151
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Heath JR. Framing technology challenges associated with improving cancer immunotherapies. LAB ON A CHIP 2019; 19:3366-3367. [PMID: 31559406 DOI: 10.1039/c9lc90103e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Thought leader Jim Heath introduces the Lab on a Chip Immunotherapy thematic collection.
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152
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Wang JJ, Wang ZB, Tan TC. Association of CTLA-4, TNF alpha and IL 10 polymorphisms with susceptibility to hepatocellular carcinoma. Scand J Immunol 2019; 90:e12819. [PMID: 31448426 DOI: 10.1111/sji.12819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2019] [Revised: 07/23/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Our aim was to evaluate the association of genetic polymorphisms of immunoregulatory molecules with susceptibility to hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The polymorphisms in CTLA-4 (-318 T/C, CT60 G/A), TNF (-238 G/A, -308 G/A) and IL10 (-592 C/A, -819 C/T) were genotyped by PCR and DNA sequencing. The functional relevance of the polymorphisms was examined by ELISAs, in vitro lymphocyte proliferation assay and cytotoxic assay. The CTLA-4 -318 TC/TT, CTLA-4 CT60 GG, IL10 -592 CA and -819 CT/TT variants, CTLA-4 -318 T and IL 10 -819 T alleles were positively associated with HCC risk (P < .05). While TNF -238 AA variant, TNF -238 A allele were associated with decreased risk of HCC (P < .05). Furthermore, combinations of CTLA-4 -318 TC/TT and TNF -238 GG/GA; CTLA-4 -318 TC/TT and IL 10 -819 CC; CTLA-4 -318 CC and IL 10 -819 CT/TT in patients with HCC were statistically significant (P < .05). Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) carrying -318 TC/TT genotypes exhibited significantly lower proliferation rates, decreased IL-2, IL-4 levels, fewer cytolytic activities and elevated TGF-β levels. For IL 10 -819 C/T, the CC genotype was significantly associated with higher proliferation rate, decreased TGF-β, IL-10 levels and higher cytolytic activities (P < .05). For TNF -238 G/A, the AA genotype only had association with serum IL-2, IL-4 (P < .05). In addition, we also found that CTLA-4 -318 T/C, IL-10 -819 T/C variants, combinations of CTLA-4 -318 CC with IL 10 -819 CT or TT, CTLA-4 -318 TC or TT with IL 10 -819 CT or TT were associated with the severity of HCC. These findings suggest that CTLA-4 -318 TC/TT and IL 10 -819 CT/TT could promote the pathogenesis of HCC, which might be related with down-regulation of Th1/Th2-type cytokines and/or up-regulation of Th3-type cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Jia Wang
- Laboratory Medicine Department, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhi-Bin Wang
- Laboratory Medicine Department, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - Tai-Chang Tan
- Laboratory Medicine Department, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, China
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153
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Hayashi H, Nakagawa K. Combination therapy with PD-1 or PD-L1 inhibitors for cancer. Int J Clin Oncol 2019; 25:818-830. [PMID: 31549270 DOI: 10.1007/s10147-019-01548-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs)-such as antibodies to programmed cell death-1 (PD-1), to its ligand PD-L1, or to cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated protein-4 (CTLA-4)-are an evolving treatment option for several types of cancer, but only a limited number of patients benefit from such therapy. Preclinical studies have suggested that the combination of PD-1 or PD-L1 inhibitors with either cytotoxic chemotherapy or antibodies to CTLA-4 is a promising treatment strategy for advanced cancer. Indeed, combinations of cytotoxic chemotherapy and PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors have been approved and are now used in clinical practice for the treatment of advanced non-small cell lung cancer and small cell lung cancer on the basis of positive results of large-scale clinical trials. In addition, the combination of antibodies to CTLA-4 (ipilimumab) and to PD-1 (nivolumab) has been found to confer a survival benefit in patients with melanoma or renal cell carcinoma. Several ongoing clinical trials are also investigating ICI combination therapy in comparison with standard therapy for other tumor types. The identification of patients likely to achieve a sufficient benefit from PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitor monotherapy remains a challenge; however, with the establishment of novel complementary biomarkers being needed. Preclinical and clinical investigations of immune-related adverse events of ICI combination therapy are also warranted to establish management strategies. In this review, we summarize the current landscape of combination therapy with PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors plus either cytotoxic chemotherapy or CTLA-4 inhibitors to clarify the benefits of and outstanding clinical issues related to such treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidetoshi Hayashi
- Department of Medical Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, Kindai University, 377-2 Ohno-higashi, Osaka-Sayama, Osaka, 589-8511, Japan.
| | - Kazuhiko Nakagawa
- Department of Medical Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, Kindai University, 377-2 Ohno-higashi, Osaka-Sayama, Osaka, 589-8511, Japan
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154
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Abstract
Bladder cancer is an important public health concern owing to its prevalence, high recurrence risk and treatment failures. Maintaining the equilibrium between prompt and effective immunity and an excessive and protracted immune response is critical for successful immune defence. This delicate balance is ensured by intrinsic or extrinsic immunoregulatory mechanisms. Intrinsic control of immune cell activation is mediated by stimulatory and inhibitory receptors expressed on the effector cell itself, whereas extrinsic control is mediated via other immune cells by cell-cell contact and/or secretion of inhibitory factors. Tumours can exacerbate these immunosuppressive pathways, fostering a tolerant microenvironment. These mechanisms have previously been poorly described in urothelial carcinoma, but a growing body of evidence highlights the key role of immune regulation in bladder cancer. This process includes immune checkpoints (mostly programmed cell death 1 (PD-1) and programmed cell death 1 ligand 1 (PD-L1)), as well as regulatory T cells, myeloid-derived suppressor cells, tumour-associated macrophages and type 2 innate and adaptive lymphocytes. For each component, quantitative and qualitative alterations, clinical relevance and potential targeting strategies are currently being explored. An improved understanding of immune regulation pathways in bladder cancer development, recurrence and progression will help in the design of novel diagnostic and prognostic tools as well as treatments.
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155
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Neeve SC, Robinson BW, Fear VS. The role and therapeutic implications of T cells in cancer of the lung. Clin Transl Immunology 2019; 8:e1076. [PMID: 31485330 PMCID: PMC6712517 DOI: 10.1002/cti2.1076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Revised: 07/05/2019] [Accepted: 08/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer remains the leading cause of cancer‐related death worldwide. The disease is classified into two major subtypes, small‐cell lung cancer (SCLC) and the more prevalent non‐small‐cell lung cancer (NSCLC). First‐line conventional therapies, such as chemotherapy, radiotherapy and surgery, have offered limited benefit, and patient prognosis remains poor with post‐treatment recurrences representing a major cause of morbidity. Consequently, there is an urgent need for improved therapeutic options. Historically, NSCLC has been considered a non‐immunogenic disease. However, increased understanding of tumor‐immune interactions has challenged this paradigm in both lung and other malignancies, with cancer elimination by tumor‐specific T cells increasingly well described in a myriad of solid tumors. Recent evidence has demonstrated that absent or weak anticancer responses are likely a product of tumor‐derived immunosuppression. This knowledge, along with a greater appreciation for the role of T cells in lung cancer elimination, has driven development of novel immunotherapeutic approaches which are demonstrating remarkable clinical efficacy. This review examines the role of T cells in lung cancer, discussing the direction and clinical significance of current and future immunotherapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel C Neeve
- National Centre for Asbestos Related Diseases (NCARD) Lv5 QQ Block (M503) QEII Medical Centre The University of Western Australia Perth WA Australia.,School of Biomedical Sciences The University of Western Australia Perth WA Australia
| | - Bruce Ws Robinson
- National Centre for Asbestos Related Diseases (NCARD) Lv5 QQ Block (M503) QEII Medical Centre The University of Western Australia Perth WA Australia.,Centre for Respiratory Health The University of Western Australia Perth WA Australia
| | - Vanessa S Fear
- National Centre for Asbestos Related Diseases (NCARD) Lv5 QQ Block (M503) QEII Medical Centre The University of Western Australia Perth WA Australia.,School of Biomedical Sciences The University of Western Australia Perth WA Australia.,Telethon Kids Institute Perth WA Australia
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156
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Abstract
Immunotherapy potentiates a patient’s immune response against some forms of cancer, including malignant tumors. In this Special Report, we have summarized the use of nanoparticles that have been designed for use in cancer immunotherapy with particular emphasis on plant viruses. Plant virus-based nanoparticles are an ideal choice for therapeutic applications, as these nanoparticles are not only capable of targeting the desired cells but also of being safely delivered to the body without posing any threat of infection. Plant viruses can be taken up by tumor cells and can be functionalized as drug delivery vehicles. This Special Report describes how the future of cancer immunotherapy could be a success through the merger of computer-based technology using plant-virus nanoparticles. The nonpathogenic nature of plant viral nanoparticles makes them an ideal choice for therapeutic applications such as cancer. Understanding the molecular mechanisms behind the immune response to cancer has facilitated the use of nanotechnology as an effective cancer therapy. Biologically active self-replicating plant virus particles can be introduced to the bloodstream of the human body and used as effective drug delivery vehicles. This Special Report describes how a combination of computer-based technology and plant-virus nanoparticles can assist in cancer immunotherapy.
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157
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Giunta EF, Argenziano G, Brancaccio G, Martinelli E, Ciardiello F, Troiani T. Beyond PD-1/PD-L1 Axis Blockade: New Combination Strategies in Metastatic Melanoma Treatment. CURRENT CANCER THERAPY REVIEWS 2019. [DOI: 10.2174/1573394714666180927095650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
:
Metastatic melanoma treatment has dramatically changed in the last few years, having a
breakthrough with the introduction of targeted agents and immunotherapy. PD-1/PD-L1 pathway
is one of the physiologic mechanisms of peripheral immune tolerance, but it also represents a
mechanism of tumor immune escape. PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors represent new immune-checkpoint
drugs currently used in metastatic melanoma treatment.
:
Resistance to PD-1/PD-L1 axis blockade, which is the main cause of therapeutic failure during
therapeutic use of these drugs, could be linked to several mechanism of immune escape. In fact,
other inhibitory receptor such as CTLA-4, LAG-3, TIM-3 and TIGIT might be co-expressed on T
cells, deleting the effect of anti-PD-1/PD-L1; overexpression of the enzyme IDO could cause immunosuppression
through the depletion of tryptophan in the tumor microenvironment; defective c
ostimulation (through reduced activity of 4-1BB and OX40 receptors) could result in T-cell
energy.
