kitl) to the Cell Surface. J Biol Chem 2004; 279:55545-55. [PMID: 15475566 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m407813200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Stem cell factor, also known as Kit ligand (Kitl), belongs to the family of dimeric transmembrane growth factors. Efficient cell surface presentation of Kitl is essential for the migration, proliferation, and survival of melanocytes, germ cells, hemopoietic stem cells, and mastocytes. Here we demonstrate that intracellular transport of Kitl to the cell surface is driven by a motif in the cytoplasmic tail that acts independently of the previously described basolateral sorting signal. Transport of Kitl to the cell surface is controlled at the level of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and requires a C-terminal valine residue positioned at a distance of 19-36 amino acids from the border between the transmembrane and cytoplasmic domains. Deletion or substitution of the valine with other hydrophobic amino acids results in ER accumulation and reduced cell surface transport of Kitl at physiological expression levels. When these mutant proteins are overexpressed in the ER, they are transported by bulk flow to the cell surface albeit at lower efficiency. A fusion construct between Kitl and the green fluorescent protein-labeled extracellular domain of a temperature-sensitive mutant of vesicular stomatitis virus G protein revealed the valine-dependent recruitment into coat protein complex II-coated ER exit sites and vesicular ER to Golgi transport in living cells. Thus the C-terminal valine defines a specific ER export signal in Kitl. It is responsible for the capture of Kitl at coat protein complex II-coated ER exit sites, leading to subsequent cell surface transport under physiological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frédérique Paulhe
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Centre Medical Universitaire, 1 rue Michel Servet, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
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175
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Abstract
From a process involved in cell wall synthesis in archaea and some bacteria, N-linked glycosylation has evolved into the most common covalent protein modification in eukaryotic cells. The sugars are added to nascent proteins as a core oligosaccharide unit, which is then extensively modified by removal and addition of sugar residues in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and the Golgi complex. It has become evident that the modifications that take place in the ER reflect a spectrum of functions related to glycoprotein folding, quality control, sorting, degradation, and secretion. The glycans not only promote folding directly by stabilizing polypeptide structures but also indirectly by serving as recognition "tags" that allow glycoproteins to interact with a variety of lectins, glycosidases, and glycosyltranferases. Some of these (such as glucosidases I and II, calnexin, and calreticulin) have a central role in folding and retention, while others (such as alpha-mannosidases and EDEM) target unsalvageable glycoproteins for ER-associated degradation. Each residue in the core oligosaccharide and each step in the modification program have significance for the fate of newly synthesized glycoproteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ari Helenius
- Institute of Biochemistry1 Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich, Zurich 8093, Switzerland.
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176
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Bernardi F, Marchetti G, Dolce A, Mariani G. How to evaluate phenotype-genotype relationship in rare coagulation haemorrhagic disorders: examples from FVII deficiency. Haemophilia 2004; 10 Suppl 4:177-9. [PMID: 15479394 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2516.2004.00989.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The study of the molecular pathogenesis of several single-gene disorders, such as coagulation-factor deficiencies, has revealed the variability of phenotypic expression, even of the same mutations in single genes. These studies underline the complexity of research dealing with the definition of the molecular bases of disorders. Sequence variations provide only the starting point to define pathological genotype-phenotype relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Bernardi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Ferrara, 44100 Ferrara, Italy.
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177
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Abstract
Technologies in molecular biology have greatly advanced the knowledge regarding the origin of haemophilia A and the physiology of the factor VIII (FVIII) protein. A variety of different mutations in the FVIII gene have been identified and their effects on the FVIII protein described. It has been shown that the frequency of haemophilia A is due to a high mutation rate predominantly in male germ cells. A significant proportion is originating de novo in early embryogenesis from somatic mutations, a finding that has implications for genetic counselling. The life-cycle of the FVIII protein and its structure-function relationships are continuously clarified. Most recently it has been shown that FVIII clearance from the circulation is mediated by the low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein (LRP) and cell-surface heparan sulphate proteoglycans (HSPGs). These findings raise hope for novel recombinant FVIII molecules with prolonged half-life that may improve therapies for haemophlia A.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Oldenburg
- Institute of Transfusion Medicine and Immunohaematology, DRK Blood Donation Service, Baden, Württemberg-Hessen, D-60528 Frankfurt, Germany.
