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Huth TJ, Place SP. RNA-seq reveals a diminished acclimation response to the combined effects of ocean acidification and elevated seawater temperature in Pagothenia borchgrevinki. Mar Genomics 2016; 28:87-97. [PMID: 26969095 DOI: 10.1016/j.margen.2016.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2015] [Revised: 02/11/2016] [Accepted: 02/11/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The IPCC has reasserted the strong influence of anthropogenic CO2 contributions on global climate change and highlighted the polar-regions as highly vulnerable. With these predictions the cold adapted fauna endemic to the Southern Ocean, which is dominated by fishes of the sub-order Notothenioidei, will face considerable challenges in the near future. Recent physiological studies have demonstrated that the synergistic stressors of elevated temperature and ocean acidification have a considerable, although variable, impact on notothenioid fishes. The present study explored the transcriptomic response of Pagothenia borchgrevinki to increased temperatures and pCO2 after 7, 28 and 56days of acclimation. We compared this response to short term studies assessing heat stress alone and foretell the potential impacts of these stressors on P. borchgrevinki's ability to survive a changing Southern Ocean. RESULTS P. borchgrevinki did demonstrate a coordinated stress response to the dual-stressor condition, and even indicated that some level of inducible heat shock response may be conserved in this notothenioid species. However, the stress response of P. borchgrevinki was considerably less robust than that observed previously in the closely related notothenioid, Trematomus bernacchii, and varied considerably when compared across different acclimation time-points. Furthermore, the molecular response of these fish under multiple stressors displayed distinct differences compared to their response to short term heat stress alone. CONCLUSIONS When exposed to increased sea surface temperatures, combined with ocean acidification, P. borchgrevinki demonstrated a coordinated stress response that has already peaked by 7days of acclimation and quickly diminished over time. However, this response is less dramatic than other closely related notothenioids under identical conditions, supporting previous research suggesting that this notothenioid species is less sensitive to environmental variation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Troy J Huth
- University of South Carolina, Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia, SC 29208, USA.
| | - Sean P Place
- Sonoma State University, Department of Biology, Rohnert Park, CA 94928, USA.
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152
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Zuo D, Subjeck J, Wang XY. Unfolding the Role of Large Heat Shock Proteins: New Insights and Therapeutic Implications. Front Immunol 2016; 7:75. [PMID: 26973652 PMCID: PMC4771732 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2015] [Accepted: 02/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Heat shock proteins (HSPs) of eukaryotes are evolutionarily conserved molecules present in all the major intracellular organelles. They mainly function as molecular chaperones and participate in maintenance of protein homeostasis in physiological state and under stressful conditions. Despite their relative abundance, the large HSPs, i.e., Hsp110 and glucose-regulated protein 170 (Grp170), have received less attention compared to other conventional HSPs. These proteins are distantly related to the Hsp70 and belong to Hsp70 superfamily. Increased sizes of Hsp110 and Grp170, due to the presence of a loop structure, result in their exceptional capability in binding to polypeptide substrates or non-protein ligands, such as pathogen-associated molecules. These interactions that occur in the extracellular environment during tissue injury or microbial infection may lead to amplification of an immune response engaging both innate and adaptive immune components. Here, we review the current advances in understanding these large HSPs as molecular chaperones in proteostasis control and immune modulation as well as their therapeutic implications in treatment of cancer and neurodegeneration. Given their unique immunoregulatory activities, we also discuss the emerging evidence of their potential involvement in inflammatory and immune-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daming Zuo
- Department of Immunology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China; State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Department of Infectious Diseases, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Viral Hepatitis Research, Department of Infectious Diseases, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - John Subjeck
- Department of Cellular Stress Biology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute , Buffalo, NY , USA
| | - Xiang-Yang Wang
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA; VCU Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA; VCU Institute of Molecular Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
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153
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McRae S, Iqbal J, Sarkar-Dutta M, Lane S, Nagaraj A, Ali N, Waris G. The Hepatitis C Virus-induced NLRP3 Inflammasome Activates the Sterol Regulatory Element-binding Protein (SREBP) and Regulates Lipid Metabolism. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:3254-67. [PMID: 26698881 PMCID: PMC4751372 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.694059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2015] [Revised: 12/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) relies on host lipids and lipid droplets for replication and morphogenesis. The accumulation of lipid droplets in infected hepatocytes manifests as hepatosteatosis, a common pathology observed in chronic hepatitis C patients. One way by which HCV promotes the accumulation of intracellular lipids is through enhancing de novo lipogenesis by activating the sterol regulatory element-binding proteins (SREBPs). In general, activation of SREBPs occurs during cholesterol depletion. Interestingly, during HCV infection, the activation of SREBPs occurs under normal cholesterol levels, but the underlying mechanisms are still elusive. Our previous study has demonstrated the activation of the inflammasome complex in HCV-infected human hepatoma cells. In this study, we elucidate the potential link between chronic hepatitis C-associated inflammation and alteration of lipid homeostasis in infected cells. Our results reveal that the HCV-activated NLRP3 inflammasome is required for the up-regulation of lipogenic genes such as 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A synthase, fatty acid synthase, and stearoyl-CoA desaturase. Using pharmacological inhibitors and siRNA against the inflammasome components (NLRP3, apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a CARD, and caspase-1), we further show that the activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome plays a critical role in lipid droplet formation. NLRP3 inflammasome activation in HCV-infected cells enables caspase-1-mediated degradation of insulin-induced gene proteins. This subsequently leads to the transport of the SREBP cleavage-activating protein·SREBP complex from the endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi, followed by proteolytic activation of SREBPs by S1P and S2P in the Golgi. Typically, inflammasome activation leads to viral clearance. Paradoxically, here we demonstrate how HCV exploits the NLRP3 inflammasome to activate SREBPs and host lipid metabolism, leading to liver disease pathogenesis associated with chronic HCV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven McRae
- From the Department of Microbiology and Immunology, H. M. Bligh Cancer Research Laboratories, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, Chicago Medical School, North Chicago, Illinois 60064 and
| | - Jawed Iqbal
- From the Department of Microbiology and Immunology, H. M. Bligh Cancer Research Laboratories, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, Chicago Medical School, North Chicago, Illinois 60064 and
| | - Mehuli Sarkar-Dutta
- From the Department of Microbiology and Immunology, H. M. Bligh Cancer Research Laboratories, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, Chicago Medical School, North Chicago, Illinois 60064 and
| | - Samantha Lane
- From the Department of Microbiology and Immunology, H. M. Bligh Cancer Research Laboratories, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, Chicago Medical School, North Chicago, Illinois 60064 and
| | - Abhiram Nagaraj
- From the Department of Microbiology and Immunology, H. M. Bligh Cancer Research Laboratories, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, Chicago Medical School, North Chicago, Illinois 60064 and
| | - Naushad Ali
- the Department of Medicine, Section of Digestive Diseases and Nutrition, University of Oklahoma, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73104
| | - Gulam Waris
- From the Department of Microbiology and Immunology, H. M. Bligh Cancer Research Laboratories, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, Chicago Medical School, North Chicago, Illinois 60064 and
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154
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Lin L, Jiang P, Park JW, Wang J, Lu ZX, Lam MPY, Ping P, Xing Y. The contribution of Alu exons to the human proteome. Genome Biol 2016; 17:15. [PMID: 26821878 PMCID: PMC4731929 DOI: 10.1186/s13059-016-0876-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2015] [Accepted: 01/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Alu elements are major contributors to lineage-specific new exons in primate and human genomes. Recent studies indicate that some Alu exons have high transcript inclusion levels or tissue-specific splicing profiles, and may play important regulatory roles in modulating mRNA degradation or translational efficiency. However, the contribution of Alu exons to the human proteome remains unclear and controversial. The prevailing view is that exons derived from young repetitive elements, such as Alu elements, are restricted to regulatory functions and have not had adequate evolutionary time to be incorporated into stable, functional proteins. Results We adopt a proteotranscriptomics approach to systematically assess the contribution of Alu exons to the human proteome. Using RNA sequencing, ribosome profiling, and proteomics data from human tissues and cell lines, we provide evidence for the translational activities of Alu exons and the presence of Alu exon derived peptides in human proteins. These Alu exon peptides represent species-specific protein differences between primates and other mammals, and in certain instances between humans and closely related primates. In the case of the RNA editing enzyme ADARB1, which contains an Alu exon peptide in its catalytic domain, RNA sequencing analyses of A-to-I editing demonstrate that both the Alu exon skipping and inclusion isoforms encode active enzymes. The Alu exon derived peptide may fine tune the overall editing activity and, in limited cases, the site selectivity of ADARB1 protein products. Conclusions Our data indicate that Alu elements have contributed to the acquisition of novel protein sequences during primate and human evolution. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13059-016-0876-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan Lin
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.
| | - Peng Jiang
- Regenerative Biology, Morgridge Institute for Research, Madison, WI, 53707, USA.
| | - Juw Won Park
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA. .,Department of Computer Engineering and Computer Science, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, 40292, USA. .,KBRIN Bioinformatics Core, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA.
| | - Jinkai Wang
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.
| | - Zhi-Xiang Lu
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.
| | - Maggie P Y Lam
- Department of Physiology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.
| | - Peipei Ping
- Department of Physiology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA. .,Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.
| | - Yi Xing
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.