:
Combination of anti-PD-1/PD-L1 with drugs targeting inhibitory or costimulatory receptors, intracellular
pathways, enzymes or neoangiogenesis could be a possible strategy to overcome resistance
to single PD-1/PD-L1 blockade. Clinical trials evaluating combination therapies have already
showed interesting results, although most of them are still on going.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Giuseppe Argenziano
- Dermatology unit, Università degli Studi della Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, via Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Gabriella Brancaccio
- Dermatology unit, Università degli Studi della Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, via Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Erika Martinelli
- Oncologia Medica, Dipartimento di Internistica Clinica e Sperimentale , Italy
| | | | - Teresa Troiani
- Oncologia Medica, Dipartimento di Internistica Clinica e Sperimentale , Italy
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158
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Leber N, Kaps L, Yang A, Aslam M, Giardino M, Klefenz A, Choteschovsky N, Rosigkeit S, Mostafa A, Nuhn L, Schuppan D, Zentel R. α‐Mannosyl‐Functionalized Cationic Nanohydrogel Particles for Targeted Gene Knockdown in Immunosuppressive Macrophages. Macromol Biosci 2019; 19:e1900162. [DOI: 10.1002/mabi.201900162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nadine Leber
- Institutes of Organic ChemistryJohannes Gutenberg‐University of Mainz Duesbergweg 10‐14 55128 Mainz Germany
| | - Leonard Kaps
- Institute of Translational Immunology and Research Center for ImmunotherapyUniversity Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg‐University Mainz Obere Zahlbacher Str. 63 55131 Mainz Germany
| | - Aiting Yang
- Institute of Translational Immunology and Research Center for ImmunotherapyUniversity Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg‐University Mainz Obere Zahlbacher Str. 63 55131 Mainz Germany
| | - Misbah Aslam
- Institute of Translational Immunology and Research Center for ImmunotherapyUniversity Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg‐University Mainz Obere Zahlbacher Str. 63 55131 Mainz Germany
- Department of MicrobiologyShaheed Benazir Bhutto Women University LARAMA, Charsadda Road, Peshawar, Pakistan
| | - Mariacristina Giardino
- Institute of Translational Immunology and Research Center for ImmunotherapyUniversity Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg‐University Mainz Obere Zahlbacher Str. 63 55131 Mainz Germany
| | - Adrian Klefenz
- Institute of Translational Immunology and Research Center for ImmunotherapyUniversity Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg‐University Mainz Obere Zahlbacher Str. 63 55131 Mainz Germany
| | - Niklas Choteschovsky
- Institute of Translational Immunology and Research Center for ImmunotherapyUniversity Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg‐University Mainz Obere Zahlbacher Str. 63 55131 Mainz Germany
| | - Sebastian Rosigkeit
- Institute of Translational Immunology and Research Center for ImmunotherapyUniversity Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg‐University Mainz Obere Zahlbacher Str. 63 55131 Mainz Germany
| | - Asmaa Mostafa
- Institute of Translational Immunology and Research Center for ImmunotherapyUniversity Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg‐University Mainz Obere Zahlbacher Str. 63 55131 Mainz Germany
| | - Lutz Nuhn
- Max‐Planck‐Institute for Polymer Research Ackermannweg 10 55128 Mainz Germany
| | - Detlef Schuppan
- Institute of Translational Immunology and Research Center for ImmunotherapyUniversity Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg‐University Mainz Obere Zahlbacher Str. 63 55131 Mainz Germany
- Division of GastroenterologyBeth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School 330 Brookline Avenue Boston MA 02215 USA
| | - Rudolf Zentel
- Institutes of Organic ChemistryJohannes Gutenberg‐University of Mainz Duesbergweg 10‐14 55128 Mainz Germany
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159
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Tang CL, Pan Q, Dai WQ, Hu LD, Zhou HH, Wang LX. Administration of anti-CTLA-4 monoclonal antibody augments protective immunity induced by Schistosoma japonicum glutathione-S-transferase. Parasite Immunol 2019; 41:e12657. [PMID: 31125444 DOI: 10.1111/pim.12657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2018] [Revised: 05/18/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of anti-CTLA-4 monoclonal antibody (mAb) on 26-kDa glutathione-S-transferase (GST) vaccine-induced immunity against Schistosoma japonicum infection. METHODS AND RESULTS Mice immunized with GST before infection with S japonicum cercariae were injected with anti-CTLA-4 mAb. Worm reduction rate of GST was increased from 25.41% in mice with GST immunization to 52.48% in mice with GST plus anti-CTLA-4 mAb. The percentages of regulatory T cells (Tregs) were significantly higher following administration of both GST and anti-CTLA-4 mAb, or anti-CTLA-4 mAb alone. Elevated levels of IFN-γ, IL-2, IL-4 and IL-5 were observed. CONCLUSION These results demonstrated that CTLA-4 may inhibit the protective effect of GST vaccine, and anti-CTLA-4 mAb may be used as an adjuvant to enhance the immune protection conferred by the GST vaccine by enhancing Th1- and Th2-type immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Lian Tang
- Wuchang Hospital affiliated to Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Qun Pan
- Wuchang Hospital affiliated to Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Wen-Qin Dai
- Wuchang Hospital affiliated to Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Li-Dong Hu
- Wuchang Hospital affiliated to Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Hong-Hua Zhou
- Wuchang Hospital affiliated to Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Li-Xia Wang
- Wuchang Hospital affiliated to Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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160
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Itano N. Implications of altered O-glycosylation in tumour immune evasion. J Biochem 2019; 165:387-390. [PMID: 30649348 DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvz003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Aberrant glycosylation on tumour cells has been implicated in tumour immune modulation. A recent article published in The Journal of Biochemistry (Sutoh Yoneyama et al., A mechanism for evasion of CTL immunity by altered O-glycosylation of HLA class I, J. Biochem. 2017;161:479-492) showed that bladder cancer cells evaded cytotoxic T lymphocyte-mediated antitumour immunity by a novel mechanism involving the loss of Core 2 structures on human leukocyte antigen Class I O-glycans and subsequent impairment of galectin-glycan lattice formation. The immunosuppressive action of O-glycans on natural killer cell-mediated tumour immunity is also considered an immune evasion system. Furthermore, sialylated O-glycans have been proposed to play a central role in tumour immune escape by modulating the production of immunoregulatory cytokines and growth factors through interactions with sialic acid-binding immunoglobulin-like lectins. Therefore, a better understanding of how alterations in O-glycosylation influence tumour immune evasion will enable the development of novel and more effective therapeutic options for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Itano
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kyoto Sangyo University, Kita-ku, Kyoto, Japan
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161
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Tang CL, Pan Q, Xie YP, Xiong Y, Zhang RH, Huang J. Effect of Cytotoxic T-Lymphocyte Antigen-4 on the Efficacy of the Fatty Acid-Binding Protein Vaccine Against Schistosoma japonicum. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1022. [PMID: 31134084 PMCID: PMC6514142 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study evaluated the impact of blocking cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen-4 (CTLA-4) activity on the protective effect elicited by the fatty acid binding protein (FABP) vaccine against Schistosoma japonicum infection. Mice were randomly divided into uninfected, infected control, anti-CTLA-4 monoclonal antibody (anti-CTLA-4 mAb), FABP, and combination (anti-CTLA-4 mAb and FABP) groups. An assessment of the S. japonicum worm and egg burden in the infected mice revealed that the worm reduction-rate induced by FABP administration was increased from 26.58 to 54.61% by co-administration of the monoclonal anti-CTLA antibody (anti-CTLA-4 mAb). Furthermore, the regulatory T cell (Treg) percentage was significantly increased in mice after administration of the anti-CTLA-4 mAb, but not the FABP vaccine, and elevated levels of the cytokines interferon (IFN)-γ, interleukin (IL)-2, IL-4, and IL-5 were observed in infected mice that were administered the anti-CTLA-4 mAb. Notably, the diameter of egg granulomas in the anti-CTLA-4 mAb and combination groups was significantly increased compared to that observed in the infected control group. Together, these results suggest that co-administering the FABP vaccine and anti-CTLA-4 treatment may have synergistically increased the immunoprotective effect of the FABP vaccine by promoting T-helper 1-type immune responses, while incurring increased tissue damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Lian Tang
- Wuchang Hospital, Affiliated to Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Qun Pan
- Wuchang Hospital, Affiliated to Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Ya-Ping Xie
- Wuchang Hospital, Affiliated to Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Ying Xiong
- Wuchang Hospital, Affiliated to Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Rong-Hui Zhang
- Wuchang Hospital, Affiliated to Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jin Huang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Wuhan Fourth Hospital, Puai Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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162
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Pinto JA, Raez LE, Oliveres H, Rolfo CC. Current knowledge of Ipilimumab and its use in treating non-small cell lung cancer. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2019; 19:509-515. [DOI: 10.1080/14712598.2019.1610380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joseph A. Pinto
- Unidad de Investigación Básica y Traslacional, Oncosalud-AUNA, Lima, Perú
| | - Luis E. Raez
- Thoracic Oncology Program, Memorial Cancer Institute/Memorial Health Care System, Florida International University, Miami, USA
| | - Helena Oliveres
- Phase I-Early Clinical Trials Unit, Oncology Department, Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Christian C. Rolfo
- Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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163
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Osipov A, Murphy A, Zheng L. From immune checkpoints to vaccines: The past, present and future of cancer immunotherapy. Adv Cancer Res 2019; 143:63-144. [PMID: 31202363 DOI: 10.1016/bs.acr.2019.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Cancer is a worldwide medical problem with significant repercussions on individual patients and societies as a whole. In order to alter the outcomes of this deadly disease the treatment of cancer over the centuries has undergone a unique evolution. However, utilizing the best treatment modalities and achieving cures or long-term durable responses have been inconsistent and limited, that is until recently. Contemporary research has highlighted a fundamental gap in our understanding of how we approach treating cancer, by revealing the intricate relationship between the immune system and tumors. In this atmosphere, the growth of immunotherapy has not only forever changed our understanding of cancer biology, but the manner by which we treat patients. It's paradigm shifting success has led to the approval of over 10 different immunotherapeutic agents, including checkpoint inhibitors, vaccine-based therapies, oncolytic viruses and T cell directed therapies for nearly 20 different indications across countless tumor types. Despite the breakthroughs that have occurred in the field of immunotherapy, it has not been the panacea for all cancers. With a deeper understanding of the immune system we have been able to peer into tumor immune escape and therapy resistance. Simultaneously this understanding has paved the way for the investigation and development of novel immune system altering agents and combinatorial therapies. In this chapter we review the immune system and its intricate relationship with cancer, the evolution of immunotherapy, its current landscape, and future directions in the context of resistance mechanisms and the challenges faced by immunotherapy against cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arsen Osipov
- Department of Oncology, The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Adrian Murphy
- Department of Oncology, The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Lei Zheng
- Department of Oncology, The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States.
