151
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Goudin N, Chappert P, Mégret J, Gross DA, Rocha B, Azogui O. Depletion of Regulatory T Cells Induces High Numbers of Dendritic Cells and Unmasks a Subset of Anti-Tumour CD8+CD11c+ PD-1lo Effector T Cells. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0157822. [PMID: 27341421 PMCID: PMC4920347 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0157822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2016] [Accepted: 06/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural regulatory T (Treg) cells interfere with multiple functions, which are crucial for the development of strong anti-tumour responses. In a model of 4T1 mammary carcinoma, depletion of CD25+Tregs results in tumour regression in Balb/c mice, but the mechanisms underlying this process are not fully understood. Here, we show that partial Treg depletion leads to the generation of a particular effector CD8 T cell subset expressing CD11c and low level of PD-1 in tumour draining lymph nodes. These cells have the capacity to migrate into the tumour, to kill DCs, and to locally regulate the anti-tumour response. These events are concordant with a substantial increase in CD11b+ resident dendritic cells (DCs) subsets in draining lymph nodes followed by CD8+ DCs. These results indicate that Treg depletion leads to tumour regression by unmasking an increase of DC subsets as a part of a program that optimizes the microenvironment by orchestrating the activation, amplification, and migration of high numbers of fully differentiated CD8+CD11c+PD1lo effector T cells to the tumour sites. They also indicate that a critical pattern of DC subsets correlates with the evolution of the anti-tumour response and provide a template for Treg depletion and DC-based therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Goudin
- Plateau technique de Cytometrie et d’Imagerie Cellulaire, Structure Fédérative de Recherche Necker, INSERM US 24-CNRS, UMS 3633, Paris, France
| | - Pascal Chappert
- Institut Necker Enfants Malades, INSERM U1151, CNRS, UMR8253, Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Jérome Mégret
- Plateau technique de Cytometrie et d’Imagerie Cellulaire, Structure Fédérative de Recherche Necker, INSERM US 24-CNRS, UMS 3633, Paris, France
| | - David-Alexandre Gross
- Institut Necker Enfants Malades, INSERM U1151, CNRS, UMR8253, Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Benedita Rocha
- Institut Necker Enfants Malades, INSERM U1151, CNRS, UMR8253, Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Orly Azogui
- Institut Necker Enfants Malades, INSERM U1151, CNRS, UMR8253, Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
- * E-mail:
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152
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Hettich M, Braun F, Bartholomä MD, Schirmbeck R, Niedermann G. High-Resolution PET Imaging with Therapeutic Antibody-based PD-1/PD-L1 Checkpoint Tracers. Am J Cancer Res 2016; 6:1629-40. [PMID: 27446497 PMCID: PMC4955062 DOI: 10.7150/thno.15253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2016] [Accepted: 04/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Checkpoint-blocking antibodies like those targeting the PD-1/PD-L1 pathway have revolutionized oncology. We developed radiotracers based on therapeutic checkpoint-blocking antibodies permitting sensitive and high-resolution PET imaging of both PD-1 and PD-L1 in immunocompetent mice. ImmunoPET of naive mice revealed similar overall expression patterns for PD-1 and PD-L1 in secondary lymphoid organs (spleen and lymph nodes). Interestingly, PD-L1 was also detected in brown adipose tissue (BAT), confirming the notion that BAT is immunologically relevant. Under pathophysiological conditions, strong expression of the receptor/ligand pair was also found in non-lymphoid tissues. Both were specifically detected in malignant tumors. PD-1 was readily detected after combined immunoradiotherapy causing massive tumor infiltration by PD-1+ lymphocytes. PD-L1 tracer uptake was reduced in PD-L1 knockout tumors. Moreover, monitoring the expression changes of PD-L1 in response to its main inducer, the effector T cell cytokine IFN-γ, revealed robust upregulation in the lung. This suggests that T cell responses in the lung, a vital organ continuously exposed to a variety of antigens, are strongly restrained by the PD-1 checkpoint. In turn, this could explain the association of PD-1 checkpoint inhibition with potentially fatal immune-mediated pneumonitis and partially also its efficacy in lung cancer.
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153
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Lowther DE, Goods BA, Lucca LE, Lerner BA, Raddassi K, van Dijk D, Hernandez AL, Duan X, Gunel M, Coric V, Krishnaswamy S, Love JC, Hafler DA. PD-1 marks dysfunctional regulatory T cells in malignant gliomas. JCI Insight 2016; 1. [PMID: 27182555 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.85935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapies targeting the immune checkpoint receptor programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) have shown remarkable efficacy in treating cancer. CD4+CD25hiFoxP3+ Tregs are critical regulators of immune responses in autoimmunity and malignancies, but the functional status of human Tregs expressing PD-1 remains unclear. We examined functional and molecular features of PD-1hi Tregs in healthy subjects and patients with glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), combining functional assays, RNA sequencing, and cytometry by time of flight (CyTOF). In both patients with GBM and healthy subjects, circulating PD-1hi Tregs displayed reduced suppression of CD4+ effector T cells, production of IFN-γ, and molecular signatures of exhaustion. Transcriptional profiling of tumor-resident Tregs revealed that several genes coexpressed with PD-1 and associated with IFN-γ production and exhaustion as well as enrichment in exhaustion signatures compared with circulating PD-1hi Tregs. CyTOF analysis of circulating and tumor-infiltrating Tregs from patients with GBM treated with PD-1-blocking antibodies revealed that treatment shifts the profile of circulating Tregs toward a more exhausted phenotype reminiscent of that of tumor-infiltrating Tregs, further increasing IFN-γ production. Thus, high PD-1 expression on human Tregs identifies dysfunctional, exhausted Tregs secreting IFN-γ that exist in healthy individuals and are enriched in tumor infiltrates, possibly losing function as they attempt to modulate the antitumoral immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel E Lowther
- Departments of Neurology and Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Brittany A Goods
- Departments of Biological Engineering and Chemical Engineering, Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Liliana E Lucca
- Departments of Neurology and Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Benjamin A Lerner
- Departments of Neurology and Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Khadir Raddassi
- Departments of Neurology and Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - David van Dijk
- Department of Genetics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Amanda L Hernandez
- Departments of Neurology and Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Xiangguo Duan
- Departments of Neurology and Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Murat Gunel
- Department of Genetics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA; Department of Neurosurgery, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Vlad Coric
- Bristol-Myers Squibb, Wallingford, Connecticut, USA
| | - Smita Krishnaswamy
- Department of Genetics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - J Christopher Love
- Departments of Biological Engineering and Chemical Engineering, Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA; Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - David A Hafler
- Departments of Neurology and Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA; Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
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154
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Papazian D, Hansen S, Würtzen PA. Airway responses towards allergens - from the airway epithelium to T cells. Clin Exp Allergy 2016; 45:1268-87. [PMID: 25394747 DOI: 10.1111/cea.12451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The prevalence of allergic diseases such as allergic rhinitis is increasing, affecting up to 30% of the human population worldwide. Allergic sensitization arises from complex interactions between environmental exposures and genetic susceptibility, resulting in inflammatory T helper 2 (Th2) cell-derived immune responses towards environmental allergens. Emerging evidence now suggests that an epithelial dysfunction, coupled with inherent properties of environmental allergens, can be responsible for the inflammatory responses towards allergens. Several epithelial-derived cytokines, such as thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP), IL-25 and IL-33, influence tissue-resident dendritic cells (DCs) as well as Th2 effector cells. Exposure to environmental allergens does not elicit Th2 inflammatory responses or any clinical symptoms in nonatopic individuals, and recent findings suggest that a nondamaged, healthy epithelium lowers the DCs' ability to induce inflammatory T-cell responses towards allergens. The purpose of this review was to summarize the current knowledge on which signals from the airway epithelium, from first contact with inhaled allergens all the way to the ensuing Th2-cell responses, influence the pathology of allergic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Papazian
- Department of Cancer & Inflammation Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.,ALK, Hørsholm, Denmark
| | - S Hansen
- Department of Cancer & Inflammation Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
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155
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HIV-1 strategies to overcome the immune system by evading and invading innate immune system. HIV & AIDS REVIEW 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.hivar.2015.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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156
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Wanke-Jellinek L, Keegan JW, Dolan JW, Guo F, Chen J, Lederer JA. Beneficial Effects of CpG-Oligodeoxynucleotide Treatment on Trauma and Secondary Lung Infection. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 196:767-77. [PMID: 26673136 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1500597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2015] [Accepted: 11/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Although Streptococcus pneumoniae is usually found as a commensal in healthy individuals, it can act as a pathogen in trauma patients, causing such complications as early-onset pneumonia and sepsis. We discovered that treating mice with an A-class CpG-oligodeoxynucleotide (ODN) at 2 h after traumatic injury significantly improved mouse survival following early-onset secondary lung infection with S. pneumoniae. This study used mass cytometry (cytometry by time-of-flight) and Luminex technologies to characterize the cellular immune response to secondary S. pneumoniae lung infection at 1 and 3 d postinfection. We found increased expression of CD14, CD64, and PD-L1 on F4-80(+) and F4-80(+)CD11c(+) macrophages, CD11c(+) dendritic cells, and CD14(+)CD172a(+) cells after burn-injury and infection, supporting previous reports of innate immune cell activation in sepsis. CpG-ODN treatment at 2 h after burn-injury reversed these effects; improved pathogen clearance; and led to an increased expression of CD25, CD27, MHCII, and IL-17 on or in TCRγδ cells at 1 d postinfection. At 3 d postinfection, CpG-ODN treatment increased the expression of PD-L1 on innate cell subsets. Furthermore, we analyzed cytokine levels in lung-washout samples of TCRγδ cell-depleted (TCRγδ(-)) mice to demonstrate that the effects of CpG-ODN on cytokine expression after burn-injury and S. pneumoniae infection rely on functional TCRγδ cells. In summary, we demonstrate that cytometry by time-of-flight provides an effective strategy to systematically identify specific cellular phenotypic responses to trauma and bacterial pneumonia and to discover changes in immune system phenotypes associated with beneficial immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenz Wanke-Jellinek
- Department of Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115; Department of Trauma Surgery, Technical University of Munich, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Joshua W Keegan
- Department of Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - James W Dolan
- Department of Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Fei Guo
- Department of Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115; Burns Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, People's Republic of China; and
| | - Jianfei Chen
- Department of Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115; Department of Cardiology, Xinquiao Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400037, People's Republic of China
| | - James A Lederer
- Department of Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115;
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157
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Combination Therapy With Reovirus and Anti-PD-1 Blockade Controls Tumor Growth Through Innate and Adaptive Immune Responses. Mol Ther 2015; 24:166-74. [PMID: 26310630 DOI: 10.1038/mt.2015.156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2015] [Accepted: 08/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Oncolytic reovirus can be delivered both systemically and intratumorally, in both preclinical models and in early phase clinical trials. Reovirus has direct oncolytic activity against a variety of tumor types and antitumor activity is directly associated with immune activation by virus replication in tumors. Immune mechanisms of therapy include both innate immune activation against virally infected tumor cells, and the generation of adaptive antitumor immune responses as a result of in vivo priming against tumor-associated antigens. We tested the combination of local oncolytic reovirus therapy with systemic immune checkpoint inhibition. We show that treatment of subcutaneous B16 melanomas with a combination of intravenous (i.v.) anti-PD-1 antibody and intratumoral (i.t.) reovirus significantly enhanced survival of mice compared to i.t. reovirus (P < 0.01) or anti-PD-1 therapy alone. In vitro immune analysis demonstrated that checkpoint inhibition improved the ability of NK cells to kill reovirus-infected tumor cells, reduced T(reg) activity, and increased the adaptive CD8(+) T-cell-dependent antitumor T-cell response. PD-1 blockade also enhanced the antiviral immune response but through effector mechanisms which overlapped with but also differed from those affecting the antitumor response. Therefore, combination with checkpoint inhibition represents a readily translatable next step in the clinical development of reovirus viroimmunotherapy.
