151
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Silva RML, Merces L, Bof Bufon CC. Temperature-Independent Polarization of Ultrathin Phthalocyanine-Based Hybrid Organic/Inorganic Heterojunctions. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:29556-29565. [PMID: 32447957 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c02067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The combination of organic and inorganic materials at the nanoscale to form functional hybrid structures is a powerful strategy to develop novel electronic devices. The knowledge on semiconductor thin-film polarization brings direct benefits to the hybrid organic/inorganic electronics, becoming primordial for the development of devices such as electromechanical logic gates, solar cells, miniaturized valves, organic diodes, and molecular supercapacitors, among others. Here, we report on the dielectric polarization of ultrathin organic semiconducting films-ca. 5 nm thick metal phthalocyanine ensembles (viz., CuPc, CoPc, F16CuPc)-employed to build up hybrid metal/oxide/molecule heterojunctions. Such hybrid heterostructures are fully integrated into self-rolled nanomembrane-based capacitors and further investigated by impedance spectroscopy measurements as a function of temperature (from 6 to 300 K). The dielectric polarization of the metal phthalocyanines is found to be thermally activated above a specific threshold temperature, which depends on the molecular structure. Below this threshold, the current leakage across the system is suppressed, thus evidencing intrinsic-like polarization mechanisms. The temperature-independent permittivities of the ultrathin molecular films are found to be strongly dependent on the organic/inorganic hybrid interfaces, while the calculated relaxation times are more likely related to each single-molecule polarization. Beyond the advances in determining the temperature dependence of the permittivity for ultrathin phthalocyanine films integrated within solid-state electronics, our results also support the deterministic design of novel functional devices based on nanoscale hybrid organic/inorganic heterojunctions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo M L Silva
- Brazilian Nanotechnology National Laboratory (LNNano), Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), 13083-970 Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
- Postgraduate Program in Materials Science and Technology (POSMAT), São Paulo State University (UNESP), 17033-360 Bauru, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Leandro Merces
- Brazilian Nanotechnology National Laboratory (LNNano), Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), 13083-970 Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carlos C Bof Bufon
- Brazilian Nanotechnology National Laboratory (LNNano), Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), 13083-970 Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
- Postgraduate Program in Materials Science and Technology (POSMAT), São Paulo State University (UNESP), 17033-360 Bauru, São Paulo, Brazil
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152
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Laudari A, Barron J, Pickett A, Guha S. Tuning Charge Transport in PVDF-Based Organic Ferroelectric Transistors: Status and Outlook. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:26757-26775. [PMID: 32436693 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c05731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The use of polymer ferroelectric dielectrics in organic field-effect transistors (FETs) for nonvolatile memory application was demonstrated more than 15 years ago. The ferroelectric dielectric polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) and its copolymers are most widely used for such applications. In addition to memory applications, polymer ferroelectrics as a dielectric layer in organic FETs yield insights into interfacial transport properties. Advantages of polymer ferroelectric dielectrics are their high dielectric constant compared to other polymer dielectrics and their tunable dielectric constant with temperature. Further, the polarization strength may also be tuned by externally poling the ferroelectric dielectric layer. Thus, PVDF and its copolymers provide a unique testbed not just for investigating polarization induced transport in organic FETs, but also enhancing device performance. This article discusses recent developments of PVDF-based ferroelectric organic FETs and capacitors with a focus on tuning transport properties. It is shown that FET carrier mobilities exhibit a weak temperature dependence as long as the dielectric is in the ferroelectric phase, which is attributed to a polarization fluctuation driven process. The low carrier mobilities in PVDF-based FETs can be enhanced by tuning the poling condition of the dielectric. In particular, by using solution-processed small molecule semiconductors and other donor-acceptor copolymers, it is shown that selective poling of the PVDF-based dielectric layer dramatically improves FET properties. Finally, the prospects of further improvement in organic ferroelectric FETs and their challenges are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amrit Laudari
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, United States
| | - John Barron
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, United States
| | - Alec Pickett
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, United States
| | - Suchismita Guha
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, United States
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153
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Jo J, Kang S, Heo JS, Kim Y, Park SK. Flexible Metal Oxide Semiconductor Devices Made by Solution Methods. Chemistry 2020; 26:9126-9156. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.202000090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jeong‐Wan Jo
- School of Electrical and Electronics EngineeringChung-Ang University Seoul 06980 Republic of Korea
- School of Advanced Materials Science and EngineeringSungkyunkwan University Suwon 16419 Republic of Korea
| | - Seung‐Han Kang
- School of Electrical and Electronics EngineeringChung-Ang University Seoul 06980 Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Sang Heo
- Department of MedicineUniversity of Connecticut School of Medicine Farmington CT 06030 USA
| | - Yong‐Hoon Kim
- School of Advanced Materials Science and EngineeringSungkyunkwan University Suwon 16419 Republic of Korea
- SKKU Advanced Institute of Nanotechnology (SAINT)Sungkyunkwan University Suwon 16419 Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Kyu Park
- School of Electrical and Electronics EngineeringChung-Ang University Seoul 06980 Republic of Korea
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154
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Lee SH, Kim JY, Choi S, Lee Y, Lee KS, Kim J, Joo J. Photosensitive n-Type Doping Using Perovskite CsPbX 3 Quantum Dots for Two-Dimensional MSe 2 (M = Mo and W) Field-Effect Transistors. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:25159-25167. [PMID: 32390418 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c04924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Perovskite CsPbX3 (X = Br, Cl, and I) nanostructures have been intensively studied as they are luminescent, photovoltaic, and photosensitizing active materials. Two-dimensional (2D) transition-metal dichalcogenides (TMDCs) with MX2 (M = Mo, W; X = S, Se, Te, etc.) structures have been used in flexible optoelectronic devices. In this study, perovskite green-light-emitting CsPbBr2I1 quantum dots (QDs) and blue-light-emitting CsPb(Cl/Br)3-QDs are utilized to enhance the photoresponsive characteristics of 2D MSe2 (M = Mo and W)-based field-effect transistors (FETs). From laser confocal microscopy photoluminescence (PL) experiments, PL quenching of the perovskite CsPb(Cl/Br)3-QDs and CsPbBr2I1-QDs is observed after hybridization with MoSe2 and WSe2 layers, respectively, which reflects the charge-transfer effect. According to the characteristics of the FETs based on the WSe2, MoSe2, WSe2/CsPbBr2I1-QDs hybrid, and MoSe2/CsPb(Cl/Br)3-QDs hybrid, the p-channel current (with hole mobility) is considerably decreased after the hybridization with the QDs. Notably, under incident light, the n-channel photocurrent and photoresponsivity of the FET are substantially increased, and the threshold voltage is negatively shifted owing to the hybridization with the perovskite QDs. The results show that the photosensitive n-type doping effect on the 2D MoSe2 and WSe2 nanosystems originates from the photogating effect by the trap states after the hybridization with various perovskite CsPbX3-QDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Hun Lee
- Department of Physics, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun Young Kim
- Department of Physics, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Sinil Choi
- Department of Advanced Materials, Hannam University, Daejeon 34054, Republic of Korea
| | - Yongjun Lee
- Department of Energy Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwang-Sup Lee
- Department of Advanced Materials, Hannam University, Daejeon 34054, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeongyong Kim
- Department of Energy Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinsoo Joo
- Department of Physics, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
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155
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Cea C, Spyropoulos GD, Jastrzebska-Perfect P, Ferrero JJ, Gelinas JN, Khodagholy D. Enhancement-mode ion-based transistor as a comprehensive interface and real-time processing unit for in vivo electrophysiology. NATURE MATERIALS 2020; 19:679-686. [PMID: 32203456 DOI: 10.1038/s41563-020-0638-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Bioelectronic devices must be fast and sensitive to interact with the rapid, low-amplitude signals generated by neural tissue. They should also be biocompatible and soft, and should exhibit long-term stability in physiologic environments. Here, we develop an enhancement-mode, internal ion-gated organic electrochemical transistor (e-IGT) based on a reversible redox reaction and hydrated ion reservoirs within the conducting polymer channel, which enable long-term stable operation and shortened ion transit time. E-IGT transient responses depend on hole rather than ion mobility, and combine with high transconductance to result in a gain-bandwidth product that is several orders of magnitude above that of other ion-based transistors. We used these transistors to acquire a wide range of electrophysiological signals, including in vivo recording of neural action potentials, and to create soft, biocompatible, long-term implantable neural processing units for the real-time detection of epileptic discharges. E-IGTs offer a safe, reliable and high-performance building block for chronically implanted bioelectronics, with a spatiotemporal resolution at the scale of individual neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Cea
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | | | | | - José J Ferrero
- Institute for Genomic Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jennifer N Gelinas
- Institute for Genomic Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA.
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Dion Khodagholy
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
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156
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Franco-Cañellas A, Duhm S, Gerlach A, Schreiber F. Binding and electronic level alignment of π-conjugated systems on metals. REPORTS ON PROGRESS IN PHYSICS. PHYSICAL SOCIETY (GREAT BRITAIN) 2020; 83:066501. [PMID: 32101802 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6633/ab7a42] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
We review the binding and energy level alignment of π-conjugated systems on metals, a field which during the last two decades has seen tremendous progress both in terms of experimental characterization as well as in the depth of theoretical understanding. Precise measurements of vertical adsorption distances and the electronic structure together with ab initio calculations have shown that most of the molecular systems have to be considered as intermediate cases between weak physisorption and strong chemisorption. In this regime, the subtle interplay of different effects such as covalent bonding, charge transfer, electrostatic and van der Waals interactions yields a complex situation with different adsorption mechanisms. In order to establish a better understanding of the binding and the electronic level alignment of π-conjugated molecules on metals, we provide an up-to-date overview of the literature, explain the fundamental concepts as well as the experimental techniques and discuss typical case studies. Thereby, we relate the geometric with the electronic structure in a consistent picture and cover the entire range from weak to strong coupling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoni Franco-Cañellas
- Institut für Angewandte Physik, Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 10, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
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157
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Sun H, Guo X, Facchetti A. High-Performance n-Type Polymer Semiconductors: Applications, Recent Development, and Challenges. Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chempr.2020.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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158
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Xie P, Liu T, Sun J, Jiang J, Yuan Y, Gao Y, Zhou J, Yang J. Solution-processed ultra-flexible C8-BTBT organic thin-film transistors with the corrected mobility over 18 cm 2/(V s). Sci Bull (Beijing) 2020; 65:791-795. [PMID: 36659196 DOI: 10.1016/j.scib.2020.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Revised: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Pengshan Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Powder Metallurgy, School of Physics and Electronics, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Tianjiao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Powder Metallurgy, School of Physics and Electronics, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Jia Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Powder Metallurgy, School of Physics and Electronics, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Jie Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Powder Metallurgy, School of Physics and Electronics, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Yongbo Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Powder Metallurgy, School of Physics and Electronics, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Yongli Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Powder Metallurgy, School of Physics and Electronics, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China; Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Rochester, New York, NY 14627, USA
| | - Jianfei Zhou
- Lucky Huaguang Graphics Co., Ltd, Nanyang 473003, China
| | - Junliang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Powder Metallurgy, School of Physics and Electronics, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China.