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155
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Pedraza-Alva G, Pérez-Martínez L, Valdez-Hernández L, Meza-Sosa KF, Ando-Kuri M. Negative regulation of the inflammasome: keeping inflammation under control. Immunol Rev 2016; 265:231-57. [PMID: 25879297 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
In addition to its roles in controlling infection and tissue repair, inflammation plays a critical role in diverse and distinct chronic diseases, such as cancer, metabolic syndrome, and neurodegenerative disorders, underscoring the harmful effect of an uncontrolled inflammatory response. Regardless of the nature of the stimulus, initiation of the inflammatory response is mediated by assembly of a multimolecular protein complex called the inflammasome, which is responsible for the production of inflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and IL-18. The different stimuli and mechanisms that control inflammasome activation are fairly well understood, but the mechanisms underlying the control of undesired inflammasome activation and its inactivation remain largely unknown. Here, we review recent advances in our understanding of the molecular mechanisms that negatively regulate inflammasome activation to prevent unwanted activation in the resting state, as well as those involved in terminating the inflammatory response after a specific insult to maintain homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo Pedraza-Alva
- Laboratorio de Neuroinmunobiología, Departamento de Medicina Molecular y Bioprocesos, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, México
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156
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de Rivero Vaccari JP, Dietrich WD, Keane RW. Therapeutics targeting the inflammasome after central nervous system injury. Transl Res 2016; 167:35-45. [PMID: 26024799 PMCID: PMC4643411 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2015.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2015] [Revised: 04/20/2015] [Accepted: 05/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Innate immunity is part of the early response of the body to deal with tissue damage and infections. Because of the early nature of the innate immune inflammatory response, this inflammatory reaction represents an attractive option as a therapeutic target. The inflammasome is a component of the innate immune response involved in the activation of caspase 1 and the processing of pro-interleukin 1β. In this article, we discuss the therapeutic potential of the inflammasome after central nervous system (CNS) injury and stroke, as well as the basic knowledge we have gained so far regarding inflammasome activation in the CNS. In addition, we discuss some of the therapies available or under investigation for the treatment of brain injury, spinal cord injury, and stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Pablo de Rivero Vaccari
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Fla.
| | - W Dalton Dietrich
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Fla
| | - Robert W Keane
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Fla; Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Fla
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157
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Zhang C, Wu Z, Li Y, Wu J. Biogenesis, Function, and Applications of Virus-Derived Small RNAs in Plants. Front Microbiol 2015; 6:1237. [PMID: 26617580 PMCID: PMC4637412 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.01237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2015] [Accepted: 10/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
RNA silencing, an evolutionarily conserved and sequence-specific gene-inactivation system, has a pivotal role in antiviral defense in most eukaryotic organisms. In plants, a class of exogenous small RNAs (sRNAs) originating from the infecting virus called virus-derived small interfering RNAs (vsiRNAs) are predominantly responsible for RNA silencing-mediated antiviral immunity. Nowadays, the process of vsiRNA formation and the role of vsiRNAs in plant viral defense have been revealed through deep sequencing of sRNAs and diverse genetic analysis. The biogenesis of vsiRNAs is analogous to that of endogenous sRNAs, which require diverse essential components including dicer-like (DCL), argonaute (AGO), and RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RDR) proteins. vsiRNAs trigger antiviral defense through post-transcriptional gene silencing (PTGS) or transcriptional gene silencing (TGS) of viral RNA, and they hijack the host RNA silencing system to target complementary host transcripts. Additionally, several applications that take advantage of the current knowledge of vsiRNAs research are being used, such as breeding antiviral plants through genetic engineering technology, reconstructing of viral genomes, and surveying viral ecology and populations. Here, we will provide an overview of vsiRNA pathways, with a primary focus on the advances in vsiRNA biogenesis and function, and discuss their potential applications as well as the future challenges in vsiRNAs research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Virology of Fujian Province, Institute of Plant Virology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University Fuzhou, China
| | - Zujian Wu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Virology of Fujian Province, Institute of Plant Virology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University Fuzhou, China
| | - Yi Li
- Peking-Yale Joint Center for Plant Molecular Genetics and Agrobiotechnology, The National Laboratory of Protein Engineering and Plant Genetic Engineering, College of Life Sciences, Peking University Beijing, China
| | - Jianguo Wu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Virology of Fujian Province, Institute of Plant Virology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University Fuzhou, China ; Peking-Yale Joint Center for Plant Molecular Genetics and Agrobiotechnology, The National Laboratory of Protein Engineering and Plant Genetic Engineering, College of Life Sciences, Peking University Beijing, China
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158
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Ruan L, Wang H, Cai G, Peng D, Zhou H, Zheng J, Zhu L, Wang X, Yu H, Li S, Geng C, Sun M. A two-domain protein triggers heat shock pathway and necrosis pathway both in model plant and nematode. Environ Microbiol 2015; 17:4547-65. [PMID: 26147248 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.12968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2015] [Accepted: 06/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The entomopathogen Bacillus thuringiensis is equipped with multiple virulent factors. The genome sequence of B. thuringiensis YBT1520 revealed the presence of a two-domain protein named Nel which is composed of a necrosis-inducing phytophthora protein 1-like domain found in phytopathogens and a ricin B-like lectin domain. The merging of two distantly related domains is relatively rare. Nel induced necrosis and pathogen-triggered immunity (PTI) on model plants. The Nel also exhibited inhibition activity to nematode. Microscopic observation showed that the toxicity of Nel to nematodes targets the intestine. Quantitative proteomics revealed that Nel stimulated the host defence. The Nel thus possesses dual roles, as both toxin and elicitor. Remarkably, the Nel protein triggered a similar response, induction of the heat shock pathway and the necrosis pathway, in both model plants and nematodes. The unusual ability of Nel to function across kingdom suggests a highly conserved mechanism in eukaryotes that predates the divergence of plants and animal. It is also speculated that the two-domain protein is the result of horizontal gene transfer (HGT) between phytopathogens and entomopathogens. Our results provide an example that HGT occurs between members of different species or even genera with lower frequency are particularly important for evolution of new bacterial pathogen lineages with new virulence. Bacillus thuringiensis occupies the same ecological niches, plant and soil, as phytopathogens, providing the opportunity for gene exchange.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lifang Ruan
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Huihui Wang
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Ge Cai
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Donghai Peng
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Hua Zhou
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Jinshui Zheng
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Lei Zhu
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Xixi Wang
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Haoquan Yu
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Seng Li
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Ce Geng
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Ming Sun
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
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159
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Abstract
Eukaryotes have evolved strategies to detect microbial intrusion and instruct immune responses to limit damage from infection. Recognition of microbes and cellular damage relies on the detection of microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs, also called PAMPS, or pathogen-associated molecular patterns) and so-called "danger signals" by various families of host pattern recognition receptors (PRRs). Members of the recently identified protein family of nucleotide-binding domain andleucine-rich-repeat-containing proteins (NLR), including Nod1, Nod2, NLRP3, and NLRC4, have been shown to detect specific microbial motifs and danger signals for regulating host inflammatory responses. Moreover, with the discovery that polymorphisms in NOD1, NOD2, NLRP1, and NLRP3 are associated with susceptibility to chronic inflammatory disorders, the view has emerged that NLRs act not only as sensors butalso can serve as signaling platforms for instructing and balancing host immune responses. In this chapter, we explore the functions of these intracellular innate immune receptors and examine their implication in inflammatory diseases.
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160
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Bryant CE, Orr S, Ferguson B, Symmons MF, Boyle JP, Monie TP. International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology. XCVI. Pattern recognition receptors in health and disease. Pharmacol Rev 2015; 67:462-504. [PMID: 25829385 DOI: 10.1124/pr.114.009928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the discovery of Toll, in the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster, as the first described pattern recognition receptor (PRR) in 1996, many families of these receptors have been discovered and characterized. PRRs play critically important roles in pathogen recognition to initiate innate immune responses that ultimately link to the generation of adaptive immunity. Activation of PRRs leads to the induction of immune and inflammatory genes, including proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines. It is increasingly clear that many PRRs are linked to a range of inflammatory, infectious, immune, and chronic degenerative diseases. Several drugs to modulate PRR activity are already in clinical trials and many more are likely to appear in the near future. Here, we review the different families of mammalian PRRs, the ligands they recognize, the mechanisms of activation, their role in disease, and the potential of targeting these proteins to develop the anti-inflammatory therapeutics of the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clare E Bryant
- Departments of Veterinary Medicine (C.E.B., J.P.B., T.P.M.), Pathology (B.F.), and Biochemistry (M.F.S., J.P.B.), University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; and Institute of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom (S.O.)
| | - Selinda Orr
- Departments of Veterinary Medicine (C.E.B., J.P.B., T.P.M.), Pathology (B.F.), and Biochemistry (M.F.S., J.P.B.), University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; and Institute of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom (S.O.)
| | - Brian Ferguson
- Departments of Veterinary Medicine (C.E.B., J.P.B., T.P.M.), Pathology (B.F.), and Biochemistry (M.F.S., J.P.B.), University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; and Institute of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom (S.O.)
| | - Martyn F Symmons
- Departments of Veterinary Medicine (C.E.B., J.P.B., T.P.M.), Pathology (B.F.), and Biochemistry (M.F.S., J.P.B.), University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; and Institute of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom (S.O.)
| | - Joseph P Boyle
- Departments of Veterinary Medicine (C.E.B., J.P.B., T.P.M.), Pathology (B.F.), and Biochemistry (M.F.S., J.P.B.), University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; and Institute of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom (S.O.)
| | - Tom P Monie
- Departments of Veterinary Medicine (C.E.B., J.P.B., T.P.M.), Pathology (B.F.), and Biochemistry (M.F.S., J.P.B.), University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; and Institute of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom (S.O.)