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158
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Selected Aspects in the Pathogenesis of Autoimmune Diseases. Mediators Inflamm 2015; 2015:351732. [PMID: 26300591 PMCID: PMC4537751 DOI: 10.1155/2015/351732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2014] [Accepted: 02/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Autoimmune processes can be found in physiological circumstances. However, they are quenched with properly functioning regulatory mechanisms and do not evolve into full-blown autoimmune diseases. Once developed, autoimmune diseases are characterized by signature clinical features, accompanied by sustained cellular and/or humoral immunological abnormalities. Genetic, environmental, and hormonal defects, as well as a quantitative and qualitative impairment of immunoregulatory functions, have been shown in parallel to the relative dominance of proinflammatory Th17 cells in many of these diseases. In this review we focus on the derailed balance between regulatory and Th17 cells in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases. Additionally, we depict a cytokine imbalance, which gives rise to a biased T-cell homeostasis. The assessment of Th17/Treg-cell ratio and the simultaneous quantitation of cytokines, may give a useful diagnostic tool in autoimmune diseases. We also depict the multifaceted role of dendritic cells, serving as antigen presenting cells, contributing to the development of the pathognomonic cytokine signature and promote cellular and humoral autoimmune responses. Finally we describe the function and role of extracellular vesicles in particular autoimmune diseases. Targeting these key players of disease progression in patients with autoimmune diseases by immunomodulating therapy may be beneficial in future therapeutic strategies.
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159
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Bransi A, Salgado OC, Beffinger M, Milo K, Silina K, Yagita H, Becher B, Knuth A, van den Broek M. Rational Combination of Immunotherapies with Clinical Efficacy in Mice with Advanced Cancer. Cancer Immunol Res 2015; 3:1279-88. [PMID: 26141620 DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-15-0103-t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2015] [Accepted: 07/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In the context of cancer, naïve T cells are insufficiently primed and become progressively dysfunctional. Boosting antitumor responses by blocking PD-1 or CTLA-4 results in durable clinical responses only in a limited proportion of cancer patients, suggesting that other pathways must be targeted to improve clinical efficacy. Our preclinical study in TRAMP mice comparing 14 different immune interventions identified anti-CD40 + IL2/anti-IL2 complexes + IL12Fc as a uniquely efficacious treatment that prevents tolerance induction, promotes priming of sustained, protective tumor-specific CD8(+) T cells, and cures late-stage cancer when given together with adoptively transferred tumor-specific T cells. We propose that improving signals 2 (costimulation) and 3 (cytokines) together with fresh tumor-specific, rather than boosting of dysfunctional preexisting memory, T cells represents a potent therapy for advanced cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Bransi
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Michal Beffinger
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Karim Milo
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Karina Silina
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Hideo Yagita
- Department of Immunology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Burkhard Becher
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Alexander Knuth
- National Center for Cancer Care and Research, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Maries van den Broek
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
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160
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van de Ven K, Borst J. Targeting the T-cell co-stimulatory CD27/CD70 pathway in cancer immunotherapy: rationale and potential. Immunotherapy 2015; 7:655-67. [DOI: 10.2217/imt.15.32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
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161
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Cell-contact dependent inhibition of monocytes by airway epithelial cells and reversion by infection with Respiratory Syncytial Virus. Immunobiology 2015; 220:1240-5. [PMID: 26153873 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2015.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2015] [Revised: 06/17/2015] [Accepted: 06/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Airway epithelial cells (AEC) are the first line of defense against airborne infectious microbes and play an important role in regulating the local immune response. However, the interplay of epithelial cells and professional immune cells during both homeostasis and infection has only been partially studied. The present study was performed to determine how bronchial epithelial cells affect the activation of monocytes. Under healthy conditions, AECs were shown to inhibit reactivity of monocytes. We hypothesized that upon infection, monocytes might be released from inhibition by AECs. We report that direct contact of monocytes with unstimulated BEAS2B epithelial cells results in inhibition of TNF secretion by activated monocytes. In addition to the known soluble modulators, we show that cell contacts between epithelial cells and monocytes or macrophages also contribute to homeostatic inhibitory actions. We find AECs to express the inhibitory molecule PD-L1 and blockade of PD-L1 results in increased secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines from monocytes. Contrary to the inhibitory activities during homeostasis, epithelial cells infected with Respiratory Syncitial Virus (RSV) induce a significant release of inhibition. However, release of inhibition was not due to modulation of PD-L1 expression in AECs. We conclude that airway epithelial cells control the reactivity of monocytes through direct and indirect interactions; however tonic inhibition can be reverted upon stimulation of AECs with RSV and thereof derived molecular patterns. The study confirms the important role of airway epithelial cells for local immune reactions.
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162
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A Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells-Type I Interferon Axis Is Critically Implicated in the Pathogenesis of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:14158-70. [PMID: 26110387 PMCID: PMC4490545 DOI: 10.3390/ijms160614158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2015] [Revised: 06/01/2015] [Accepted: 06/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a prototypic autoimmune disease that is characterized by the generation of immune responses to various nuclear components. Impaired clearance of apoptotic cells and loss of tolerance to self-antigens are involved both in the initiation and in the propagation of the disease. Dendritic cells (DCs) are key factors in the balance between autoimmunity and tolerance and play a role linking innate and adaptive immunity. DCs, particularly plasmacytoid DCs (pDCs), are the main source of type I interferon (IFN) cytokines, which contribute to the immunopathogenesis of SLE. There is accumulating evidence that pDCs and type I IFN cytokines take the leading part in the development of SLE. In this review, we discuss recent data regarding the role of pDCs and type I IFN cytokines in the pathogenesis of SLE and the potential for employing therapies targeting against aberrant regulation of the pDC-type I IFN axis for treating SLE.
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163
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Glitzner E, Korosec A, Brunner PM, Drobits B, Amberg N, Schonthaler HB, Kopp T, Wagner EF, Stingl G, Holcmann M, Sibilia M. Specific roles for dendritic cell subsets during initiation and progression of psoriasis. EMBO Mol Med 2015; 6:1312-27. [PMID: 25216727 PMCID: PMC4287934 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.201404114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Several subtypes of APCs are found in psoriasis patients, but their involvement in disease pathogenesis is poorly understood. Here, we investigated the contribution of Langerhans cells (LCs) and plasmacytoid DCs (pDCs) in psoriasis. In human psoriatic lesions and in a psoriasis mouse model (DKO* mice), LCs are severely reduced, whereas pDCs are increased. Depletion of pDCs in DKO* mice prior to psoriasis induction resulted in a milder phenotype, whereas depletion during active disease had no effect. In contrast, while depletion of Langerin-expressing APCs before disease onset had no effect, depletion from diseased mice aggravated psoriasis symptoms. Disease aggravation was due to the absence of LCs, but not other Langerin-expressing APCs. LCs derived from DKO* mice produced increased IL-10 levels, suggesting an immunosuppressive function. Moreover, IL-23 production was high in psoriatic mice and further increased in the absence of LCs. Conversely, pDC depletion resulted in reduced IL-23 production, and therapeutic inhibition of IL-23R signaling ameliorated disease symptoms. Therefore, LCs have an anti-inflammatory role during active psoriatic disease, while pDCs exert an instigatory function during disease initiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth Glitzner
- Department of Medicine I, Comprehensive Cancer Center Institute of Cancer Research Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ana Korosec
- Department of Medicine I, Comprehensive Cancer Center Institute of Cancer Research Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Patrick M Brunner
- Department of Dermatology, Division of Immunology, Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Barbara Drobits
- Department of Medicine I, Comprehensive Cancer Center Institute of Cancer Research Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Nicole Amberg
- Department of Medicine I, Comprehensive Cancer Center Institute of Cancer Research Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Helia B Schonthaler
- BBVA Foundation-CNIO Cancer Cell Biology Programme Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | - Tamara Kopp
- Department of Dermatology, Division of Immunology, Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Erwin F Wagner
- BBVA Foundation-CNIO Cancer Cell Biology Programme Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | - Georg Stingl
- Department of Dermatology, Division of Immunology, Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Martin Holcmann
- Department of Medicine I, Comprehensive Cancer Center Institute of Cancer Research Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Maria Sibilia
- Department of Medicine I, Comprehensive Cancer Center Institute of Cancer Research Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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164
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Zeng H, Zhang R, Jin B, Chen L. Type 1 regulatory T cells: a new mechanism of peripheral immune tolerance. Cell Mol Immunol 2015; 12:566-71. [PMID: 26051475 DOI: 10.1038/cmi.2015.44] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2015] [Revised: 04/23/2015] [Accepted: 04/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The lack of immune response to an antigen, a process known as immune tolerance, is essential for the preservation of immune homeostasis. To date, two mechanisms that drive immune tolerance have been described extensively: central tolerance and peripheral tolerance. Under the new nomenclature, thymus-derived regulatory T (tT(reg)) cells are the major mediators of central immune tolerance, whereas peripherally derived regulatory T (pT(reg)) cells function to regulate peripheral immune tolerance. A third type of T(reg) cells, termed iT(reg), represents only the in vitro-induced T(reg) cells(1). Depending on whether the cells stably express Foxp3, pT(reg), and iT(reg) cells may be divided into two subsets: the classical CD4(+)Foxp3(+) T(reg) cells and the CD4(+)Foxp3(-) type 1 regulatory T (Tr1) cells(2). This review focuses on the discovery, associated biomarkers, regulatory functions, methods of induction, association with disease, and clinical trials of Tr1 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanyu Zeng
- Department of Immunology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, Shaanxi, China
| | - Rong Zhang
- Department of Immunology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, Shaanxi, China
| | - Boquan Jin
- Department of Immunology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, Shaanxi, China
| | - Lihua Chen