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178
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Spatuzza C, Renna M, Faraonio R, Cardinali G, Martire G, Bonatti S, Remondelli P. Heat Shock Induces Preferential Translation of ERGIC-53 and Affects Its Recycling Pathway. J Biol Chem 2004; 279:42535-44. [PMID: 15292203 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m401860200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
ERGIC-53 is a lectin-like transport receptor protein, which recirculates between the ER and the Golgi complex and is required for the intracellular transport of a restricted number of glycoproteins. We show in this article that ERGIC-53 accumulates during the heat shock response. However, at variance with the unfolded protein response, which results in enhanced transcription of ERGIC-53 mRNA, heat shock leads only to enhanced translation of ERGIC-53 mRNA. In addition, the half-life of the protein does not change during heat shock. Therefore, distinct signal pathways of the cell stress response modulate the ERGIC-53 protein level. Heat shock also affects the recycling pathway of ERGIC-53. The protein rapidly redistributes in a more peripheral area of the cell, in a vesicular compartment that has a lighter sedimentation density on sucrose gradient in comparison to the compartment that contains the majority of ERGIC-53 at 37 degrees C. This effect is specific, as no apparent reorganization of the endoplasmic reticulum, intermediate compartment and Golgi complex is morphologically detectable in the cells exposed to heat shock. Moreover, the anterograde transport of two unrelated reporter proteins is not affected. Interestingly, MCFD2, which interacts with ERGIC-53 to form a complex required for the ER-to-Golgi transport of specific proteins, is regulated similarly to ERGIC-53 in response to cell stress. These results support the view that ERGIC-53 alone, or in association with MCFD2, plays important functions during cellular response to stress conditions.
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MESH Headings
- 5' Untranslated Regions
- Base Sequence
- Biological Transport
- Blotting, Northern
- Blotting, Western
- Carrier Proteins/metabolism
- Cell Line
- Centrifugation, Density Gradient
- Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel
- Endoplasmic Reticulum/metabolism
- Fluorescent Antibody Technique, Indirect
- Gene Expression Regulation
- Genes, Reporter
- Genistein/pharmacology
- Glycoproteins/metabolism
- Golgi Apparatus/metabolism
- Hot Temperature
- Humans
- Immunoblotting
- Immunoprecipitation
- Lectins/metabolism
- Mannose-Binding Lectins/genetics
- Mannose-Binding Lectins/physiology
- Membrane Proteins/genetics
- Membrane Proteins/physiology
- Microscopy, Electron
- Microscopy, Fluorescence
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Promoter Regions, Genetic
- Protein Binding
- Protein Biosynthesis
- Protein Structure, Tertiary
- Quercetin/pharmacology
- RNA/metabolism
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Signal Transduction
- Sucrose/pharmacology
- Temperature
- Time Factors
- Transcriptional Activation
- Transfection
- Vesicular Transport Proteins
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Spatuzza
- Dipartimento di Biochimica e Biotecnologie Mediche, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, I-80131, Naples, Italy
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179
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Abstract
AbstractDeficiencies of coagulation factors other than factor VIII and factor IX that cause bleeding disorders are inherited as autosomal recessive traits and are rare, with prevalences in the general population varying between 1 in 500 000 and 1 in 2 million for the homozygous forms. As a consequence of the rarity of these deficiencies, the type and severity of bleeding symptoms, the underlying molecular defects, and the actual management of bleeding episodes are not as well established as for hemophilia A and B. We investigated more than 1000 patients with recessively inherited coagulation disorders from Italy and Iran, a country with a high rate of recessive diseases due to the custom of consanguineous marriages. Based upon this experience, this article reviews the genetic basis, prevalent clinical manifestations, and management of these disorders. The steps and actions necessary to improve the condition of these often neglected patients are outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pier Mannuccio Mannucci
- Angelo Bianchi Bonomi Hemophilia and Thrombosis Center, Department of Internal Medicine and Dermatology/IRCCS, Maggiore Hospital, University of Milan, Via Pace 9, 20122 Milan, Italy.