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164
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Busato D, Mossenta M, Baboci L, Di Cintio F, Toffoli G, Dal Bo M. Novel immunotherapeutic approaches for hepatocellular carcinoma treatment. Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol 2019; 12:453-470. [PMID: 30907177 DOI: 10.1080/17512433.2019.1598859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The introduction of immune checkpoint inhibitors has been lately proposed for the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) with respect to other cancer types. Several immunotherapeutic approaches are now under evaluation for HCC treatment including: i) antibodies acting as immune checkpoint inhibitors; ii) antibodies targeting specific tumor-associated antigens; iii) chimeric antigen receptor redirected T (CAR-T) cells targeting specific tumor-associated antigens; iv) vaccination strategies with tumor-specific epitopes. Areas covered: The review provides a wide description of the clinical trials investigating the efficacy of the main immunotherapeutic approaches proposed for the treatment of patients affected by HCC. Expert opinion: The balancing between immunostimulative and immunosuppressive factors in the context of HCC tumor microenvironment results in heterogeneous response rates to immunotherapeutic approaches such as checkpoint inhibitors, among HCC patients. In this context, it becomes crucial the identification of predictive factors determining the treatment response. A multiple approach using different biomarkers could be useful to identify the subgroup of HCC patients responsive to the treatment with a checkpoint inhibitor (as an example, nivolumab) as single agent, and to identify those patients in which other treatment regimens, such as the combination with sorafenib, or with locoregional therapies, could be more effective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Busato
- a Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology Unit , Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano (CRO), IRCCS , Aviano (PN) , Italy.,b Department of Life Sciences , University of Trieste , Trieste , Italy
| | - Monica Mossenta
- a Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology Unit , Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano (CRO), IRCCS , Aviano (PN) , Italy.,b Department of Life Sciences , University of Trieste , Trieste , Italy
| | - Lorena Baboci
- a Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology Unit , Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano (CRO), IRCCS , Aviano (PN) , Italy
| | - Federica Di Cintio
- a Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology Unit , Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano (CRO), IRCCS , Aviano (PN) , Italy.,b Department of Life Sciences , University of Trieste , Trieste , Italy
| | - Giuseppe Toffoli
- a Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology Unit , Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano (CRO), IRCCS , Aviano (PN) , Italy
| | - Michele Dal Bo
- a Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology Unit , Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano (CRO), IRCCS , Aviano (PN) , Italy
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165
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Zhou F, Feng B, Yu H, Wang D, Wang T, Ma Y, Wang S, Li Y. Tumor Microenvironment-Activatable Prodrug Vesicles for Nanoenabled Cancer Chemoimmunotherapy Combining Immunogenic Cell Death Induction and CD47 Blockade. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2019; 31:e1805888. [PMID: 30762908 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201805888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 315] [Impact Index Per Article: 63.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2018] [Revised: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Chemoimmunotherapy is reported to activate a robust T cell antitumor immune response by triggering immunogenic cell death (ICD), which has initiated a number of clinical trials. However, current chemoimmunotherapy is restricted to a small fraction of patients due to low drug delivery efficacy and immunosuppression within the tumor microenvironment. A tumor microenvironment-activatable prodrug vesicle for cancer chemoimmunotherapy using ICD is herein reported. The prodrug vesicles are engineered by integrating an oxaliplatin (OXA) prodrug and PEGylated photosensitizer (PS) into a single nanoplatform, which show tumor-specific accumulation, activation, and deep penetration in response to the tumoral acidic and enzymatic microenvironment. It is demonstrated that codelivery of OXA prodrug and PS can trigger ICD of the tumor cells by immunogenic cells killing. The combination of prodrug vesicle-induced ICD with Î ± CD47-mediated CD47 blockade further facilitates dendritic cell (DC) maturation, promotes antigen presentation by DCs, and eventually propagates the antitumor immunity of ICD. CD47 blockade and ICD induction efficiently inhibit the growth of both primary and abscopal tumors, suppress tumor metastasis, and prevent tumor recurrence. Collectively, these results imply that boosting antitumor immunity using ICD induction and suppressing tumor immune evasion via CD47 blockade might be promising for improved cancer chemoimmunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangyuan Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research and Center of Pharmaceutics, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai, 201203, China
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Bing Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research and Center of Pharmaceutics, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai, 201203, China
- Chinese Academy of Sciences (UCAS), Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Haijun Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research and Center of Pharmaceutics, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Dangge Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research and Center of Pharmaceutics, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai, 201203, China
- Chinese Academy of Sciences (UCAS), Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Tingting Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research and Center of Pharmaceutics, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai, 201203, China
- Chinese Academy of Sciences (UCAS), Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yuting Ma
- Center for Systems Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 100005, Beijing, China
- Suzhou Institute of Systems Medicine, Suzhou, 215123, Jiangsu, China
| | - Siling Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Yaping Li
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research and Center of Pharmaceutics, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai, 201203, China
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166
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Molecular Interactions of Antibody Drugs Targeting PD-1, PD-L1, and CTLA-4 in Immuno-Oncology. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24061190. [PMID: 30917623 PMCID: PMC6470598 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24061190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Revised: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer cells can evade immune surveillance through the molecular interactions of immune checkpoint proteins, including programmed death 1 (PD-1), PD-L1, and cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 (CTLA-4). Since 2011, the FDA-approved antibody drugs ipilimumab (Yervoy®), nivolumab (Opdivo®), pembrolizumab (Keytruda®), cemiplimab (Libtayo®), atezolizumab (Tecentriq®), durvalumab (Imfinzi®), and avelumab (Bavencio®), which block the immune checkpoint proteins, have brought about a significant breakthrough in the treatment of a wide range of cancers, as they can induce durable therapeutic responses. In recent years, crystal structures of the antibodies against PD-1, PD-L1, and CTLA-4 have been reported. In this review, we describe the latest structural studies of these monoclonal antibodies and their interactions with the immune checkpoint proteins. A comprehensive analysis of the interactions of these immune checkpoint blockers can provide a better understanding of their therapeutic mechanisms of action. The accumulation of these structural studies would provide a basis that is essential for the rational design of next-generation therapies in immuno-oncology.
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167
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Do P, Beckwith KA, Cheney C, Tran M, Beaver L, Griffin BG, Mo X, Liu Y, Lapalombella R, Hertlein E, Muthusamy N, Byrd JC. Leukemic B Cell CTLA-4 Suppresses Costimulation of T Cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 202:2806-2816. [PMID: 30910862 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1801359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Accepted: 02/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The clinical benefit of CTLA-4 blockade on T cells is known, yet the impact of its expression on cancer cells remains unaddressed. We define an immunosuppressive role for tumor-expressed CTLA-4 using chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) as a disease model. CLL cells, among other cancer cells, are CTLA-4+ Coculture with activated human T cells induced surface CTLA-4 on primary human CLL B cells. CTLA-4 on CLL-derived human cell lines decreased CD80 expression on cocultured CD80+ cells, with restoration upon CTLA-4 blockade. Coculture of CTLA-4+ CLL cells with CD80-GFP+ cell lines revealed transfer of CD80-GFP into CLL tumor cells, similar to CTLA-4+ T cells able to trans-endocytose CD80. Coculture of T cells with CTLA-4+ CLL cells decreased IL-2 production. Using a human CTLA-4 knock-in mouse lacking FcγR function, antitumor efficacy was observed by blocking murine CTLA-4 on tumor cells in isolation of the T cell effect and Fc-mediated depletion. These data implicate tumor CTLA-4 in cancer cell-mediated immunosuppression in vitro and as having a functional role in tumor cells in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priscilla Do
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Kyle A Beckwith
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Carolyn Cheney
- Department of Internal Medicine, Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Minh Tran
- Department of Internal Medicine, Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Larry Beaver
- Department of Internal Medicine, Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | | | - Xiaokui Mo
- Center for Biostatistics, Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210; and
| | - Yang Liu
- Children's National Health System, Washington, DC 20010
| | - Rosa Lapalombella
- Department of Internal Medicine, Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Erin Hertlein
- Department of Internal Medicine, Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Natarajan Muthusamy
- Department of Internal Medicine, Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210;
| | - John C Byrd
- Department of Internal Medicine, Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210;
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168
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Wen D, Chen G, Chen Q, Li PY, Cheng H, Gu Z. Engineering Protein Delivery Depots for Cancer Immunotherapy. Bioconjug Chem 2019; 30:515-524. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.9b00061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Peter Y. Li
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Hao Cheng
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
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169
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Fay AP, Antonarakis ES. Blocking the PD-1/PD-L1 axis in advanced prostate cancer: are we moving in the right direction? ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2019; 7:S7. [PMID: 31032288 PMCID: PMC6462610 DOI: 10.21037/atm.2019.01.37] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andre P. Fay
- PUCRS School of Medicine, Sao Lucas Hospital at PUCRS, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Oncoclinicas Institute, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Emmanuel S. Antonarakis
- Johns Hopkins Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Brady Urological Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
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170
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Abstract
Inflammatory skin diseases encompass a vast array of conditions. The field continues to expand and evolve with resurgence of conditions, through newly recognized medication adverse effects, and via more detailed descriptions of known dermatoses. The importance of clinicopathologic correlation and an up to date knowledge of dermatologic conditions cannot be overstated. This review focuses on an array of recent important developments in the histologic diagnosis of inflammatory conditions that affect the skin.
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171
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Immune checkpoint blockade and its combination therapy with small-molecule inhibitors for cancer treatment. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2018; 1871:199-224. [PMID: 30605718 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2018.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2018] [Revised: 12/13/2018] [Accepted: 12/14/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Initially understood for its physiological maintenance of self-tolerance, the immune checkpoint molecule has recently been recognized as a promising anti-cancer target. There has been considerable interest in the biology and the action mechanism of the immune checkpoint therapy, and their incorporation with other therapeutic regimens. Recently the small-molecule inhibitor (SMI) has been identified as an attractive combination partner for immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) and is becoming a novel direction for the field of combination drug design. In this review, we provide a systematic discussion of the biology and function of major immune checkpoint molecules, and their interactions with corresponding targeting agents. With both preclinical studies and clinical trials, we especially highlight the ICI + SMI combination, with its recent advances as well as its application challenges.