- Department of Immunology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, Shaanxi, China
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165
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Bolton EM, Bradley JA. Avoiding immunological rejection in regenerative medicine. Regen Med 2015; 10:287-304. [DOI: 10.2217/rme.15.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the major goals of regenerative medicine is repair or replacement of diseased and damaged tissues by transfer of differentiated stem cells or stem cell-derived tissues. The possibility that these tissues will be destroyed by immunological rejection remains a challenge that can only be overcome through a better understanding of the nature and expression of potentially immunogenic molecules associated with cell replacement therapy and the mechanisms and pathways resulting in their immunologic rejection. This review draws on clinical experience of organ and tissue transplantation, and on transplantation immunology research to consider practical approaches for avoiding and overcoming the possibility of rejection of stem cell-derived tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleanor M Bolton
- Department of Surgery, University of Cambridge, Box 202, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - John Andrew Bradley
- Department of Surgery, University of Cambridge, Box 202, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
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166
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Linke B, Abeler-Dörner L, Jahndel V, Kurz A, Mahr A, Pfrang S, Linke L, Krammer PH, Weyd H. The tolerogenic function of annexins on apoptotic cells is mediated by the annexin core domain. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 194:5233-42. [PMID: 25917090 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1401299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2014] [Accepted: 03/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Immunological tolerance is constantly being maintained in the periphery by dendritic cells processing material from apoptotic cells (ACs) in the steady-state. Although research has focused on the uptake of ACs by phagocytes, tolerogenic signals exposed by the ACs are much less well defined. In this article, we show that the annexin (Anx) family members AnxA5 and AnxA13 translocate to the surface of ACs to function as redundant tolerogenic signals in vitro and in vivo. Exposure of bone marrow-derived dendritic cells to AnxA5 or AnxA13 in vitro resulted in the inhibition of both proinflammatory cytokine secretion and the upregulation of costimulatory molecules upon TLR stimulation. The highly conserved Anx core domain was sufficient to mediate these effects, whereas recognition by N-formyl peptide receptor family members was dispensable. In vivo, coinjection of OVA-expressing and Anx-expressing ACs prevented induction of Ag-specific CD8(+) T cells. Moreover, mice immunized with Anx-expressing ACs became refractory to an antigenic challenge. These results suggest that several Anxs contribute to AC-induced suppression of dendritic cell activation. Therefore, manipulating Anx-mediated immunosuppression may prove beneficial for patients with cancer or autoimmune diseases and chronic inflammatory disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Björn Linke
- Division of Immunogenetics, Tumor Immunology Program, German Cancer Research Center, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Lucie Abeler-Dörner
- Division of Immunogenetics, Tumor Immunology Program, German Cancer Research Center, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Veronika Jahndel
- Division of Immunogenetics, Tumor Immunology Program, German Cancer Research Center, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Alexandra Kurz
- Division of Immunogenetics, Tumor Immunology Program, German Cancer Research Center, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Andrea Mahr
- Division of Immunogenetics, Tumor Immunology Program, German Cancer Research Center, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sandra Pfrang
- Division of Immunogenetics, Tumor Immunology Program, German Cancer Research Center, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Linda Linke
- Division of Immunogenetics, Tumor Immunology Program, German Cancer Research Center, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Peter H Krammer
- Division of Immunogenetics, Tumor Immunology Program, German Cancer Research Center, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Heiko Weyd
- Division of Immunogenetics, Tumor Immunology Program, German Cancer Research Center, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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167
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Abstract
Maintenance of peripheral tolerance is essential for homeostasis of the immune system. While central tolerance mechanisms result in deletion of the majority of self-reactive T cells, T lymphocytes specific for self-antigens also escape this process and circulate in the periphery. To control the development of autoimmunity, multiple mechanisms of peripheral tolerance have evolved, including T cell anergy, deletion, and suppression by regulatory T (Treg) cells. The pathway consisting of the programmed cell death 1 (PD-1) receptor (CD279) and its ligands PD-L1 (B7-H1, CD274) and PD-L2 (B7-DC; CD273) plays a vital role in the induction and maintenance of peripheral tolerance. This pathway also regulates the balance between stimulatory and inhibitory signals needed for effective immunity and maintenance of T cell homeostasis. In contrast to this important beneficial role in maintaining T cell homeostasis, PD-1 mediates potent inhibitory signals that prevent the expansion and function of T effector cells and have detrimental effects on antiviral and antitumor immunity. Despite the compelling studies on the significant functional role of PD-1 in mediating inhibition of activated T cells, little is known about how PD-1 blocks T cell activation. Here, we will provide a brief overview of the signaling events that are regulated by PD-1 triggering, and we will discuss their implications on cell intrinsic and extrinsic mechanisms that determine the fate and function of T effector cells.
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168
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Böttcher J, Knolle PA. Global transcriptional characterization of CD8+ T cell memory. Semin Immunol 2015; 27:4-9. [PMID: 25841628 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2015.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2014] [Revised: 02/28/2015] [Accepted: 03/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The differentiation of memory CD8T cells after acute infections comprises generation of functionally distinct populations that either have proliferative potential or display cytotoxic effector functions and that either recirculate into lymphoid tissues or remain tissue-resident. The development of these functionally distinct cell populations is dictated by defined signals from the microenvironment that result in a coordinated expression of a network of transcription factors, which determine the functionality of memory T cells. Distinct transcriptional regulation observed during chronic viral infection that results in generation of T cells that control viral replication in the absence of immunopathology suggests the existence of so far unappreciated functional adaptation of T cell function to the particular need during chronic infections to control infection and avoid immunopathology. Furthermore, the non-canonical generation of CD8T cell memory outside of lymphoid tissues in the liver in the absence of inflammation is correlated with a distinct transcriptional profile and indicates further complexity in the commensurate immune response to infectious pathogens that escape innate immunity. Taken together, distinct profiles of transcriptional regulation are linked to CD8T cells with different functions and provide important mechanistic insight into the continuous functional adaptation of CD8T cells to generate a commensurate immune response to infectious challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Böttcher
- Immunobiology Laboratory, Cancer Research UK, United Kingdom
| | - Percy A Knolle
- Institute of Molecular Immunology, München Rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Germany; Institute of Experimental Immunology, Universität Bonn, Germany.
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169
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Patsoukis N, Bardhan K, Chatterjee P, Sari D, Liu B, Bell LN, Karoly ED, Freeman GJ, Petkova V, Seth P, Li L, Boussiotis VA. PD-1 alters T-cell metabolic reprogramming by inhibiting glycolysis and promoting lipolysis and fatty acid oxidation. Nat Commun 2015; 6:6692. [PMID: 25809635 PMCID: PMC4389235 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms7692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 808] [Impact Index Per Article: 89.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2014] [Accepted: 02/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
During activation, T cells undergo metabolic reprogramming, which imprints distinct functional fates. We determined that on PD-1 ligation, activated T cells are unable to engage in glycolysis or amino acid metabolism but have an increased rate of fatty acid β-oxidation (FAO). PD-1 promotes FAO of endogenous lipids by increasing expression of CPT1A, and inducing lipolysis as indicated by elevation of the lipase ATGL, the lipolysis marker glycerol and release of fatty acids. Conversely, CTLA-4 inhibits glycolysis without augmenting FAO, suggesting that CTLA-4 sustains the metabolic profile of non-activated cells. Because T cells utilize glycolysis during differentiation to effectors, our findings reveal a metabolic mechanism responsible for PD-1-mediated blockade of T-effector cell differentiation. The enhancement of FAO provides a mechanistic explanation for the longevity of T cells receiving PD-1 signals in patients with chronic infections and cancer, and for their capacity to be reinvigorated by PD-1 blockade. Activation of T cells results in metabolic reprogramming to favour glycolysis. Here, Patsoukis et al. show that the surface receptor PD-1 inhibits glycolysis and increases the metabolism of lipids, providing a potential mechanism for the blockade of T effector functions but also for the longevity accompanying T cell exhaustion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaos Patsoukis
- 1] Division of Hematology-Oncology, Harvard Medical School, 330 Brookline Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA [2] Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, 330 Brookline Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA [3] Beth Israel Deaconess Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, 330 Brookline Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
| | - Kankana Bardhan
- 1] Division of Hematology-Oncology, Harvard Medical School, 330 Brookline Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA [2] Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, 330 Brookline Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA [3] Beth Israel Deaconess Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, 330 Brookline Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
| | - Pranam Chatterjee
- 1] Division of Hematology-Oncology, Harvard Medical School, 330 Brookline Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA [2] Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, 330 Brookline Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA [3] Beth Israel Deaconess Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, 330 Brookline Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
| | - Duygu Sari
- 1] Division of Hematology-Oncology, Harvard Medical School, 330 Brookline Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA [2] Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, 330 Brookline Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA [3] Beth Israel Deaconess Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, 330 Brookline Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
| | - Bianling Liu
- 1] Division of Hematology-Oncology, Harvard Medical School, 330 Brookline Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA [2] Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, 330 Brookline Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA [3] Beth Israel Deaconess Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, 330 Brookline Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
| | - Lauren N Bell
- Metabolon, Inc., 617 Davis Drive, Suite 400, Durham, North Carolina 27713, USA
| | - Edward D Karoly
- Metabolon, Inc., 617 Davis Drive, Suite 400, Durham, North Carolina 27713, USA
| | - Gordon J Freeman
- Division of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02284-9168, USA