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180
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Zhang B, Ginsburg D. Familial multiple coagulation factor deficiencies: new biologic insight from rare genetic bleeding disorders. J Thromb Haemost 2004; 2:1564-72. [PMID: 15333032 DOI: 10.1111/j.1538-7836.2004.00857.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Combined deficiency of factor (F)V and FVIII (F5F8D) and combined deficiency of vitamin K-dependent clotting factors (VKCFD) comprise the vast majority of reported cases of familial multiple coagulation factor deficiencies. Recently, significant progress has been made in understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying these disorders. F5F8D is caused by mutations in two different genes (LMAN1 and MCFD2) that encode components of a stable protein complex. This complex is localized to the secretory pathway of the cell and likely functions in transporting newly synthesized FV and FVIII, and perhaps other proteins, from the ER to the Golgi. VKCFD is either caused by mutations in the gamma-carboxylase gene or in a recently identified gene encoding the vitamin K epoxide reductase. These two proteins are essential components of the vitamin K dependent carboxylation reaction. Deficiency in either protein leads to under-carboxylation and reduced activities of all the vitamin K-dependent coagulation factors, as well as several other proteins. The multiple coagulation factor deficiencies provide a notable example of important basic biological insight gained through the study of rare human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Zhang
- Department of Internal Medicine and Human Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-0650, USA
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181
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The biochemistry of blood coagulation has been well defined over the past 50 years. Although much is known about the sequence of the proteolytic cascade and its regulation in the pathway to fibrin generation, many important questions remain unsolved about the mechanism of initiation and the structure of the protein complexes that form during blood coagulation. RECENT FINDINGS This article summarizes some of the advances that have been made in this field from the last quarter of 2002 and during 2003. The papers, which vary in rigor and content, have been selected on the basis of their interest and possible contribution to knowledge in this field. Summaries are given of new findings on the source of factor V and the synthesis of factor VIII, the mechanism of tissue factor action in the initiation of blood coagulation, the structure and membrane-binding properties of the protein complexes formed, and regulation of the blood coagulation cascade. SUMMARY Continued progress in this field offers opportunity for understanding the basis of thrombotic diseases and bleeding disorders, with the potential for defining novel targets for therapeutic applications. Some of the conclusions reviewed are conflicting, and further work will be necessary to place the results in the context of what has already been established. The structural biology of the coagulation proteins and understanding of hemostasis and thrombosis in a physiologic context have important implications for future work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Schenone
- Center for Hemostasis, Thrombosis and Vascular Biology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
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182
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Abstract
Membrane and organelle assembly has emerged as a dominant theme in cell biology of the twenty-first century. Current approaches and questions have been formulated as a result of numerous historical threads that together weave a complex picture of cellular compartments. The confluence of morphologic, genetic and biochemical approaches laid the foundations for study in this area, and they continue to strengthen our understanding of this essential aspect of cell structure and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Randy Schekman
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720-3202, USA.
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183
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Mansouritorgabeh H, Rezaieyazdi Z, Pourfathollah AA, Rezai J, Esamaili H. Haemorrhagic symptoms in patients with combined factors V and VIII deficiency in north-eastern Iran. Haemophilia 2004; 10:271-5. [PMID: 15086326 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2516.2004.00890.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Of the six types of dual coagulation factors deficiency, combined factors V and VIII are the most common type, a few cases of this disease have been reported in different populations. This accounts for the relatively low number of cases reported so far. Our report, which included 19 patients, is the second largest group that has been reported from one centre in north-eastern Iran. The most frequent spontaneous bleeding symptoms were epistaxis and haemarthrosis, and the most frequent traumatic bleeding symptoms were bleeding after dental extraction and bleeding after cutting any part of the body. It seemed that dual coagulation FV and FVIII deficiency is as severe as single coagulation factor (V or VIII) deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Mansouritorgabeh
- Experimental Hematology and Blood Banking Group, Medical Sciences School, Tarbiat Modarres University, Tehran, Iran
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184
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Wu X, Steet RA, Bohorov O, Bakker J, Newell J, Krieger M, Spaapen L, Kornfeld S, Freeze HH. Mutation of the COG complex subunit gene COG7 causes a lethal congenital disorder. Nat Med 2004; 10:518-23. [PMID: 15107842 DOI: 10.1038/nm1041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 257] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2004] [Accepted: 04/05/2004] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The congenital disorders of glycosylation (CDG) are characterized by defects in N-linked glycan biosynthesis that result from mutations in genes encoding proteins directly involved in the glycosylation pathway. Here we describe two siblings with a fatal form of CDG caused by a mutation in the gene encoding COG-7, a subunit of the conserved oligomeric Golgi (COG) complex. The mutation impairs integrity of the COG complex and alters Golgi trafficking, resulting in disruption of multiple glycosylation pathways. These cases represent a new type of CDG in which the molecular defect lies in a protein that affects the trafficking and function of the glycosylation machinery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohua Wu
- The Burnham Institute, 10901 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
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185
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Appenzeller-Herzog C, Roche AC, Nufer O, Hauri HP. pH-induced conversion of the transport lectin ERGIC-53 triggers glycoprotein release. J Biol Chem 2004; 279:12943-50. [PMID: 14718532 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m313245200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The recycling mannose lectin ERGIC-53 operates as a transport receptor by mediating efficient endoplasmic reticulum (ER) export of some secretory glycoproteins. Binding of cargo to ERGIC-53 in the ER requires Ca2+. Cargo release occurs in the ERGIC, but the molecular mechanism is unknown. Here we report efficient binding of purified ERGIC-53 to immobilized mannose at pH 7.4, the pH of the ER, but not at slightly lower pH. pH sensitivity of the lectin was more prominent when Ca2+ concentrations were low. A conserved histidine in the center of the carbohydrate recognition domain was required for lectin activity suggesting it may serve as a molecular pH/Ca2+ sensor. Acidification of cells inhibited the association of ERGIC-53 with the known cargo cathepsin Z-related protein and dissociation of this glycoprotein in the ERGIC was impaired by organelle neutralization that did not impair the transport of a control protein. The results elucidate the molecular mechanism underlying reversible lectin/cargo interaction and establish the ERGIC as the earliest low pH site of the secretory pathway.