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172
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Césaire M, Thariat J, Candéias SM, Stefan D, Saintigny Y, Chevalier F. Combining PARP inhibition, radiation, and immunotherapy: A possible strategy to improve the treatment of cancer? Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19123793. [PMID: 30487462 PMCID: PMC6321381 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19123793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2018] [Revised: 11/20/2018] [Accepted: 11/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapy has revolutionized the practice of oncology, improving survival in certain groups of patients with cancer. Immunotherapy can synergize with radiation therapy, increase locoregional control, and have abscopal effects. Combining it with other treatments, such as targeted therapies, is a promising means of improving the efficacy of immunotherapy. Because the value of immunotherapy is amplified with the expression of tumor antigens, coupling poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitors and immunotherapy might be a promising treatment for cancer. Further, PARP inhibitors (PARPis) are being combined with radiation therapy to inhibit DNA repair functions, thus enhancing the effects of radiation; this association might interact with the antitumor immune response. Cytotoxic T lymphocytes are central to the antitumor immune response. PARP inhibitors and ionizing radiation can enhance the infiltration of cytotoxic T lymphocytes into the tumor bed, but they can also enhance PD-1/PDL-1 expression. Thus, the addition of immune checkpoint inhibitors with PARP inhibitors and/or ionizing radiation could counterbalance such immunosuppressive effects. With the present review article, we proposed to evaluate some of these associated therapies, and we explored the biological mechanisms and medical benefits of the potential combination of radiation therapy, immunotherapy, and PARP inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu Césaire
- LARIA, iRCM, François Jacob Institute, DRF-CEA, 14076 Caen, France.
- UMR6252 CIMAP, CEA - CNRS - ENSICAEN - Université de Caen Normandie, 14076 Caen, France.
- Radiotherapy Unit, Centre François Baclesse, 14000 Caen, France.
| | - Juliette Thariat
- Radiotherapy Unit, Centre François Baclesse, 14000 Caen, France.
| | - Serge M Candéias
- ProMD, Chemistry and Biology of Metals Laboratory, Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, BIG-LCBM, 38054 Grenoble, France.
| | - Dinu Stefan
- Radiotherapy Unit, Centre François Baclesse, 14000 Caen, France.
| | - Yannick Saintigny
- LARIA, iRCM, François Jacob Institute, DRF-CEA, 14076 Caen, France.
- UMR6252 CIMAP, CEA - CNRS - ENSICAEN - Université de Caen Normandie, 14076 Caen, France.
| | - François Chevalier
- LARIA, iRCM, François Jacob Institute, DRF-CEA, 14076 Caen, France.
- UMR6252 CIMAP, CEA - CNRS - ENSICAEN - Université de Caen Normandie, 14076 Caen, France.
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173
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Perspective: cancer vaccines in the era of immune checkpoint blockade. Mamm Genome 2018; 29:703-713. [PMID: 30446791 PMCID: PMC6267701 DOI: 10.1007/s00335-018-9786-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2018] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Current excitement about cancer immunotherapy is the result of unprecedented clinical impact from immune checkpoint inhibitors, particularly those that target programmed death (PD)-1 and PD-ligand (L)-1. Numerous other immunotherapeutics are also finding their way into the clinic either alone or in combination, and these have potential applications in many cancer types. Therapeutic cancer vaccines have been a major focus for many pioneers in the field yet have largely failed to live up to expectations as game-changing immunotherapeutics. This, despite decades of focussed efforts that have identified antigens, optimised adjuvants and refined approaches to pre-clinical modelling and clinical monitoring. If antigen-directed immunotherapeutics are to take a place in the anti-cancer therapeutic armamentarium, it will be crucial to understand the potential niche that could be occupied by cancer vaccines that can specifically induce or modify immune response against cancer antigens.
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174
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Tian JY, Guo FJ, Zheng GY, Ahmad A. Prostate cancer: updates on current strategies for screening, diagnosis and clinical implications of treatment modalities. Carcinogenesis 2018; 39:307-317. [PMID: 29216344 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgx141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2017] [Accepted: 11/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer is the most common cancer in men by way of diagnosis and a leading cause of cancer-related deaths. Early detection and intervention remains key to its optimum clinical management. This review provides the most updated information on the recent methods of prostate cancer screening, imaging and treatment modalities. Wherever possible, clinical trial data has been supplemented to provide a comprehensive overview of current prostate cancer research and development. Considering the recent success of immunotherapy in prostate cancer, we discuss cell, DNA and viruses based, as well as combinatorial immunotherapeutic strategies in detail. Furthermore, the potential of nanotechnology is increasingly being realized, especially in prostate cancer research, and we provide an overview of nanotechnology-based strategies, with special emphasis on nanotheranostics and multifunctional nanoconstructs. Understanding these recent developments is critical to the design of future therapeutic strategies to counter prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Yan Tian
- Department of Urology, Second Division of the First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, People's Republic of China
| | - Feng-Jun Guo
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, People's Republic of China
| | - Guo-You Zheng
- Department of Urology, Second Division of the First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, People's Republic of China
| | - Aamir Ahmad
- Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
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175
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PD-L1, TIM-3, and CTLA-4 Blockade Fails To Promote Resistance to Secondary Infection with Virulent Strains of Toxoplasma gondii. Infect Immun 2018; 86:IAI.00459-18. [PMID: 29967089 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00459-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
T cell exhaustion is a state of hyporesponsiveness that develops during many chronic infections and cancer. Neutralization of inhibitory receptors, or "checkpoint blockade," can reverse T cell exhaustion and lead to beneficial prognoses in experimental and clinical settings. Whether checkpoint blockade can resolve lethal acute infections is less understood but may be beneficial in vaccination protocols that fail to elicit sterilizing immunity. Since a fully protective vaccine for any human parasite has yet to be developed, we explored the efficacy of checkpoint inhibitors in a mouse model of Toxoplasma gondii reinfection. Mice chronically infected with an avirulent type III strain survive reinfection with the type I RH strain but not the MAS, GUY-DOS, and GT1 parasite strains. We report here that mouse susceptibility to secondary infection correlates with the initial parasite burden and that protection against the RH strain is dependent on CD8 but not CD4 T cells in this model. When given a lethal secondary infection, CD8 and CD4 T cells upregulate several coinhibitory receptors, including PD-1, TIM-3, 4-1bb, and CTLA-4. Moreover, the gamma interferon (IFN-γ) response of CD8 but not CD4 T cells is significantly reduced during secondary infection with virulent strains, suggesting that checkpoint blockade may reduce disease severity. However, single and combination therapies targeting TIM-3, CTLA-4, and/or PD-L1 failed to reverse susceptibility to secondary infection. These results suggest that additional host responses, which are refractory to checkpoint blockade, are likely required for immunity to this pathogen.
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176
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Wei SC, Duffy CR, Allison JP. Fundamental Mechanisms of Immune Checkpoint Blockade Therapy. Cancer Discov 2018; 8:1069-1086. [PMID: 30115704 DOI: 10.1158/2159-8290.cd-18-0367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1885] [Impact Index Per Article: 314.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2018] [Revised: 06/04/2018] [Accepted: 07/11/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Immune checkpoint blockade is able to induce durable responses across multiple types of cancer, which has enabled the oncology community to begin to envision potentially curative therapeutic approaches. However, the remarkable responses to immunotherapies are currently limited to a minority of patients and indications, highlighting the need for more effective and novel approaches. Indeed, an extraordinary amount of preclinical and clinical investigation is exploring the therapeutic potential of negative and positive costimulatory molecules. Insights into the underlying biological mechanisms and functions of these molecules have, however, lagged significantly behind. Such understanding will be essential for the rational design of next-generation immunotherapies. Here, we review the current state of our understanding of T-cell costimulatory mechanisms and checkpoint blockade, primarily of CTLA4 and PD-1, and highlight conceptual gaps in knowledge.Significance: This review provides an overview of immune checkpoint blockade therapy from a basic biology and immunologic perspective for the cancer research community. Cancer Discov; 8(9); 1069-86. ©2018 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Spencer C Wei
- Department of Immunology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas.
| | - Colm R Duffy
- Department of Immunology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - James P Allison
- Department of Immunology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas. .,Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
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177
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Ding C, Tang W, Fan X, Wu G. Intestinal microbiota: a novel perspective in colorectal cancer biotherapeutics. Onco Targets Ther 2018; 11:4797-4810. [PMID: 30147331 PMCID: PMC6097518 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s170626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
It is believed that genetic factors, immune system dysfunction, chronic inflammation, and intestinal microbiota (IM) dysbiosis contribute to the pathogenesis of colorectal cancer (CRC). The beneficial role played by the direct regulation of IM in inflammatory bowel disease treatment is identified by the decreased growth of harmful bacteria and the increased production of anti-inflammatory factors. Interestingly, gut microbiota has been proven to inhibit tumor formation and progression in inflammation/carcinogen-induced CRC mouse models. Recently, evidence has indicated that IM is involved in the negative regulation of tumor immune response in tumor microenvironment, which then abolishes or accelerates anticancer immunotherapy in several tumor animals. In clinical trials, a benefit of IM-based CRC therapies in improving the intestinal immunity balance, epithelial barrier function, and quality of life has been reported. Meanwhile, specific microbiota signature can modulate host's sensitivity to chemo-/radiotherapy and the prognosis of CRC patients. In this review, we aim to 1) summarize the potential methods of IM-based therapeutics according to the recent results; 2) explore its roles and underlying mechanisms in combination with other therapies, especially in biotherapeutics; 3) discuss its safety, deficiency, and future perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenbo Ding
- Medical School of Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China,
- Center of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China,
| | - Wendong Tang
- Medical School of Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China,
| | - Xiaobo Fan
- Medical School of Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China,
| | - Guoqiu Wu
- Medical School of Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China,
- Center of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China,
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178
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Fujii T, Naing A, Rolfo C, Hajjar J. Biomarkers of response to immune checkpoint blockade in cancer treatment. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2018; 130:108-120. [PMID: 30196907 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2018.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2018] [Revised: 07/12/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICPis) are emerging as the new corner stone of cancer treatment due to their ability to produce durable responses in patients with various cancers. But, objective responses to ICPis vary among each type of cancer. Further, treatment with ICPis is often associated with risk of developing immune-related adverse event, which are potentially life-threatening if untreated, indicating a need for patient selection. However, given the complexity of the tumor microenvironment and the dynamic interaction between tumor and immune cells, development of robust biomarkers to predict patients who are likely to respond to treatment with ICPis remains a challenge. In this review we present an overview of the immune monitoring strategies that are currently in use to enable appropriate patient selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeo Fujii
- University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, HI, United States
| | - Aung Naing
- Department of Investigational Cancer Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Christian Rolfo
- Thoracic Medical Oncology, Early Clinical Trials, University of Maryland Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center (UMGCCC), Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Joud Hajjar
- Section of Immunology, Allergy and Rheumatology, Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States.