| | - Victoria Petkova
- 1] Division of Hematology-Oncology, Harvard Medical School, 330 Brookline Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA [2] Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, 330 Brookline Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA [3] Beth Israel Deaconess Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, 330 Brookline Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
| | - Pankaj Seth
- 1] Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, 330 Brookline Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA [2] Beth Israel Deaconess Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, 330 Brookline Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA [3] Division of Interdisciplinary Medicine and Biotechnology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Centerr, Harvard Medical School, 330 Brookline Avenue, Dana 513-517, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
| | - Lequn Li
- 1] Division of Hematology-Oncology, Harvard Medical School, 330 Brookline Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA [2] Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, 330 Brookline Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA [3] Beth Israel Deaconess Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, 330 Brookline Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
| | - Vassiliki A Boussiotis
- 1] Division of Hematology-Oncology, Harvard Medical School, 330 Brookline Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA [2] Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, 330 Brookline Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA [3] Beth Israel Deaconess Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, 330 Brookline Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
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170
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Blake SJP, Ching ALH, Kenna TJ, Galea R, Large J, Yagita H, Steptoe RJ. Blockade of PD-1/PD-L1 promotes adoptive T-cell immunotherapy in a tolerogenic environment. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0119483. [PMID: 25741704 PMCID: PMC4351071 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0119483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2014] [Accepted: 01/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Adoptive cellular immunotherapy using in vitro expanded CD8+ T cells shows promise for tumour immunotherapy but is limited by eventual loss of function of the transferred T cells through factors that likely include inactivation by tolerogenic dendritic cells (DC). The co-inhibitory receptor programmed death-1 (PD-1), in addition to controlling T-cell responsiveness at effector sites in malignancies and chronic viral diseases is an important modulator of dendritic cell-induced tolerance in naive T cell populations. The most potent therapeutic capacity amongst CD8+ T cells appears to lie within Tcm or Tcm-like cells but memory T cells express elevated levels of PD-1. Based on established trafficking patterns for Tcm it is likely Tcm-like cells interact with lymphoid-tissue DC that present tumour-derived antigens and may be inherently tolerogenic to develop therapeutic effector function. As little is understood of the effect of PD-1/PD-L1 blockade on Tcm-like CD8+ T cells, particularly in relation to inactivation by DC, we explored the effects of PD-1/PD-L1 blockade in a mouse model where resting DC tolerise effector and memory CD8+ T cells. Blockade of PD-1/PD-L1 promoted effector differentiation of adoptively-transferred Tcm-phenotype cells interacting with tolerising DC. In tumour-bearing mice with tolerising DC, effector activity was increased in both lymphoid tissues and the tumour-site and anti-tumour activity was promoted. Our findings suggest PD-1/PD-L1 blockade may be a useful adjunct for adoptive immunotherapy by promoting effector differentiation in the host of transferred Tcm-like cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alan L. H. Ching
- UQ Diamantina Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Tony J. Kenna
- UQ Diamantina Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Ryan Galea
- UQ Diamantina Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Justin Large
- UQ Diamantina Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Hideo Yagita
- Department of Immunology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Raymond J. Steptoe
- UQ Diamantina Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
- * E-mail:
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171
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Bedke J, Kruck S, Gakis G, Stenzl A, Goebell PJ. Checkpoint modulation--A new way to direct the immune system against renal cell carcinoma. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2015; 11:1201-8. [PMID: 25912622 PMCID: PMC4514323 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2015.1016657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2014] [Revised: 01/06/2015] [Accepted: 01/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The introduction of targeted therapies like the tyrosine kinase (TKI) and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibitors has improved patients' survival in general. Nevertheless the prognosis remains limited. Therapies with a new mode of action are urgently warranted, especially those who would provoke long-term responders or long-lasting complete remissions as observed with unspecific immunotherapy with the cytokines interleukin-2 and interferon-α. In the recent years a deeper understanding of the underlying immunology of T cell activation led to the development of checkpoint inhibitors, which are mainly monocloncal antibodies and which enhances the presence of the co-stimulatory signals needed for T cell activation or priming. This review discusses the clinical data and ongoing studies available for the inhibition of the PD-1 (CD279) and CTLA-4 (CD152) axis in mRCC. In addition, potential future immunological targets are discussed. This approach of T-cell activation or re-activation by immunological checkpoint inhibition holds the inherent promise to directly affect the tumor cell and thereby to potentially cure a subset of patients with mRCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens Bedke
- Department of Urology; Eberhard Karls University; Tübingen, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK); Partnerstandort Tübingen; German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ); Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Stephan Kruck
- Department of Urology; Eberhard Karls University; Tübingen, Germany
| | - Georgios Gakis
- Department of Urology; Eberhard Karls University; Tübingen, Germany
| | - Arnulf Stenzl
- Department of Urology; Eberhard Karls University; Tübingen, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK); Partnerstandort Tübingen; German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ); Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Peter J Goebell
- Deptartment of Urology; Friedrich-Alexander University; Erlangen, Germany
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172
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McPherson RC, Konkel JE, Prendergast CT, Thomson JP, Ottaviano R, Leech MD, Kay O, Zandee SEJ, Sweenie CH, Wraith DC, Meehan RR, Drake AJ, Anderton SM. Epigenetic modification of the PD-1 (Pdcd1) promoter in effector CD4(+) T cells tolerized by peptide immunotherapy. eLife 2014; 3. [PMID: 25546306 PMCID: PMC4297948 DOI: 10.7554/elife.03416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2014] [Accepted: 12/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Clinically effective antigen-based immunotherapy must silence antigen-experienced effector T cells (Teff) driving ongoing immune pathology. Using CD4+ autoimmune Teff cells, we demonstrate that peptide immunotherapy (PIT) is strictly dependent upon sustained T cell expression of the co-inhibitory molecule PD-1. We found high levels of 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC) at the PD-1 (Pdcd1) promoter of non-tolerant T cells. 5hmC was lost in response to PIT, with DNA hypomethylation of the promoter. We identified dynamic changes in expression of the genes encoding the Ten-Eleven-Translocation (TET) proteins that are associated with the oxidative conversion 5-methylcytosine and 5hmC, during cytosine demethylation. We describe a model whereby promoter demethylation requires the co-incident expression of permissive histone modifications at the Pdcd1 promoter together with TET availability. This combination was only seen in tolerant Teff cells following PIT, but not in Teff that transiently express PD-1. Epigenetic changes at the Pdcd1 locus therefore determine the tolerizing potential of TCR-ligation. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.03416.001 The immune system protects the body from dangerous microbes and removes damaged cells. However, in some cases, the immune system can malfunction and attack healthy tissues, which can lead to type-1 diabetes, multiple sclerosis, and other autoimmune diseases. Many of the current treatments for these disorders suppress the immune system, which can make the individuals more susceptible to infections. It may be possible to treat autoimmune diseases using small pieces of protein—called peptides—that are based on proteins found on the cells that the immune system attacks by mistake. This strategy would target the specific immune cells that are malfunctioning, but allow the rest of the immune system to continue to work as normal. Peptide-based therapies for autoimmune diseases are currently being tested in clinical trials, and although the results look promising, it is not known precisely how they work. McPherson et al. used mice that develop a disease similar to multiple sclerosis because some of their immune cells, known as effector T cells, attack a protein found in the mouse brain called MBP. The mice were treated with a peptide based on part of MBP, which prevented them from developing the autoimmune disease. The success of the peptide therapy depended on the T cells producing large amounts of a protein called PD-1. This protein stops the T-cells from activating immune responses when they detect the MBP protein. The gene that makes PD-1 can have a methyl-tag—a chemical modification to DNA—which alters how much PD-1 is made in the T cells. When the gene has this methyl-tag, it can only be switched on for a short time to make a small amount of PD-1, which helps to control the immune responses activated by the T cell. However, when the methyl-tag was removed as a result of the peptide therapy the gene could be switched on for much longer, so that much more PD-1 was produced. This work helps us to understand how peptide therapy works and should improve the chances of using this therapy to successfully treat patients with autoimmune diseases. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.03416.002
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Affiliation(s)
- Rhoanne C McPherson
- MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Joanne E Konkel
- MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Catriona T Prendergast
- MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - John P Thomson
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Raffaele Ottaviano
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Melanie D Leech
- MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Oliver Kay
- MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Stephanie E J Zandee
- MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Claire H Sweenie
- MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - David C Wraith
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Richard R Meehan
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Amanda J Drake
- University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen M Anderton
- MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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173
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Zamani MR, Asbagh FA, Massoud AH, Salmaninejad A, Massoud A, Rezaei N. Association between a PD-1 gene polymorphism and antisperm antibody-related infertility in Iranian men. J Assist Reprod Genet 2014; 32:103-6. [PMID: 25399062 DOI: 10.1007/s10815-014-0371-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2014] [Accepted: 10/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Programmed cell death-1 (PD-1, Pdcd1), an immunoreceptor belonging to the CD28/CTLA-4 family negatively regulates antigen receptor signalling by recruiting protein tyrosine phosphatase, SHP-2 upon interacting with either of two ligands, PD-L1 or PD-L2. This study investigates PD-1 gene polymorphism in patients with antisperm antibody-related infertility METHODS Genotyping was performed by polymerase chain reaction and restriction enzyme digestion (PCR-RFLP), this polymorphism was genotyped in 145 Iranian subjects (61 patients with antisperm antibody-related infertility and 84 healthy controls). RESULTS Patients frequencies of the G/A genotype in comparison with healthy controls (38.2 % vs. 32.7 %, OR =1.21, P = 0.35) were not significantly different. However, G/G and A/A genotype frequencies between patients and healthy controls were significantly different (P = 0.042, P = 0.00001, respectively). Also, allele frequencies of this polymorphism were significantly different (P = 0.0012) in patients compared to healthy controls. CONCLUSION According to these results, there is a correlation between PD-1 gene polymorphism and susceptibility to antisperm antibody-related infertility in our study group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Reza Zamani
