151
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Hu X, Fan Q, Hou H, Yan R. Neurological dysfunctions associated with altered BACE1-dependent Neuregulin-1 signaling. J Neurochem 2016; 136:234-49. [PMID: 26465092 PMCID: PMC4833723 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.13395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2015] [Revised: 09/23/2015] [Accepted: 09/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Inhibition of BACE1 is being pursued as a therapeutic target to treat patients suffering from Alzheimer's disease because BACE1 is the sole β-secretase that generates β-amyloid peptide. Knowledge regarding other cellular functions of BACE1 is therefore critical for the safe use of BACE1 inhibitors in human patients. Neuregulin-1 (Nrg1) is a BACE1 substrate and BACE1 cleavage of Nrg1 is critical for signaling functions in myelination, remyelination, synaptic plasticity, normal psychiatric behaviors, and maintenance of muscle spindles. This review summarizes the most recent discoveries associated with BACE1-dependent Nrg1 signaling in these areas. This body of knowledge will help to provide guidance for preventing unwanted Nrg1-based side effects following BACE1 inhibition in humans. To initiate its signaling cascade, membrane anchored Neuregulin (Nrg), mainly type I and III β1 Nrg1 isoforms and Nrg3, requires ectodomain shedding. BACE1 is one of such indispensable sheddases to release the functional Nrg signaling fragment. The dependence of Nrg on the cleavage by BACE1 is best manifested by disrupting the critical role of Nrg in the control of axonal myelination, schizophrenic behaviors as well as the formation and maintenance of muscle spindles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangyou Hu
- Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195
| | - Qingyuan Fan
- Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195
| | - Hailong Hou
- Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195
| | - Riqiang Yan
- Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195
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152
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Differential motor and sensory functional recovery in male but not female adult rats is associated with remyelination rather than axon regeneration after sciatic nerve crush. Neuroreport 2015; 26:429-37. [PMID: 25830493 DOI: 10.1097/wnr.0000000000000366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Peripheral nerve functional recovery after injuries relies on both axon regeneration and remyelination. Both axon regeneration and remyelination require intimate interactions between regenerating neurons and their accompanying Schwann cells. Previous studies have shown that motor and sensory neurons are intrinsically different in their regeneration potentials. Moreover, denervated Schwann cells accompanying myelinated motor and sensory axons have distinct gene expression profiles for regeneration-associated growth factors. However, it is unknown whether differential motor and sensory functional recovery exists. If so, the particular one among axon regeneration and remyelination responsible for this difference remains unclear. Here, we aimed to establish an adult rat sciatic nerve crush model with the nonserrated microneedle holders and measured rat motor and sensory functions during regeneration. Furthermore, axon regeneration and remyelination was evaluated by morphometric analysis of electron microscopic images on the basis of nerve fiber classification. Our results showed that Aα fiber-mediated motor function was successfully recovered in both male and female rats. Aδ fiber-mediated sensory function was partially restored in male rats, but completely recovered in female littermates. For both male and female rats, the numbers of regenerated motor and sensory axons were quite comparable. However, remyelination was diverse among myelinated motor and sensory nerve fibers. In detail, Aβ and Aδ fibers incompletely remyelinated in male, but not female rats, whereas Aα fibers fully remyelinated in both sexes. Our result indicated that differential motor and sensory functional recovery in male but not female adult rats is associated with remyelination rather than axon regeneration after sciatic nerve crush.