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179
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Li XT, Yang JJ, Wu YL, Hou J. Toward innovative combinational immunotherapy: A systems biology perspective. Cancer Treat Rev 2018; 68:1-8. [PMID: 29775845 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctrv.2018.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2018] [Revised: 03/16/2018] [Accepted: 05/07/2018] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The treatment of non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) has advanced significantly in the last decades. Especially immune checkpoint inhibitors have shown inconceivable effect on enhancing host anti-tumor activity in NSCLC. However, the limitation of checkpoint blockade monotherapy seems unavoidable in most of the NSCLC patients and only ∼20% of them achieved response to monotherapy with immune checkpoint inhibitors. Thus combining immune checkpoint inhibitors with other agents with different action mechanisms holds a promise to revitalize NSCLC treatment, such as the combination of checkpoint inhibitors with angiogenesis inhibitors, or with chemotherapy, as well as the combination of two checkpoint inhibitors. Recently, various combinational strategies have been explored to setup promising combination regimens and to understand the action mechanisms. In this review, we summarize the suspected synergistic mechanisms of several combinational approaches by reviewing the available preclinical and clinical data. Then we discuss in light of the current knowledge of cancer biology and systems biology the important facets to be examined when setting up a framework for developing immunotherapy-based combination strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Tao Li
- Guangdong Lung Cancer Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine in Lung Cancer, Guangdong General Hospital & Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou 510080, China; School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, China
| | - Jin-Ji Yang
- Guangdong Lung Cancer Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine in Lung Cancer, Guangdong General Hospital & Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Yi-Long Wu
- Guangdong Lung Cancer Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine in Lung Cancer, Guangdong General Hospital & Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou 510080, China.
| | - Jun Hou
- School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, China; Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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180
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Zhao X, May A, Lou E, Subramanian S. Genotypic and phenotypic signatures to predict immune checkpoint blockade therapy response in patients with colorectal cancer. Transl Res 2018; 196. [PMID: 29518351 PMCID: PMC5949270 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2018.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Immune checkpoint blockade therapy (ICBT) has resulted in extended overall survival for some patients with certain types of cancer, most prominently including colorectal cancer (CRC) associated with microsatellite instability (MSI). However, most patients with CRC whose phenotypes have microsatellite stability (MSS) are unresponsive to ICBT. In efforts to understand the responsiveness of CRC tumors to ICBT, genotypic and phenotypic signatures of CRC tumors are now being investigated. The MSI and MSS classification has been clinically validated as helpful in predicting response vs nonresponse to ICBT in patients with CRC. Other potential predictive markers include mutational and neoantigen loads, T-cell receptor diversity, and the immune score system, all of which have mechanistic connections to ICBT response. These novel predictive signatures could provide unprecedented insights into patients with CRC associated with MSS. Clinical trials or prospective cohort studies using standardized methodologies for biomarker quantification should be illuminating. Further validation of these novel predictive signatures will be essential to tailoring treatment of patients whose CRC is most likely to respond to ICBT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianda Zhao
- Department of Surgery, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Audre May
- Department of Surgery, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Emil Lou
- Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Subbaya Subramanian
- Department of Surgery, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota; Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota.
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181
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The Era of Checkpoint Blockade in Lung Cancer: Taking the Brakes Off the Immune System. Ann Am Thorac Soc 2018; 14:1248-1260. [PMID: 28613923 DOI: 10.1513/annalsats.201702-152fr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite recent advances with targeted kinase inhibitors and better-tolerated chemotherapy, the treatment of metastatic non-small-cell lung cancer remains suboptimal. One recent advance that holds great promise is immunotherapy-an approach that enhances a patient's immune system to better recognize and react to abnormal cells. The most successful immunotherapeutic strategy to date uses antibodies to block inhibitory receptors (also called "checkpoints") that are up-regulated on the T cells that infiltrate the tumor. Two examples of such molecules are programmed cell death-1 (PD1) and cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated protein-4. With more than a dozen clinical trials in non-small-cell lung cancer completed, checkpoint blockade targeting PD1 has demonstrated durable responses and superior survival compared with traditional chemotherapy agents when used as first-line therapy in individuals with more than 50% PD1 ligand (PDL1) expression by immunohistochemical staining and as second-line therapy independent of PDL1 status. Antibodies to PDL1 have shown similar activity. Combinations of anti-PD1 and anti-PDL1 with anti-cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated protein-4 and chemotherapy are being actively tested. These agents have generally tolerable safety profiles; pneumonitis, although rare, remains the most feared adverse effect. PDL1 expression on tumors has been identified as a biomarker predictive of response. Although PDL1 expression has traditionally been measured on resected tumor specimens, the pulmonologist has a growing role in obtaining samples for testing via minimally invasive means.
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182
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Chae YK, Arya A, Iams W, Cruz MR, Chandra S, Choi J, Giles F. Current landscape and future of dual anti-CTLA4 and PD-1/PD-L1 blockade immunotherapy in cancer; lessons learned from clinical trials with melanoma and non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). J Immunother Cancer 2018; 6:39. [PMID: 29769148 PMCID: PMC5956851 DOI: 10.1186/s40425-018-0349-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 285] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2017] [Accepted: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapy is among the most rapidly evolving treatment strategies in oncology. The therapeutic potential of immune-checkpoint inhibitors is exemplified by the recent hail of Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approvals for their use in various malignancies. Continued efforts to enhance outcomes with immunotherapy agents have led to the formulation of advanced treatment strategies. Recent evidence from pre-clinical studies evaluating immune-checkpoint inhibitors in various cancer cell-lines has suggested that combinatorial approaches may have superior survival outcomes compared to single-agent immunotherapy regimens. Preliminary trials assessing combination therapy with anti-PD-1/PD-L1 plus anti-CTLA-4 immune-checkpoint inhibitors have documented considerable advantages in survival indices over single-agent immunotherapy. The therapeutic potential of combinatorial approaches is highlighted by the recent FDA approval of nivolumab plus ipilimumab for patients with advanced melanoma. Presently, dual-immune checkpoint inhibition with anti-programmed death receptor-1/programmed cell death receptor- ligand-1 (anti-PD-1/PD-L1) plus anti-cytotoxic T lymphocyte associated antigen-4 (anti-CTLA-4) monoclonal antibodies (MoAbs) is being evaluated for a wide range of tumor histologies. Furthermore, several ongoing clinical trials are investigating combination checkpoint inhibition in association with traditional treatment modalities such as chemotherapy, surgery, and radiation. In this review, we summarize the current landscape of combination therapy with anti-PD-1/PD-L1 plus anti-CTLA-4 MoAbs for patients with melanoma and non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). We present a synopsis of the prospects for expanding the indications of dual immune-checkpoint inhibition therapy to a more diverse set of tumor histologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Kwang Chae
- Developmental Therapeutics Program of the Division of Hematology Oncology, Early Phase Clinical Trials Unit, 645 N. Michigan Avenue, Suite 1006, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA. .,Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern University, 645 N. Michigan Avenue, Suite 1006, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA. .,Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 645 N. Michigan Avenue, Suite 1006, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA.
| | - Ayush Arya
- Developmental Therapeutics Program of the Division of Hematology Oncology, Early Phase Clinical Trials Unit, 645 N. Michigan Avenue, Suite 1006, Chicago, IL 60611 USA
| | - Wade Iams
- 0000 0001 2299 3507grid.16753.36Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 645 N. Michigan Avenue, Suite 1006, Chicago, IL 60611 USA
| | - Marcelo R. Cruz
- Developmental Therapeutics Program of the Division of Hematology Oncology, Early Phase Clinical Trials Unit, 645 N. Michigan Avenue, Suite 1006, Chicago, IL 60611 USA
| | - Sunandana Chandra
- Developmental Therapeutics Program of the Division of Hematology Oncology, Early Phase Clinical Trials Unit, 645 N. Michigan Avenue, Suite 1006, Chicago, IL 60611 USA ,0000 0001 2299 3507grid.16753.36Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern University, 645 N. Michigan Avenue, Suite 1006, Chicago, IL 60611 USA ,0000 0001 2299 3507grid.16753.36Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 645 N. Michigan Avenue, Suite 1006, Chicago, IL 60611 USA
| | - Jaehyuk Choi
- 0000 0001 2299 3507grid.16753.36Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern University, 645 N. Michigan Avenue, Suite 1006, Chicago, IL 60611 USA ,0000 0001 2299 3507grid.16753.36Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 645 N. Michigan Avenue, Suite 1006, Chicago, IL 60611 USA
| | - Francis Giles
- Developmental Therapeutics Program of the Division of Hematology Oncology, Early Phase Clinical Trials Unit, 645 N. Michigan Avenue, Suite 1006, Chicago, IL 60611 USA ,0000 0001 2299 3507grid.16753.36Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern University, 645 N. Michigan Avenue, Suite 1006, Chicago, IL 60611 USA ,0000 0001 2299 3507grid.16753.36Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 645 N. Michigan Avenue, Suite 1006, Chicago, IL 60611 USA
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183
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer is in critical need of new and innovative treatment strategies. Since the approval of sipuleucel-T, the investigatory climate of prostate cancer immunotherapy has been rapidly evolving with promising developments in vaccine and immune checkpoint therapies. RECENT FINDINGS Sipuleucel-T remains the first and only therapeutic cancer vaccine approved for its survival benefit in metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer. Additional cancer vaccines are currently being evaluated, with the most promising being a peptide vaccine encoding prostate-specific antigen, known as prostate-specific antigen-TRICOM. Emerging data supports combinatorial strategies for vaccine therapy and a potential role for implementation in earlier stages of advanced disease. Immune checkpoint therapies have demonstrated limited success in prostate cancer with negative late phase trials for ipilimumab monotherapy and discouraging early phase results for programmed cell death protein 1 blockade. Novel immune-modulatory targets and rational combination strategies aim to produce more favorable results. Recent progress has been made to determine biologic predictors for response and toxicity in prostate cancer immunotherapy aiming to improve patient selection and safety. SUMMARY Steady progress is anticipated in the field of prostate cancer immunotherapy including ongoing development of novel cancer vaccines, immune checkpoint therapies, and combinatorial strategies.