- Department of Immunology and Biology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran,
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174
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Galluzzi L, Senovilla L, Vacchelli E, Eggermont A, Fridman WH, Galon J, Sautès-Fridman C, Tartour E, Zitvogel L, Kroemer G. Trial watch: Dendritic cell-based interventions for cancer therapy. Oncoimmunology 2014; 1:1111-1134. [PMID: 23170259 PMCID: PMC3494625 DOI: 10.4161/onci.21494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) occupy a central position in the immune system, orchestrating a wide repertoire of responses that span from the development of self-tolerance to the elicitation of potent cellular and humoral immunity. Accordingly, DCs are involved in the etiology of conditions as diverse as infectious diseases, allergic and autoimmune disorders, graft rejection and cancer. During the last decade, several methods have been developed to load DCs with tumor-associated antigens, ex vivo or in vivo, in the attempt to use them as therapeutic anticancer vaccines that would elicit clinically relevant immune responses. While this has not always been the case, several clinical studies have demonstrated that DC-based anticancer vaccines are capable of activating tumor-specific immune responses that increase overall survival, at least in a subset of patients. In 2010, this branch of clinical research has culminated with the approval by FDA of a DC-based therapeutic vaccine (sipuleucel-T, Provenge®) for use in patients with asymptomatic or minimally symptomatic metastatic hormone-refractory prostate cancer. Intense research efforts are currently dedicated to the identification of the immunological features of patients that best respond to DC-based anticancer vaccines. This knowledge may indeed lead to personalized combination strategies that would extend the benefit of DC-based immunotherapy to a larger patient population. In addition, widespread enthusiasm has been generated by the results of the first clinical trials based on in vivo DC targeting, an approach that holds great promises for the future of DC-based immunotherapy. In this Trial Watch, we will summarize the results of recently completed clinical trials and discuss the progress of ongoing studies that have evaluated/are evaluating DC-based interventions for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Galluzzi
- Université Paris Descartes/Paris V; Sorbonne Paris Cité; Paris, France ; Institut Gustave Roussy; Villejuif, France
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175
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Jackson SR, Berrien-Elliott M, Yuan J, Hsueh EC, Teague RM. Neuropilin-1 expression is induced on tolerant self-reactive CD8+ T cells but is dispensable for the tolerant phenotype. PLoS One 2014; 9:e110707. [PMID: 25343644 PMCID: PMC4208794 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0110707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2014] [Accepted: 09/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Establishing peripheral CD8(+) T cell tolerance is vital to avoid immune mediated destruction of healthy self-tissues. However, it also poses a major impediment to tumor immunity since tumors are derived from self-tissue and often induce T cell tolerance and dysfunction. Thus, understanding the mechanisms that regulate T cell tolerance versus immunity has important implications for human health. Signals received from the tissue environment largely dictate whether responding T cells become activated or tolerant. For example, induced expression and subsequent ligation of negative regulatory receptors on the surface of self-reactive CD8(+) T cells are integral in the induction of tolerance. We utilized a murine model of T cell tolerance to more completely define the molecules involved in this process. We discovered that, in addition to other known regulatory receptors, tolerant self-reactive CD8(+) T cells distinctly expressed the surface receptor neuropilin-1 (Nrp1). Nrp1 was highly induced in response to self-antigen, but only modestly when the same antigen was encountered under immune conditions, suggesting a possible mechanistic link to T cell tolerance. We also observed a similar Nrp1 expression profile on human tumor infiltrating CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells. Despite high expression on tolerant CD8(+) T cells, our studies revealed that Nrp1 had no detectable role in the tolerant phenotype. Specifically, Nrp1-deficient T cells displayed the same functional defects as wild-type self-reactive T cells, lacking in vivo cytolytic potential, IFNγ production, and antitumor responses. While reporting mostly negative data, our findings have therapeutic implications, as Nrp1 is now being targeted for human cancer therapy in clinical trials, but the precise molecular pathways and immune cells being engaged during treatment remain incompletely defined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie R. Jackson
- Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Melissa Berrien-Elliott
- Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Jinyun Yuan
- Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Eddy C. Hsueh
- Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Department of Surgery, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- Saint Louis University Cancer Center, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Ryan M. Teague
- Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- Saint Louis University Cancer Center, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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176
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Zhao S, Li F, Leak RK, Chen J, Hu X. Regulation of Neuroinflammation through Programed Death-1/Programed Death Ligand Signaling in Neurological Disorders. Front Cell Neurosci 2014; 8:271. [PMID: 25232304 PMCID: PMC4153295 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2014.00271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2014] [Accepted: 08/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Immune responses in the central nervous system (CNS), which involve both resident glial cells and infiltrating peripheral immune cells, play critical roles in the progress of brain injuries and neurodegeneration. To avoid inflammatory damage to the compromised brain, the immune cell activities in the CNS are controlled by a plethora of chemical mediators and signal transduction cascades, such as inhibitory signaling through programed death-1 (PD-1) and programed death ligand (PD-L) interactions. An increasing number of recent studies have highlighted the importance of PD-1/PD-L pathway in immune regulation in CNS disorders such as ischemic stroke, multiple sclerosis, and Alzheimer’s disease. Here, we review the current knowledge of the impact of PD-1/PD-L signaling on brain injury and neurodegeneration. An improved understanding of the function of PD-1/PD-L in the cross-talk between peripheral immune cells, CNS glial cells, and non-immune CNS cells is expected to shed further light on immunomodulation and help develop effective and safe immunotherapies for CNS disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shangfeng Zhao
- Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine , Pittsburgh, PA , USA ; Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University , Beijing , China
| | - Fengwu Li
- Institute of Neuroscience, Luhe Hospital, Capital Medical University , Beijing , China
| | - Rehana K Leak
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Duquesne University , Pittsburgh, PA , USA
| | - Jun Chen
- Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine , Pittsburgh, PA , USA
| | - Xiaoming Hu
- Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine , Pittsburgh, PA , USA ; Institute of Neuroscience, Luhe Hospital, Capital Medical University , Beijing , China
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177
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Martin K, Müller P, Schreiner J, Prince SS, Lardinois D, Heinzelmann-Schwarz VA, Thommen DS, Zippelius A. The microtubule-depolymerizing agent ansamitocin P3 programs dendritic cells toward enhanced anti-tumor immunity. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2014; 63:925-38. [PMID: 24906866 PMCID: PMC11029065 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-014-1565-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2014] [Accepted: 05/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
In addition to direct tumor cell cytotoxicity, chemotherapy can mediate tumor reduction through immune modulation of the tumor microenvironment to promote anti-tumor immunity. Mature dendritic cells (DCs) play key roles in priming robust immune responses in tumor-bearing hosts. Here, we screened a panel of 21 anticancer agents with defined molecular targets for their ability to induce direct maturation of DCs. We identified ansamitocin P3, a microtubule-depolymerizing agent, as a potent inducer of phenotypic and functional maturation of DCs. Exposure of both murine spleen-derived and human monocyte-derived DCs to ansamitocin P3 triggered up-regulation of maturation markers and production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, resulting in an enhanced T cell stimulatory capacity. Local administration of ansamitocin P3 induced maturation of skin Langerhans cells in vivo and promoted antigen uptake and extensive homing of tumor-resident DCs to tumor-draining lymph nodes. When used as an adjuvant in a specific vaccination approach, ansamitocin P3 dramatically increased activation of antigen-specific T cells. Finally, we demonstrate that ansamitocin P3, due to its immunomodulatory properties, acts in synergy with antibody-mediated blockade of the T cell inhibitory receptors PD-1 and CTLA-4. The combination treatment was most effective and induced durable growth inhibition of established tumors. Mechanistically, we observed a reduced regulatory T cell frequency and improved T cell effector function at the tumor site. Taken together, our study unravels an immune-based anti-tumor mechanism exploited by microtubule-depolymerizing agents, including ansamitocin P3, and paves the way for future clinical trials combining this class of agents with immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kea Martin
- Cancer Immunology and Biology, Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Philipp Müller
- Cancer Immunology and Biology, Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jens Schreiner
- Cancer Immunology and Biology, Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Didier Lardinois
- Department of Surgery, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Daniela S. Thommen
- Cancer Immunology and Biology, Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Department of Medical Oncology, University Hospital Basel, Petersgraben 4, 4031 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Alfred Zippelius
- Cancer Immunology and Biology, Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Department of Medical Oncology, University Hospital Basel, Petersgraben 4, 4031 Basel, Switzerland
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178
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Role and therapeutic value of dendritic cells in central nervous system autoimmunity. Cell Death Differ 2014; 22:215-24. [PMID: 25168240 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2014.125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2014] [Accepted: 06/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are professional antigen-presenting cells that control the generation of adaptive immunity. Consequently, DCs have a central role in the induction of protective immunity to pathogens and also in the pathogenic immune response responsible for the development and progression of autoimmune disorders. Thus the study of the molecular pathways that control DC development and function is likely to result in new strategies for the therapeutic manipulation of the immune response. In this review, we discuss the role and therapeutic value of DCs in autoimmune diseases, with a special focus on multiple sclerosis.