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153
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Klein D, Martini R. Myelin and macrophages in the PNS: An intimate relationship in trauma and disease. Brain Res 2015; 1641:130-138. [PMID: 26631844 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2015.11.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2015] [Revised: 11/18/2015] [Accepted: 11/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Macrophages of the peripheral nervous system belong to the so-called tissue macrophages, with multiple functions during injury and disease. Their origin during ontogeny has not yet been completely resolved, but it is clear that upon injury and disease conditions, they are supplemented by hematopoietic derivatives. In the peripheral nervous system, the most abundantly investigated scenario in which resident and infiltrating macrophages are involved is the so-called "Wallerian degeneration", a complex degenerative process where macrophages exhibit mostly beneficial functions by phagocytosing myelin and axonal remnants. Of special interest is the implication of macrophages in inflammatory nerve diseases, like acute Guillain-Barré syndromes and its permanent variant, chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy, where macrophages are supposed to be substantial (co-)mediators of the diseases. In inherited peripheral neuropathies nerve macrophages possess a clear disease-amplifying function. In the corresponding animal models, a coordinated interplay between mutant Schwann cells, macrophages, endoneurial fibroblasts and the target structure, myelin, emerged. Along this process, a newly discovered disease mechanism mediated by macrophages is the dedifferentiation of myelinating Schwann cells. As macrophages are amplifiers of the genetically-mediated, non-curable diseases, targeting the mechanisms of their activation might be a promising strategy to treat these disorders. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled SI: Myelin Evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis Klein
- University Hospital Würzburg, Department of Neurology, Developmental Neurobiology, Josef-Schneider Str. 11, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Rudolf Martini
- University Hospital Würzburg, Department of Neurology, Developmental Neurobiology, Josef-Schneider Str. 11, 97080 Würzburg, Germany.
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154
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The scales and tales of myelination: using zebrafish and mouse to study myelinating glia. Brain Res 2015; 1641:79-91. [PMID: 26498880 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2015.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2015] [Revised: 10/01/2015] [Accepted: 10/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Myelin, the lipid-rich sheath that insulates axons to facilitate rapid conduction of action potentials, is an evolutionary innovation of the jawed-vertebrate lineage. Research efforts aimed at understanding the molecular mechanisms governing myelination have primarily focused on rodent models; however, with the advent of the zebrafish model system in the late twentieth century, the use of this genetically tractable, yet simpler vertebrate for studying myelination has steadily increased. In this review, we compare myelinating glial cell biology during development and regeneration in zebrafish and mouse and enumerate the advantages and disadvantages of using each model to study myelination. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled SI: Myelin Evolution.
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155
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Fuhrmann D, Elsässer HP. Schwann cell Miz without POZ: degeneration meets regeneration. Neural Regen Res 2015; 10:1563-4. [PMID: 26692840 PMCID: PMC4660736 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.165263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- David Fuhrmann
- Department of Cytobiology and Cytopathobiology, Philipps University of Marburg, Robert-Koch-Strasse 6, 35033 Marburg, Germany
| | - Hans-Peter Elsässer
- Department of Cytobiology and Cytopathobiology, Philipps University of Marburg, Robert-Koch-Strasse 6, 35033 Marburg, Germany
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156
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Poitelon Y, Bogni S, Matafora V, Della-Flora Nunes G, Hurley E, Ghidinelli M, Katzenellenbogen BS, Taveggia C, Silvestri N, Bachi A, Sannino A, Wrabetz L, Feltri ML. Spatial mapping of juxtacrine axo-glial interactions identifies novel molecules in peripheral myelination. Nat Commun 2015; 6:8303. [PMID: 26383514 PMCID: PMC4576721 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms9303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2015] [Accepted: 08/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell–cell interactions promote juxtacrine signals in specific subcellular domains, which are difficult to capture in the complexity of the nervous system. For example, contact between axons and Schwann cells triggers signals required for radial sorting and myelination. Failure in this interaction causes dysmyelination and axonal degeneration. Despite its importance, few molecules at the axo-glial surface are known. To identify novel molecules in axo-glial interactions, we modified the ‘pseudopodia' sub-fractionation system and isolated the projections that glia extend when they receive juxtacrine signals from axons. By proteomics we identified the signalling networks present at the glial-leading edge, and novel proteins, including members of the Prohibitin family. Glial-specific deletion of Prohibitin-2 in mice impairs axo-glial interactions and myelination. We thus validate a novel method to model morphogenesis and juxtacrine signalling, provide insights into the molecular organization of the axo-glial contact, and identify a novel class of molecules in myelination. Neuron–glia interactions are critical in the nervous system, where they result in the extension of glial pseudopodia. Poitelon et al. isolate these protrusions using an in vitro assay, and, by characterising their proteomes, identify Prohibitin-2 as a regulator of myelination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Poitelon