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184
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Thomas R, Al-Khadairi G, Roelands J, Hendrickx W, Dermime S, Bedognetti D, Decock J. NY-ESO-1 Based Immunotherapy of Cancer: Current Perspectives. Front Immunol 2018; 9:947. [PMID: 29770138 PMCID: PMC5941317 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 240] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
NY-ESO-1 or New York esophageal squamous cell carcinoma 1 is a well-known cancer-testis antigen (CTAs) with re-expression in numerous cancer types. Its ability to elicit spontaneous humoral and cellular immune responses, together with its restricted expression pattern, have rendered it a good candidate target for cancer immunotherapy. In this review, we provide background information on NY-ESO-1 expression and function in normal and cancerous tissues. Furthermore, NY-ESO-1-specific immune responses have been observed in various cancer types; however, their utility as biomarkers are not well determined. Finally, we describe the immune-based therapeutic options targeting NY-ESO-1 that are currently in clinical trial. We will highlight the recent advancements made in NY-ESO-1 cancer vaccines, adoptive T cell therapy, and combinatorial treatment with checkpoint inhibitors and will discuss the current trends for future NY-ESO-1 based immunotherapy. Cancer treatment has been revolutionized over the last few decades with immunotherapy emerging at the forefront. Immune-based interventions have shown promising results, providing a new treatment avenue for durable clinical responses in various cancer types. The majority of successful immunotherapy studies have been reported in liquid cancers, whereas these approaches have met many challenges in solid cancers. Effective immunotherapy in solid cancers is hampered by the complex, dynamic tumor microenvironment that modulates the extent and phenotype of the antitumor immune response. Furthermore, many solid tumor-associated antigens are not private but can be found in normal somatic tissues, resulting in minor to detrimental off-target toxicities. Therefore, there is an ongoing effort to identify tumor-specific antigens to target using various immune-based modalities. CTAs are considered good candidate targets for immunotherapy as they are characterized by a restricted expression in normal somatic tissues concomitant with a re-expression in solid epithelial cancers. Moreover, several CTAs have been found to induce a spontaneous immune response, NY-ESO-1 being the most immunogenic among the family members. Hence, this review will focus on NY-ESO-1 and discuss the past and current NY-ESO-1 targeted immunotherapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Remy Thomas
- Cancer Research Center, Qatar Biomedical Research Institute, Qatar Foundation, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Ghaneya Al-Khadairi
- Cancer Research Center, Qatar Biomedical Research Institute, Qatar Foundation, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Jessica Roelands
- Immunology, Inflammation, and Metabolism Department, Tumor Biology, Immunology, and Therapy Section, Division of Translational Medicine, Sidra Medicine, Doha, Qatar.,Department of Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Wouter Hendrickx
- Immunology, Inflammation, and Metabolism Department, Tumor Biology, Immunology, and Therapy Section, Division of Translational Medicine, Sidra Medicine, Doha, Qatar
| | - Said Dermime
- Translational Cancer Research Facility, National Center for Cancer Care and Research, Doha, Qatar
| | - Davide Bedognetti
- Immunology, Inflammation, and Metabolism Department, Tumor Biology, Immunology, and Therapy Section, Division of Translational Medicine, Sidra Medicine, Doha, Qatar
| | - Julie Decock
- Cancer Research Center, Qatar Biomedical Research Institute, Qatar Foundation, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Doha, Qatar
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185
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Wang S, Hao J, Wang H, Fang Y, Tan L. Efficacy and safety of immune checkpoint inhibitors in non-small cell lung cancer. Oncoimmunology 2018; 7:e1457600. [PMID: 30221052 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2018.1457600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2018] [Revised: 03/10/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) are new therapeutic strategies for non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). We aimed to quantitatively evaluate the efficacy and safety of ICIs in NSCLC. Pubmed, Embase, Cochrane Library, and Web of Science were searched for randomized clinical trials comparing ICIs with control therapies in NSCLC. Data were pooled according to Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses guidelines. A total of 12 trails comprising 6,919 NSCLC patients were included in this meta-analysis. ICIs therapies significantly improved progression-free survival (PFS) (HR, 0.838; P < 0.001), overall survival (OS) (HR, 0.747; P < 0.001) and objective response rates (ORR) (RR, 1.311; P < 0.001) in NSCLC. Prognostic benefit was observed irrespective of age, sex, treatment line, performance status and histology. Survival improvement of ICIs was limited for NSCLC patients with non-smoker (PFS, P = 0.468; OS, P = 0.317) or central nervous system (CNS) metastasis (PFS, P = 0.209; OS, P = 0.090), or positive EGFR mutation (PFS, P = 0.083; OS, P = 0.522) or PD-L1 expression level less than 5% (PFS, P = 0.370; OS, P = 0.047). The relative risks of all-grade and high-grade (≥3) anemia, neutropenia, leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, stomatitis, nausea, pyrexia, asthenia and neuropathy were all decreased in patients received ICIs compared with control therapies. This meta-analysis provides clinical evidence that ICIs improve PFS, OS, and ORR in NSCLC with fewer adverse effects. Our data establish ICIs as a prefer treatment option for NSCLC patients with smoker, no CNS metastasis, wild type EGFR, and high PD-L1 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Wang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiatao Hao
- General Practice Department, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hao Wang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yong Fang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lijie Tan
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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186
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Horn T, Krege S, Retz M. [Advanced bladder cancer : From chemo- to immunotherapy]. Urologe A 2018; 57:686-692. [PMID: 29637216 DOI: 10.1007/s00120-018-0626-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
In November 2016, the results of a phase III clinical trial with the protein cell death (PD)-1 inhibitor pembrolizumab for second-line treatment of metastatic urothelial carcinoma were published and showed an overall survival benefit in comparison with conventional chemotherapy with vinflunine, docetaxel, or paclitaxel. In a similar trial the PD-L1 antibody atezolizumab showed no significant benefit in comparison to chemotherapy in the subgroup of PD-L1-positive patients and, thus, missed its primary endpoint. For other PD-1/PD-L1 directed substances, large phase I/II trials reported data concerning response rates and overall survival. This substance class will most likely become the new treatment standard in second-line treatment of metastatic urothelial cancer. Currently, PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors are also being tested within randomized phase III trials for first-line treatment using different approaches either as a monotherapy or a combination with conventional chemotherapy or cytotoxic T‑lymphocyte-associated protein (CTLA)-4 inhibitors. Whereas data from single-arm phase II clinical trials have already been published, preliminary phase III data are expected in 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Horn
- Urologische Klinik und Poliklinik, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Ismaningerstraße 22, 81675, München, Deutschland.
| | - S Krege
- Abteilung für Urologie, Kinderurologie und Urologische Onkologie, Klinikum Essen-Mitte, Henricistraße 92, 45136, Essen, Deutschland
| | - M Retz
- Urologische Klinik und Poliklinik, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Ismaningerstraße 22, 81675, München, Deutschland
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187
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Abstract
Checkpoint inhibitors have recently gained FDA approval for the treatment of cisplatin-resistant recurrent and metastatic head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) by outperforming standard of care chemotherapy and inducing durable responses in a subset of patients. These monoclonal antibodies unleash the patient's own immune system to target cancer cells. HNSCC is a good target for these agents as there is ample evidence of active immunosurveillance in the head and neck and a number of immune evasion mechanisms by which HNSCCs form progressive disease including via the PD-1/PD-L1 axis. As HNSCCs typically possess a moderately high mutation burden, they should express numerous mutation-derived antigen targets for immune detection. However, with response rates less than 20% in clinical trials, there is a need for biomarkers to screen patients as well as clinical trials evaluating novel combinations to improve outcomes. The aim of this review is to provide historical and mechanistic context for the use of checkpoint inhibitors in head and neck cancer and provide a perspective on the role of novel checkpoints, biomarkers, and combination therapies that are evolving in the near term for patients with HNSCC.
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188
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Thangamathesvaran L, Shah R, Verma R, Mahmoud O. Immune checkpoint inhibitors and radiotherapy-concept and review of current literature. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2018; 6:155. [PMID: 29862244 DOI: 10.21037/atm.2018.03.09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Traditional chemotherapeutic agents non-selectively eliminate cancer cells at the expense of normal tissue; in an attempt to minimize such effects, a new class of targeted agents, immunotherapy, was introduced in the late 1950s with the discovery of interferons and the development of the first cancer vaccine. Ever since, immunotherapy evolved, exploiting different cellular mechanisms including dendritic cell therapy, monoclonal antibodies, and cytokines. Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICPI) are the most recent subclass of this family and we herein review the basis of exploiting this new subclass of immunotherapy with radiotherapy in the context of studies evaluating their effects on human subjects and focusing on the synergism between the molecular pathways operating in the background. PubMed was searched for studies evaluating the combined use of ICPI and radiotherapy among human subjects. The majority of studies noted an increased response rate in patients receiving combined therapy with no significant increase in toxicity. Outcomes varied among the different ICPI, and treatment with combined anti-PD-1 and anti-CTLA-4 had a higher response rate compared to either modality alone. Synergistic use of ICPI and radiotherapy has the potential to improve survival, however the specifics regarding treatment plan is dependent on a myriad of factors including the genetic and molecular makeup of the tumor as well as the patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loka Thangamathesvaran
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Roshni Shah
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Rebeka Verma
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Omar Mahmoud
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, USA
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189
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Mirza S, Hill E, Ludlow SP, Nanjappa S. Checkpoint inhibitor-associated drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptom syndrome. Melanoma Res 2018; 27:271-273. [PMID: 28146044 DOI: 10.1097/cmr.0000000000000326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptom syndrome is a potentially fatal drug reaction that must be recognized quickly. Ipilimumab and nivolumab are both important agents in the treatment of melanoma and continue to be studied in other malignancies. We believe the mainstay of therapy for immunotherapy-induced drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptom syndrome is early recognition, discontinuation of the inciting agent, supportive care, and treatment with high dose corticosteroids with appropriate tapers that may reduce the length of internal organ injury in cases with liver or kidney involvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayeef Mirza
- aDepartment of Internal Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA bMedicine, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute Departments of cPharmacy
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190
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Receptors That Inhibit Macrophage Activation: Mechanisms and Signals of Regulation and Tolerance. J Immunol Res 2018; 2018:8695157. [PMID: 29607331 PMCID: PMC5828319 DOI: 10.1155/2018/8695157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2017] [Revised: 11/07/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
A variety of receptors perform the function of attenuating or inhibiting activation of cells in which they are expressed. Examples of these kinds of receptors include TIM-3 and PD-1, among others that have been widely studied in cells of lymphoid origin and, though to a lesser degree, in other cell lines. Today, several studies describe the function of these molecules as part of the diverse mechanisms of immune tolerance that exist in the immune system. This review analyzes the function of some of these proteins in monocytes and macrophages and as well as their participation as inhibitory molecules or elements of immunological tolerance that also act in innate defense mechanisms. We chose the receptors TIM-3, PD-1, CD32b, and CD200R because these molecules have distinct functional characteristics that provide examples of the different regulating mechanisms in monocytes and macrophages.