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159
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Andrews K, Bowman A, Rijal U, Chen PY, Zhou Z. Improved Contacts and Device Performance in MoS 2 Transistors Using a 2D Semiconductor Interlayer. ACS NANO 2020; 14:6232-6241. [PMID: 32320204 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c02303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
We report a contact engineering method to minimize the Schottky barrier height (SBH) and contact resistivity of MoS2 field-effect transistors (FETs) by using ultrathin 2D semiconductors as contact interlayers. We demonstrate that the addition of a few-layer MoSe2 between the MoS2 channel and Ti electrodes effectively reduces the SBH at the contacts from ∼100 to ∼25 meV, contact resistivity from ∼6 × 10-5 to ∼1 × 10-6 Ω cm2, and current transfer length from ∼425 to ∼60 nm. The drastic reduction of SBH can be attributed to the synergy of Fermi-level pinning close to the conduction band edge of the MoSe2 interlayer and favorable conduction-band offset between the MoSe2 interlayer and MoS2 channel. As a result of the improved contacts, MoS2 FETs with Ti/MoSe2 contacts also demonstrate higher two-terminal mobility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kraig Andrews
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48201, United States
| | - Arthur Bowman
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48201, United States
| | - Upendra Rijal
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48201, United States
| | - Pai-Yen Chen
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60607, United States
| | - Zhixian Zhou
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48201, United States
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160
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Ran H, Duan X, Zheng R, Xie F, Chen L, Zhao Z, Han R, Lei Z, Hu JY. Two Isomeric Azulene-Decorated Naphthodithiophene Diimide-based Triads: Molecular Orbital Distribution Controls Polarity Change of OFETs Through Connection Position. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:23225-23235. [PMID: 32252522 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c04552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Altering the charge carrier transport polarities of organic semiconductors by molecular orbital distribution has gained great interest. Herein, we report two isomeric azulene-decorated naphthodithiophene diimide (NDTI)-based triads (e.g., NDTI-B2Az and NDTI-B6Az), in which two azulene units were connected with NDTI at the 2-position of the azulene ring in NDTI-B2Az, whereas two azulene units were incorporated with NDTI at the 6-position of the azulene ring in NDTI-B6Az. The two isomeric triads were excellently soluble in common organic solvents. Density functional theory calculations on the molecular orbital distributions of the triads reveal that the lowest unoccupied molecular orbitals are completely delocalized over the entire molecule for both NDTI-B2Az and NDTI-B6Az, indicating great potential for n-type transport behavior, whereas the highest occupied molecular orbitals are mainly delocalized over the entire molecule for NDTI-B2Az or only localized at the two terminal azulene units for NDTI-B6Az, implying great potential for p-type transport behavior for the former and a disadvantage of hole carrier transport for the latter. Under ambient conditions, solution-processed bottom-gate top-contact transistors based on NDTI-B2Az showed ambipolar field-effect transistor (FET) characteristics with high electron and hole mobilities of 0.32 (effective electron mobility ≈0.14 cm2 V-1 s-1 according to a reliability factor of 43%) and 0.03 cm2 V-1 s-1 (effective hole mobility ≈0.01 cm2 V-1 s-1 according to a reliability factor of 33%), respectively, whereas a typically unipolar n-channel behavior is found for a film of NDTI-B6Az with a high electron mobility up to 0.13 cm2 V-1 s-1 (effective electron mobility ≈0.06 cm2 V-1 s-1 according to a reliability factor of 43%). The results indicate that the polarity change of organic FETs based on the two isomeric triads could be controlled by the molecular orbital distributions through the connection position between the azulene unit and NDTI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huijuan Ran
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, National Ministry of Education; Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Advanced Energy Devices; Shaanxi Engineering Lab for Advanced Energy Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xian 710119, China
| | - Xuewei Duan
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, National Ministry of Education; Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Advanced Energy Devices; Shaanxi Engineering Lab for Advanced Energy Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xian 710119, China
| | - Rong Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, National Ministry of Education; Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Advanced Energy Devices; Shaanxi Engineering Lab for Advanced Energy Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xian 710119, China
| | - Fuli Xie
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, National Ministry of Education; Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Advanced Energy Devices; Shaanxi Engineering Lab for Advanced Energy Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xian 710119, China
| | - Lijuan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, National Ministry of Education; Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Advanced Energy Devices; Shaanxi Engineering Lab for Advanced Energy Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xian 710119, China
| | - Zhen Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, National Ministry of Education; Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Advanced Energy Devices; Shaanxi Engineering Lab for Advanced Energy Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xian 710119, China
| | - Ruijun Han
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, National Ministry of Education; Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Advanced Energy Devices; Shaanxi Engineering Lab for Advanced Energy Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xian 710119, China
| | - Zheng Lei
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, National Ministry of Education; Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Advanced Energy Devices; Shaanxi Engineering Lab for Advanced Energy Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xian 710119, China
| | - Jian-Yong Hu
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, National Ministry of Education; Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Advanced Energy Devices; Shaanxi Engineering Lab for Advanced Energy Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xian 710119, China
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161
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Chung J, Khot A, Savoie BM, Boudouris BW. 100th Anniversary of Macromolecular Science Viewpoint: Recent Advances and Opportunities for Mixed Ion and Charge Conducting Polymers. ACS Macro Lett 2020; 9:646-655. [PMID: 35648568 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.0c00037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Macromolecules that exhibit both electron transport and ionic mass transport (i.e., mixed conducting polymers) are ascendant with respect to both emerging application spaces and the elucidation of their fundamental physical principles. The unique coupling between the two modes of conduction puts these materials at the center of many next-generation organic electronic applications. The molecular details of this coupling are also at the epicenter of outstanding questions about how these materials function; how monomer and macromolecular chemistry dictates observable properties; and ultimately, how these macromolecular materials can be rationally designed, processed, and implemented into high-performance devices. Here, we focus on what is currently known about coupled ionic-electronic transport in these polymers and where there are open opportunities in the field. These opportunities include the syntheses of designer macromolecules, the need for significant simulation efforts that provide molecular-level insights into the mixed conduction mechanism, and the need for advanced characterization techniques for real-time monitoring of polymer morphology, as this is critical to coupled ion-charge transport processes. Considering the early stage of this important subfield of polymer science, we also present our view of how the development of mixed conductors can benefit from the lessons learned from previous polymer-based electronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaeyub Chung
- Charles D. Davidson School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Aditi Khot
- Charles D. Davidson School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Brett M. Savoie
- Charles D. Davidson School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Bryan W. Boudouris
- Charles D. Davidson School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
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162
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Okamoto T, Kumagai S, Fukuzaki E, Ishii H, Watanabe G, Niitsu N, Annaka T, Yamagishi M, Tani Y, Sugiura H, Watanabe T, Watanabe S, Takeya J. Robust, high-performance n-type organic semiconductors. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020; 6:eaaz0632. [PMID: 32494668 PMCID: PMC7195148 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aaz0632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Organic semiconductors (OSCs) are important active materials for the fabrication of next-generation organic-based electronics. However, the development of n-type OSCs lags behind that of p-type OSCs in terms of charge-carrier mobility and environmental stability. This is due to the absence of molecular designs that satisfy the requirements. The present study describes the design and synthesis of n-type OSCs based on challenging molecular features involving a π-electron core containing electronegative N atoms and substituents. The unique π-electron system simultaneously reinforces both electronic and structural interactions. The current n-type OSCs exhibit high electron mobilities with high reliability, atmospheric stability, and robustness against environmental and heat stresses and are superior to other existing n-type OSCs. This molecular design represents a rational strategy for the development of high-end organic-based electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshihiro Okamoto
- Material Innovation Research Center (MIRC) and Department of Advanced Materials Science, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8561, Japan
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST)–University of Tokyo Advanced Operando-Measurement Technology Open Innovation Laboratory (OPERANDO-OIL), AIST, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8561, Japan
- PRESTO, JST, 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
| | - Shohei Kumagai
- Material Innovation Research Center (MIRC) and Department of Advanced Materials Science, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8561, Japan
| | - Eiji Fukuzaki
- Fujifilm Corp., 577 Ushijima, Kaisei-machi, Ashigarakami-gun, Kanagawa 258-8577, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Ishii
- Department of Applied Physics, Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8573, Japan
| | - Go Watanabe
- Department of Physics, School of Science, Kitasato University, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Minami-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-0373, Japan
| | - Naoyuki Niitsu
- Material Innovation Research Center (MIRC) and Department of Advanced Materials Science, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8561, Japan
| | - Tatsuro Annaka
- Material Innovation Research Center (MIRC) and Department of Advanced Materials Science, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8561, Japan
| | - Masakazu Yamagishi
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Toyama College, 13 Hongo-machi, Toyama City, Toyama 939-8630, Japan
| | - Yukio Tani
- Fujifilm Corp., 577 Ushijima, Kaisei-machi, Ashigarakami-gun, Kanagawa 258-8577, Japan
| | - Hiroki Sugiura
- Fujifilm Corp., 577 Ushijima, Kaisei-machi, Ashigarakami-gun, Kanagawa 258-8577, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Watanabe
- Fujifilm Corp., 577 Ushijima, Kaisei-machi, Ashigarakami-gun, Kanagawa 258-8577, Japan
| | - Shun Watanabe
- Material Innovation Research Center (MIRC) and Department of Advanced Materials Science, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8561, Japan
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST)–University of Tokyo Advanced Operando-Measurement Technology Open Innovation Laboratory (OPERANDO-OIL), AIST, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8561, Japan
- PRESTO, JST, 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
| | - Jun Takeya
- Material Innovation Research Center (MIRC) and Department of Advanced Materials Science, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8561, Japan
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST)–University of Tokyo Advanced Operando-Measurement Technology Open Innovation Laboratory (OPERANDO-OIL), AIST, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8561, Japan
- MANA, National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba 205-0044, Japan
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163
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Fratini S, Nikolka M, Salleo A, Schweicher G, Sirringhaus H. Charge transport in high-mobility conjugated polymers and molecular semiconductors. NATURE MATERIALS 2020; 19:491-502. [PMID: 32296138 DOI: 10.1038/s41563-020-0647-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 283] [Impact Index Per Article: 70.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Conjugated polymers and molecular semiconductors are emerging as a viable semiconductor technology in industries such as displays, electronics, renewable energy, sensing and healthcare. A key enabling factor has been significant scientific progress in improving their charge transport properties and carrier mobilities, which has been made possible by a better understanding of the molecular structure-property relationships and the underpinning charge transport physics. Here we aim to present a coherent review of how we understand charge transport in these high-mobility van der Waals bonded semiconductors. Specific questions of interest include estimates for intrinsic limits to the carrier mobilities that might ultimately be achievable; a discussion of the coupling between charge and structural dynamics; the importance of molecular conformations and mesoscale structural features; how the transport physics of conjugated polymers and small molecule semiconductors are related; and how the incorporation of counterions in doped films-as used, for example, in bioelectronics and thermoelectric devices-affects the electronic structure and charge transport properties.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mark Nikolka
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Alberto Salleo
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
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164
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He K, Li X, Liu H, Zhang Z, Kumar P, Ngai JHL, Wang J, Li Y. D‐A Polymer with a Donor Backbone ‐ Acceptor‐side‐chain Structure for Organic Solar Cells. ASIAN J ORG CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ajoc.202000172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Keqiang He
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Waterloo Institute of Nanotechnology (WIN)University of Waterloo 200 University Ave West Waterloo N2L 3G1 Canada
| | - Xu Li
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Waterloo Institute of Nanotechnology (WIN)University of Waterloo 200 University Ave West Waterloo N2L 3G1 Canada
- Institute of ChemistryHenan Academy of Sciences 56 Hongzhuan Road, Jinshui District Zhengzhou Henan 450002 China
| | - Haitao Liu
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Waterloo Institute of Nanotechnology (WIN)University of Waterloo 200 University Ave West Waterloo N2L 3G1 Canada
- Institute of ChemistryHenan Academy of Sciences 56 Hongzhuan Road, Jinshui District Zhengzhou Henan 450002 China
| | - Zhifang Zhang
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Waterloo Institute of Nanotechnology (WIN)University of Waterloo 200 University Ave West Waterloo N2L 3G1 Canada
| | - Pankaj Kumar
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Waterloo Institute of Nanotechnology (WIN)University of Waterloo 200 University Ave West Waterloo N2L 3G1 Canada
| | - Jenner H. L. Ngai
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Waterloo Institute of Nanotechnology (WIN)University of Waterloo 200 University Ave West Waterloo N2L 3G1 Canada
| | - Jinliang Wang
- Institute of ChemistryHenan Academy of Sciences 56 Hongzhuan Road, Jinshui District Zhengzhou Henan 450002 China
| | - Yuning Li
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Waterloo Institute of Nanotechnology (WIN)University of Waterloo 200 University Ave West Waterloo N2L 3G1 Canada
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165
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Mandal S, Mandal A, Jana G, Mallik S, Roy S, Ghosh A, Chattaraj PK, Goswami DK. Low Operating Voltage Organic Field-Effect Transistors with Gelatin as a Moisture-Induced Ionic Dielectric Layer: The Issues of High Carrier Mobility. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:19727-19736. [PMID: 32233358 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c01499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
We have developed low-voltage (<2 V) flexible organic field-effect transistors (OFETs) with high carrier mobility using gelatin as a moisture-induced ionic gate dielectric system. Ionic concentration in the gelatin layer depends on the relative humidity condition during the measurement. The capacitance of the dielectric layer used for the calculation of field-effect carrier mobility for the OFETs crucially depends on the frequency at which the capacitance was measured. The results of frequency-dependent gate capacitance together with the anomalous bias-stress effect have been used to determine the exact frequency at which the carrier mobility should be calculated. The observed carrier mobility of the devices is 0.33 cm2/Vs with the capacitance measured at frequency 20 mHz. It can be overestimated to 14 cm2/Vs with the capacitance measured at 100 kHz. The devices can be used as highly sensitive humidity sensors. About three orders of magnitude variation in device current have been observed on the changes in relative humidity (RH) levels from 10 to 80%. The devices show a fast response with a response and recovery times of ∼100 and ∼110 ms, respectively. The devices are flexible up to a 5 mm bending radius.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suman Mandal
- Organic Electronics Laboratory, Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur 721302, India
| | - Ajoy Mandal
- Organic Electronics Laboratory, Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur 721302, India
| | - Gourhari Jana
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Theoretical Studies, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur 721302, India
| | - Samik Mallik
- School of Nanoscience and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharapur 721302, India
| | - Satyajit Roy
- Organic Electronics Laboratory, Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur 721302, India
| | - Arnab Ghosh
- Organic Electronics Laboratory, Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur 721302, India
| | - Pratim Kumar Chattaraj
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Theoretical Studies, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur 721302, India
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Dipak K Goswami
- Organic Electronics Laboratory, Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur 721302, India
- School of Nanoscience and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharapur 721302, India
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166
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Lyu B, Im S, Jing H, Lee S, Kim SH, Kim JH, Cho JH. Work Function Engineering of Electrohydrodynamic-Jet-Printed PEDOT:PSS Electrodes for High-Performance Printed Electronics. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:17799-17805. [PMID: 32186179 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c02580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(4-styrene sulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) has demonstrated outstanding performance as a charge transport layer or an electrode in various electronic devices, including organic solar cells, organic light-emitting diodes, and organic field-effect transistors (OFETs). The electrical properties of these devices are affected by the contact properties at the PEDOT:PSS-semiconductor junction. In this research, we performed work function (WF) engineering of electrohydrodynamic (EHD)-jet-printed PEDOT:PSS and successfully used it as an electrode to fabricate high-performance OFETs and complementary logic circuits. Two types of PEDOT:PSS materials-one with a high WF (HWF, 5.28 eV) and the other with a low WF (LWF, 4.53 eV)-were synthesized and EHD-jet-printed. The WF of PEDOT:PSS was deterministically modulated by approximately 0.75 eV through simple mixing of the two synthesized PEDOT:PSS materials in various ratios. OFETs fabricated with HWF and LWF PEDOT:PSS electrodes showed excellent electrical properties, including the ON/OFF switching ratio higher than 107 and the highest carrier mobility greater than 1 cm2·V-1·s-1. Furthermore, the HWF and LWF PEDOT:PSS electrodes were integrated to fabricate complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) NOT, NOR, and NAND circuits.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Soeun Im
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | | | | | - Se Hyun Kim
- School of Chemical Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Hyun Kim
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Ho Cho
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
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167
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Universal three-dimensional crosslinker for all-photopatterned electronics. Nat Commun 2020; 11:1520. [PMID: 32251285 PMCID: PMC7089981 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-15181-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
All-solution processing of large-area organic electronics requires multiple steps of patterning and stacking of various device components. Here, we report the fabrication of highly integrated arrays of polymer thin-film transistors and logic gates entirely through a series of solution processes. The fabrication is done using a three-dimensional crosslinker in tetrahedral geometry containing four photocrosslinkable azide moieties, referred to as 4Bx. 4Bx can be mixed with a variety of solution-processable electronic materials (polymer semiconductors, polymer insulators, and metal nanoparticles) and generate crosslinked network under exposure to UV. Fully crosslinked network film can be formed even at an unprecedentedly small loading, which enables preserving the inherent electrical and structural characteristics of host material. Because the crosslinked electronic component layers are strongly resistant to chemical solvents, micropatterning the layers at high resolution as well as stacking the layers on top of each other by series of solution processing steps is possible. To enable the large-area manufacture of solution-processed organic electronics, direct photocrosslinking processes has emerged as a promising technology solution. Here, the authors report an efficient universal crosslinking agent for micropatterning of stacked multi-layered organic electronics.