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161
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Parkhouse R, Monie TP. Dysfunctional Crohn's Disease-Associated NOD2 Polymorphisms Cannot be Reliably Predicted on the Basis of RIPK2 Binding or Membrane Association. Front Immunol 2015; 6:521. [PMID: 26500656 PMCID: PMC4597273 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2015] [Accepted: 09/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Polymorphisms in NOD2 represent the single greatest genetic risk factor for the development of Crohn’s disease. Three different non-synonomous NOD2 polymorphisms – R702W, G908R, and L1007fsincC – account for roughly 80% of all NOD2-associated cases of Crohn’s disease and are reported to result in a loss of receptor function in response to muramyl dipeptide (MDP) stimulation. Loss of NOD2 signaling can result from a failure to detect ligand; alterations in cellular localization; and changes in protein interactions, such as an inability to interact with the downstream adaptor protein RIPK2. Using an overexpression system, we analyzed ~50 NOD2 polymorphisms reportedly connected to Crohn’s disease to determine if they also displayed loss of function and if this could be related to alterations in protein localization and/or association with RIPK2. Just under half the polymorphisms displayed a significant reduction in signaling capacity following ligand stimulation, with nine of them showing near complete ablation. Only two polymorphisms, R38M and R138Q, lost the ability to interact with RIPK2. However, both these polymorphisms still associated with cellular membranes. In contrast, L248R, W355stop, L550V, N825K, L1007fsinC, L1007P, and R1019stop still bound RIPK2, but showed impaired membrane association and were unable to signal in response to MDP. This highlights the complex contributions of NOD2 polymorphisms to Crohn’s disease and reiterates the importance of both RIPK2 binding and membrane association in NOD2 signaling. Simply ascertaining whether or not NOD2 polymorphisms bind RIPK2 or associate with cellular membranes is not sufficient for determining their signaling competency.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tom P Monie
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge , Cambridge , UK ; Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge , Cambridge , UK ; Medical Research Council Human Nutrition Research , Cambridge , UK
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162
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Boyle JP, Parkhouse R, Monie TP. Insights into the molecular basis of the NOD2 signalling pathway. Open Biol 2015; 4:rsob.140178. [PMID: 25520185 PMCID: PMC4281710 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.140178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The cytosolic pattern recognition receptor NOD2 is activated by the peptidoglycan fragment muramyl dipeptide to generate a proinflammatory immune response. Downstream effects include the secretion of cytokines such as interleukin 8, the upregulation of pro-interleukin 1β, the induction of autophagy, the production of antimicrobial peptides and defensins, and contributions to the maintenance of the composition of the intestinal microbiota. Polymorphisms in NOD2 are the cause of the inflammatory disorder Blau syndrome and act as susceptibility factors for the inflammatory bowel condition Crohn's disease. The complexity of NOD2 signalling is highlighted by the observation that over 30 cellular proteins interact with NOD2 directly and influence or regulate its functional activity. Previously, the majority of reviews on NOD2 function have focused upon the role of NOD2 in inflammatory disease or in its interaction with and response to microbes. However, the functionality of NOD2 is underpinned by its biochemical interactions. Consequently, in this review, we have taken the opportunity to address the more ‘basic’ elements of NOD2 signalling. In particular, we have focused upon the core interactions of NOD2 with protein factors that influence and modulate the signal transduction pathways involved in NOD2 signalling. Further, where information exists, such as in relation to the role of RIP2, we have drawn comparison with the closely related, but functionally discrete, pattern recognition receptor NOD1. Overall, we provide a comprehensive resource targeted at understanding the complexities of NOD2 signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph P Boyle
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Tom P Monie
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK MRC Human Nutrition Research, Elsie Widdowson Laboratory, 120 Fulbourn Road, Cambridge, UK
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163
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Han S, Lear TB, Jerome JA, Rajbhandari S, Snavely CA, Gulick DL, Gibson KF, Zou C, Chen BB, Mallampalli RK. Lipopolysaccharide Primes the NALP3 Inflammasome by Inhibiting Its Ubiquitination and Degradation Mediated by the SCFFBXL2 E3 Ligase. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:18124-18133. [PMID: 26037928 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.645549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The inflammasome is a multiprotein complex that augments the proinflammatory response by increasing the generation and cellular release of key cytokines. Specifically, the NALP3 inflammasome requires two-step signaling, priming and activation, to be functional to release the proinflammatory cytokines IL-1β and IL-18. The priming process, through unknown mechanisms, increases the protein levels of NALP3 and pro-IL-1β in cells. Here we show that LPS increases the NALP3 protein lifespan without significantly altering steady-state mRNA in human cells. LPS exposure reduces the ubiquitin-mediated proteasomal processing of NALP3 by inducing levels of an E3 ligase component, FBXO3, which targets FBXL2. The latter is an endogenous mediator of NALP3 degradation. FBXL2 recognizes Trp-73 within NALP3 for interaction and targets Lys-689 within NALP3 for ubiquitin ligation and degradation. A unique small molecule inhibitor of FBXO3 restores FBXL2 levels, resulting in decreased NALP3 protein levels in cells and, thereby, reducing the release of IL-1β and IL-18 in human inflammatory cells after NALP3 activation. Our findings uncover NALP3 as a molecular target for FBXL2 and suggest that therapeutic targeting of the inflammasome may serve as a platform for preclinical intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- SeungHye Han
- Department of Medicine, Acute Lung Injury Center of Excellence, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213
| | - Travis B Lear
- Department of Medicine, Acute Lung Injury Center of Excellence, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213
| | - Jacob A Jerome
- Department of Medicine, Acute Lung Injury Center of Excellence, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213
| | - Shristi Rajbhandari
- Department of Medicine, Acute Lung Injury Center of Excellence, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213
| | - Courtney A Snavely
- Department of Medicine, Acute Lung Injury Center of Excellence, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213
| | - Dexter L Gulick
- Department of Medicine, Acute Lung Injury Center of Excellence, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213
| | - Kevin F Gibson
- Department of Medicine, Acute Lung Injury Center of Excellence, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213
| | - Chunbin Zou
- Department of Medicine, Acute Lung Injury Center of Excellence, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213
| | - Bill B Chen
- Department of Medicine, Acute Lung Injury Center of Excellence, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213
| | - Rama K Mallampalli
- Department of Medicine, Acute Lung Injury Center of Excellence, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213; Department of Cell Biology, Physiology, and Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213; Medical Specialty Service Line, Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh Healthcare System, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15240.
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164
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The oncogenic role of the cochaperone Sgt1. Oncogenesis 2015; 4:e149. [PMID: 25985210 PMCID: PMC4450263 DOI: 10.1038/oncsis.2015.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2015] [Revised: 03/24/2015] [Accepted: 03/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Sgt1/Sugt1, a cochaperone of Hsp90, is involved in several cellular activities including Cullin E3 ubiqutin ligase activity. The high level of Sgt1 expression in colorectal and gastric tumors suggests that Sgt1 is involved in tumorigenesis. Here, we report that Sgt1 is overexpressed in colon, breast and lung tumor tissues and in Ewing sarcoma and rhabdomyosarcoma xenografts. We also found that Sgt1 heterozygous knockout resulted in suppressed Hras-mediated transformation in vitro and tumor formation in p53−/− mouse embryonic fibroblast cells and significantly increased survival of p53−/− mice. Moreover, depletion of Sgt1 inhibited the growth of Ewing sarcoma and rhabdomyosarcoma cells and destabilized EWS-FLI1 and PAX3-FOXO1 oncogenic fusion proteins, respectively, which are required for cellular growth. Our results suggest that Sgt1 contributes to cancer development by stabilizing oncoproteins and that Sgt1 is a potential therapeutic target.
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165
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Yang Y, Zhou QJ, Chen XQ, Yan BL, Guo XL, Zhang HL, Du AF. Profiling of differentially expressed genes in sheep T lymphocytes response to an artificial primary Haemonchus contortus infection. Parasit Vectors 2015; 8:235. [PMID: 25903558 PMCID: PMC4406218 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-015-0844-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2015] [Accepted: 04/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Haemonchus contortus is a common bloodsucking nematode causing widespread economic loss in agriculture. Upon H. contortus infection, a series of host responses is elicited, especially those related to T lymphocyte immunity. Existing studies mainly focus on the general immune responses of sheep T lymphocyte to H. contortus, lacking investigations at the molecular level. The objective of this study was to obtain a systematic transcriptional profiling of the T lymphocytes in H. contortus primary-infected sheep. METHODS Nematode-free sheep were orally infected once with H. contortus L3s. T lymphocyte samples were collected from the peripheral blood of 0, 3, 30 and 60 days post infection (dpi) infected sheep. Microarrays were used to compare gene transcription levels between samples. Quantitative RT-PCR was employed to validate the microarray data. Gene Ontology and KEGG pathway analysis were utilized for the annotation of differentially expressed genes. RESULTS Our microarray data was consistent with qPCR results. From microarrays, 853, 242 and 42 differentially expressed genes were obtained in the 3d vs. 0d, 30d vs. 0d and 60d vs. 0d comparison groups, respectively. Gene Ontology and KEGG pathway analysis indicated that these genes were involved in metabolism, signaling, cell growth and immune system processes. Functional analysis of significant differentially expressed genes, such as SLC9A3R2, ABCB9, COMMD4, SUGT1, FCER1G, GSK3A, PAK4 and FCER2, revealed a crucial association with cellular homeostasis maintenance and immune response. Our data suggested that maintaining both effective immunological response and natural cellular activity are important for T lymphocytes in fighting against H. contortus infection. CONCLUSIONS Our results provide a substantial list of candidate genes in sheep T lymphocytes response to H. contortus infection, and contribute novel insights into a general immune response upon infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Yang
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
| | - Qian-Jin Zhou
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
- Faculty of Life Science and Biotechnology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China.
| | - Xue-Qiu Chen
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
| | - Bao-Long Yan
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
- Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, China.