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191
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Kim DH, Park HJ, Lim S, Koo JH, Lee HG, Choi JO, Oh JH, Ha SJ, Kang MJ, Lee CM, Lee CG, Elias JA, Choi JM. Regulation of chitinase-3-like-1 in T cell elicits Th1 and cytotoxic responses to inhibit lung metastasis. Nat Commun 2018; 9:503. [PMID: 29403003 PMCID: PMC5799380 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-02731-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2017] [Accepted: 12/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Chitinase-3-like-1 (Chi3l1) is known to play a significant role in the pathogenesis of Type 2 inflammation and cancer. However, the function of Chi3l1 in T cell and its clinical implications are largely unknown. Here we show that Chi3l1 expression was increased in activated T cells, especially in Th2 cells. In addition, Chi3l1-deficient T cells are hyper-responsive to TcR stimulation and are prone to differentiating into Th1 cells. Chi3l1-deficient Th1 cells show increased expression of anti-tumor immunity genes and decreased Th1 negative regulators. Deletion of Chi3l1 in T cells in mice show reduced melanoma lung metastasis with increased IFNγ and TNFα-producing T cells in the lung. Furthermore, silencing of Chi3l1 expression in the lung using peptide-siRNA complex (dNP2-siChi3l1) efficiently inhibit lung metastasis with enhanced Th1 and CTL responses. Collectively, this study demonstrates Chi3l1 is a regulator of Th1 and CTL which could be a therapeutic target to enhance anti-tumor immunity. Chitinase-3-like-1 (Chi3l1) has been involved in inflammation and pulmonary metastasis. Here the authors show that Chi3l1 inhibits the T cell response by negatively regulating their activation and that, in a mouse model of melanoma, T cell-targeted silencing of Chi3l1 results in reduced lung metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Do-Hyun Kim
- Department of Life Science, College of Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, Korea.,Research Institute for Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, Korea
| | - Hong-Jai Park
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
| | - Sangho Lim
- Department of Life Science, College of Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, Korea.,Research Institute for Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, Korea
| | - Ja-Hyun Koo
- Department of Life Science, College of Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, Korea.,Research Institute for Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, Korea
| | - Hong-Gyun Lee
- Department of Life Science, College of Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, Korea.,Research Institute for Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, Korea
| | - Jin Ouk Choi
- Department of Life Science, College of Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, Korea
| | - Ji Hoon Oh
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Korea
| | - Sang-Jun Ha
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Korea
| | - Min-Jong Kang
- Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
| | - Chang-Min Lee
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Brown University, Providence, RI, 02912, USA
| | - Chun Geun Lee
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Brown University, Providence, RI, 02912, USA.,Department of Internal Medicine, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, 04763, Korea
| | - Jack A Elias
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Brown University, Providence, RI, 02912, USA.,Division of Medical and Biological Sciences, Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI, 02903, USA
| | - Je-Min Choi
- Department of Life Science, College of Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, Korea. .,Research Institute for Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, Korea. .,Center for Neuroscience Imaging Research (CNIR), Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Suwon, 16419, Korea.
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192
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Crosby EJ, Wei J, Yang XY, Lei G, Wang T, Liu CX, Agarwal P, Korman AJ, Morse MA, Gouin K, Knott SRV, Lyerly HK, Hartman ZC. Complimentary mechanisms of dual checkpoint blockade expand unique T-cell repertoires and activate adaptive anti-tumor immunity in triple-negative breast tumors. Oncoimmunology 2018; 7:e1421891. [PMID: 29721371 PMCID: PMC5927534 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2017.1421891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2017] [Revised: 12/15/2017] [Accepted: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is an aggressive and molecularly diverse breast cancer subtype typified by the presence of p53 mutations (∼80%), elevated immune gene signatures and neoantigen expression, as well as the presence of tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs). As these factors are hypothesized to be strong immunologic prerequisites for the use of immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) antibodies, multiple clinical trials testing single ICBs have advanced to Phase III, with early indications of heterogeneous response rates of <20% to anti-PD1 and anti-PDL1 ICB. While promising, these modest response rates highlight the need for mechanistic studies to understand how different ICBs function, how their combination impacts functionality and efficacy, as well as what immunologic parameters predict efficacy to different ICBs regimens in TNBC. To address these issues, we tested anti-PD1 and anti-CTLA4 in multiple models of TNBC and found that their combination profoundly enhanced the efficacy of either treatment alone. We demonstrate that this efficacy is due to anti-CTLA4-driven expansion of an individually unique T-cell receptor (TCR) repertoire whose functionality is enhanced by both intratumoral Treg suppression and anti-PD1 blockade of tumor expressed PDL1. Notably, the individuality of the TCR repertoire was observed regardless of whether the tumor cells expressed a nonself antigen (ovalbumin) or if tumor-specific transgenic T-cells were transferred prior to sequencing. However, responsiveness was strongly correlated with systemic measures of tumor-specific T-cell and B-cell responses, which along with systemic assessment of TCR expansion, may serve as the most useful predictors for clinical responsiveness in future clinical trials of TNBC utilizing anti-PD1/anti-CTLA4 ICB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika J Crosby
- Department of Surgery, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Junping Wei
- Department of Surgery, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Xiao Yi Yang
- Department of Surgery, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Gangjun Lei
- Department of Surgery, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Tao Wang
- Department of Surgery, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Cong-Xiao Liu
- Department of Surgery, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Pankaj Agarwal
- Department of Surgery, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Alan J Korman
- Immuno-Oncology Discovery, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Redwood City, CA, United States
| | - Michael A Morse
- Department of Surgery, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States.,Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Kenneth Gouin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Institute, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Simon R V Knott
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Institute, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - H Kim Lyerly
- Department of Surgery, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States.,Department of Pathology/Immunology, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
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193
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Jain A, Shannon VR, Sheshadri A. Immune-Related Adverse Events: Pneumonitis. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2018; 995:131-149. [PMID: 30539509 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-02505-2_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Checkpoint inhibitors are part of the family of immunotherapies and are increasingly being used in a wide variety of cancers. Immune-related adverse events pose a major challenge in the treatment of cancer patients. Pneumonitis is a rare immune-related adverse event that presents in distinct patterns. The goal of this chapter is to instruct readers on the incidence and clinical manifestations of pneumonitis and to offer guidance in the evaluation and treatment of patients with pneumonitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akash Jain
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Vickie R Shannon
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Ajay Sheshadri
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.