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168
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Wu X, Jia R, Pan J, Zhang X, Jie J. Roles of interfaces in the ideality of organic field-effect transistors. NANOSCALE HORIZONS 2020; 5:454-472. [PMID: 32118236 DOI: 10.1039/c9nh00694j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Organic field-effect transistors (OFETs) are fundamental building blocks for flexible and large-area electronics due to their superior solution-processability, flexibility and stretchability. OFETs with high ideality are essential to their practical applications. In reality, however, many OFETs still suffer from non-ideal behaviors, such as gate-dependent mobility, which thus hinders the extraction of their intrinsic performance. It is much desired to gain a comprehensive understanding of the origins of these non-idealities. OFETs are primarily interface-related devices, and hence their performance and ideality are highly dependent on the interface properties between each device component. This review will focus on the recent progress in investigating the non-ideal behaviors of OFETs. In particular, the roles of interfaces, including the organic semiconductor (OSC)/dielectric interface, OSC/electrode interface and OSC/atmosphere interface, in determining the ideality of OFETs are summarized. Viable approaches through interface optimization to improve the device ideality are also reviewed. Finally, an overview of the outstanding challenges as well as the future development directions for the construction of ideal OFETs is given.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofeng Wu
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, P. R. China.
| | - Ruofei Jia
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, P. R. China.
| | - Jing Pan
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, P. R. China.
| | - Xiujuan Zhang
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, P. R. China.
| | - Jiansheng Jie
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, P. R. China.
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169
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McBride M, Liu A, Reichmanis E, Grover MA. Toward data-enabled process optimization of deformable electronic polymer-based devices. Curr Opin Chem Eng 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.coche.2019.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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170
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Schweicher G, Garbay G, Jouclas R, Vibert F, Devaux F, Geerts YH. Molecular Semiconductors for Logic Operations: Dead-End or Bright Future? ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2020; 32:e1905909. [PMID: 31965662 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201905909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Revised: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The field of organic electronics has been prolific in the last couple of years, leading to the design and synthesis of several molecular semiconductors presenting a mobility in excess of 10 cm2 V-1 s-1 . However, it is also started to recently falter, as a result of doubtful mobility extractions and reduced industrial interest. This critical review addresses the community of chemists and materials scientists to share with it a critical analysis of the best performing molecular semiconductors and of the inherent charge transport physics that takes place in them. The goal is to inspire chemists and materials scientists and to give them hope that the field of molecular semiconductors for logic operations is not engaged into a dead end. To the contrary, it offers plenty of research opportunities in materials chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Schweicher
- Laboratoire de chimie des polymères, Faculté des Sciences, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB) Boulevard du Triomphe, Brussels, 1050, Belgium
- Optoelectronics Group, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, UK
| | - Guillaume Garbay
- Laboratoire de chimie des polymères, Faculté des Sciences, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB) Boulevard du Triomphe, Brussels, 1050, Belgium
| | - Rémy Jouclas
- Laboratoire de chimie des polymères, Faculté des Sciences, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB) Boulevard du Triomphe, Brussels, 1050, Belgium
| | - François Vibert
- Laboratoire de chimie des polymères, Faculté des Sciences, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB) Boulevard du Triomphe, Brussels, 1050, Belgium
| | - Félix Devaux
- Laboratoire de chimie des polymères, Faculté des Sciences, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB) Boulevard du Triomphe, Brussels, 1050, Belgium
| | - Yves H Geerts
- Laboratoire de chimie des polymères, Faculté des Sciences, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB) Boulevard du Triomphe, Brussels, 1050, Belgium
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171
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Chen H, Zhang W, Li M, He G, Guo X. Interface Engineering in Organic Field-Effect Transistors: Principles, Applications, and Perspectives. Chem Rev 2020; 120:2879-2949. [PMID: 32078296 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.9b00532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Heterogeneous interfaces that are ubiquitous in optoelectronic devices play a key role in the device performance and have led to the prosperity of today's microelectronics. Interface engineering provides an effective and promising approach to enhancing the device performance of organic field-effect transistors (OFETs) and even developing new functions. In fact, researchers from different disciplines have devoted considerable attention to this concept, which has started to evolve from simple improvement of the device performance to sophisticated construction of novel functionalities, indicating great potential for further applications in broad areas ranging from integrated circuits and energy conversion to catalysis and chemical/biological sensors. In this review article, we provide a timely and comprehensive overview of current efficient approaches developed for building various delicate functional interfaces in OFETs, including interfaces within the semiconductor layers, semiconductor/electrode interfaces, semiconductor/dielectric interfaces, and semiconductor/environment interfaces. We also highlight the major contributions and new concepts of integrating molecular functionalities into electrical circuits, which have been neglected in most previous reviews. This review will provide a fundamental understanding of the interplay between the molecular structure, assembly, and emergent functions at the molecular level and consequently offer novel insights into designing a new generation of multifunctional integrated circuits and sensors toward practical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongliang Chen
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P. R. China
| | - Weining Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P. R. China
| | - Mingliang Li
- Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P. R. China
| | - Gen He
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P. R. China
| | - Xuefeng Guo
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P. R. China.,Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P. R. China.,Department of Materials Science and Engineering, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P. R. China
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172
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Richter N, Chen Z, Tries A, Prechtl T, Narita A, Müllen K, Asadi K, Bonn M, Kläui M. Charge transport mechanism in networks of armchair graphene nanoribbons. Sci Rep 2020; 10:1988. [PMID: 32029795 PMCID: PMC7005326 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-58660-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In graphene nanoribbons (GNRs), the lateral confinement of charge carriers opens a band gap, the key feature that enables novel graphene-based electronics. Despite great progress, reliable and reproducible fabrication of single-ribbon field-effect transistors (FETs) is still a challenge, impeding the understanding of the charge transport. Here, we present reproducible fabrication of armchair GNR-FETs based on networks of nanoribbons and analyze the charge transport mechanism using nine-atom wide and, in particular, five-atom-wide GNRs with large conductivity. We show formation of reliable Ohmic contacts and a yield of functional FETs close to unity by lamination of GNRs to electrodes. Modeling the charge transport in the networks reveals that transport is governed by inter-ribbon hopping mediated by nuclear tunneling, with a hopping length comparable to the physical GNR length. Overcoming the challenge of low-yield single-ribbon transistors by the networks and identifying the corresponding charge transport mechanism is a key step forward for functionalization of GNRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nils Richter
- Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Institut für Physik, Staudingerweg 7, 55128, Mainz, Germany.,Graduate School of Excellence Materials Science in Mainz, Staudingerweg 9, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Zongping Chen
- Max Planck Institut für Polymerforschung, Ackermannweg 10, 55128, Mainz, Germany.,School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, 38 Zheda Road, 310027, Hangzhou, China
| | - Alexander Tries
- Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Institut für Physik, Staudingerweg 7, 55128, Mainz, Germany.,Graduate School of Excellence Materials Science in Mainz, Staudingerweg 9, 55128, Mainz, Germany.,Max Planck Institut für Polymerforschung, Ackermannweg 10, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Thorsten Prechtl
- Max Planck Institut für Polymerforschung, Ackermannweg 10, 55128, Mainz, Germany.,Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Institut für physikalische Chemie, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Akimitsu Narita
- Max Planck Institut für Polymerforschung, Ackermannweg 10, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Klaus Müllen
- Graduate School of Excellence Materials Science in Mainz, Staudingerweg 9, 55128, Mainz, Germany. .,Max Planck Institut für Polymerforschung, Ackermannweg 10, 55128, Mainz, Germany. .,Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Institut für physikalische Chemie, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128, Mainz, Germany.
| | - Kamal Asadi
- Max Planck Institut für Polymerforschung, Ackermannweg 10, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Mischa Bonn
- Graduate School of Excellence Materials Science in Mainz, Staudingerweg 9, 55128, Mainz, Germany.,Max Planck Institut für Polymerforschung, Ackermannweg 10, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Mathias Kläui
- Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Institut für Physik, Staudingerweg 7, 55128, Mainz, Germany. .,Graduate School of Excellence Materials Science in Mainz, Staudingerweg 9, 55128, Mainz, Germany.