| | - Xiao-Lu Guo
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
| | - Hong-Li Zhang
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
- Zhejiang center for animal disease control and prevention, Hangzhou, 310000, China.
| | - Ai-Fang Du
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
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166
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Lee HA, Yeom SI. Plant NB-LRR proteins: tightly regulated sensors in a complex manner. Brief Funct Genomics 2015; 14:233-42. [DOI: 10.1093/bfgp/elv012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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167
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Structural models of zebrafish (Danio rerio) NOD1 and NOD2 NACHT domains suggest differential ATP binding orientations: insights from computational modeling, docking and molecular dynamics simulations. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0121415. [PMID: 25811192 PMCID: PMC4374677 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0121415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2014] [Accepted: 02/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-containing protein 1 (NOD1) and NOD2 are cytosolic pattern recognition receptors playing pivotal roles in innate immune signaling. NOD1 and NOD2 recognize bacterial peptidoglycan derivatives iE-DAP and MDP, respectively and undergoes conformational alternation and ATP-dependent self-oligomerization of NACHT domain followed by downstream signaling. Lack of structural adequacy of NACHT domain confines our understanding about the NOD-mediated signaling mechanism. Here, we predicted the structure of NACHT domain of both NOD1 and NOD2 from model organism zebrafish (Danio rerio) using computational methods. Our study highlighted the differential ATP binding modes in NOD1 and NOD2. In NOD1, γ-phosphate of ATP faced toward the central nucleotide binding cavity like NLRC4, whereas in NOD2 the cavity was occupied by adenine moiety. The conserved ‘Lysine’ at Walker A formed hydrogen bonds (H-bonds) and Aspartic acid (Walker B) formed electrostatic interaction with ATP. At Sensor 1, Arg328 of NOD1 exhibited an H-bond with ATP, whereas corresponding Arg404 of NOD2 did not. ‘Proline’ of GxP motif (Pro386 of NOD1 and Pro464 of NOD2) interacted with adenine moiety and His511 at Sensor 2 of NOD1 interacted with γ-phosphate group of ATP. In contrast, His579 of NOD2 interacted with the adenine moiety having a relatively inverted orientation. Our findings are well supplemented with the molecular interaction of ATP with NLRC4, and consistent with mutagenesis data reported for human, which indicates evolutionary shared NOD signaling mechanism. Together, this study provides novel insights into ATP binding mechanism, and highlights the differential ATP binding modes in zebrafish NOD1 and NOD2.
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168
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Honda S, Nagamune T, Kawahara M. Selection of cDNA candidates that induce oligomerization of NLRP3 using a chimeric receptor approach. J Biosci Bioeng 2015; 120:223-30. [PMID: 25641579 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2014.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2014] [Revised: 12/10/2014] [Accepted: 12/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Since diverse cellular events are regulated by protein oligomerization, identification of molecules that affect oligomerization of a target protein is important for understanding cellular physiology and developing therapeutics. In this study, we aimed to screen cDNA candidates that induce oligomerization of NLRP3, which is one of the important inflammatory sensor proteins, in mammalian cytoplasm. In our screening method, the chimera composed of NLRP3 and the kinase domain of c-kit, one of the receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) activated by oligomerization, is expressed in cytoplasm of an IL-3-dependent mammalian cell line. The cells are then transduced with a cDNA library, and cultured in the absence of IL-3. If the transduced cDNA is a NLRP3 activator, the kinase domain of the NLRP3-c-kit chimera is activated by oligomerization, which induces cell growth even in the absence of IL-3. Using this system, constitutive oligomers of two NLRP3 variants were clearly detected by cell growth. Furthermore, cDNA screening resulted in identification of three distinct cDNAs that are potential candidates of NLRP3 activators. These results demonstrate the utility of our chimeric receptor-based system for screening candidates that induce oligomerization of a target protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shingo Honda
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Teruyuki Nagamune
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Masahiro Kawahara
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan.
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169
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Wiedemann A, Virlogeux-Payant I, Chaussé AM, Schikora A, Velge P. Interactions of Salmonella with animals and plants. Front Microbiol 2015; 5:791. [PMID: 25653644 PMCID: PMC4301013 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2014.00791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2014] [Accepted: 12/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella enterica species are Gram-negative bacteria, which are responsible for a wide range of food- and water-borne diseases in both humans and animals, thereby posing a major threat to public health. Recently, there has been an increasing number of reports, linking Salmonella contaminated raw vegetables and fruits with food poisoning. Many studies have shown that an essential feature of the pathogenicity of Salmonella is its capacity to cross a number of barriers requiring invasion of a large variety of cells and that the extent of internalization may be influenced by numerous factors. However, it is poorly understood how Salmonella successfully infects hosts as diversified as animals or plants. The aim of this review is to describe the different stages required for Salmonella interaction with its hosts: (i) attachment to host surfaces; (ii) entry processes; (iii) multiplication; (iv) suppression of host defense mechanisms; and to point out similarities and differences between animal and plant infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnès Wiedemann
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, UMR1282 Infectiologie et Santé Publique Nouzilly, France ; UMR1282 Infectiologie et Santé Publique, Université François Rabelais Tours, France
| | - Isabelle Virlogeux-Payant
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, UMR1282 Infectiologie et Santé Publique Nouzilly, France ; UMR1282 Infectiologie et Santé Publique, Université François Rabelais Tours, France
| | - Anne-Marie Chaussé
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, UMR1282 Infectiologie et Santé Publique Nouzilly, France ; UMR1282 Infectiologie et Santé Publique, Université François Rabelais Tours, France
| | - Adam Schikora
- Institute for Phytopathology, Research Center for BioSystems, Land Use and Nutrition (IFZ), Justus Liebig University Giessen Giessen, Germany
| | - Philippe Velge
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, UMR1282 Infectiologie et Santé Publique Nouzilly, France ; UMR1282 Infectiologie et Santé Publique, Université François Rabelais Tours, France
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170
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Mao K, Chen S, Wang Y, Zeng Y, Ma Y, Hu Y, Zhang H, Sun S, Wu X, Meng G, Pei G, Sun B. β-arrestin1 is critical for the full activation of NLRP3 and NLRC4 inflammasomes. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 194:1867-73. [PMID: 25582856 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1401989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Inflammasomes are multiprotein complexes that trigger the activation of caspase-1 and the maturation of IL-1β, which are critical for inflammation and control of pathogen infection. Although the function of inflammasomes in immune response and disease development is well studied, the molecular mechanism by which inflammasomes are activated and assembled remains largely unknown. In this study, we found that β-arrestin1, a key regulator of the G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway, was required for nucleotide-binding domain and leucine-rich repeat containing (NLR) family pyrin domain-containing 3 (NLRP3) and NLR family CARD domain-containing protein 4 (NLRC4) inflammasome-mediated IL-1β production and caspase-1 activation, but it had no effect on absent in melanoma 2 (AIM2) inflammasome activation. Moreover, apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a CARD (ASC) pyroptosome, which is ASC aggregation mediating caspase-1 activation, was also impaired in β-arrestin1-deficient macrophages upon NLRP3 or NLRC4, but not AIM2 inflammasome activation. Mechanistic study revealed that β-arrestin1 specifically interacted with NLRP3 and NLRC4 and promoted their self-oligomerization. In vivo, in a monosodium urate crystal (MSU)-induced NLRP3-dependent peritonitis model, MSU-induced IL-1β production and neutrophil flux were significantly reduced in β-arrestin1 knockout mice. Additionally, β-arrestin1 deficiency rescued the weight loss of mice upon log-phase Salmonella typhimurium infection, with less IL-1β production. Taken together, our results indicate that β-arrestin1 plays a critical role in the assembly and activation of two major canonical inflammasomes, and it may provide a new therapeutic target for inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kairui Mao
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Shuzhen Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Xiamen Medical College, Xiamen 361008, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Yan Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Yonglei Ma
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Yu Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Hong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Shuhui Sun
- Fudan University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200032, China; and
| | - Xiaodong Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Guangxun Meng
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Gang Pei
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, School of Life Science and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Bing Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China; Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China;
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171
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Kumar D, Kirti PB. Pathogen-induced SGT1 of Arachis diogoi induces cell death and enhanced disease resistance in tobacco and peanut. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2015; 13:73-84. [PMID: 25236372 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.12237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2014] [Revised: 07/01/2014] [Accepted: 07/02/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
We have identified a transcript derived fragment (TDF) corresponding to SGT1 in a study of differential gene expression on the resistant wild peanut, Arachis diogoi, upon challenge from the late leaf spot pathogen, Phaeoisariopsis personata, and cloned its full-length cDNA followed by subsequent validation through q-PCR. Sodium nitroprusside, salicylic acid, ethephon and methyl jasmonate induced the expression of AdSGT1, while the treatment with abscisic acid did not elicit its up-regulation. AdSGT1 is localized to both nucleus and cytoplasm. Its overexpression induced hypersensitive-like cell death in tobacco under transient conditional expression using the estradiol system, and this conditional expression of AdSGT1 was also associated with the up-regulation of NtHSR203J, HMGR and HIN1, which have been shown to be associated with hypersensitive response in tobacco in earlier studies. Expression of the cDNA in a susceptible cultivated peanut variety enhanced its resistance against the late leaf spot pathogen, Phaeoisariopsis personata, while the heterologous expression in tobacco enhanced its resistance against Phytophthora parasitica var. nicotianae, Alternaria alternata var. nicotianae and Rhizoctonia solani. Constitutive expression in peanut was associated with the co-expression of resistance-related genes, CC-NB-LRR and some protein kinases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dilip Kumar
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India
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172