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194
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Mauzo SH, Tetzlaff MT, Nelson K, Amaria R, Patel S, Aung PP, Nagarajan P, Torres‐Cabala CA, Diab A, Prieto VG, Curry JL. Regressed melanocytic nevi secondary to pembrolizumab therapy: an emerging melanocytic dermatologic effect from immune checkpoint antibody blockade. Int J Dermatol 2017; 58:1045-1052. [DOI: 10.1111/ijd.13833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2017] [Revised: 09/03/2017] [Accepted: 10/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Shakuntala H. Mauzo
- Department of Pathology Section of Dermatopathology The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center Houston TX USA
| | - Michael T. Tetzlaff
- Department of Pathology Section of Dermatopathology The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center Houston TX USA
| | - Kelly Nelson
- Department of Dermatology The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center Houston TX USA
| | - Rodabe Amaria
- Department of Melanoma Medical Oncology The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center Houston TX USA
| | - Sapna Patel
- Department of Melanoma Medical Oncology The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center Houston TX USA
| | - Phyu P. Aung
- Department of Pathology Section of Dermatopathology The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center Houston TX USA
| | - Priyadharsini Nagarajan
- Department of Pathology Section of Dermatopathology The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center Houston TX USA
| | - Carlos A. Torres‐Cabala
- Department of Pathology Section of Dermatopathology The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center Houston TX USA
- Department of Dermatology The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center Houston TX USA
| | - Adi Diab
- Department of Melanoma Medical Oncology The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center Houston TX USA
| | - Victor G. Prieto
- Department of Pathology Section of Dermatopathology The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center Houston TX USA
- Department of Dermatology The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center Houston TX USA
| | - Jonathan L. Curry
- Department of Pathology Section of Dermatopathology The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center Houston TX USA
- Department of Dermatology The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center Houston TX USA
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195
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Mo X, Zhang H, Preston S, Martin K, Zhou B, Vadalia N, Gamero AM, Soboloff J, Tempera I, Zaidi MR. Interferon-γ Signaling in Melanocytes and Melanoma Cells Regulates Expression of CTLA-4. Cancer Res 2017; 78:436-450. [PMID: 29150430 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-17-1615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2017] [Revised: 09/19/2017] [Accepted: 11/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
CTLA4 is a cell surface receptor on T cells that functions as an immune checkpoint molecule to enforce tolerance to cognate antigens. Anti-CTLA4 immunotherapy is highly effective at reactivating T-cell responses against melanoma, which is postulated to be due to targeting CTLA4 on T cells. Here, we report that CTLA4 is also highly expressed by most human melanoma cell lines, as well as in normal human melanocytes. Interferon-γ (IFNG) signaling activated the expression of the human CTLA4 gene in a melanocyte and melanoma cell-specific manner. Mechanistically, IFNG activated CTLA4 expression through JAK1/2-dependent phosphorylation of STAT1, which bound a specific gamma-activated sequence site on the CTLA4 promoter, thereby licensing CBP/p300-mediated histone acetylation and local chromatin opening. In melanoma cell lines, elevated baseline expression relied upon constitutive activation of the MAPK pathway. Notably, RNA-seq analyses of melanoma specimens obtained from patients who had received anti-CTLA4 immunotherapy (ipilimumab) showed upregulation of an IFNG-response gene expression signature, including CTLA4 itself, which correlated significantly with durable response. Taken together, our results raise the possibility that CTLA4 targeting on melanoma cells may contribute to the clinical immunobiology of anti-CTLA4 responses.Significance: These findings show that human melanoma cells express high levels of the immune checkpoint molecule CTLA4, with important possible implications for understanding how anti-CTLA4 immunotherapy mediates its therapeutic effects. Cancer Res; 78(2); 436-50. ©2017 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Mo
- Fels Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Biology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Hanghang Zhang
- Fels Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Biology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Sarah Preston
- Fels Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Biology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Kayla Martin
- Fels Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Biology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Bo Zhou
- Fels Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Biology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Nish Vadalia
- Fels Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Biology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Ana M Gamero
- Department of Medical Genetics and Molecular Biochemistry, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Jonathan Soboloff
- Fels Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Biology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,Department of Medical Genetics and Molecular Biochemistry, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Italo Tempera
- Fels Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Biology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - M Raza Zaidi
- Fels Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Biology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. .,Department of Medical Genetics and Molecular Biochemistry, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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196
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Gorczynski RM, Zhu F. Checkpoint blockade in solid tumors and B-cell malignancies, with special consideration of the role of CD200. Cancer Manag Res 2017; 9:601-609. [PMID: 29180896 PMCID: PMC5691938 DOI: 10.2147/cmar.s147326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In the ontogeny of a normal immune response, a series of checkpoints must be overcome to ensure that unwanted and/or harmful self-directed activation responses are avoided. Many of the molecules now known to be active in this overseeing of the evolving immune activation cascade, contributing inhibitory signals to dampen an overexuberant response, belong to the immunoglobulin supergene family. These include members of the CD28/CTLA-4:B7.1/B7.2 receptor/ligand family, PD-1 and PDL-1, CD200 and CD200R, and the more recently described V-domain immunoglobulin suppressor of T-cell activation and its ligand (VSIG-3/IGSF11). Unfortunately, from the point of view of improving immunotargeting of cancer cells, triggering these checkpoint inhibitory signaling pathways, so necessary to maintain self-tolerance, simultaneously acts to prevent effective tumor immunity. The recent development of reagents, predominantly antibodies, to act as checkpoint blockade agents, has had a dramatic effect on human cancer treatment, with a marked reported success for anti-CTLA-4 and PD-1 in particular in clinical trials. This review provides a general overview of the data now available showing the promise of such treatments to our cancer armamentarium and elaborates in depth on the potential promise of what can be regarded as an underappreciated target molecule for checkpoint blockade in chronic lymphocytic leukemia and solid tumors, CD200.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Fang Zhu
- Department of Surgical Research, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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197
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Rui T, Cheng X, Wu H, Wang F, Ye Z, Wu G. Lentiviral delivery of CTLA-4 shRNA improves the expansion of cytokine-induced killer cells and enhances cytotoxic activity in vitro. Oncol Lett 2017; 15:741-746. [PMID: 29399145 PMCID: PMC5772746 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2017.7376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2015] [Accepted: 07/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytokine-induced killer (CIK) cells are in vitro-expanded cells harboring potent toxicity against tumor cells. Recently, it was identified that the cytotoxicity and proliferation of CIK cells are restricted by a prolonged CIK cell culture period. Cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 (CTLA-4) serves a negative role in T cell activation and proliferation. This study aims to determine whether CTLA-4 expression is associated with the inhibition of CIK cells. CIK cells were generated from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), and CTLA-4 shRNA (shCTLA-4) lentivirus was applied to knockdown CTLA-4 expression in CIK cells. The proliferation of CIK cells was evaluated following shCTLA-4 lentiviral transduction, and the cytotoxicity of CIK cells was investigated using the CytoTox 96 Non-Radioactive Cytotoxicity assay. The expression of CTLA-4 in CIK cells was significantly increased, compared with that in PBMCs. The shCTLA-4 lentivirus efficiently knocked down the expression of CTLA-4 in CIK cells. The shCTLA-4 lentivirus transduction of CIK cells promoted the proliferation of CIK cells in vitro (3.18±0.19-fold vs. 2.42±0.29-fold). Furthermore, the cytotoxicity of shCTLA-4 lentivirus-transduced CIK cells was significantly improved when compared with that of control shRNA lentivirus-transduced CIK cells (54.5±2.13% vs. 30.5±1.67%). Thus, the suppression of CTLA-4 expression increases cytotoxicity and ex vivo expansion of CIK cells, which indicates a clinical significance for CTLA-4 blockade in CIK cell therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Rui
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhejiang Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310000, P.R. China
| | - Xiangdong Cheng
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhejiang Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310000, P.R. China
| | - Hao Wu
- Department of Oncology, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, P.R. China
| | - Fuwei Wang
- Department of Oncology, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, P.R. China
| | - Zaiyuan Ye
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, P.R. China
| | - Guoqing Wu
- Department of Oncology, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, P.R. China
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198
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T-cell immunology in sarcoidosis: Disruption of a delicate balance between helper and regulatory T-cells. Curr Opin Pulm Med 2017; 22:476-83. [PMID: 27379969 DOI: 10.1097/mcp.0000000000000303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Although the aetiology of sarcoidosis is not yet completely understood, immunological changes within the T-cell compartment are characteristic for an exaggerated antigen-driven immune response. In this review, we describe the most recent findings on T-cell subset responses and regulation in sarcoidosis. We discuss how future immunological research can advance the field to unravel pathobiological mechanisms of this intriguingly complex disease. RECENT FINDINGS Research into the field of T-cell plasticity has recently challenged the long-held T helper type 1 (Th1) paradigm in sarcoidosis and striking parallels with autoimmune disorders and common variable immunodeficiency were recognized. For instance, it was demonstrated that Th17.1-cells rather than Th1-cells are responsible for the exaggerated IFN-γ production in pulmonary sarcoidosis. Furthermore, impaired regulatory T-cell function and alterations within the expression of co-inhibitory receptors that control T-cell responses, such as PD-1, CTLA-4 and BTNL2, raise new questions regarding T-cell regulation in pulmonary sarcoidosis. SUMMARY It becomes increasingly clear that Th17(.1)-cells and regulatory T-cells are key players in sarcoidosis T-cell immunology. New findings on plasticity and co-inhibitory receptor expression by these subsets help build a more comprehensive model for T-cell regulation in sarcoidosis and will finally shed light on the potential of new treatment modalities.
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199
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Bakhru P, Zhu ML, Wang HH, Hong LK, Khan I, Mouchess M, Gulati AS, Starmer J, Hou Y, Sailer D, Lee S, Zhao F, Kirkwood JM, Moschos S, Fong L, Anderson MS, Su MA. Combination central tolerance and peripheral checkpoint blockade unleashes antimelanoma immunity. JCI Insight 2017; 2:93265. [PMID: 28931755 PMCID: PMC5621898 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.93265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2017] [Accepted: 08/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Blockade of immune checkpoint proteins (e.g., CTLA-4, PD-1) improves overall survival in advanced melanoma; however, therapeutic benefit is limited to only a subset of patients. Because checkpoint blockade acts by "removing the brakes" on effector T cells, the efficacy of checkpoint blockade may be constrained by the limited pool of melanoma-reactive T cells in the periphery. In the thymus, autoimmune regulator (Aire) promotes deletion of T cells reactive against self-antigens that are also expressed by tumors. Thus, while protecting against autoimmunity, Aire also limits the generation of melanoma-reactive T cells. Here, we show that Aire deficiency in mice expands the pool of CD4+ T cells capable of melanoma cell eradication and has additive effects with anti-CTLA-4 antibody in slowing melanoma tumor growth and increasing survival. Moreover, pharmacologic blockade of central T cell tolerance and peripheral checkpoint blockade in combination enhanced antimelanoma immunity in a synergistic manner. In melanoma patients treated with anti-CTLA-4 antibody, clinical response to therapy was associated with a human Aire polymorphism. Together, these findings suggest that Aire-mediated central tolerance constrains the efficacy of peripheral checkpoint inhibition and point to simultaneous blockade of Aire and checkpoint inhibitors as a novel strategy to enhance antimelanoma immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pearl Bakhru
- Department of Pediatrics and Microbiology/Immunology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Meng-Lei Zhu
- Department of Pediatrics and Microbiology/Immunology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Hsing-Hui Wang
- Department of Pediatrics and Microbiology/Immunology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Lee K. Hong
- Department of Pediatrics and Microbiology/Immunology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Imran Khan
- Diabetes Center, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA
| | | | - Ajay S. Gulati
- Department of Pediatrics and Microbiology/Immunology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
- Center for Gastrointestinal Biology and Disease
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, and
| | - Joshua Starmer
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Yafei Hou
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - David Sailer
- Department of Pediatrics and Microbiology/Immunology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Sandra Lee
- Biostatistics and Computational Biology, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Melanoma Committee, ECOG-ACRIN Cancer Research Group, and
| | - Fengmin Zhao
- Department of Pediatrics and Microbiology/Immunology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - John M. Kirkwood
- Melanoma Committee, ECOG-ACRIN Cancer Research Group, and
- Melanoma and Skin Cancer Program, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Stergios Moschos
- Melanoma Committee, ECOG-ACRIN Cancer Research Group, and
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, and
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Lawrence Fong
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA
| | | | - Maureen A. Su
- Department of Pediatrics and Microbiology/Immunology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
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200
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Abstract
There has been dramatic success in treating patients with adoptive transfer of autologous T cells genetically modified to express a chimeric antigen receptor redirecting them to the antigen CD19. Despite this success, the application of chimeric antigen receptor T-cell therapy in solid malignancies has encountered many challenges that need to be overcome if similar success across other cancers is to become a reality. These challenges can be classified into 6 categories: the heterogeneity of tumor cell clones and tumor-associated antigen expression; poor T-cell trafficking into the tumor site; poor T-cell survival and persistence; the presence of suppressive immune cells; the secretion of suppressive soluble factors in the tumor microenvironment; and the upregulation of T-cell intrinsic inhibitory pathways. We outline specific representative hurdles in each of these categories and summarize the progress made in understanding them and developing strategies to overcome them.
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