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173
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Oh S, Kang S, Cativo MHM, Yang M, Chung SH, Kim J, Bouffard J, Hong S, Park SJ. Long-Range Order Self-Assembly of Conjugated Block Copolymers at Inclined Air-Liquid Interfaces. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:5099-5105. [PMID: 31904932 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b20026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Here, we report that long-range order, direction-controlled, ultrathin conjugated polymer films can be formed by the self-assembly of conjugated block copolymers (i.e., poly(3-hexylthiophene)-block-poly(ethylene glycol)) at inclined air-water interfaces. Structure analyses revealed well-aligned nanowire arrays of poly(3-hexylthiophene) with a dramatically increased ordered domain size compared to the polymer films formed on a flat water surface. The improved degree of order was attributed to the flow field created by the enhanced solvent evaporation at the top of the water contact line. Note that it is challenging to prepare such well-ordered and molecularly thin films of conjugated polymers by conventional fabrication methods. The long-range order polymer film showed hole mobility an order of magnitude higher than polymer films formed on a flat interface when implemented as an active layer of field-effect transistor devices. This study demonstrates that a simple interface modification can significantly impact the self-assembly process, structure, and function of polymer films formed at the air-liquid interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saejin Oh
- Department of Chemistry and Nanoscience , Ewha Womans University , 52 Ewhayeodae-gil , Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03760 , Korea
| | - Seulki Kang
- Department of Chemistry and Nanoscience , Ewha Womans University , 52 Ewhayeodae-gil , Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03760 , Korea
| | - Ma Helen M Cativo
- Department of Chemistry , University of Pennsylvania , 231 South 34th Street , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania 19104 , United States
| | - Myungjae Yang
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and Institute of Applied Physics , Seoul National University , Seoul 151-747 , Korea
| | - Sung-Hee Chung
- Department of Chemistry and Nanoscience , Ewha Womans University , 52 Ewhayeodae-gil , Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03760 , Korea
| | - Jeongsu Kim
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and Institute of Applied Physics , Seoul National University , Seoul 151-747 , Korea
| | - Jean Bouffard
- Department of Chemistry and Nanoscience , Ewha Womans University , 52 Ewhayeodae-gil , Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03760 , Korea
| | - Seunghun Hong
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and Institute of Applied Physics , Seoul National University , Seoul 151-747 , Korea
| | - So-Jung Park
- Department of Chemistry and Nanoscience , Ewha Womans University , 52 Ewhayeodae-gil , Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03760 , Korea
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174
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Mohammadi E, Kafle P, Huang KY, Zhu W, Huang J, Jung SH, Lee JK, Evans CM, Diao Y. Role of Multivalent Interactions in Dynamic-Template-Directed Assembly of Conjugated Polymers. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:2753-2762. [PMID: 31858776 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b20991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Dynamic-template-directed assembly is a promising method to enhance molecular ordering and electronic properties of solution-coated polymer semiconductor thin films over a large area. In this work, we establish that multicomponent dynamic templates of complementary chemistries can promote polymer crystallization through cooperative multivalent interactions. We investigate this phenomenon using a combination of templating substrates including a fluoropolymer, a hydrogen-bonded liquid, and an ionic liquid (IL). Template-dependent multiscale morphology is studied by a comprehensive set of characterization techniques to understand how introducing diverse chemical moieties modulates polymer assembly. Our results clearly confirm synergistic effects between components of complementary chemistries constituting the dynamic template. The relative degree of crystallinity is improved by 50-150% for films deposited on multicomponent dynamic templates compared to their neat constituents. In addition, macroscopic alignment is increased significantly (2-5 times) compared to single-component templates. As a result, highly anisotropic charge transport is observed with apparent hole mobilities up to 3.6 cm2 V-1 s-1. In contrast, such a synergistic effect is not observed when using a multicomponent dynamic template of comparable chemistries (i.e., IL and polymerized IL). We elucidate the origin of this synergistic effect by using attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and isothermal titration calorimetry. When the dynamic template comprises two or more components interacting with complementary binding sites on the conjugated polymer (CP) (esp. backbone vs side chain), the template-polymer interactions is significantly enhanced compared to the sum of single component contributions. These results provide valuable insights into surface-directed CP crystallization during large-area solution coating. Template dynamics is rarely studied and represents a new opportunity for guiding assembly of soft functional matter.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Seok-Heon Jung
- Department of Polymer Science & Engineering , Inha University , Incheon 402-751 , South Korea
| | - Jin-Kyun Lee
- Department of Polymer Science & Engineering , Inha University , Incheon 402-751 , South Korea
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175
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Jeon S, Sun C, Yu SH, Kwon SK, Chung DS, Jeong YJ, Kim YH. Synthesis of Cyclopentadithiophene-Diketopyrrolopyrrole Donor-Acceptor Copolymers for High-Performance Nonvolatile Floating-Gate Memory Transistors with Long Retention Time. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:2743-2752. [PMID: 31868340 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b20307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Organic flash memories that employ solution-processed polymer semiconductors preferentially require internal stability of their active channel layers. In this paper, a series of new donor-acceptor copolymers based on cyclopentadithiophene (CDT) and diketopyrrolopyrrole (DPP) are synthesized to obtain high performance and operational stability of nonvolatile floating-gate memory transistors with various additional donor units including thiophene, thiophene-vinylene-thiophene (CDT-DPP-TVT), selenophene, and selenophene-vinylene-selenophene. Detailed analyses on the photophysical, two-dimensional grazing incident X-ray diffraction, and bias stress stability are discussed, which reveal that the CDT-DPP-TVT exhibits excellent bias stress stability over 105 s. To utilize the robust nature of CDT-DPP-TVT, floating-gate transistors are fabricated by embedding Au nanoparticles between Cytop layers as a charge storage site. The resulting memory devices reveal bistable current states with high on/off current ratio larger than 104 and each state can be distinguished for more than 1 year, indicating a long retention time. Moreover, repetitive writing-reading-erasing-reading test clearly supports the reproducible memory operation with reversible and reliable electrical responses. All these results suggest that the internal stability of CDT-DPP-TVT makes this copolymer a promising material for application in reliable organic flash memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soyeon Jeon
- Department of Energy Science and Engineering , Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST) , Daegu 42988 , Republic of Korea
| | - Cheng Sun
- Department of Chemistry and RIGET , Gyeongsang National University , Jinju 52828 , Republic of Korea
| | - Seong Hoon Yu
- Department of Energy Science and Engineering , Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST) , Daegu 42988 , Republic of Korea
| | - Soon-Ki Kwon
- Department of Materials Engineering and Convergence Technology and ERI , Gyeongsang National University , Jinju 660-701 , Republic of Korea
| | - Dae Sung Chung
- Department of Energy Science and Engineering , Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST) , Daegu 42988 , Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Jin Jeong
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering , Korea National University of Transportation , Chungju 27469 , Republic of Korea
| | - Yun-Hi Kim
- Department of Chemistry and RIGET , Gyeongsang National University , Jinju 52828 , Republic of Korea
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Wang C, Hashizume D, Nakano M, Ogaki T, Takenaka H, Kawabata K, Takimiya K. "Disrupt and induce" intermolecular interactions to rationally design organic semiconductor crystals: from herringbone to rubrene-like pitched π-stacking. Chem Sci 2020; 11:1573-1580. [PMID: 34084388 PMCID: PMC8148081 DOI: 10.1039/c9sc05902d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The packing structures of organic semiconductors in the solid state play critical roles in determining the performances of their optoelectronic devices, such as organic field-effect transistors (OFETs). It is a formidable challenge to rationally design molecular packing in the solid state owing to the difficulty of controlling intermolecular interactions. Here we report a unique materials design strategy based on the β-methylthionation of acenedithiophenes to generally and selectively control the packing structures of materials to create organic semiconductors rivalling rubrene, a benchmark high-mobility material with a characteristic pitched π-stacking structure in the solid state. Furthermore, the effect of the β-methylthionation on the packing structure was analyzed by Hirshfeld surface analysis together with theoretical calculations based on symmetry-adapted perturbation theory (SAPT). The results clearly demonstrated that the β-methylthionation of acenedithiophenes can universally alter the intermolecular interactions by disrupting the favorable edge-to-face manner in the parent acenedithiophenes and simultaneously inducing face-to-face and end-to-face interactions in the β-methylthionated acenedithiophenes. This “disrupt and induce” strategy to manipulate intermolecular interactions can open a door to rational packing design based on the molecular structure. The rational design of organic semiconductor crystals is realized by β-methylthionation of acenedithiophenes through manipulating intermolecular interactions in a “disrupt and induce” manner.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengyuan Wang
- Emergent Molecular Function Research Team, RIKEN Center for Emergent Matter Science (CEMS) 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako Saitama 351-0198 Japan
| | - Daisuke Hashizume
- Materials Characterization Support Team, RIKEN Center for Emergent Matter Science (CEMS) 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako Saitama 351-0198 Japan
| | - Masahiro Nakano
- Emergent Molecular Function Research Team, RIKEN Center for Emergent Matter Science (CEMS) 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako Saitama 351-0198 Japan
| | - Takuya Ogaki
- Emergent Molecular Function Research Team, RIKEN Center for Emergent Matter Science (CEMS) 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako Saitama 351-0198 Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Takenaka
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University 6-3 Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku Sendai Miyagi 980-8578 Japan
| | - Kohsuke Kawabata
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University 6-3 Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku Sendai Miyagi 980-8578 Japan
| | - Kazuo Takimiya
- Emergent Molecular Function Research Team, RIKEN Center for Emergent Matter Science (CEMS) 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako Saitama 351-0198 Japan .,Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University 6-3 Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku Sendai Miyagi 980-8578 Japan
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177
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Velusamy A, Yu C, Afraj SN, Lin C, Lo W, Yeh C, Wu Y, Hsieh H, Chen J, Lee G, Tung S, Liu C, Chen M, Facchetti A. Thienoisoindigo (TII)-Based Quinoidal Small Molecules for High-Performance n-Type Organic Field Effect Transistors. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2020; 8:2002930. [PMID: 33437584 PMCID: PMC7788596 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202002930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2020] [Revised: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
A novel quinoidal thienoisoindigo (TII)-containing small molecule family with dicyanomethylene end-capping units and various alkyl chains is synthesized as n-type organic small molecules for solution-processable organic field effect transistors (OFETs). The molecular structure of the 2-hexyldecyl substituted derivative, TIIQ-b16, is determined via single-crystal X-ray diffraction and shows that the TIIQ core is planar and exhibits molecular layers stacked in a "face-to-face" arrangement with short core intermolecular distances of 3.28 Å. The very planar core structure, shortest intermolecular N···H distance (2.52 Å), existence of an intramolecular non-bonded contact between sulfur and oxygen atom (S···O) of 2.80 Å, and a very low-lying LUMO energy level of -4.16 eV suggest that TIIQ molecules should be electron transporting semiconductors. The physical, thermal, and electrochemical properties as well as OFET performance and thin film morphologies of these new TIIQs are systematically studied. Thus, air-processed TIIQ-b16 OFETs exhibit an electron mobility up to 2.54 cm2 V-1 s-1 with a current ON/OFF ratio of 105-106, which is the first demonstration of TII-based small molecules exhibiting unipolar electron transport characteristics and enhanced ambient stability. These results indicate that construction of quinoidal molecule from TII moiety is a successful approach to enhance n-type charge transport characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arulmozhi Velusamy
- Department of Chemistry and Research Center of New Generation Light Driven Photovoltaic ModulesNational Central UniversityTaoyuan32001Taiwan
| | - Chih‐Hsin Yu
- Department of Chemical and Materials EngineeringNational Central UniversityTaoyuan32001Taiwan
| | - Shakil N. Afraj
- Department of Chemistry and Research Center of New Generation Light Driven Photovoltaic ModulesNational Central UniversityTaoyuan32001Taiwan
| | - Chia‐Chi Lin
- Department of Chemical and Materials EngineeringNational Central UniversityTaoyuan32001Taiwan
| | - Wei‐Yu Lo
- Department of Chemistry and Research Center of New Generation Light Driven Photovoltaic ModulesNational Central UniversityTaoyuan32001Taiwan
| | - Chia‐Jung Yeh
- Department of Chemistry and Research Center of New Generation Light Driven Photovoltaic ModulesNational Central UniversityTaoyuan32001Taiwan
| | - Ya‐Wen Wu
- Department of Chemistry and Research Center of New Generation Light Driven Photovoltaic ModulesNational Central UniversityTaoyuan32001Taiwan