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179
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Duval A, Fuertes Marraco SA, Schwitter D, Leuenberger L, Acha-Orbea H. Large T Antigen-Specific Cytotoxic T Cells Protect Against Dendritic Cell Tumors through Perforin-Mediated Mechanisms Independent of CD4 T Cell Help. Front Immunol 2014; 5:338. [PMID: 25101081 PMCID: PMC4101877 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2014] [Accepted: 07/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Our newly generated murine tumor dendritic cell (MuTuDC) lines, generated from tumors developing in transgenic mice expressing the simian virus 40 large T antigen (SV40LgT) and GFP under the DC specific promoter CD11c, reproduce the phenotypic and functional properties of splenic wild type CD8α+ conventional DCs. They have an immature phenotype with low co-stimulation molecule expression (CD40, CD70, CD80, and CD86) that is upregulated after activation with toll-like receptor ligands. We observed that after transfer into syngeneic C57BL/6 mice, MuTuDC lines were quickly rejected. Tumors grew efficiently in large T transgene-tolerant mice. To investigate the immune response toward the large T antigen that leads to rejection of the MuTuDC lines, they were genetically engineered by lentiviral transduction to express luciferase and tested for the induction of DC tumors after adoptive transfer in various gene deficient recipient mice. Here, we document that the MuTuDC line was rejected in C57BL/6 mice by a CD4 T cell help-independent, perforin-mediated CD8 T cell response to the SV40LgT without pre-activation or co-injection of adjuvants. Using depleting anti-CD8β antibodies, we were able to induce efficient tumor growth in C57BL/6 mice. These results are important for researchers who want to use the MuTuDC lines for in vivo studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anaïs Duval
- Department of Biochemistry, Center of Immunity and Infection Lausanne, University of Lausanne , Lausanne , Switzerland
| | - Silvia A Fuertes Marraco
- Department of Biochemistry, Center of Immunity and Infection Lausanne, University of Lausanne , Lausanne , Switzerland
| | - Dominik Schwitter
- Department of Biochemistry, Center of Immunity and Infection Lausanne, University of Lausanne , Lausanne , Switzerland
| | - Line Leuenberger
- Department of Biochemistry, Center of Immunity and Infection Lausanne, University of Lausanne , Lausanne , Switzerland
| | - Hans Acha-Orbea
- Department of Biochemistry, Center of Immunity and Infection Lausanne, University of Lausanne , Lausanne , Switzerland
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180
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Muenst S, Schaerli AR, Gao F, Däster S, Trella E, Droeser RA, Muraro MG, Zajac P, Zanetti R, Gillanders WE, Weber WP, Soysal SD. Expression of programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) is associated with poor prognosis in human breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2014; 146:15-24. [PMID: 24842267 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-014-2988-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 429] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2014] [Accepted: 04/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies in multiple epithelial cancers have shown that the inhibitory receptor programmed cell death 1 (PD-1) is expressed on tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes and/or programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) is expressed on tumor cells, suggesting that antitumor immunity may be modulated by the PD-1/PD-L1 signaling pathway. In addition, phase 1 clinical trials with monoclonal antibodies targeting PD-1 or PD-L1 have shown promising results in several human cancers. The purpose of this study was to investigate the impact of PD-L1 expression in human breast cancer specimens. We conducted an immunohistochemistry study using a tissue microarray encompassing 650 evaluable formalin-fixed breast cancer cases with detailed clinical annotation and outcomes data. PD-L1 was expressed in 152 (23.4 %) of the 650 breast cancer specimens. Expression was significantly associated with age, tumor size, AJCC primary tumor classification, tumor grade, lymph node status, absence of ER expression, and high Ki-67 expression. In univariate analysis, PD-L1 expression was associated with a significantly worse OS. In multivariate analysis, PD-L1 expression remained an independent negative prognostic factor for OS. In subset analyses, expression of PD-L1 was associated with significantly worse OS in the luminal B HER2(-) subtype, the luminal B HER2(+) subtype, the HER2 subtype, and the basal-like subtype. This is the first study to demonstrate that PD-L1 expression is an independent negative prognostic factor in human breast cancer. This finding has important implications for the application of antibody therapies targeting the PD-1/PD-L1 signaling pathway in this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Muenst
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Basel, Schönbeinstrasse 40, CH-4032, Basel, Switzerland,
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181
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Rausch S, Kruck S, Stenzl A, Bedke J. IMA901 for metastatic renal cell carcinoma in the context of new approaches to immunotherapy. Future Oncol 2014; 10:937-48. [DOI: 10.2217/fon.14.61] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT: The promising option of immunotherapy for metastatic renal cell carcinoma has evolved from rather unspecific approaches to a specific activation of an anti-tumor T-cell response. The latest step is a synthetic peptide vaccine called IMA901, which demonstrated a clear association between a provoked T-cell response and a prolonged overall survival. The results of IMA901 for the treatment of metastatic renal cell carcinoma are discussed together with new approaches to immunotherapy, such as local and systemic immunomodulation with adjuvants, checkpoint inhibitors, classical chemotherapeutics, such as cyclophosphamide or tyrosine kinase inhibitors. The capability of theses substances to modulate leukocytes subsets, such as myeloid-derived suppressor cells, Tregs or Th17 cells, are outlined together with the possibility to combine them with tumor vaccination strategies to achieve a higher cancer specificity and immunogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steffen Rausch
- Department of Urology, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Hoppe-Seyler-Straße 3, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Stephan Kruck
- Department of Urology, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Hoppe-Seyler-Straße 3, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Arnulf Stenzl
- Department of Urology, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Hoppe-Seyler-Straße 3, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jens Bedke
- Department of Urology, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Hoppe-Seyler-Straße 3, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
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182
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The role of dendritic cells in tissue-specific autoimmunity. J Immunol Res 2014; 2014:857143. [PMID: 24877157 PMCID: PMC4022068 DOI: 10.1155/2014/857143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2013] [Revised: 03/20/2014] [Accepted: 04/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
In this review, we explore the role of dendritic cell subsets in the development of tissue-specific autoimmune diseases. From the increasing list of dendritic cell subclasses, it is becoming clear that we are only at the beginning of understanding the role of these antigen presenting cells in mediating autoimmunity. Emerging research areas for the study of dendritic cell involvement in the onset and inhibition of tissue-specific autoimmunity are presented. Further, we compare tissue specific to systemic autoimmunity to demonstrate how development of dendritic cell-based therapies may be broadly applicable to both classes of autoimmunity. Continued development of these research areas will lead us closer to clinical assessment of novel immunosuppressive therapy for the reversal and prevention of tissue-specific autoimmunity. Through description of dendritic cell functions in the modulation of tissue-specific autoimmunity, we hope to stimulate a greater appreciation and understanding of the role dendritic cells play in the development and treatment of autoimmunity.
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183
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Probst HC, Muth S, Schild H. Regulation of the tolerogenic function of steady-state DCs. Eur J Immunol 2014; 44:927-33. [PMID: 24652744 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201343862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2013] [Revised: 12/13/2013] [Accepted: 02/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are master regulators of T-cell responses. After sensing pathogen-derived molecular patterns (PAMPs), or signals of inflammation and cellular stress, DCs differentiate into potent activators of naïve CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells through a process that is termed DC maturation. By contrast, DCs induce and maintain peripheral T-cell tolerance in the steady state, that is in the absence of overt infection or inflammation. However, the immunological steady state is not devoid of DC-activating stimuli, such as commensal microorganisms, subclinical infections, or basal levels of proinflammatory mediators. In the presence of these activating stimuli, DC maturation must be calibrated to ensure self-tolerance yet allow for adequate T-cell responses to infections. Here, we review the factors that are known to control DC maturation in the steady state and discuss their effect on the tolerogenic function of steady-state DCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans Christian Probst
- Institute for Immunology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany; Research Center for Immunology (FZI), Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
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184
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Hopp AK, Rupp A, Lukacs-Kornek V. Self-antigen presentation by dendritic cells in autoimmunity. Front Immunol 2014; 5:55. [PMID: 24592266 PMCID: PMC3923158 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2013] [Accepted: 01/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The operation of both central and peripheral tolerance ensures the prevention of autoimmune diseases. The maintenance of peripheral tolerance requires self-antigen presentation by professional antigen presenting cells (APCs). Dendritic cells (DCs) are considered as major APCs involved in this process. The current review discusses the role of DCs in autoimmune diseases, the various factors involved in the induction and maintenance of tolerogenic DC phenotype, and pinpoints their therapeutic capacity as well as potential novel targets for future clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann-Katrin Hopp
- Department of Medicine II, Saarland University Medical Center , Homburg , Germany
| | - Anne Rupp
- Department of Medicine II, Saarland University Medical Center , Homburg , Germany
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185
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Abstract
Immunotherapy has made significant progress in patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) in the last years. Early tumor vaccine studies showed trends toward better clinical outcomes, and larger trial results are currently being awaited. Immune checkpoint inhibitors are promising therapeutic agents in advanced NSCLC. While ipilimumab, a cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen 4 inhibitor, has clearly improved outcomes in metastatic malignant melanoma, its safety and efficacy in NSCLC are not yet known. Programmed death-1 (PD-1) and PD-1 ligand inhibitors such as nivolumab, MK3475 and MPDL3280 have demonstrated clinical efficacy in patients with advanced/metastatic NSCLC in early clinical trials. Their validation in larger Phase III trials is anxiously being awaited. Furthermore, exploring efficacy of these molecules in patients with early stages of lung cancer is also necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexei Shimanovsky
- University of Connecticut Health Science Center, Department of Medicine , 263 Farmington Avenue, Farmington, CT 06030 , USA
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186
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Muth S, Schütze K, Hain T, Yagita H, Schild H, Probst HC. A CD40/CD40L feedback loop drives the breakdown of CD8+T-cell tolerance following depletion of suppressive CD4+T cells. Eur J Immunol 2014; 44:1099-107. [DOI: 10.1002/eji.201343738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2013] [Revised: 11/21/2013] [Accepted: 12/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Muth
- Institute for Immunology; University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz; Mainz Germany
- Research Center for Immunology (FZI); Mainz Germany
| | - Kristian Schütze
- Institute for Immunology; University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz; Mainz Germany
- Research Center for Immunology (FZI); Mainz Germany
| | - Tobias Hain
- Institute for Immunology; University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz; Mainz Germany
- Research Center for Immunology (FZI); Mainz Germany
| | - Hideo Yagita
- Department of Immunology; Juntendo University School of Medicine; Tokyo Japan
| | - Hansjörg Schild
- Institute for Immunology; University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz; Mainz Germany
- Research Center for Immunology (FZI); Mainz Germany
| | - Hans Christian Probst
- Institute for Immunology; University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz; Mainz Germany
- Research Center for Immunology (FZI); Mainz Germany
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187
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Pen JJ, Keersmaecker BD, Heirman C, Corthals J, Liechtenstein T, Escors D, Thielemans K, Breckpot K. Interference with PD-L1/PD-1 co-stimulation during antigen presentation enhances the multifunctionality of antigen-specific T cells. Gene Ther 2014; 21:262-71. [PMID: 24401835 DOI: 10.1038/gt.2013.80] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2013] [Revised: 10/02/2013] [Accepted: 11/25/2013] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The release of cytokines by T cells strongly defines their functional activity in vivo. The ability to produce multiple cytokines has been associated with beneficial immune responses in cancer and infectious diseases, while their progressive loss is associated with T-cell exhaustion, senescence and anergy. Consequently, strategies that enhance the multifunctional status of T cells are a key for immunotherapy. Dendritic cells (DCs) are professional antigen presenting cells that regulate T-cell functions by providing positive and negative co-stimulatory signals. A key negative regulator of T-cell activity is provided by binding of programmed death-1 (PD-1) receptor on activated T cells, to its ligand PD-L1, expressed on DCs. We investigated the impact of interfering with PD-L1/PD-1 co-stimulation on the multifunctionality of T cells, by expression of the soluble extracellular part of PD-1 (sPD-1) or PD-L1 (sPD-L1) in human monocyte-derived DCs during antigen presentation. Expression, secretion and binding of these soluble molecules after mRNA electroporation were demonstrated. Modification of DCs with sPD-1 or sPD-L1 mRNA resulted in increased levels of the co-stimulatory molecule CD80 and a distinct cytokine profile, characterized by the secretion of IL-10 and TNF-α, respectively. Co-expression in DCs of sPD-1 and sPD-L1 with influenza virus nuclear protein 1 (Flu NP1) stimulated Flu NP1 memory T cells, with a significantly higher number of multifunctional T cells and increased cytokine secretion, while it did not induce regulatory T cells. These data provide a rationale for the inclusion of interfering sPD-1 or sPD-L1 in DC-based immunotherapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- J J Pen
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Therapy, Department of Immunology-Physiology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - B D Keersmaecker
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Therapy, Department of Immunology-Physiology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - C Heirman
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Therapy, Department of Immunology-Physiology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - J Corthals
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Therapy, Department of Immunology-Physiology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - T Liechtenstein
- 1] Division of Infection and Immunity, Rayne Institute, University College London, London, UK [2] Navarrabiomed-FMS, Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - D Escors
- 1] Division of Infection and Immunity, Rayne Institute, University College London, London, UK [2] Navarrabiomed-FMS, Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - K Thielemans
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Therapy, Department of Immunology-Physiology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - K Breckpot
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Therapy, Department of Immunology-Physiology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
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188
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Toso controls encephalitogenic immune responses by dendritic cells and regulatory T cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 111:1060-5. [PMID: 24398517 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1323166111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The ability to mount a strong immune response against pathogens is crucial for mammalian survival. However, excessive and uncontrolled immune reactions can lead to autoimmunity. Unraveling how the reactive versus tolerogenic state is controlled might point toward novel therapeutic strategies to treat autoimmune diseases. The surface receptor Toso/Faim3 has been linked to apoptosis, IgM binding, and innate immune responses. In this study, we used Toso-deficient mice to investigate the importance of Toso in tolerance and autoimmunity. We found that Toso(-/-) mice do not develop severe experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), a mouse model for the human disease multiple sclerosis. Toso(-/-) dendritic cells were less sensitive to Toll-like receptor stimulation and induced significantly lower levels of disease-associated inflammatory T-cell responses. Consistent with this observation, the transfer of Toso(-/-) dendritic cells did not induce autoimmune diabetes, indicating their tolerogenic potential. In Toso(-/-) mice subjected to EAE induction, we found increased numbers of regulatory T cells and decreased encephalitogenic cellular infiltrates in the brain. Finally, inhibition of Toso activity in vivo at either an early or late stage of EAE induction prevented further disease progression. Taken together, our data identify Toso as a unique regulator of inflammatory autoimmune responses and an attractive target for therapeutic intervention.