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Khan RN, Hay DP. A clear and present danger: inflammasomes DAMPing down disorders of pregnancy. Hum Reprod Update 2014; 21:388-405. [PMID: 25403436 DOI: 10.1093/humupd/dmu059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2014] [Accepted: 10/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND When the normal progression of pregnancy is threatened, inflammatory processes are often amplified in order to minimize detrimental effects and eliminate noxious agents. Inflammasomes are unique, intracellular, multiprotein assemblies that enable caspase-1 mediated proteolytic processing of the proinflammatory cytokine interleukin-1β, levels of which are elevated in some forms of preterm birth and maternal metabolic disorders. METHODS A comprehensive review based on a search of PubMed and Medline for terms and combinations of terms incorporating 'inflammation', 'inflammasome', 'pregnancy', 'preterm birth', 'pre-eclampsia', 'interleukin-1', 'caspase-1' and others selected to capture key articles. RESULTS In the decade since the discovery of the inflammasome, between January 2002 and June 2014 over 2200 articles have been published. Articles in the reproductive field are scarce but there is clear evidence for a role of the inflammasome axis in pregnancy, preterm birth and the maternal metabolic syndrome. CONCLUSION Further investigations on the inflammasome in pregnancy are needed in order to elucidate the biology of this unique structure in reproduction. Coordination of maternal, fetal and placental aspects of inflammasome function will potentially yield new information on the detection and transduction of host and non-host signals in the inflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raheela N Khan
- Division of Medical Sciences & Graduate Entry Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Royal Derby Hospital Centre, Uttoxeter Road, Derby DE22 3DT, UK
| | - Daniel P Hay
- Division of Medical Sciences & Graduate Entry Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Royal Derby Hospital Centre, Uttoxeter Road, Derby DE22 3DT, UK
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173
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Giguère PM, Gall BJ, Ezekwe EAD, Laroche G, Buckley BK, Kebaier C, Wilson JE, Ting JP, Siderovski DP, Duncan JA. G Protein signaling modulator-3 inhibits the inflammasome activity of NLRP3. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:33245-57. [PMID: 25271165 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.578393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammasomes are multi-protein complexes that regulate maturation of the interleukin 1β-related cytokines IL-1β and IL-18 through activation of the cysteine proteinase caspase-1. NOD-like receptor family, pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) protein is a key component of inflammasomes that assemble in response to a wide variety of endogenous and pathogen-derived danger signals. Activation of the NLRP3-inflammasome and subsequent secretion of IL-1β is highly regulated by at least three processes: transcriptional activation of both NLRP3 and pro-IL-1β genes, non-transcriptional priming of NLRP3, and final activation of NLRP3. NLRP3 is predominantly expressed in cells of the hematopoietic lineage. Using a yeast two-hybrid screen, we identified the hematopoietic-restricted protein, G protein signaling modulator-3 (GPSM3), as a NLRP3-interacting protein and a negative regulator of IL-1β production triggered by NLRP3-dependent inflammasome activators. In monocytes, GPSM3 associates with the C-terminal leucine-rich repeat domain of NLRP3. Bone marrow-derived macrophages lacking GPSM3 expression exhibit an increase in NLRP3-dependent IL-1β, but not TNF-α, secretion. Furthermore, GPSM3-null mice have enhanced serum and peritoneal IL-1β production following Alum-induced peritonitis. Our findings suggest that GPSM3 acts as a direct negative regulator of NLRP3 function.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bryan J Gall
- the Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506
| | | | | | | | - Chahnaz Kebaier
- Division of Infectious Diseases, The University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599 and
| | | | - Jenny P Ting
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, and
| | - David P Siderovski
- the Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506
| | - Joseph A Duncan
- From the Department of Pharmacology, Division of Infectious Diseases, The University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599 and Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, and
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174
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Li HB, Jin C, Chen Y, Flavell RA. Inflammasome activation and metabolic disease progression. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2014; 25:699-706. [PMID: 25156419 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2014.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Innate pattern recognition receptors NLRs are cytosolic sensors that detect endogenous metabolic stress and form a multiprotein complex called the inflammasome, that recruits and activates caspase enzymes mediating the activation of the cytokines IL-1β and IL-18. The innate immune system and metabolic system are evolutionarily conserved, intimately integrated, and functionally dependent. In recent decades, obesity-associated metabolic diseases have been become a worldwide epidemic. Here we review recent evidence that demonstrates the important roles of NLRs and inflammasomes in response to metabolic stress in different tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua-Bing Li
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Chengcheng Jin
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Yuanyuan Chen
- Institute of Surgical Research, Daping Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Richard A Flavell
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, USA.
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175
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Huang S, Monaghan J, Zhong X, Lin L, Sun T, Dong OX, Li X. HSP90s are required for NLR immune receptor accumulation in Arabidopsis. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2014; 79:427-39. [PMID: 24889324 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.12573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2013] [Revised: 05/19/2014] [Accepted: 05/21/2014] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Heat shock proteins (HSPs) serve as molecular chaperones for diverse client proteins in many biological processes. In plant immunity, cytosolic HSP90s participate in the assembly, stability control and/or activation of immune receptor complexes. In this paper we report that in addition to the well-established positive roles that HSP90 isoforms play in plant immunity, they are also involved in the negative regulation of immune receptor accumulation. Point mutations in two HSP90 genes, HSP90.2 and HSP90.3, were identified from a forward genetic screen designed to isolate mutants with enhanced disease resistance. We found that specific mutations in HSP90.2 and HSP90.3 lead to heightened accumulation of immune receptors, including SNC1, RPS2 and RPS4. HSP90s may assist SGT1 in the formation of SCF E3 ubiquitin ligase complexes that target immune receptors for degradation. Such regulation is critical for maintaining appropriate levels of immune receptor proteins to avoid autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Huang
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada; Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
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When less becomes more: Optimization of protein expression in HEK293–EBNA1 cells using plasmid titration – A case study for NLRs. Protein Expr Purif 2014; 99:27-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2014.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2013] [Revised: 03/14/2014] [Accepted: 03/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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177
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Mutation of essential Hsp90 co-chaperones SGT1 or CNS1 renders yeast hypersensitive to overexpression of other co-chaperones. Curr Genet 2014; 60:265-76. [DOI: 10.1007/s00294-014-0432-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2014] [Revised: 05/14/2014] [Accepted: 06/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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178
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Sutterwala FS, Haasken S, Cassel SL. Mechanism of NLRP3 inflammasome activation. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2014; 1319:82-95. [PMID: 24840700 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.12458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 535] [Impact Index Per Article: 53.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Inflammasomes continue to generate interest in an increasing number of disciplines owing to their unique ability to integrate a myriad of signals from pathogen- and damage-associated molecular patterns into a proinflammatory response. This potent caspase-1-dependent process is capable of activating the innate immune system, initiating pyroptosis (an inflammatory form of programmed cell death), and shaping adaptive immunity. The NLRP3 inflammasome is the most thoroughly studied of the inflammasome complexes that have been described thus far, perhaps owing to its disparate assortment of agonists. This review highlights our current understanding of the mechanisms of both priming and activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fayyaz S Sutterwala
- Inflammation Program, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa; Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa; Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Iowa City, Iowa
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Ramirez IA, Caverly LL, Kalikin LM, Goldsmith AM, Lewis TC, Burke DT, LiPuma JJ, Sajjan US, Hershenson MB. Differential responses to rhinovirus- and influenza-associated pulmonary exacerbations in patients with cystic fibrosis. Ann Am Thorac Soc 2014; 11:554-61. [PMID: 24641803 PMCID: PMC4225796 DOI: 10.1513/annalsats.201310-346oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2013] [Accepted: 01/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE The mechanism by which viruses cause exacerbations of chronic airway disease and the capacity of patients with cystic fibrosis (CF) to respond to viral infection are not precisely known. OBJECTIVES To determine the antiviral response to infection in patients with CF. METHODS Sputum was collected from patients with CF with respiratory exacerbation. Viruses were detected in multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based assays. Gene expression of 84 antiviral response genes was measured, using a focused quantitative PCR gene array. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS We examined 36 samples from 23 patients with respiratory exacerbation. Fourteen samples tested virus-positive and 22 virus-negative. When we compared exacerbations associated with rhinovirus (RV, n = 9) and influenza (n = 5) with virus-negative specimens, we found distinct patterns of antiviral gene expression. RV was associated with greater than twofold induction of five genes, including those encoding the monocyte-attracting chemokines CXCL10, CXCL11, and CXCL9. Influenza was associated with overexpression of 20 genes, including those encoding the cytokines tumor necrosis factor and IL-12; the kinases MEK, TBK-1, and STAT-1; the apoptosis proteins caspase-8 and caspase-10; the influenza double-stranded RNA receptor RIG-I and its downstream effector MAVS; and pyrin, an IFN-stimulated protein involved in influenza resistance. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that virus-induced exacerbations of CF are associated with immune responses tailored to specific infections. Influenza induced a more potent response consisting of inflammation, whereas RV infection had a pronounced effect on chemokine expression. As far as we are aware, this study is the first to compare specific responses to different viruses in live patients with chronic airway disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Marc B. Hershenson
- Department of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
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180