| | - Hsin‐Chun Hsieh
- Department of Chemistry and Research Center of New Generation Light Driven Photovoltaic ModulesNational Central UniversityTaoyuan32001Taiwan
| | - Jianhua Chen
- Department of Chemistry and the Materials Research CenterNorthwestern UniversityEvanstonIL60208USA
| | - Gene‐Hsiang Lee
- Instrumentation CenterNational Taiwan UniversityTaipei10617Taiwan
| | - Shih‐Huang Tung
- Institute of Polymer Science and EngineeringNational Taiwan UniversityTaipei10617Taiwan
| | - Cheng‐Liang Liu
- Department of Materials Science and EngineeringNational Taiwan UniversityTaipei10617Taiwan
| | - Ming‐Chou Chen
- Department of Chemistry and Research Center of New Generation Light Driven Photovoltaic ModulesNational Central UniversityTaoyuan32001Taiwan
| | - Antonio Facchetti
- Department of Chemistry and the Materials Research CenterNorthwestern UniversityEvanstonIL60208USA
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178
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Wu H, Dey R, Siretanu I, van den Ende D, Shui L, Zhou G, Mugele F. Electrically Controlled Localized Charge Trapping at Amorphous Fluoropolymer-Electrolyte Interfaces. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2020; 16:e1905726. [PMID: 31823510 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201905726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Revised: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Charge trapping is a long-standing problem in electrowetting on dielectric, causing reliability reduction and restricting its practical applications. Although this phenomenon is investigated macroscopically, the microscopic investigations are still lacking. In this work, the trapped charges are proven to be localized at the three-phase contact line (TPCL) region by using three detecting methods-local contact angle measurements, electrowetting (EW) probe, and Kelvin probe force microscopy. Moreover, it is demonstrated that this EW-assisted charge injection (EWCI) process can be utilized as a simple and low-cost method to deposit charges on fluoropolymer surfaces. Charge densities near the TPCL up to 0.46 mC m-2 and line widths of the deposited charge ranging from 20 to 300 µm are achieved by the proposed EWCI method. Particularly, negative charge densities do not degrade even after a "harsh" testing with a water droplet on top of the sample surfaces for 12 h, as well as after being treated by water vapor for 3 h. These findings provide an approach for applications which desire stable and controllable surface charges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Wu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Information Materials and Technology & Institute of Electronic Paper Displays, South China Academy of Advanced Optoelectronics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China
- National Center for International Research on Green Optoelectronics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China
- Physics of Complex Fluids, Faculty of Science and Technology, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, Enschede, 7500AE, the Netherlands
| | - Ranabir Dey
- Physics of Complex Fluids, Faculty of Science and Technology, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, Enschede, 7500AE, the Netherlands
- Dynamics of Complex Fluids, Max Planck Institute for Dynamics and Self-organization, Am Fassberg 17, Goettingen, 37077, Germany
| | - Igor Siretanu
- Physics of Complex Fluids, Faculty of Science and Technology, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, Enschede, 7500AE, the Netherlands
| | - Dirk van den Ende
- Physics of Complex Fluids, Faculty of Science and Technology, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, Enschede, 7500AE, the Netherlands
| | - Lingling Shui
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Information Materials and Technology & Institute of Electronic Paper Displays, South China Academy of Advanced Optoelectronics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China
- National Center for International Research on Green Optoelectronics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China
| | - Guofu Zhou
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Information Materials and Technology & Institute of Electronic Paper Displays, South China Academy of Advanced Optoelectronics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China
- National Center for International Research on Green Optoelectronics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China
- Shenzhen Guohua Optoelectronics Tech. Co. Ltd., Shenzhen, 518110, P. R. China
| | - Frieder Mugele
- Physics of Complex Fluids, Faculty of Science and Technology, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, Enschede, 7500AE, the Netherlands
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179
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Pei K, Lau AHY, Chan PKL. Understanding molecular surface doping of large bandgap organic semiconductors and overcoming the contact/access resistance in organic field-effect transistors. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020; 22:7100-7109. [PMID: 32202576 DOI: 10.1039/d0cp00487a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The contact resistance (Rc) and the effective carrier mobility (μeff) are considered as the important indicators of the performance of organic field-effect transistors (OFETs). Conventionally, the contact resistance is regarded as the interface effect between the metal electrodes and the organic semiconductors, while the carrier mobility is correlated to the crystallinity and π-π stacking of the organic molecules. In the staggered OFETs, Rc is actually closely correlated to μeff through the channel sheet resistance. Besides, the accuracy of the carrier mobility directly extracted from the non-ideal transfer curves with significant contact effect is always questionable. Herein, a diffusion-lead surface doping approach is employed to improve the contact resistance and mobility issues simultaneously. By suppressing the trap states in the sublimated 2,7-dioctyl[1]benzothieno[3,2-b][1]benzothiophene (C8-BTBT) organic semiconductor with 2,3,5,6-tetrafluoro-7,7,8,8-tetracyanoquinodimethane (F4-TCNQ), we observed a 3-fold increase in the carrier mobility from 0.5 to 1.6 cm2 V-1 s-1, and the Rc also drops remarkably from 25.7 kΩ cm to 5.2 kΩ cm. Moreover, the threshold voltage (VTH), subthreshold swing (SS) and the bias stability of the OFETs are also significantly improved. Based on the detailed characterization of the C8-BTBT film upon surface doping, including X-ray diffraction (XRD) for the film crystallinity, Kelvin probe force microscopy (KPFM) for the surface potential, trap state investigation by density of states (DOS) measurement and electrical circuit modeling for partial doping analysis, we confirmed that the spontaneous charge transfer process due to the diffusion of the F4-TCNQ dopants in the C8-BTBT matrix can lead to an effective trap filling. This technique and findings can be potentially developed into a general approach for the improvement of different performance parameters of OFETs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Pei
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong.
| | - Albert Ho Yuen Lau
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong.
| | - Paddy Kwok Leung Chan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong.
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180
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Choi HH, Yi HT, Tsurumi J, Kim JJ, Briseno AL, Watanabe S, Takeya J, Cho K, Podzorov V. A Large Anisotropic Enhancement of the Charge Carrier Mobility of Flexible Organic Transistors with Strain: A Hall Effect and Raman Study. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2020; 7:1901824. [PMID: 31921560 PMCID: PMC6947506 DOI: 10.1002/advs.201901824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Revised: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Utilizing the intrinsic mobility-strain relationship in semiconductors is critical for enabling strain engineering applications in high-performance flexible electronics. Here, measurements of Hall effect and Raman spectra of an organic semiconductor as a function of uniaxial mechanical strain are reported. This study reveals a very strong, anisotropic, and reversible modulation of the intrinsic (trap-free) charge carrier mobility of single-crystal rubrene transistors with strain, showing that the effective mobility of organic circuits can be enhanced by up to 100% with only 1% of compressive strain. Consistently, Raman spectroscopy reveals a systematic shift of the low-frequency Raman modes of rubrene to higher (lower) frequencies with compressive (tensile) strain, which is indicative of a reduction (enhancement) of thermal molecular disorder in the crystal with strain. This study lays the foundation of the strain engineering in organic electronics and advances the knowledge of the relationship between the carrier mobility, low-frequency vibrational modes, strain, and molecular disorder in organic semiconductors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Ho Choi
- Department of PhysicsRutgers UniversityPiscatawayNJ08854USA
- School of Materials Science and Engineering and Engineering Research InstituteGyeongsang National UniversityJinju52828Korea
| | - Hee Taek Yi
- Department of PhysicsRutgers UniversityPiscatawayNJ08854USA
| | - Junto Tsurumi
- International Center of Materials NanoarchitectonicsNational Institute for Materials Science (NIMS)1‐1 NamikiTsukuba305‐0044Japan
- Material Innovation Research Center (MIRC) and Department of Advanced Materials ScienceGraduate School of Frontier SciencesThe University of Tokyo5‐1‐5 KashiwanohaKashiwaChiba277‐8561Japan
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST)The University of Tokyo Advanced Operando‐Measurement Technology Open Innovation Laboratory (OPERANDO‐OIL)AIST, 5‐1‐5 KashiwanohaKashiwaChiba277‐8561Japan
| | - Jae Joon Kim
- Department of Polymer Science and EngineeringUniversity of Massachusetts AmherstAmherstMA01003USA
| | - Alejandro L. Briseno
- Department of Polymer Science and EngineeringUniversity of Massachusetts AmherstAmherstMA01003USA
- Present address:
Department of ChemistryThe Pennsylvania State UniversityUniversity ParkPA16803USA
| | - Shun Watanabe
- International Center of Materials NanoarchitectonicsNational Institute for Materials Science (NIMS)1‐1 NamikiTsukuba305‐0044Japan
- Material Innovation Research Center (MIRC) and Department of Advanced Materials ScienceGraduate School of Frontier SciencesThe University of Tokyo5‐1‐5 KashiwanohaKashiwaChiba277‐8561Japan
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST)The University of Tokyo Advanced Operando‐Measurement Technology Open Innovation Laboratory (OPERANDO‐OIL)AIST, 5‐1‐5 KashiwanohaKashiwaChiba277‐8561Japan
| | - Jun Takeya
- International Center of Materials NanoarchitectonicsNational Institute for Materials Science (NIMS)1‐1 NamikiTsukuba305‐0044Japan
- Material Innovation Research Center (MIRC) and Department of Advanced Materials ScienceGraduate School of Frontier SciencesThe University of Tokyo5‐1‐5 KashiwanohaKashiwaChiba277‐8561Japan
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST)The University of Tokyo Advanced Operando‐Measurement Technology Open Innovation Laboratory (OPERANDO‐OIL)AIST, 5‐1‐5 KashiwanohaKashiwaChiba277‐8561Japan
| | - Kilwon Cho
- Center for Advanced Soft Electronics and Department of Chemical EngineeringPohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH)Pohang37673Republic of Korea
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181
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Pakhnyuk V, Onorato JW, Steiner EJ, Cohen TA, Luscombe CK. Enhanced miscibility and strain resistance of blended elastomer/π‐conjugated polymer composites through side chain functionalization towards stretchable electronics. POLYM INT 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/pi.5954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Jonathan W Onorato
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering University of Washington Seattle WA USA
| | - Emily J Steiner
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering University of Washington Seattle WA USA
| | - Theodore A Cohen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering University of Washington Seattle WA USA
- Molecular Engineering and Sciences Institute University of Washington Seattle WA USA
| | - Christine K Luscombe
- Department of Chemistry University of Washington Seattle WA USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering University of Washington Seattle WA USA
- Molecular Engineering and Sciences Institute University of Washington Seattle WA USA
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182
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High-performance, semiconducting membrane composed of ultrathin, single-crystal organic semiconductors. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 117:80-85. [PMID: 31857386 PMCID: PMC6955328 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1909932116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Organic thin film transistors (OTFTs) are promising building blocks in next-generation electronic devices due to the compatibility with the solution process of organic semiconductors (OSCs). Generally, OTFT processes inevitably face the serious issue that the available substrates are limited to those that are solution-process compatible. In a striking contrast to conventional OTFT fabrication processes, we successfully demonstrate simple water exfoliation together with a transfer method for solution-processed organic single-crystal semiconductors. An ideal single-crystalline form can be maintained during the process, which results in excellent electronic performance. The methodology presented in this study allows the ideal production of OTFTs on a wide range of destination substrates with sufficient scalability and expands the possibility for OSCs to be employed in printed electronic devices. Thin film transistors (TFTs) are indispensable building blocks in any electronic device and play vital roles in switching, processing, and transmitting electronic information. TFT fabrication processes inherently require the sequential deposition of metal, semiconductor, and dielectric layers and so on, which makes it difficult to achieve reliable production of highly integrated devices. The integration issues are more apparent in organic TFTs (OTFTs), particularly for solution-processed organic semiconductors due to limits on which underlayers are compatible with the printing technologies. We demonstrate a ground-breaking methodology to integrate an active, semiconducting layer of OTFTs. In this method, a solution-processed, semiconducting membrane composed of few-molecular-layer–thick single-crystal organic semiconductors is exfoliated by water as a self-standing ultrathin membrane on the water surface and then transferred directly to any given underlayer. The ultrathin, semiconducting membrane preserves its original single crystallinity, resulting in excellent electronic properties with a high mobility up to 12 cm2⋅V−1⋅s−1. The ability to achieve transfer of wafer-scale single crystals with almost no deterioration of electrical properties means the present method is scalable. The demonstrations in this study show that the present transfer method can revolutionize printed electronics and constitute a key step forward in TFT fabrication processes.