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189
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Abstract
The liver is the largest organ in the body and is generally regarded by nonimmunologists as having little or no lymphoid function. However, such is far from accurate. This review highlights the importance of the liver as a lymphoid organ. Firstly, we discuss experimental data surrounding the role of liver as a lymphoid organ. The liver facilitates tolerance rather than immunoreactivity, which protects the host from antigenic overload of dietary components and drugs derived from the gut and it is instrumental to fetal immune tolerance. Loss of liver tolerance leads to autoaggressive phenomena, which if not controlled by regulatory lymphoid populations, may lead to the induction of autoimmune liver diseases. Liver-related lymphoid subpopulations also act as critical antigen-presenting cells. The study of the immunological properties of liver and delineation of the microenvironment of the intrahepatic milieu in normal and diseased livers provides a platform to understand the hierarchy of a series of detrimental events that lead to immune-mediated destruction of the liver and the rejection of liver allografts. The majority of emphasis within this review will be on the normal mononuclear cell composition of the liver. However, within this context, we will discuss selected, but not all, immune-mediated liver disease and attempt to place these data in the context of human autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitrios P Bogdanos
- Institute of Liver Studies, Transplantation Immunology and Mucosal Biology, King's College London School of Medicine at King's College Hospital, London, UK
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190
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Bedke J, Stenzl A. Immunotherapeutic strategies for the treatment of renal cell carcinoma: where are we now? Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 2013; 13:1399-408. [PMID: 24215158 DOI: 10.1586/14737140.2013.856761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Immunotherapy with cytokines was the first effective treatment in metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC). Long-term responders and complete remissions were observed, but efficacy in the overall population was limited with the consequence that targeted agents replaced cytokines. The discovery of tumor associated antigens as direct targets paved the way from theses rather unspecific to specific immunotherapeutic strategies, which are discussed in this review. Autologous or dendritic cell (DC) based tumor vaccination with vitespen or AGS-003, adoptive T-cell transfer and synthetic peptide vaccination with IMA901 are new and promising approaches. Besides that the more passive strategies of antibody dependent cytotoxicity with the VEGF antibody bevacizumab or the carbonic anhydrase IX antibody girentuximab are discussed. Immunomodulation by cyclophosphamide, tyrosine kinase inhibitors or nivolumab, which targets the PD-1 axis, further promote T-cell activation and combinatory strategies with these agents are outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens Bedke
- Department of Urology, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Hoppe-Seyler-Str. 3, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
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191
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Ramos MI, Tak PP, Lebre MC. Fms-like tyrosine kinase 3 ligand-dependent dendritic cells in autoimmune inflammation. Autoimmun Rev 2013; 13:117-24. [PMID: 24113138 DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2013.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2013] [Accepted: 09/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are specialized in capture, processing and presentation of antigens to T cells. Depending on the type of DC and its activation state, the interaction of DCs with naive T cells can lead to different types of immune response, or to T-cell tolerance. The existence of many specialized subtypes of DCs with particular functions has raised the need to distinguish DCs formed in steady-state from those produced during an inflammatory response. In patients with autoimmune disease and in experimental animal models of autoimmunity, DCs show abnormalities in both numbers and activation state, expressing immunogenic levels of co-stimulatory molecules and pro-inflammatory cytokines. Initial in vitro studies of cytokines in DC development revealed distinct and important roles for the receptor tyrosine kinases, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF, also called CSF1) and fms-like tyrosine kinase 3 ligand (Flt3L) in the generation of DCs. Flt3L is critical for instructing DC generation throughout different organs and regulates DC development from Flt3(+) lymphoid and myeloid-committed progenitors to DCs in vivo. The aim of this review is to provide an overview of the role of Flt3L-dependent DCs in the immunopathogenesis of autoimmunity and chronic inflammation and its potential as therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- M I Ramos
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Academic Medical Center/University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Experimental Immunology, Academic Medical Center/University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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192
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Local blockade of epithelial PDL-1 in the airways enhances T cell function and viral clearance during influenza virus infection. J Virol 2013; 87:12916-24. [PMID: 24067957 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02423-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
In order to maintain the gas exchange function of the lung following influenza virus infection, a delicate orchestration of positive and negative regulatory pathways must be maintained to attain viral eradication while minimizing local inflammation. The programmed death receptor 1 ligand/programmed death receptor 1 (PDL-1/PD-1) pathway plays an important immunoregulatory role, particularly in the context of T cell function. Here, we have shown that influenza virus infection of primary airway epithelial cells strongly enhances PDL-1 expression and does so in an alpha interferon receptor (IFNAR) signaling-dependent manner. PD-1 is expressed primarily on effector T cells in the lung, compared to effector memory and central memory cells, and shortly after influenza virus infection, an increased number of PD-1(+) T cells are recruited to the airways. Using in vitro cocultures of airway epithelial cells and T cells and in vivo models of influenza virus infection, we have demonstrated that blockade of airway epithelial PDL-1 improves CD8 T cell function, defined by increased production of gamma interferon (IFN-γ) and granzyme B and expression of CD107ab. Furthermore, PDL-1 blockade in the airways served to accelerate influenza virus clearance and enhance infection recovery. Our findings suggest that local manipulation of the PDL-1/PD-1 axis in the airways may represent a therapeutic alternative during acute influenza virus infection.
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193
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Mukherjee G, Geliebter A, Babad J, Santamaria P, Serreze DV, Freeman GJ, Tarbell KV, Sharpe A, DiLorenzo TP. DEC-205-mediated antigen targeting to steady-state dendritic cells induces deletion of diabetogenic CD8⁺ T cells independently of PD-1 and PD-L1. Int Immunol 2013; 25:651-60. [PMID: 24021877 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxt031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
CD8⁺ T cells specific for islet-specific glucose-6-phosphatase catalytic subunit-related protein (IGRP) have been implicated in type 1 diabetes in both humans and non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice, in which T cells specific for IGRP₂₀₆₋₂₁₄ are highly prevalent. We sought to manipulate these pathogenic T cells by exploiting the ability of steady-state dendritic cells (DCs) to present antigens in a tolerogenic manner. The endocytic receptor DEC-205 was utilized to deliver an IGRP₂₀₆₋₂₁₄ mimotope to DCs in NOD mice, and the impact of this delivery on a polyclonal population of endogenous islet-reactive cognate T cells was determined. Assessment of islet-infiltrating CD8⁺ T cells showed a decrease in the percentage, and the absolute number, of endogenous IGRP₂₀₆₋₂₁₄-specific T cells when the mimotope was delivered to DCs, compared with delivery of a specificity control. Employing an adoptive transfer system, deletion of CD8⁺ T cells as a result of DEC-205-mediated antigen targeting was found to occur independently of programmed death-1 (PD-1) and its ligand (PD-L1), both often implicated in the regulation of peripheral T-cell tolerance. Given its promise for the manipulation of self-reactive polyclonal T cells demonstrated here, the distinctive characteristics of this antigen delivery system will be important to appreciate as its potential as an intervention for autoimmune diseases continues to be investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gayatri Mukherjee
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
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194
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Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) initiate and shape both the innate and adaptive immune responses. Accordingly, recent evidence from clinical studies and experimental models implicates DCs in the pathogenesis of most autoimmune diseases. However, fundamental questions remain unanswered concerning the actual roles of DCs in autoimmunity, both in general and, in particular, in specific diseases. In this Review, we discuss the proposed roles of DCs in immunological tolerance, the effect of the gain or loss of DCs on autoimmunity and DC-intrinsic molecular regulators that help to prevent the development of autoimmunity. We also review the emerging roles of DCs in several autoimmune diseases, including autoimmune myocarditis, multiple sclerosis, psoriasis, type 1 diabetes and systemic lupus erythematosus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dipyaman Ganguly
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York 10032, USA
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195
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION Immunotherapy has always been a promising therapeutic approach in metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC) with frequently observed long-term responders. Since then, immunotherapy emerged from rather unspecific approaches to a specific stimulation of the immune system by tumor-associated antigens (TAAs) in therapeutic vaccination trials. Current vaccine trials are mainly based on the unspecific stimulation of antigen-presenting cells (APCs) by tumor cell lysates with not clearly defined TAAs. AREAS COVERED IMA901 is a novel synthetic off-the-shelf vaccine consisting of 10 different tumor-associated peptides (TUMAPs), which has entered a Phase III trial. The preceding Phase I and II trials demonstrated a clear association of a clinical benefit in mRCC patients with an immunological response to the administered TUMAPs. EXPERT OPINION IMA901 is a first-in-class drug, which is administered together with GM-CSF and single-dose cyclophosphamide. This triumvirate of vaccine, a local and a systemic immunomodulator showed an improved clinical benefit in mRCC patients. This interplay effectively activated cytotoxic T cells. Future strategies will lead to improved local immunomodulators to boost the activation of APCs, systemic immunomodulators to suppress Tregs and myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) and antigens of higher cancer specificity and immunogenicity, together with an optimal schedule and dosage of the vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens Bedke
- University of Tübingen, Department of Urology , Hoppe-Seyler-Str. 3, Tübingen, 72076 , Germany
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196