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Jakopin Ž. Nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (NOD) inhibitors: a rational approach toward inhibition of NOD signaling pathway. J Med Chem 2014; 57:6897-918. [PMID: 24707857 DOI: 10.1021/jm401841p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Dysregulation of nucleotide-binding oligomerization domains 1 and 2 (NOD1 and NOD2) has been implicated in the pathology of various inflammatory disorders, rendering them and their downstream signaling proteins potential therapeutic targets. Selective inhibition of NOD1 and NOD2 signaling could be advantageous in treating many acute and chronic diseases; therefore, harnessing the full potential of NOD inhibitors is a key topic in medicinal chemistry. Although they are among the best studied NOD-like receptors (NLRs), the therapeutic potential of pharmacological modulation of NOD1 and NOD2 is largely unexplored. This review is focused on the scientific progress in the field of NOD inhibitors over the past decade, including the recently reported selective inhibitors of NOD1 and NOD2. In addition, the potential approaches to inhibition of NOD signaling as well as the advantages and disadvantages linked with inhibition of NOD signaling are discussed. Finally, the potential directions for drug discovery are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Žiga Jakopin
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana , Aškerčeva 7, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
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181
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Taube M, Pieńkowska JR, Jarmołowski A, Kozak M. Low-resolution structure of the full-length barley (Hordeum vulgare) SGT1 protein in solution, obtained using small-angle X-ray scattering. PLoS One 2014; 9:e93313. [PMID: 24714665 PMCID: PMC3979677 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0093313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2013] [Accepted: 03/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
SGT1 is an evolutionarily conserved eukaryotic protein involved in many important cellular processes. In plants, SGT1 is involved in resistance to disease. In a low ionic strength environment, the SGT1 protein tends to form dimers. The protein consists of three structurally independent domains (the tetratricopeptide repeats domain (TPR), the CHORD- and SGT1-containing domain (CS), and the SGT1-specific domain (SGS)), and two less conserved variable regions (VR1 and VR2). In the present study, we provide the low-resolution structure of the barley (Hordeum vulgare) SGT1 protein in solution and its dimer/monomer equilibrium using small-angle scattering of synchrotron radiation, ab-initio modeling and circular dichroism spectroscopy. The multivariate curve resolution least-square method (MCR-ALS) was applied to separate the scattering data of the monomeric and dimeric species from a complex mixture. The models of the barley SGT1 dimer and monomer were formulated using rigid body modeling with ab-initio structure prediction. Both oligomeric forms of barley SGT1 have elongated shapes with unfolded inter-domain regions. Circular dichroism spectroscopy confirmed that the barley SGT1 protein had a modular architecture, with an α-helical TPR domain, a β-sheet sandwich CS domain, and a disordered SGS domain separated by VR1 and VR2 regions. Using molecular docking and ab-initio protein structure prediction, a model of dimerization of the TPR domains was proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michał Taube
- Department of Macromolecular Physics, Faculty of Physics, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Poland
| | - Joanna R. Pieńkowska
- Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Experimental BiFology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Poland
| | - Artur Jarmołowski
- Department of Gene Expression, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Poland
| | - Maciej Kozak
- Department of Macromolecular Physics, Faculty of Physics, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Poland
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182
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Co-chaperones of Hsp90 in Plasmodium falciparum and their concerted roles in cellular regulation. Parasitology 2014; 141:1177-91. [PMID: 24560171 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182013002084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Co-chaperones are well-known regulators of heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90). Hsp90 is a molecular chaperone that is essential in the eukaryotes for the folding and activation of numerous proteins involved in important cellular processes such as signal transduction, growth and developmental regulation. Co-chaperones assist Hsp90 in the protein folding process by modulating conformational changes to promote client protein interaction and functional maturation. With the recognition of Plasmodium falciparum Hsp90 (PfHsp90) as a potential antimalarial drug target, there is obvious interest in the study of its co-chaperones in their partnership in regulating cellular processes in malaria parasite. Previous studies on PfHsp90 have identified more than 10 co-chaperones in P. falciparum genome. However, many of them remained annotated as putative proteins as their functionality has not been validated experimentally. So far, only five co-chaperones, PfHop, Pfp23, PfAha1, PfPP5 and PfFKBP35 have been characterized and shown to interact with PfHsp90. This review will summarize current knowledge on the co-chaperones in P. falciparum and discuss their regulatory roles on PfHsp90. As certain eukaryotic co-chaperones have also been implicated in altering the affinity of Hsp90 for its inhibitor, this review will also examine plasmodial co-chaperones' potential influence on approaches towards designing antimalarials targeting PfHsp90.
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183
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Regulatory role of the 90-kDa-heat-shock protein (Hsp90) and associated factors on gene expression. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-GENE REGULATORY MECHANISMS 2014; 1839:71-87. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagrm.2013.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2013] [Revised: 12/23/2013] [Accepted: 12/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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184
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Gaide O, Hoffman HM. Insight into the inflammasome and caspase-activating mechanisms. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2014; 4:61-77. [DOI: 10.1586/1744666x.4.1.61] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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185
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Kawano Y, Kaneko-Kawano T, Shimamoto K. Rho family GTPase-dependent immunity in plants and animals. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2014; 5:522. [PMID: 25352853 PMCID: PMC4196510 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2014.00522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2014] [Accepted: 09/16/2014] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
In plants, sophisticated forms of immune systems have developed to cope with a variety of pathogens. Accumulating evidence indicates that Rac (also known as Rop), a member of the Rho family of small GTPases, is a key regulator of immunity in plants and animals. Like other small GTPases, Rac/Rop GTPases function as a molecular switch downstream of immune receptors by cycling between GDP-bound inactive and GTP-bound active forms in cells. Rac/Rop GTPases trigger various immune responses, thereby resulting in enhanced disease resistance to pathogens. In this review, we highlight recent studies that have contributed to our current understanding of the Rac/Rop family GTPases and the upstream and downstream proteins involved in plant immunity. We also compare the features of effector-triggered immunity between plants and animals, and discuss the in vivo monitoring of Rac/Rop activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoji Kawano
- Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, Nara Institute of Science and TechnologyIkoma, Japan
- *Correspondence: Yoji Kawano, Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916-5 Takayama, Ikoma, Nara 630-0101, Japan e-mail:
| | | | - Ko Shimamoto
- Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, Nara Institute of Science and TechnologyIkoma, Japan
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186
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Ratsimandresy RA, Dorfleutner A, Stehlik C. An Update on PYRIN Domain-Containing Pattern Recognition Receptors: From Immunity to Pathology. Front Immunol 2013; 4:440. [PMID: 24367371 PMCID: PMC3856626 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2013.00440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2013] [Accepted: 11/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytosolic pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) sense a wide range of endogenous danger-associated molecular patterns as well as exogenous pathogen-associated molecular patterns. In particular, Nod-like receptors containing a pyrin domain (PYD), called NLRPs, and AIM2-like receptors (ALRs) have been shown to play a critical role in host defense by facilitating clearance of pathogens and maintaining a healthy gut microflora. NLRPs and ALRs both encode a PYD, which is crucial for relaying signals that result in an efficient innate immune response through activation of several key innate immune signaling pathways. However, mutations in these PRRs have been linked to the development of auto-inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. In addition, they have been implicated in metabolic diseases. In this review, we summarize the function of PYD-containing NLRPs and ALRs and address their contribution to innate immunity, host defense, and immune-linked diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rojo A Ratsimandresy
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University , Chicago, IL , USA
| | - Andrea Dorfleutner
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University , Chicago, IL , USA
| | - Christian Stehlik
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University , Chicago, IL , USA ; Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Interdepartmental Immunobiology Center and Skin Disease Research Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University , Chicago, IL , USA
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187
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Keestra AM, Bäumler AJ. Detection of enteric pathogens by the nodosome. Trends Immunol 2013; 35:123-30. [PMID: 24268520 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2013.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2013] [Revised: 10/23/2013] [Accepted: 10/24/2013] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain protein (NOD)1 and NOD2 participate in signaling pathways that detect pathogen-induced processes, such as the presence of peptidoglycan fragments in the host cell cytosol, as danger signals. Recent work suggests that peptidoglycan fragments activate NOD1 indirectly, through activation of the small Rho GTPase Ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate 1 (RAC1). Excessive activation of small Rho GTPases by virulence factors of enteric pathogens also triggers the NOD1 signaling pathway. Many enteric pathogens use virulence factors that alter the activation state of small Rho GTPases, thereby manipulating the host cell cytoskeleton of intestinal epithelial cells to promote bacterial attachment or entry. These data suggest that the NOD1 signaling pathway in intestinal epithelial cells provides an important sentinel function for detecting 'breaking and entering' by enteric pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Marijke Keestra
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of California at Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis CA 95616, USA
| | - Andreas J Bäumler
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of California at Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis CA 95616, USA.
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188
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Phosphorylation of the adaptor ASC acts as a molecular switch that controls the formation of speck-like aggregates and inflammasome activity. Nat Immunol 2013; 14:1247-55. [PMID: 24185614 PMCID: PMC4813763 DOI: 10.1038/ni.2749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 283] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2013] [Accepted: 09/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The inflammasome adaptor ASC contributes to innate immunity through the activation of caspase-1. Here we show that Syk and JNK-dependent signaling pathways are required for caspase-1 activation via the ASC-dependent inflammasomes NLRP3 and AIM2. Inhibition of Syk or JNK abolished the formation of ASC specks without affecting interaction of ASC with NLRP3. ASC was phosphorylated during inflammasome activation in a Syk- and JNK-dependent manner, suggesting that Syk and JNK are upstream of ASC phosphorylation. Moreover, phosphorylation of Tyr144 residue in mouse ASC was critical for speck formation and caspase-1 activation. These results suggested that phosphorylation of ASC controls inflammasome activity through ASC speck formation.