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183
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Liang J, Xu K, Wu M, Hunt BM, Wang WH, Cho K, Fullerton-Shirey SK. Molecularly Thin Electrolyte for All Solid-State Nonvolatile Two-Dimensional Crystal Memory. NANO LETTERS 2019; 19:8911-8919. [PMID: 31661286 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.9b03792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
A molecularly thin electrolyte is developed to demonstrate a nonvolatile, solid-state, one-transistor (1T) memory based on an electric-double-layer (EDL) gated WSe2 field-effect transistor (FET). The custom-designed monolayer electrolyte consists of cobalt crown ether phthalocyanine and lithium ions, which are positioned by field-effect at either the surface of the WSe2 channel or an h-BN capping layer to achieve "1" or "0", respectively. Bistability in the monolayer electrolyte memory is significantly improved by the h-BN cap with density functional theory (DFT) calculations showing enhanced trapping of Li+ near h-BN due to a ∼1.34 eV increase in the absolute value of the adsorption energy compared to vacuum. The threshold voltage shift between the two states corresponds to a change in charge density of ∼2.5 × 1012 cm-2, and an On/Off ratio exceeding 104 at a back gate voltage of 0 V. The On/Off ratio remains stable after 1000 cycles and the retention time for each state exceeds 6 h (max measured). When the write time approaches 1 ms, the On/Off ratio remains >102, showing that the monolayer electrolyte-gated FET can respond on time scales similar to existing flash memory. The data suggest that faster switching times and lower switching voltages could be feasible by top gating.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jierui Liang
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering , University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania 15260 , United States
| | - Ke Xu
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering , University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania 15260 , United States
| | - Maokun Wu
- Department of Electronic Science and Engineering and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Photo-Electronic Thin Film Device and Technology , Nankai University , Tianjin 300071 , P.R. China
| | - Benjamin M Hunt
- Department of Physics , Carnegie Mellon University , Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania 15213 , United States
| | - Wei-Hua Wang
- Department of Electronic Science and Engineering and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Photo-Electronic Thin Film Device and Technology , Nankai University , Tianjin 300071 , P.R. China
| | - Kyeongjae Cho
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , The University of Texas at Dallas , Richardson , Texas 75080 , United States
| | - Susan K Fullerton-Shirey
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering , University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania 15260 , United States
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering , University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania 15260 , United States
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184
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Wang Z, Song X, Jiang Y, Zhang J, Yu X, Deng Y, Han Y, Hu W, Geng Y. A Simple Structure Conjugated Polymer for High Mobility Organic Thin Film Transistors Processed from Nonchlorinated Solvent. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2019; 6:1902412. [PMID: 31871875 PMCID: PMC6918096 DOI: 10.1002/advs.201902412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Revised: 10/03/2019] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Herein, a simple structure, nonchlorinated solvent processable high mobility donor-acceptor conjugated polymer, poly(2,5-bis(4-hexyldodecyl)-2,5-dihydro-3,6-di-2-thienyl-pyrrolo[3,4-c]pyrrole-1,4-dione-alt-thiophene) (PDPPT3-HDO), is reported. The enhanced solubility in nonchlorinated solvent is realized based on a denser alkyl side chains strategy by incorporating small size comonomer thiophene. An associated benefit of thiophene comonomer is the remarkable structural simplicity of the resulting polymer, which is advantageous for industrial scaling up. The alkyl side chain density and structure of PDPPT3-HDO can efficiently control the self-assembly properties in solution and film. By bar coating from o-xylene solution, PDPPT3-HDO forms aligned films and exhibits high hole mobility of up to 9.24 cm2 V-1 s-1 in organic thin film transistors (OTFTs). Notably, the bar-coated OTFT based on PDPPT3-HDO shows a close to ideal transistor model and a high mobility reliability factor of 87%. The multiple benefits of increased side chain density strategy may encourage the design of high mobility polymers that meet the requirements of mass production of OTFT materials and devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongli Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic ScienceTianjin UniversityTianjin300072P. R. China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin)Tianjin300072P. R. China
| | - Xianneng Song
- School of Science and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic ScienceTianjin UniversityTianjin300072P. R. China
| | - Yu Jiang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic ScienceTianjin UniversityTianjin300072P. R. China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin)Tianjin300072P. R. China
- Joint School of National University of Singapore and Tianjin UniversityInternational Campus of Tianjin UniversityBinhai New CityFuzhou350207P. R. China
| | - Jidong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and ChemistryChinese Academy of SciencesChangchun130022P. R. China
| | - Xi Yu
- School of Science and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic ScienceTianjin UniversityTianjin300072P. R. China
| | - Yunfeng Deng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic ScienceTianjin UniversityTianjin300072P. R. China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin)Tianjin300072P. R. China
| | - Yang Han
- School of Materials Science and Engineering and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic ScienceTianjin UniversityTianjin300072P. R. China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin)Tianjin300072P. R. China
| | - Wenping Hu
- School of Science and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic ScienceTianjin UniversityTianjin300072P. R. China
- Joint School of National University of Singapore and Tianjin UniversityInternational Campus of Tianjin UniversityBinhai New CityFuzhou350207P. R. China
| | - Yanhou Geng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic ScienceTianjin UniversityTianjin300072P. R. China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin)Tianjin300072P. R. China
- Joint School of National University of Singapore and Tianjin UniversityInternational Campus of Tianjin UniversityBinhai New CityFuzhou350207P. R. China
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185
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Du T, Gao R, Deng Y, Wang C, Zhou Q, Geng Y. Indandione‐Terminated Quinoids: Facile Synthesis by Alkoxide‐Mediated Rearrangement Reaction and Semiconducting Properties. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 59:221-225. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201911530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Revised: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tian Du
- School of Materials Science and Engineering Tianjin University Tianjin 300072 P. R. China
| | - Ruiheng Gao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering Tianjin University Tianjin 300072 P. R. China
| | - Yunfeng Deng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering Tianjin University Tianjin 300072 P. R. China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Science Tianjin University and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin) Tianjin 300072 P. R. China
| | - Cheng Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering Tianjin University Tianjin 300072 P. R. China
| | - Qian Zhou
- School of Materials Science and Engineering Tianjin University Tianjin 300072 P. R. China
| | - Yanhou Geng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering Tianjin University Tianjin 300072 P. R. China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Science Tianjin University and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin) Tianjin 300072 P. R. China
- Joint School of National University of Singapore and Tianjin University International Campus of Tianjin University Binhai New City Fuzhou 350207 China
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186
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Du T, Gao R, Deng Y, Wang C, Zhou Q, Geng Y. Indandione‐Terminated Quinoids: Facile Synthesis by Alkoxide‐Mediated Rearrangement Reaction and Semiconducting Properties. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201911530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tian Du
- School of Materials Science and Engineering Tianjin University Tianjin 300072 P. R. China
| | - Ruiheng Gao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering Tianjin University Tianjin 300072 P. R. China
| | - Yunfeng Deng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering Tianjin University Tianjin 300072 P. R. China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Science Tianjin University and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin) Tianjin 300072 P. R. China
| | - Cheng Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering Tianjin University Tianjin 300072 P. R. China
| | - Qian Zhou
- School of Materials Science and Engineering Tianjin University Tianjin 300072 P. R. China
| | - Yanhou Geng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering Tianjin University Tianjin 300072 P. R. China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Science Tianjin University and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin) Tianjin 300072 P. R. China
- Joint School of National University of Singapore and Tianjin University International Campus of Tianjin University Binhai New City Fuzhou 350207 China
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187
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Kim K, Nam K, Li X, Lee DY, Kim SH. Programmed Design of Highly Crystalline Organic Semiconductor Patterns with Uniaxial Alignment via Blade Coating for High-Performance Organic Field-Effect Transistors. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:42403-42411. [PMID: 31617995 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b12765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
A solution-printing technique that enables the patterning and aligning of organic semiconducting crystals is necessary for their practical application. Here, we report the facile growth of 6,13-bis(triisopropylsilylethynyl) pentacene (TIPS-PEN) semiconducting crystal patterns via a novel blade-coating technique. Defining low/high shearing-speed regions alternatively in a programmed manner enables the growth of TIPS-PEN crystals in low-speed regions and their patterning in high-speed regions. Various crystal-analysis tools, including polarized UV-vis absorption spectroscopy, grazing-incidence wide-angle X-ray scattering, and near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure, reveal that a crystal grown at an optimum shearing speed is highly oriented along the shearing direction with high crystallinity, and its molecules have a more edge-on orientation for efficient lateral-charge transport. As a result, organic field-effect transistors comprised of these crystals show a high field-effect mobility of up to 1.74 cm2/(V s). In addition, various crystal patterns can be created by simply changing the programming parameters, suggesting the broad utility of the crystal patterns and printing technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyunghun Kim
- Department of Chemical Engineering , Pohang University of Science and Technology , Pohang 37673 , Korea
| | - Kibeom Nam
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering , Kyungpook National University , Daegu 41566 , Korea
| | - Xinlin Li
- College of Electromechanical Engineering , Qingdao University , Qingdao 266071 , China
| | - Dong Yun Lee
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering , Kyungpook National University , Daegu 41566 , Korea
| | - Se Hyun Kim
- School of Engineering , Yeungnam University , 280 Daehak-Ro , Gyeongsan , Gyeongbuk 38541 , Korea
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188
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Scalable Fabrication of Organic Single-Crystalline Wafers for Reproducible TFT Arrays. Sci Rep 2019; 9:15897. [PMID: 31685835 PMCID: PMC6828694 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-50294-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Building on significant developments in materials science and printing technologies, organic semiconductors (OSCs) promise an ideal platform for the production of printed electronic circuits. However, whether their unique solution-processing capability can facilitate the reliable mass manufacture of integrated circuits with reasonable areal coverage, and to what extent mass production of solution-processed electronic devices would allow substantial reductions in manufacturing costs, remain controversial. In the present study, we successfully manufactured a 4-inch (c.a. 100 mm) organic single-crystalline wafer via a simple, one-shot printing technique, on which 1,600 organic transistors were integrated and characterized. Owing to their single-crystalline nature, we were able to verify remarkably high reliability and reproducibility, with mobilities up to 10 cm2 V−1 s−1, a near-zero turn-on voltage, and excellent on-off ratio of approximately 107. This work provides a critical milestone in printed electronics, enabling industry-level manufacturing of OSC devices concomitantly with lowered manufacturing costs.
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189
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Cho Y, Lee HR, Jeong A, Lee J, Lee SM, Joo SH, Kwak SK, Oh JH, Yang C. Understanding of Fluorination Dependence on Electron Mobility and Stability of Naphthalenediimide-Based Polymer Transistors in Environment with 100% Relative Humidity. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:40347-40357. [PMID: 31576742 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b14942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
A family of copolymers (P(NDIOD-T2Fx)) based on naphthalenediimide (NDI) and 2,2'-bithiophene (T2) units with different amounts of 3,3'-difluoro-2,2'-bithiophene (T2F) decoration were synthesized, characterized, and used in n-type organic field-effect transistors (OFETs). With increasing T2F content in the backbone, we observe increased melting and crystallization transitions, blue-shifted absorptions, and deeper-lying highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO)/lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) levels, together with improved hydrophobicity. The highest electron mobility of 4.48 × 10-1 cm2 V-1 s-1 was obtained for P(NDIOD-T2F0) without a T2F unit, which is attributed to the larger domain grains and crystallites, as well as a more tightly packed and oriented crystalline structure, as evidenced from the morphological study. In contrast, P(NDIOD-T2F100) with the highest T2F content has superior air stability, showing greater than 25% electron mobility retention after 30 days in wet conditions of 100% relative humidity without encapsulation. Even P(NDIOD-T2F100) is able to operate normally after 30 min of immersion in water, which is due to the synergistic contributions from the deep HOMO/LUMO levels and improved hydrophobicity. This study advances our fundamental understanding of how the morphology/crystallinity, device performance, and device stability of n-type copolymers are tuned by incorporating different concentrations of T2F in the backbone, shedding light on an important modification for air- and water-stable n-type materials for future OFET applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongjoon Cho
- Department of Energy Engineering, School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Perovtronics Research Center, Low Dimensional Carbon Materials Center , Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST) , 50 UNIST-gil , Ulju-gun, Ulsan 44919 , Republic of Korea
| | - Hae Rang Lee
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Institute of Chemical Processes , Seoul National University , 1 Gwanak-ro , Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826 , Republic of Korea
| | - Ayoung Jeong
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Institute of Chemical Processes , Seoul National University , 1 Gwanak-ro , Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826 , Republic of Korea
- Department of Chemical Engineering , Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH) , 77 Cheongam-ro , Pohang , Gyeongbuk 37673 , Republic of Korea
| | - Jungho Lee
- Department of Energy Engineering, School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Perovtronics Research Center, Low Dimensional Carbon Materials Center , Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST) , 50 UNIST-gil , Ulju-gun, Ulsan 44919 , Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Myeon Lee
- Department of Energy Engineering, School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Perovtronics Research Center, Low Dimensional Carbon Materials Center , Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST) , 50 UNIST-gil , Ulju-gun, Ulsan 44919 , Republic of Korea
| | - Se Hun Joo
- Department of Energy Engineering, School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Perovtronics Research Center, Low Dimensional Carbon Materials Center , Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST) , 50 UNIST-gil , Ulju-gun, Ulsan 44919 , Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Kyu Kwak
- Department of Energy Engineering, School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Perovtronics Research Center, Low Dimensional Carbon Materials Center , Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST) , 50 UNIST-gil , Ulju-gun, Ulsan 44919 , Republic of Korea