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Tian M, Lv Y, Zhai C, Zhu H, Yu L, Wang B. Alternative immunomodulatory strategies for xenotransplantation: CD80/CD86-CTLA4 pathway-modified immature dendritic cells promote xenograft survival. PLoS One 2013; 8:e69640. [PMID: 23922766 PMCID: PMC3726660 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0069640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2012] [Accepted: 06/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Xenotransplantation is a promising approach to circumventing the current organ shortage. However, T-cell-dependent anti-xenoresponses are a major challenge to successful xenografts. Given the advantages of the use of CTLA4-Ig in the survival of allografts, the purpose of the study was to investigate the therapeutic potential of CTLA4-IgG4 modified immature dendritic cells (imDCs) in the prevention of islets xenograft rejection. Methods CTLA4-IgG4 was constructed by the fusion of the extracellular regions of porcine CTLA4 to human the hIgG4 Fc region. The imDCs were induced and cultured from porcine peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). The CTLA4-IgG4 modified imDCs were delivered via the portal vein to the liver of diabetic mice (insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus) before islet xenografting, and mCTLA4-Ig was administered intravenously after xenotransplantation. Results The xenograft survival of mice receiving unmodified imDCs was approximately 30 days. However, following administration of CTLA4-IgG4 modified imDCs before grafting and mCTLA4-Ig after grafting, xenografts survived for more than 100 days. Flow cytometric analysis showed that the CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ Treg population was increased in spleens. The efficacy of donor CTLA4-IgG4 modified imDCs correlated partially with the amplification of Tregs. Conclusions These results confirm that selective inhibition of the direct and indirect pathways of T-cell activation by donor CTLA4-IgG4 modified imDCs and receptor CTLA4-Ig is a highly effective strategy to promote survival of xenografts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Tian
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, Medical College, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Lv
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, Medical College, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, People's Republic of China
| | - Chao Zhai
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, Medical College, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, People's Republic of China
| | - Haitao Zhu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, Medical College, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, People's Republic of China
| | - Liang Yu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, Medical College, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, People's Republic of China
| | - Bo Wang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, Medical College, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, People's Republic of China
- * E-mail:
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197
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McDermott DF, Atkins MB. PD-1 as a potential target in cancer therapy. Cancer Med 2013; 2:662-73. [PMID: 24403232 PMCID: PMC3892798 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 306] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2013] [Revised: 05/31/2013] [Accepted: 06/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, an improved understanding of the molecular mechanisms governing the host response to tumors has led to the identification of checkpoint signaling pathways involved in limiting the anticancer immune response. One of the most critical checkpoint pathways responsible for mediating tumor-induced immune suppression is the programmed death-1 (PD-1) pathway, normally involved in promoting tolerance and preventing tissue damage in settings of chronic inflammation. Many human solid tumors express PD ligand 1 (PD-L1), and this is often associated with a worse prognosis. Tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes from patients with cancer typically express PD-1 and have impaired antitumor functionality. Proof-of-concept has come from several preclinical studies in which blockade of PD-1 or PD-L1 enhanced T-cell function and tumor cell lysis. Three monoclonal antibodies against PD-1, and one against PD-L1, have reported phase 1 data. All four agents have shown encouraging preliminary activity, and those that have been evaluated in larger patient populations appear to have encouraging safety profiles. Additional data are eagerly awaited. This review summarizes emerging clinical data and potential of PD-1 pathway–targeted antibodies in development. If subsequent investigations confirm the initial results, it is conceivable that agents blocking the PD-1/PD-L1 pathway will prove valuable additions to the growing armamentarium of targeted immunotherapeutic agents. Next-generation immunotherapy agents that target the PD-1 checkpoint pathway are demonstrating antitumor activity and encouraging safety profiles in early clinical trials. Current and future clinical trials will provide new insights, and the evaluation of biomarkers and rational combination therapies is ongoing.
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Affiliation(s)
- David F McDermott
- Biologic Therapy Program, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts; Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
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198
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Hargadon KM. Tumor-altered dendritic cell function: implications for anti-tumor immunity. Front Immunol 2013; 4:192. [PMID: 23874338 PMCID: PMC3708450 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2013.00192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2013] [Accepted: 06/27/2013] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DC) are key regulators of both innate and adaptive immunity, and the array of immunoregulatory functions exhibited by these cells is dictated by their differentiation, maturation, and activation status. Although a major role for these cells in the induction of immunity to pathogens has long been appreciated, data accumulated over the last several years has demonstrated that DC are also critical regulators of anti-tumor immune responses. However, despite the potential for stimulation of robust anti-tumor immunity by DC, tumor-altered DC function has been observed in many cancer patients and tumor-bearing animals and is often associated with tumor immune escape. Such dysfunction has significant implications for both the induction of natural anti-tumor immune responses as well as the efficacy of immunotherapeutic strategies that target endogenous DC in situ or that employ exogenous DC as part of anti-cancer immunization maneuvers. In this review, the major types of tumor-altered DC function will be described, with emphasis on recent insights into the mechanistic bases for the inhibition of DC differentiation from hematopoietic precursors, the altered programing of DC precursors to differentiate into myeloid-derived suppressor cells or tumor-associated macrophages, the suppression of DC maturation and activation, and the induction of immunoregulatory DC by tumors, tumor-derived factors, and tumor-associated cells within the milieu of the tumor microenvironment. The impact of these tumor-altered cells on the quality of the overall anti-tumor immune response will also be discussed. Finally, this review will also highlight questions concerning tumor-altered DC function that remain unanswered, and it will address factors that have limited advances in the study of this phenomenon in order to focus future research efforts in the field on identifying strategies for interfering with tumor-associated DC dysfunction and improving DC-mediated anti-tumor immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristian M Hargadon
- Hargadon Laboratory, Department of Biology, Hampden-Sydney College , Hampden-Sydney, VA , USA
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199
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Gupta MR, Kolli D, Garofalo RP. Differential response of BDCA-1+ and BDCA-3+ myeloid dendritic cells to respiratory syncytial virus infection. Respir Res 2013; 14:71. [PMID: 23829893 PMCID: PMC3708742 DOI: 10.1186/1465-9921-14-71] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2013] [Accepted: 06/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the leading cause of respiratory infections in children, elderly, and immunocompromised individuals. Severe infection is associated with short- and long-term morbidity including pneumonia, recurrent wheezing, and abnormal pulmonary function, and several lines of evidence indicate that impaired adaptive immune responses during infection are critical in the pathophysiology of RSV-mediated disease. Myeloid Dendritic cells (mDCs) play a pivotal role in shaping antiviral immune responses in the respiratory tract; however, few studies have examined the interactions between RSV and individual mDC subsets. In this study, we examined the effect of RSV on the functional response of primary mDC subsets (BDCA-1+ and BDCA-3+) isolated from peripheral blood. Methods BDCA-1+ and BDCA-3+ mDCs were isolated from the peripheral blood of healthy adults using FACS sorting. Donor-matched BDCA-1+ and BDCA-3+ mDCs were infected with RSV at a multiplicity of infection (MOI) of 5 for 40 hours. After infection, cells were analyzed for the expression of costimulatory molecules (CD86, CD80, and PD-L1), cytokine production, and the ability to stimulate allogenic CD4+ T cell proliferation. Results Both BDCA-1+ and BDCA-3+ mDCs were susceptible to infection with RSV and demonstrated enhanced expression of CD86, and the inhibitory costimulatory molecules CD80 and PD-L1. Compared to BDCA-3+ mDCs, RSV-infected BDCA-1+ mDC produced a profile of cytokines and chemokines predominantly associated with pro-inflammatory responses (IL-1β, IL-6, IL-12, MIP-1α, and TNF-α), and both BDCA-1+ and BDCA-3+ mDCs were found to produce IL-10. Compared to uninfected mDCs, RSV-infected BDCA-1+ and BDCA-3+ mDCs demonstrated a reduced capacity to stimulate T cell proliferation. Conclusions RSV infection induces a distinct pattern of costimulatory molecule expression and cytokine production by BDCA-1+ and BDCA-3+ mDCs, and impairs their ability to stimulate T cell proliferation. The differential expression of CD86 and pro-inflammatory cytokines by highly purified mDC subsets in response to RSV provides further evidence that BDCA-1+ and BDCA-3+ mDCs have distinct roles in coordinating the host immune response during RSV infection. Findings of differential expression of PD-L1 and IL-10 by infected mDCs, suggests possible mechanisms by which RSV is able to impair adaptive immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meera R Gupta
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA.
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200
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Gianchecchi E, Delfino DV, Fierabracci A. Recent insights into the role of the PD-1/PD-L1 pathway in immunological tolerance and autoimmunity. Autoimmun Rev 2013; 12:1091-100. [PMID: 23792703 DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2013.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 195] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2013] [Accepted: 05/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Autoimmune diseases represent a heterogeneous group of conditions whose incidence is increasing worldwide. This has stimulated studies on their etiopathogenesis, derived from a complex interaction between genetic and environmental factors, in order to improve prevention and treatment of these disorders. The relevance of T regulatory cells and of the PD-1/PD-L1 pathway in controlling immune responses has been highlighted. Recent studies have in particular elucidated the putative role of the PD-1/PD-L1 pathway in regulating T cell responses and its effects on immunological tolerance and immune-mediated tissue damage. The role of the PD-1/PD-L1 pathway in autoimmunity has been already investigated in vivo in several experimental animal models including insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, systemic lupus erythematosus, myocarditis, encephalomyelitis, rheumatoid arthritis and inflammatory bowel diseases. With the advent of candidate gene and genome-wide association studies, single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in PD-1 gene in humans have demonstrated relevant associations with a higher risk of developing autoimmune diseases in certain ethnic groups. In this review we present recent insights into the role of the PD-1/PD-L1 pathway in regulating lymphocyte activation, promotion of T regulatory cell development and function, breakdown of tolerance and development of autoimmunity. We finally speculate on the possible development of novel therapeutic treatments in human autoimmunity by modulating the PD-1/PD-L1 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Gianchecchi
- Autoimmunity Laboratory, Immunology Area, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital IRCCS, Rome, Italy
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