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186
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Segal A, Zivelin A, Rosenberg N, Ginsburg D, Shpilberg O, Seligsohn U. A mutation in LMAN1 (ERGIC-53) causing combined factor V and factor VIII deficiency is prevalent in Jews originating from the island of Djerba in Tunisia. Blood Coagul Fibrinolysis 2004; 15:99-102. [PMID: 15166951 DOI: 10.1097/00001721-200401000-00016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Combined deficiency of factor V and factor VIII is a rare autosomal recessive bleeding disorder that is caused by mutations in the LMAN1 or MCFD2 genes. These genes encode for proteins that form a complex that takes part in the transport of factor V and factor VIII from the endoplasmic reticulum to Golgi. Two mutations in LMAN1 have been observed in Jews: a guanine (G) insertion in exon 1 among Middle Eastern Jewish families, and a thymidine (T) to cytosine (C) transition in intron 9 at a donor splice site among Tunisian families. For each mutation, haplotype analysis revealed a founder effect. Because all affected Tunisian families belong to an ancient Jewish community in the island of Djerba off the coast of Tunisia, we screened members of this community for the intron 9 T --> C transition. Among 233 apparently unrelated individuals five heterozygotes were detected, predicting an allele frequency of 0.0107 (95% confidence interval, 0.0035-0.0248), while among 259 North African Jews none was found to carry the mutation. The prevalence of the mutation in Djerba Jews is consistent with the observation that all affected Tunisian Jewish families have origins in Djerba and with the finding of a common haplotype for the 9 + 2 T --> C mutation. The G insertion in exon 1 was found in one of 245 Iraqi Jews, predicting an allele frequency of 0.0022 (95% confidence interval, 0.0001-0.0123), but in none of 180 Iranian Jews examined. In view of the relatively low frequency of the mutations in the respective populations it seems reasonable to advocate carrier detection and prenatal diagnosis only in affected families.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avichai Segal
- Thrombosis and Hemostasis Research Institute, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer and Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Israel
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187
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Velloso LM, Svensson K, Pettersson RF, Lindqvist Y. The Crystal Structure of the Carbohydrate-recognition Domain of the Glycoprotein Sorting Receptor p58/ERGIC-53 Reveals an Unpredicted Metal-binding Site and Conformational Changes Associated with Calcium Ion Binding. J Mol Biol 2003; 334:845-51. [PMID: 14643651 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2003.10.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
p58/ERGIC-53 is a calcium-dependent animal lectin that acts as a cargo receptor, binding to a set of glycoproteins in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and transporting them to the Golgi complex. It is similar in structure to calcium-dependent leguminous lectins. We have determined the structure of the carbohydrate-recognition domain of p58/ERGIC-53 in its calcium-bound form. The structure reveals localized but large conformational changes in relation to the previously determined metal ion-free structure, mapping mostly to the ligand-binding site. It reveals the presence of two calcium ion-binding sites located 6A apart, one of which has no equivalent in the plant lectins. The second metal ion-binding site present in that class of lectins, binding Mn(2+), is absent from p58/ERGIC-53. The absence of a short loop in the ligand-binding site in this protein suggests that it has adapted to optimally bind the high-mannose Man(8)(GlcNAc)(2) glycan common to glycoproteins at the ER exit stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas M Velloso
- Molecular Structural Biology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, S-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
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188
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Faioni EM, Fontana G, Carpani G, D'Auria E, Banderali G, Moroni G, Cattaneo M. Review of clinical, biochemical and genetic aspects of combined factor V and factor VIII deficiency, and report of a new affected family. Thromb Res 2003; 112:269-71. [PMID: 15041268 DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2004.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2003] [Revised: 01/13/2004] [Accepted: 01/13/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Elena M Faioni
- DMCO, University of Milano and Hematology and Thrombosis Unit, Ospedale San Paolo, Via A. di Rudinì, 8, 20142 Milan, Italy.
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