| | - Joon Hak Oh
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Institute of Chemical Processes , Seoul National University , 1 Gwanak-ro , Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826 , Republic of Korea
| | - Changduk Yang
- Department of Energy Engineering, School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Perovtronics Research Center, Low Dimensional Carbon Materials Center , Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST) , 50 UNIST-gil , Ulju-gun, Ulsan 44919 , Republic of Korea
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190
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Lee HJ, Lee S, Ji Y, Cho KG, Choi KS, Jeon C, Lee KH, Hong K. Ultrahigh-Mobility and Solution-Processed Inorganic P-Channel Thin-Film Transistors Based on a Transition-Metal Halide Semiconductor. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:40243-40251. [PMID: 31592635 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b12654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The development of p-channel devices with comparable electrical performances to their n-channel counterparts has been delayed due to the lack of p-type semiconductor materials and device optimization. In this present work, we successfully demonstrated p-channel inorganic thin-film transistors (TFTs) with high hole mobilities similar to the values of n-channel devices. To boost the device performance, the solution-processed copper iodide (CuI) semiconductor was gated by a solid polymer electrolyte. The electrolyte gating could realize electrical double layer (EDL) formation and a three-dimensional carrier transport channel and thus substantially increased charge accumulation in the channel region and realized a high mobility above 90 cm2/(V s) (45.12 ± 22.19 cm2/(V s) on average). In addition, due to the high-capacitance EDL formed by electrolyte gating, the CuI TFTs exhibited a low operation voltage below 0.5 V (Vth = -0.045 V) and a high ON current level of 0.7 mA with an ON/OFF ratio of 1.52 × 103. We also evaluated the operational stabilities of CuI TFTs and the devices showed 80% retention under electrical/mechanical stress. All the active layers of the transistors were fabricated by solution processes at low temperatures (<100 °C), indicating their potential use for flexible, wearable, and high-performance electronic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Ju Lee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , Chungnam National University (CNU) , Daejeon 34134 , Republic of Korea
| | - Seonjeong Lee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , Chungnam National University (CNU) , Daejeon 34134 , Republic of Korea
| | - Yena Ji
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , Chungnam National University (CNU) , Daejeon 34134 , Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung Gook Cho
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Inha University , Incheon 402-751 , Republic of Korea
| | | | | | - Keun Hyung Lee
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Inha University , Incheon 402-751 , Republic of Korea
| | - Kihyon Hong
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , Chungnam National University (CNU) , Daejeon 34134 , Republic of Korea
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191
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Lyu B, Kim M, Jing H, Kang J, Qian C, Lee S, Cho JH. Large-Area MXene Electrode Array for Flexible Electronics. ACS NANO 2019; 13:11392-11400. [PMID: 31553884 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.9b04731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
MXenes, an emerging class of two-dimensional (2D) transition metal carbides and nitrides, have potential for application as high-performance, low-cost electrodes in organic field-effect transistors (OFETs) because of their water dispersibility, high conductivity, and work-function tunability. In this study, we successfully fabricated a large-scale, uniform Ti3C2Tx MXene electrode array on a flexible plastic substrate for application in high-performance OFETs. The work function of the Ti3C2Tx MXene electrodes was also effectively modulated via chemical doping with NH3. The fabricated OFETs with Ti3C2Tx MXene electrodes exhibited excellent device performance, such as a maximum carrier mobility of ∼1 cm2·V-1·s-1 and an on-off current ratio of ∼107 for both p-type and n-type OFETs, even though all the electrode and dielectric layers were fabricated on the plastic substrate by solution processing. Furthermore, MXene-electrode-based complementary logic circuits, such as NOT, NAND, and NOR, were fabricated via integration of p-type and n-type OFETs. The proposed approach is expected to expand the application range of MXenes to other OFET-based electronic devices, such as organic light-emitting displays and electronic skins.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Chuan Qian
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering , Yonsei University , Seoul 03722 , Republic of Korea
| | | | - Jeong Ho Cho
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering , Yonsei University , Seoul 03722 , Republic of Korea
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192
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Un H, Wang J, Pei J. Recent Efforts in Understanding and Improving the Nonideal Behaviors of Organic Field-Effect Transistors. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2019; 6:1900375. [PMID: 31637154 PMCID: PMC6794634 DOI: 10.1002/advs.201900375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2019] [Revised: 08/02/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Over the past three decades, the mobility of organic field-effect transistors (OFETs) has been improved from 10-5 up to over 10 cm2 V-1 s-1, which reaches or has already satisfied the requirements of demanding applications. However, pronounced nonideal behaviors in current-voltage characteristics are commonly observed, which indicates that the reported mobilities may not truly reflect the device properties. Herein, a comprehensive understanding of the origins of several observed nonidealities (downward, upward, double-slope, superlinear, and humped transfer characteristics) is summarized, and how to extract comparatively reliable mobilities from nonideal behaviors in OFETs is discussed. Combining an overview of the ideal and state-of-the-art OFETs, considerable possible approaches are also provided for future OFETs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hio‐Ieng Un
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS)Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of EducationKey Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of EducationCenter of Soft Matter Science and EngineeringCollege of Chemistry and Molecular EngineeringPeking UniversityBeijing100871China
| | - Jie‐Yu Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS)Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of EducationKey Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of EducationCenter of Soft Matter Science and EngineeringCollege of Chemistry and Molecular EngineeringPeking UniversityBeijing100871China
| | - Jian Pei
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS)Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of EducationKey Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of EducationCenter of Soft Matter Science and EngineeringCollege of Chemistry and Molecular EngineeringPeking UniversityBeijing100871China
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193
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Feng K, Zhang X, Wu Z, Shi Y, Su M, Yang K, Wang Y, Sun H, Min J, Zhang Y, Cheng X, Woo HY, Guo X. Fluorine-Substituted Dithienylbenzodiimide-Based n-Type Polymer Semiconductors for Organic Thin-Film Transistors. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:35924-35934. [PMID: 31525945 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b13138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Imide functionalization is one of the most effective approaches to develop electron-deficient building blocks for constructing n-type organic semiconductors. Driven by the attractive properties of imide-functionalized dithienylbenzodiimide (TBDI) and the promising device performance of TBDI-based polymers, a novel acceptor with increased electron affinity, fluorinated dithienylbenzodiimide (TFBDI), was designed with the hydrogen replaced by fluorine on the benzene core, and the synthetic challenges associated with this highly electron-deficient fluorinated imide building block are successfully overcome. TFBDI showed suppressed frontier molecular orbital energy levels as compared with TBDI. Copolymerizing this new electron-withdrawing TBDI with various donor co-units afforded a series of n-type polymer semiconductors TFBDI-T, TFBDI-Se, and TFBDI-BSe. All these TFBDI-based polymers exhibited a lower-lying lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) energy level than the polymer analogue without fluorine. When applied in organic thin-film transistors, three polymers showed unipolar electron transport with large on-current/off-current ratios (Ion/Ioff) of 105-107. Among them, the selenophene-based polymer TFBDI-Se with the deepest-positioned LUMO and optimal chain stacking exhibited the highest electron mobility of 0.30 cm2 V-1 s-1. This result demonstrates that the new TFBDI is a highly attractive electron-deficient unit for enabling n-type polymer semiconductors, and the fluorination of imide-functionalized arenes offers an effective approach to develop more electron-deficient building blocks in organic electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kui Feng
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and The Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Printed Organic Electronics , Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech) , No. 1088, Xueyuan Road , Shenzhen 518055 , Guangdong , China
- The Institute for Advanced Studies , Wuhan University , Wuhan 430072 , China
| | - Xianhe Zhang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and The Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Printed Organic Electronics , Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech) , No. 1088, Xueyuan Road , Shenzhen 518055 , Guangdong , China
| | - Ziang Wu
- Department of Chemistry , Korea University , Seoul 136-713 , South Korea
| | - Yongqiang Shi
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and The Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Printed Organic Electronics , Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech) , No. 1088, Xueyuan Road , Shenzhen 518055 , Guangdong , China
| | - Mengyao Su
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and The Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Printed Organic Electronics , Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech) , No. 1088, Xueyuan Road , Shenzhen 518055 , Guangdong , China
| | - Kun Yang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and The Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Printed Organic Electronics , Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech) , No. 1088, Xueyuan Road , Shenzhen 518055 , Guangdong , China
| | - Yang Wang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and The Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Printed Organic Electronics , Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech) , No. 1088, Xueyuan Road , Shenzhen 518055 , Guangdong , China
| | - Huiliang Sun
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and The Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Printed Organic Electronics , Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech) , No. 1088, Xueyuan Road , Shenzhen 518055 , Guangdong , China
| | - Jie Min
- The Institute for Advanced Studies , Wuhan University , Wuhan 430072 , China
| | - Yujie Zhang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and The Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Printed Organic Electronics , Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech) , No. 1088, Xueyuan Road , Shenzhen 518055 , Guangdong , China
| | - Xing Cheng
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and The Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Printed Organic Electronics , Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech) , No. 1088, Xueyuan Road , Shenzhen 518055 , Guangdong , China
| | - Han Young Woo
- Department of Chemistry , Korea University , Seoul 136-713 , South Korea
| | - Xugang Guo
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and The Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Printed Organic Electronics , Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech) , No. 1088, Xueyuan Road , Shenzhen 518055 , Guangdong , China
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194
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Schweicher G, D'Avino G, Ruggiero MT, Harkin DJ, Broch K, Venkateshvaran D, Liu G, Richard A, Ruzié C, Armstrong J, Kennedy AR, Shankland K, Takimiya K, Geerts YH, Zeitler JA, Fratini S, Sirringhaus H. Chasing the "Killer" Phonon Mode for the Rational Design of Low-Disorder, High-Mobility Molecular Semiconductors. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2019; 31:e1902407. [PMID: 31512304 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201902407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Revised: 07/17/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Molecular vibrations play a critical role in the charge transport properties of weakly van der Waals bonded organic semiconductors. To understand which specific phonon modes contribute most strongly to the electron-phonon coupling and ensuing thermal energetic disorder in some of the most widely studied high-mobility molecular semiconductors, state-of-the-art quantum mechanical simulations of the vibrational modes and the ensuing electron-phonon coupling constants are combined with experimental measurements of the low-frequency vibrations using inelastic neutron scattering and terahertz time-domain spectroscopy. In this way, the long-axis sliding motion is identified as a "killer" phonon mode, which in some molecules contributes more than 80% to the total thermal disorder. Based on this insight, a way to rationalize mobility trends between different materials and derive important molecular design guidelines for new high-mobility molecular semiconductors is suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Schweicher
- Optoelectronics Group, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, UK
| | - Gabriele D'Avino
- Institut Néel-CNRS and Université Grenoble Alpes, Boîte Postale 166, F-38042, Grenoble Cedex 9, France
| | - Michael T Ruggiero
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Philippa Fawcett Drive, Cambridge, CB3 0AS, UK
- Department of Chemistry, University of Vermont, 82 University Place, Burlington, VT, 05405, USA
| | - David J Harkin
- Optoelectronics Group, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, UK
| | - Katharina Broch
- Optoelectronics Group, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, UK
| | - Deepak Venkateshvaran
- Optoelectronics Group, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, UK
| | - Guoming Liu
- Optoelectronics Group, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, UK
| | - Audrey Richard
- Laboratoire de Chimie des Polymères, Faculté des Sciences, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Boulevard du Triomphe CP206/01, 1050, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Christian Ruzié
- Laboratoire de Chimie des Polymères, Faculté des Sciences, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Boulevard du Triomphe CP206/01, 1050, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jeff Armstrong
- ISIS Facility, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Harwell Oxford, Didcot, Oxfordshire, OX11 0QX, UK
| | - Alan R Kennedy
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow, G1 1XL, Scotland
| | - Kenneth Shankland
- School of Pharmacy, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading, RG6 6AD, UK
| | - Kazuo Takimiya
- Emergent Molecular Function Research Group, RIKEN Center for Emergent Matter Science (CEMS), Wako, Saitama, Japan
| | - Yves H Geerts
- Laboratoire de Chimie des Polymères, Faculté des Sciences, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Boulevard du Triomphe CP206/01, 1050, Brussels, Belgium
| | - J Axel Zeitler
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Philippa Fawcett Drive, Cambridge, CB3 0AS, UK
| | - Simone Fratini
- Institut Néel-CNRS and Université Grenoble Alpes, Boîte Postale 166, F-38042, Grenoble Cedex 9, France
| | - Henning Sirringhaus
- Optoelectronics Group, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, UK
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195
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Chen H, Xing X, Zhu M, Cao J, Ali MU, Li A, He Y, Meng H. Low-Voltage, High-Performance Flexible Organic Field-Effect Transistors Based on Ultrathin Single-Crystal Microribbons. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:34188-34195. [PMID: 31456391 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b13871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Organic field-effect transistors (OFETs) have acquired increasing attention because of their wide range of potential applications in electronics; nevertheless, high operating voltage and low carrier mobility are considered as major bottlenecks in their commercialization. In this work, we demonstrate low-voltage, flexible OFETs based on ultrathin single-crystal microribbons. Flexible OFETs fabricated with 2,7-dioctylbenzothieno[3,2-b]benzothiophene (C8-BTBT) based solution-processed ultrathin single-crystal microribbon as the semiconductor layer and high-k polymer, polysiloxane-poly(vinyl alcohol) composite as an insulator layer manifest a significantly low operating voltage of -4 V, and several devices showed a high mobility of >30 cm2 V-1 s-1. Besides, the carrier mobility of the fabricated devices exhibits a slight degradation in static bending condition, which can be retained by 83.3% compared with its original value under a bending radius of 9 mm. As compared to the bulk C8-BTBT single-crystal-based OFET, which showed a large crack only after 50 dynamic bending cycles, our ultrathin single-crystal-based counterpart demonstrates a much better dynamic force stability. Moreover, under a 20 mm bending radius, the mobility of the device decreased by only 11.7% even after 500 bending cycles and no further decrease was observed until 1000 bending cycles. Our findings reveal that ultrathin C8-BTBT single-crystal-based flexible OFETs are promising candidates for various high-performance flexible electronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongming Chen