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189
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Yu Y, Xu W, Wang J, Wang L, Yao W, Yang Y, Xu Y, Ma F, Du Y, Wang Y. The Chinese wild grapevine (Vitis pseudoreticulata) E3 ubiquitin ligase Erysiphe necator-induced RING finger protein 1 (EIRP1) activates plant defense responses by inducing proteolysis of the VpWRKY11 transcription factor. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2013; 200:834-846. [PMID: 23905547 DOI: 10.1111/nph.12418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2013] [Accepted: 06/20/2013] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Ubiquitin-mediated regulation responds rapidly to specific stimuli; this rapidity is particularly important for defense responses to pathogen attack. Here, we investigated the role of the E3 ubiquitin ligase Erysiphe necator-induced RING finger protein 1 (EIRP1) in the defense response of Chinese wild grapevine Vitis pseudoreticulata. The regulatory function of E3 ubiquitin ligase EIRP1 was investigated using molecular, genetic and biochemical approaches. EIRP1 encodes a C3HC4-type Really Interesting New Gene (RING) finger protein that harbors E3 ligase activity. This activity requires the conserved RING domain, and VpWRKY11 also interacts with EIRP1 through the RING domain. VpWRKY11 localizes to the nucleus and activates W-box-dependent transcription in planta. EIRP1 targeted VpWRKY11 in vivo, resulting in VpWRKY11 degradation. The expression of EIRP1 and VpWRKY11 responds rapidly to powdery mildew in Vitis pseudoreticulata grapevine; also, overexpression of EIRP1 in Arabidopsis confers enhanced resistance to the pathogens Golovinomyces cichoracearum and Pseudomonas syringae pv tomato DC3000. Our data suggest that the EIRP1 E3 ligase positively regulates plant disease resistance by mediating proteolysis of the negative regulator VpWRKY11 via degradation by the 26S proteasome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yihe Yu
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (Northwest Region), Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Weirong Xu
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (Northwest Region), Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jie Wang
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (Northwest Region), Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Lei Wang
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (Northwest Region), Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Wenkong Yao
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (Northwest Region), Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yazhou Yang
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (Northwest Region), Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yan Xu
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (Northwest Region), Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Fuli Ma
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (Northwest Region), Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yangjian Du
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (Northwest Region), Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yuejin Wang
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (Northwest Region), Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
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190
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De Nardo D, De Nardo CM, Latz E. New insights into mechanisms controlling the NLRP3 inflammasome and its role in lung disease. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2013; 184:42-54. [PMID: 24183846 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2013.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2013] [Revised: 09/10/2013] [Accepted: 09/18/2013] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Inflammasomes are large macromolecular signaling complexes that control the proteolytic activation of two highly proinflammatory IL-1 family cytokines, IL-1β and IL-18. The NLRP3 inflammasome is of special interest because it can assemble in response to a diverse array of stimuli and because the inflammation it triggers has been implicated in a wide variety of disease pathologies. To avoid aberrant activation, the NLRP3 inflammasome is modulated on multiple levels, ranging from transcriptional control to post-translational protein modifications. Emerging genetic and pharmacological evidence suggests that NLRP3 inflammasome activation may also be involved in acute lung inflammation after viral infection and during progression of several chronic pulmonary diseases, including idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and asthma. Here, we review the most recent contributions to our understanding of the regulatory mechanisms controlling activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome and discuss the contribution of the NLRP3 inflammasome to the pathology of lung diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominic De Nardo
- Institute of Innate Immunity, University Hospital, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Christine M De Nardo
- Institute of Innate Immunity, University Hospital, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Eicke Latz
- Institute of Innate Immunity, University Hospital, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Bonn, Germany; Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts.
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191
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Park MR, Seo JK, Kim KH. Viral and nonviral elements in potexvirus replication and movement and in antiviral responses. Adv Virus Res 2013; 87:75-112. [PMID: 23809921 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-407698-3.00003-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
In Potato virus X, a member of the genus Potexvirus, special sequences and structures at the 5' and 3' ends of the nontranslated region function as cis-acting elements for viral replication. These elements greatly affect interactions between viral RNAs and those between viral RNAs and host factors. The potexvirus genome encodes five open-reading frames. Viral replicase, which is required for the synthesis of viral RNA, binds viral RNA elements and host factors to form a viral replication complex at the host cellular membrane. The coat protein (CP) and three viral movement proteins (TGB1, TGB2, and TGB3) have critical roles in mediating cell-to-cell viral movement through plasmodesmata by virion formation or by nonvirion ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complex formation with viral movement proteins (TGBs). The RNP complex, like TGB1-CP-viral RNA, is associated with viral replicase and used for immediate reinitiation of viral replication in newly invaded cells. Higher plants have defense mechanisms against potexviruses such as Rx-mediated resistance and RNA silencing. The CP acts as an avirulence effector for plant defense mechanisms, while TGB1 functions as a viral suppressor of RNA silencing, which is the mechanism of innate immune resistance. Here, we describe recent findings concerning the involvement of viral and host factors in potexvirus replication and in antiviral responses to potexvirus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi-Ri Park
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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192
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Boyle JP, Mayle S, Parkhouse R, Monie TP. Comparative Genomic and Sequence Analysis Provides Insight into the Molecular Functionality of NOD1 and NOD2. Front Immunol 2013; 4:317. [PMID: 24109482 PMCID: PMC3791470 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2013.00317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2013] [Accepted: 09/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Amino acids with functional or key structural roles display higher degrees of conservation through evolution. The comparative analysis of protein sequences from multiple species and/or between homologous proteins can be highly informative in the identification of key structural and functional residues. Residues which in turn provide insight into the molecular mechanisms of protein function. We have explored the genomic and amino acid conservation of the prototypic innate immune genes NOD1 and NOD2. NOD1 orthologs were found in all vertebrate species analyzed, whilst NOD2 was absent from the genomes of avian, reptilian and amphibian species. Evolutionary trace analysis was used to identify highly conserved regions of NOD1 and NOD2 across multiple species. Consistent with the known functions of NOD1 and NOD2 highly conserved patches were identified that matched the Walker A and B motifs and provided interaction surfaces for the adaptor protein RIP2. Other patches of high conservation reflect key structural functions as predicted by homology models. In addition, the pattern of residue conservation within the leucine-rich repeat (LRR) region of NOD1 and NOD2 is indicative of a conserved mechanism of ligand recognition involving the concave surface of the LRRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph P. Boyle
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Sophie Mayle
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Tom P. Monie
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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193
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Hoser R, Żurczak M, Lichocka M, Zuzga S, Dadlez M, Samuel MA, Ellis BE, Stuttmann J, Parker JE, Hennig J, Krzymowska M. Nucleocytoplasmic partitioning of tobacco N receptor is modulated by SGT1. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2013; 200:158-171. [PMID: 23731343 DOI: 10.1111/nph.12347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2013] [Accepted: 04/29/2013] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
SGT1 (Suppressor of G2 allele of SKP1) is required to maintain plant disease Resistance (R) proteins with Nucleotide-Binding (NB) and Leucine-Rich Repeat (LRR) domains in an inactive but signaling-competent state. SGT1 is an integral component of a multi-protein network that includes RACK1, Rac1, RAR1, Rboh, HSP90 and HSP70, and in rice the Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase (MAPK), OsMAPK6. Tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) N protein, which belongs to the Toll-Interleukin Receptor (TIR)-NB-LRR class of R proteins, confers resistance to Tobacco Mosaic Virus (TMV). Following transient expression in planta, we analyzed the functional relationship between SGT1, SIPK - a tobacco MAPK6 ortholog - and N, using mass spectrometry, confocal microscopy and pathogen assays. Here, we show that tobacco SGT1 undergoes specific phosphorylation in a canonical MAPK target-motif by SIPK. Mutation of this motif to mimic SIPK phosphorylation leads to an increased proportion of cells displaying SGT1 nuclear accumulation and impairs N-mediated resistance to TMV, as does phospho-null substitution at the same residue. Forced nuclear localization of SGT1 causes N to be confined to nuclei. Our data suggest that one mode of regulating nucleocytoplasmic partitioning of R proteins is by maintaining appropriate levels of SGT1 phosphorylation catalyzed by plant MAPK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafał Hoser
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics PAS, Pawinskiego 5a, 02-106, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marek Żurczak
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics PAS, Pawinskiego 5a, 02-106, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Lichocka
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics PAS, Pawinskiego 5a, 02-106, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Sabina Zuzga
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics PAS, Pawinskiego 5a, 02-106, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Michal Dadlez
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics PAS, Pawinskiego 5a, 02-106, Warsaw, Poland
- Biology Department, Institute of Genetics and Biotechnology, Warsaw University, Pawinskiego 5a, 02-106, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marcus A Samuel
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, 2500 University Dr NW Calgary, Alberta, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Brian E Ellis
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, 2185 East Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Johannes Stuttmann
- Department of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Max-Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linné-Weg 10, 50829, Cologne, Germany
| | - Jane E Parker
- Department of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Max-Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linné-Weg 10, 50829, Cologne, Germany
| | - Jacek Hennig
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics PAS, Pawinskiego 5a, 02-106, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Magdalena Krzymowska
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics PAS, Pawinskiego 5a, 02-106, Warsaw, Poland
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194
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TLR-induced PAI-2 expression suppresses IL-1β processing via increasing autophagy and NLRP3 degradation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 110:16079-84. [PMID: 24043792 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1306556110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The NOD-like receptor family, pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome, a multiprotein complex, triggers caspase-1 activation and maturation of the proinflammatory cytokines IL-1β and IL-18 upon sensing a wide range of pathogen- and damage-associated molecules. Dysregulation of NLRP3 inflammasome activity contributes to the pathogenesis of many diseases, but its regulation remains poorly defined. Here we show that depletion of plasminogen activator inhibitor type 2 (PAI-2), a serine protease inhibitor, resulted in NLRP3- and ASC (apoptosis-associated Speck-like protein containing a C-terminal caspase recruitment domain)-dependent caspase-1 activation and IL-1β secretion in macrophages upon Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) and TLR4 engagement. TLR2 or TLR4 agonist induced PAI-2 expression, which subsequently stabilized the autophagic protein Beclin 1 to promote autophagy, resulting in decreases in mitochondrial reactive oxygen species, NLRP3 protein level, and pro-IL-1β processing. Likewise, overexpressing Beclin 1 in PAI-2-deficient cells rescued the suppression of NLRP3 activation in response to LPS. Together, our data identify a tier of TLR signaling in controlling NLRP3 inflammasome activation and reveal a cell-autonomous mechanism which inversely regulates TLR- or Escherichia coli-induced mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, and IL-1β-driven inflammation.