- School of Advanced Materials, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School , Peking University , Shenzhen 518055 , P. R. China
| | - Xing Xing
- Research & Development Institute of Northwest Polytechnical University (Shenzhen) , Northwestern Polytechnical University , Shenzhen 518057 , P. R. China
| | - Miao Zhu
- College of Physics Science and Technology , Lingnan Normal University , Zhanjiang 524048 , P. R. China
| | - Jupeng Cao
- School of Advanced Materials, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School , Peking University , Shenzhen 518055 , P. R. China
| | - Muhammad Umair Ali
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, College of Engineering , Peking University , Beijing 100871 , P. R. China
| | - Aiyuan Li
- School of Advanced Materials, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School , Peking University , Shenzhen 518055 , P. R. China
| | - Yaowu He
- School of Advanced Materials, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School , Peking University , Shenzhen 518055 , P. R. China
| | - Hong Meng
- School of Advanced Materials, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School , Peking University , Shenzhen 518055 , P. R. China
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196
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Paterson AF, Faber H, Savva A, Nikiforidis G, Gedda M, Hidalgo TC, Chen X, McCulloch I, Anthopoulos TD, Inal S. On the Role of Contact Resistance and Electrode Modification in Organic Electrochemical Transistors. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2019; 31:e1902291. [PMID: 31343087 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201902291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Revised: 06/23/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Contact resistance is renowned for its unfavorable impact on transistor performance. Despite its notoriety, the nature of contact resistance in organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs) remains unclear. Here, by investigating the role of contact resistance in n-type OECTs, the first demonstration of source/drain-electrode surface modification for achieving state-of-the-art n-type OECTs is reported. Specifically, thiol-based self-assembled monolayers (SAMs), 4-methylbenzenethiol (MBT) and pentafluorobenzenethiol (PFBT), are used to investigate contact resistance in n-type accumulation-mode OECTs made from the hydrophilic copolymer P-90, where the deliberate functionalization of the gold source/drain electrodes decreases and increases the energetic mismatch at the electrode/semiconductor interface, respectively. Although MBT treatment is found to increase the transconductance three-fold, contact resistance is not found to be the dominant factor governing OECT performance. Additional morphology and surface energy investigations show that increased performance comes from SAM-enhanced source/drain electrode surface energy, which improves wetting, semiconductor/metal interface quality, and semiconductor morphology at the electrode and channel. Overall, contact resistance in n-type OECTs is investigated, whilst identifying source/drain electrode treatment as a useful device engineering strategy for achieving state of the art n-type OECTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra F Paterson
- Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hendrik Faber
- Division of Physical Sciences and Engineering, KAUST Solar Centre, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Achilleas Savva
- Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Georgios Nikiforidis
- Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Murali Gedda
- Division of Physical Sciences and Engineering, KAUST Solar Centre, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Tania C Hidalgo
- Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Xingxing Chen
- Division of Physical Sciences and Engineering, KAUST Solar Centre, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Iain McCulloch
- Division of Physical Sciences and Engineering, KAUST Solar Centre, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Plastic Electronics, Imperial College London, South Kensington, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Thomas D Anthopoulos
- Division of Physical Sciences and Engineering, KAUST Solar Centre, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sahika Inal
- Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
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197
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Giannini S, Carof A, Ellis M, Yang H, Ziogos OG, Ghosh S, Blumberger J. Quantum localization and delocalization of charge carriers in organic semiconducting crystals. Nat Commun 2019; 10:3843. [PMID: 31451687 PMCID: PMC6710274 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-11775-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 08/02/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Charge carrier transport in organic semiconductors is at the heart of many revolutionary technologies ranging from organic transistors, light-emitting diodes, flexible displays and photovoltaic cells. Yet, the nature of charge carriers and their transport mechanism in these materials is still unclear. Here we show that by solving the time-dependent electronic Schrödinger equation coupled to nuclear motion for eight organic molecular crystals, the excess charge carrier forms a polaron delocalized over up to 10-20 molecules in the most conductive crystals. The polaron propagates through the crystal by diffusive jumps over several lattice spacings at a time during which it expands more than twice its size. Computed values for polaron size and charge mobility are in excellent agreement with experimental estimates and correlate very well with the recently proposed transient localization theory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuele Giannini
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and Thomas Young Centre, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Antoine Carof
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and Thomas Young Centre, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Matthew Ellis
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and Thomas Young Centre, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Hui Yang
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and Thomas Young Centre, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Orestis George Ziogos
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and Thomas Young Centre, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Soumya Ghosh
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and Thomas Young Centre, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Jochen Blumberger
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and Thomas Young Centre, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, UK.
- Institute for Advanced Study, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstrasse 2 a, D-85748, Garching, Germany.
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198
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Yang Y, Dai H, Yang F, Zhang Y, Luo D, Zhang X, Wang K, Sun XW, Yao J. All-Perovskite Photodetector with Fast Response. NANOSCALE RESEARCH LETTERS 2019; 14:291. [PMID: 31441017 PMCID: PMC6706520 DOI: 10.1186/s11671-019-3082-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Perovskites have attracted substantial attention on account of their excellent physical properties and simple preparation process. Here we demonstrated an improved photodetector based on solution-processing organic-inorganic hybrid perovskite CH3NH3PbI3-xClx layer decorated with CsPbBr3 perovskite quantum dots. The CH3NH3PbI3-xClx-CsPbBr3 photodetector was operated in a visible light region, which appeared high responsivity (R = 0.39 A/W), detectivity (D* = 5.43 × 109 Jones), carrier mobility (μp = 172 cm2 V-1 s-1 and μn = 216 cm2 V-1 s-1), and fast response (rise time 121 μs and fall time 107 μs). The CH3NH3PbI3-xClx-CsPbBr3 heterostructure is anticipated to find comprehensive applications in future high-performance photoelectronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Yang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Low Dimensional Materials Physics and Preparing Technology, School of Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
- Key Laboratory of Opto-Electronics Information Technology, College of Precision Instruments and Opto-Electronics Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Haitao Dai
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Low Dimensional Materials Physics and Preparing Technology, School of Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China.
| | - Feng Yang
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China.
| | - Yating Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Opto-Electronics Information Technology, College of Precision Instruments and Opto-Electronics Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Dan Luo
- Department of Electrical & Electronic Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Xiaoli Zhang
- Department of Electrical & Electronic Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Kai Wang
- Department of Electrical & Electronic Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Xiao Wei Sun
- Department of Electrical & Electronic Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Jianquan Yao
- Key Laboratory of Opto-Electronics Information Technology, College of Precision Instruments and Opto-Electronics Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
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199
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Teixeira da Rocha C, Qu G, Yang X, Shivhare R, Hambsch M, Diao Y, Mannsfeld SCB. Mitigating Meniscus Instabilities in Solution-Sheared Polymer Films for Organic Field-Effect Transistors. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:30079-30088. [PMID: 31403762 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b07832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Semiconducting donor-acceptor copolymers are considered to be a promising material class for solution-coated, large-scale organic electronic applications. A large number of works have shown that the best-performing organic field-effect transistors (OFETs) are obtained on low-surface-energy substrates. The meniscus instabilities that occur when coating on such surfaces considerably limit the effective deposition speeds. This represents a limiting factor for the upscaling of device fabrication for mass production, an issue that needs to be addressed if organic electronic devices are ever to become commercially relevant. In this work, we present a method to increase the accessible window of coating speeds for the solution shearing of donor-acceptor semiconductor polymers for the fabrication of OFETs. By incorporating a piezo crystal that is capable of producing high-frequency vibrations into the coating head, we are able to mitigate contact line instabilities due to the depinning of the contact line, thereby suppressing the commonly encountered "stick-and-slip" phenomenon.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ge Qu
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering , University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign , 600 S. Mathews Avenue , Urbana , Illinois 61801 , United States
| | - Xuegeng Yang
- Institute of Fluid Dynamics , Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR) , Bautzner Landstraße 400 , Dresden 01328 , Germany
| | | | | | - Ying Diao
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering , University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign , 600 S. Mathews Avenue , Urbana , Illinois 61801 , United States
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200
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Choi J, Yoon J, Kim MJ, Pak K, Lee C, Lee H, Jeong K, Ihm K, Yoo S, Cho BJ, Lee H, Im SG. Spontaneous Generation of a Molecular Thin Hydrophobic Skin Layer on a Sub-20 nm, High- k Polymer Dielectric for Extremely Stable Organic Thin-Film Transistor Operation. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:29113-29123. [PMID: 31333023 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b09891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Polymer dielectric materials with hydroxyl functionalities such as poly(4-vinylphenol) and poly(vinyl alcohol) have been utilized widely in organic thin-film transistors (OTFTs) because of their excellent insulating performance gained by hydroxyl-mediated cross-linking. However, the polar hydroxyl functionality also deleteriously affects the performance of OTFTs and significantly impairs the device stability. In this study, a sub-20 nm, high-k copolymer dielectric with hydroxyl functionality, poly(2-hydroxyethyl acrylate-co-di(ethylene glycol) divinyl ether), was synthesized in the vapor phase via initiated chemical vapor deposition. The inherently dry environment offered by the vapor-phase polymer synthesis prompted the snuggling of polar hydroxyl functionalities into the bulk polymer film to form a molecular thin hydrophobic skin layer at its surface, verified by near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure analysis. The chemical composition of the copolymer dielectric was optimized systematically to achieve high dielectric constant (k ≈ 6.2) as well as extremely low leakage current densities (less than 3 × 10-8 A/cm2 in the range of ±2 MV/cm) even with sub-20 nm thickness, leading to one of the highest capacitance (higher than 300 nF/cm2) achieved by a single polymer dielectric to date. Exploiting the structural advantage of the cross-linked high-k polymer dielectric, high-performance OTFTs were obtained. Notably, the spontaneously formed molecular thin, hydrophobic skin layer in the copolymer film substantially suppressed the hysteresis in the transistor operation. The trap analysis also suggested the formation of bulk trap with a high energy barrier and sufficiently low trap densities at the semiconductor/dielectric interface, owing to the surface skin layer. Furthermore, the OTFTs with the -OH-containing copolymer dielectric showed an unprecedentedly excellent operational stability. No apparent OTFT degradation was observed up to 50 000 s of high constant voltage stress (corresponding to the applied electric field of 1.4 MV/cm) because of the markedly suppressed interfacial trap density by the hydrophobic skin layer, together with the current compensation by the bulk hydroxyl functionalities. We believe that the surface modification-free, one-step polymer dielectric synthetic strategy will provide a new insight into the design of polymer dielectric materials for high-performance, low-power soft electronic devices with high operational stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junhwan Choi
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering and KI for NanoCentury , Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST) , 291 Daehak-ro , Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141 , Republic of Korea
| | - Jongsun Yoon
- Department of Chemical Engineering , Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH) , 77 Cheongam-ro , Nam-gu, Pohang , Gyeongbuk 37673 , Republic of Korea
| | - Min Ju Kim
- School of Electrical Engineering and KI for NanoCentury at Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST) , 291 Daehak-ro , Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141 , Republic of Korea
| | - Kwanyong Pak
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering and KI for NanoCentury , Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST) , 291 Daehak-ro , Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141 , Republic of Korea
| | - Changhyeon Lee
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering and KI for NanoCentury , Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST) , 291 Daehak-ro , Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141 , Republic of Korea
| | - Haechang Lee
- School of Electrical Engineering and KI for NanoCentury at Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST) , 291 Daehak-ro , Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141 , Republic of Korea
| | - Kihoon Jeong
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering and KI for NanoCentury , Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST) , 291 Daehak-ro , Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141 , Republic of Korea
| | - Kyuwook Ihm
- Nano & Interface Research Team , Pohang Accelerator Laboratory , Pohang , Gyeongbuk 37673 , Republic of Korea
| | - Seunghyup Yoo
- School of Electrical Engineering and KI for NanoCentury at Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST) , 291 Daehak-ro , Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141 , Republic of Korea
| | - Byung Jin Cho
- School of Electrical Engineering and KI for NanoCentury at Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST) , 291 Daehak-ro , Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141 , Republic of Korea
| | - Hyomin Lee
- Department of Chemical Engineering , Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH) , 77 Cheongam-ro , Nam-gu, Pohang , Gyeongbuk 37673 , Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Gap Im
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering and KI for NanoCentury , Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST) , 291 Daehak-ro , Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141 , Republic of Korea
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