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195
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Fann DYW, Lee SY, Manzanero S, Chunduri P, Sobey CG, Arumugam TV. Pathogenesis of acute stroke and the role of inflammasomes. Ageing Res Rev 2013; 12:941-66. [PMID: 24103368 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2013.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 257] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2013] [Revised: 09/12/2013] [Accepted: 09/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Inflammation is an innate immune response to infection or tissue damage that is designed to limit harm to the host, but contributes significantly to ischemic brain injury following stroke. The inflammatory response is initiated by the detection of acute damage via extracellular and intracellular pattern recognition receptors, which respond to conserved microbial structures, termed pathogen-associated molecular patterns or host-derived danger signals termed damage-associated molecular patterns. Multi-protein complexes known as inflammasomes (e.g. containing NLRP1, NLRP2, NLRP3, NLRP6, NLRP7, NLRP12, NLRC4, AIM2 and/or Pyrin), then process these signals to trigger an effector response. Briefly, signaling through NLRP1 and NLRP3 inflammasomes produces cleaved caspase-1, which cleaves both pro-IL-1β and pro-IL-18 into their biologically active mature pro-inflammatory cytokines that are released into the extracellular environment. This review will describe the molecular structure, cellular signaling pathways and current evidence for inflammasome activation following cerebral ischemia, and the potential for future treatments for stroke that may involve targeting inflammasome formation or its products in the ischemic brain.
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196
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Abstract
Inflammasomes are key signalling platforms that detect pathogenic microorganisms and sterile stressors, and that activate the highly pro-inflammatory cytokines interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and IL-18. In this Review, we discuss the complex regulatory mechanisms that facilitate a balanced but effective inflammasome-mediated immune response, and we highlight the similarities to another molecular signalling platform - the apoptosome - that monitors cellular health. Extracellular regulatory mechanisms are discussed, as well as the intracellular control of inflammasome assembly, for example, via ion fluxes, free radicals and autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eicke Latz
- Institute of Innate Immunity, University Hospital, University of Bonn, Bonn 53127, Germany.
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197
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Iyer SS, He Q, Janczy JR, Elliott EI, Zhong Z, Olivier AK, Sadler JJ, Knepper-Adrian V, Han R, Qiao L, Eisenbarth SC, Nauseef WM, Cassel SL, Sutterwala FS. Mitochondrial cardiolipin is required for Nlrp3 inflammasome activation. Immunity 2013; 39:311-323. [PMID: 23954133 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2013.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 658] [Impact Index Per Article: 59.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2012] [Accepted: 05/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Nlrp3 inflammasome activation occurs in response to numerous agonists but the specific mechanism by which this takes place remains unclear. All previously evaluated activators of the Nlrp3 inflammasome induce the generation of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS), suggesting a model in which ROS is a required upstream mediator of Nlrp3 inflammasome activation. Here we have identified the oxazolidinone antibiotic linezolid as a Nlrp3 agonist that activates the Nlrp3 inflammasome independently of ROS. The pathways for ROS-dependent and ROS-independent Nlrp3 activation converged upon mitochondrial dysfunction and specifically the mitochondrial lipid cardiolipin. Cardiolipin bound to Nlrp3 directly and interference with cardiolipin synthesis specifically inhibited Nlrp3 inflammasome activation. Together these data suggest that mitochondria play a critical role in the activation of the Nlrp3 inflammasome through the direct binding of Nlrp3 to cardiolipin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shankar S Iyer
- Inflammation Program, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Qiong He
- Inflammation Program, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA.,Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - John R Janczy
- Inflammation Program, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA.,Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Eric I Elliott
- Inflammation Program, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA.,Graduate Program in Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Zhenyu Zhong
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL 60153, USA
| | - Alicia K Olivier
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Jeffrey J Sadler
- Inflammation Program, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Vickie Knepper-Adrian
- Inflammation Program, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Renzhi Han
- the Department of Cell & Molecular Physiology, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL 60153, USA
| | - Liang Qiao
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL 60153, USA
| | - Stephanie C Eisenbarth
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - William M Nauseef
- Inflammation Program, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA.,Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA.,Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA.,Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Iowa City, IA 52241, USA
| | - Suzanne L Cassel
- Inflammation Program, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA.,Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Fayyaz S Sutterwala
- Inflammation Program, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA.,Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA.,Graduate Program in Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA.,Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA.,Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Iowa City, IA 52241, USA
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198
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Bhavsar AP, Brown NF, Stoepel J, Wiermer M, Martin DDO, Hsu KJ, Imami K, Ross CJ, Hayden MR, Foster LJ, Li X, Hieter P, Finlay BB. The Salmonella type III effector SspH2 specifically exploits the NLR co-chaperone activity of SGT1 to subvert immunity. PLoS Pathog 2013; 9:e1003518. [PMID: 23935490 PMCID: PMC3723637 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1003518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2012] [Accepted: 06/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
To further its pathogenesis, S. Typhimurium delivers effector proteins into host cells, including the novel E3 ubiquitin ligase (NEL) effector SspH2. Using model systems in a cross-kingdom approach we gained further insight into the molecular function of this effector. Here, we show that SspH2 modulates innate immunity in both mammalian and plant cells. In mammalian cell culture, SspH2 significantly enhanced Nod1-mediated IL-8 secretion when transiently expressed or bacterially delivered. In addition, SspH2 also enhanced an Rx-dependent hypersensitive response in planta. In both of these nucleotide-binding leucine rich repeat receptor (NLR) model systems, SspH2-mediated phenotypes required its catalytic E3 ubiquitin ligase activity and interaction with the conserved host protein SGT1. SGT1 has an essential cell cycle function and an additional function as an NLR co-chaperone in animal and plant cells. Interaction between SspH2 and SGT1 was restricted to SGT1 proteins that have NLR co-chaperone function and accordingly, SspH2 did not affect SGT1 cell cycle functions. Mechanistic studies revealed that SspH2 interacted with, and ubiquitinated Nod1 and could induce Nod1 activity in an agonist-independent manner if catalytically active. Interestingly, SspH2 in vitro ubiquitination activity and protein stability were enhanced by SGT1. Overall, this work adds to our understanding of the sophisticated mechanisms used by bacterial effectors to co-opt host pathways by demonstrating that SspH2 can subvert immune responses by selectively exploiting the functions of a conserved host co-chaperone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit P. Bhavsar
- Michael Smith Laboratories, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Medical Genetics, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Nat F. Brown
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Centre for High-Throughput Biology, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jan Stoepel
- Michael Smith Laboratories, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Marcel Wiermer
- Michael Smith Laboratories, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Dale D. O. Martin
- Department of Medical Genetics, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Karolynn J. Hsu
- Michael Smith Laboratories, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Koshi Imami
- Centre for High-Throughput Biology, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Colin J. Ross
- Department of Medical Genetics, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Michael R. Hayden
- Department of Medical Genetics, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Leonard J. Foster
- Michael Smith Laboratories, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Centre for High-Throughput Biology, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Xin Li
- Michael Smith Laboratories, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Botany, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Phil Hieter
- Michael Smith Laboratories, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Medical Genetics, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - B. Brett Finlay
- Michael Smith Laboratories, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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199
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Tao JH, Zhang Y, Li XP. P2X7R: a potential key regulator of acute gouty arthritis. Semin Arthritis Rheum 2013; 43:376-80. [PMID: 23786870 DOI: 10.1016/j.semarthrit.2013.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2013] [Revised: 04/10/2013] [Accepted: 04/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Acute gouty arthritis is an inflammatory disease resulting from the precipitation of long-term hyperuricemia-induced monosodium urate (MSU) crystals in joints, which stimulates the production of interleukin-1beta (IL-1β) and initiates an inflammatory reaction. However, some patients having MSU crystals in the joints never develop acute gouty arthritis, indicating that other predisposing factors are required for the disease onset. This review described the mechanism of production of IL-1β by MSU crystals and other possible factors during a gout attack. METHODS The relevant English literature on IL-1β secretion stimulated by MSU crystals and other possible factors during acute gouty arthritis flares was searched and carefully reviewed. RESULTS MSU crystals lead to the onset of acute gouty arthritis mainly through the activation of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and NACHT-LRR-PYD-containing protein 3 (NALP3) inflammasome signaling and downstream IL-1β production. The predisposing factors of acute gouty arthritis, such as strenuous exercise, cold, alcolholism, and overeating have a common characteristic inducing dramatic changes of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) in the body. The ATP changes can activate the purinergic receptor P2X ligand-gated ion channel 7 (P2X7R) signaling system to regulate IL-1β secretion. CONCLUSIONS We hypothesize that acute gouty arthritis is induced by two synergistic effects; one is the stimulation of MSU crystals and the other is the activation of P2X7R signaling pathways by extracellular ATP changes, which together lead to the production of IL-1β and the initiation of acute gouty arthritis. This hypothesis will provide a new avenue for the prevention and treatment of acute gouty arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Hui Tao
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Anhui Provincial Hospital, Affiliated to Anhui Medical University, No. 17 LuJiang Rd, Hefei 230001, China.
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200
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Moll M, Kuemmerle-Deschner JB. Inflammasome and cytokine blocking strategies in autoinflammatory disorders. Clin Immunol 2013; 147:242-75. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2013.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2012] [Revised: 04/07/2013] [Accepted: 04/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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