- Hunter James Kelly Research Institute, Department Biochemistry, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York 14203, USA.,Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, San Raffaele Hospital, Milano 20132, Italy
| | - S Bogni
- Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, San Raffaele Hospital, Milano 20132, Italy
| | - V Matafora
- Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, San Raffaele Hospital, Milano 20132, Italy
| | - G Della-Flora Nunes
- Hunter James Kelly Research Institute, Department Biochemistry, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York 14203, USA
| | - E Hurley
- Hunter James Kelly Research Institute, Department Biochemistry, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York 14203, USA
| | - M Ghidinelli
- Hunter James Kelly Research Institute, Department Biochemistry, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York 14203, USA.,Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, San Raffaele Hospital, Milano 20132, Italy
| | - B S Katzenellenbogen
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois and College of Medicine, Urbana Illinois 61801, USA
| | - C Taveggia
- Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Hospital, Milano 20132, Italy
| | - N Silvestri
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York 14203, USA
| | - A Bachi
- Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, San Raffaele Hospital, Milano 20132, Italy
| | - A Sannino
- Department of Engineering for Innovation, University of Salento, Lecce 73100, Italy
| | - L Wrabetz
- Hunter James Kelly Research Institute, Department Biochemistry, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York 14203, USA.,Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, San Raffaele Hospital, Milano 20132, Italy.,Department of Neurology, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York 14203, USA
| | - M L Feltri
- Hunter James Kelly Research Institute, Department Biochemistry, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York 14203, USA.,Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, San Raffaele Hospital, Milano 20132, Italy.,Department of Neurology, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York 14203, USA
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157
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Schirmeier S, Matzat T, Klämbt C. Axon ensheathment and metabolic supply by glial cells in Drosophila. Brain Res 2015; 1641:122-129. [PMID: 26367447 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2015.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2015] [Revised: 09/02/2015] [Accepted: 09/03/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Neuronal function requires constant working conditions and a well-balanced supply of ions and metabolites. The metabolic homeostasis in the nervous system crucially depends on the presence of glial cells, which nurture and isolate neuronal cells. Here we review recent findings on how these tasks are performed by glial cells in the genetically amenable model organism Drosophila melanogaster. Despite the small size of its nervous system, which would allow diffusion of metabolites, a surprising division of labor between glial cells and neurons is evident. Glial cells are glycolytically active and transfer lactate and alanine to neurons. Neurons in turn do not require glycolysis but can use the glially provided compounds for their energy homeostasis. Besides feeding neurons, glial cells also insulate neuronal axons in a way similar to Remak fibers in the mammalian nervous system. The molecular mechanisms orchestrating this insulation require neuregulin signaling and resemble the mechanisms controlling glial differentiation in mammals surprisingly well. We hypothesize that metabolic cross talk and insulation of neurons by glial cells emerged early during evolution as two closely interlinked features in the nervous system. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled SI: Myelin Evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Schirmeier
- Institut für Neuro- und Verhaltensbiologie, Badestr. 9, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Till Matzat
- Institut für Neuro- und Verhaltensbiologie, Badestr. 9, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Christian Klämbt
- Institut für Neuro- und Verhaltensbiologie, Badestr. 9, 48149 Münster, Germany.
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158
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Monk KR, Feltri ML, Taveggia C. New insights on Schwann cell development. Glia 2015; 63:1376-93. [PMID: 25921593 PMCID: PMC4470834 DOI: 10.1002/glia.22852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2015] [Accepted: 04/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
In the peripheral nervous system, Schwann cells are glial cells that are in intimate contact with axons throughout development. Schwann cells generate the insulating myelin sheath and provide vital trophic support to the neurons that they ensheathe. Schwann cell precursors arise from neural crest progenitor cells, and a highly ordered developmental sequence controls the progression of these cells to become mature myelinating or nonmyelinating Schwann cells. Here, we discuss both seminal discoveries and recent advances in our understanding of the molecular mechanisms that drive Schwann cell development and myelination with a focus on cell-cell and cell-matrix signaling events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly R Monk
- Department of Developmental Biology, Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - M Laura Feltri
- Department of Biochemistry and Neurology, Hunter James Kelly Research Institute, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, New York
| | - Carla Taveggia
- Division of Neuroscience and INSPE, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
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159
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Yang W, Liu TT, Song XB, Zhang Y, Li ZH, Hao Q, Cui ZH, Liu HL, Lei CL, Liu J. Neuregulin-1 protects against acute optic nerve injury in rat model. J Neurol Sci 2015; 357:157-66. [PMID: 26235969 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2015.07.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2015] [Revised: 06/09/2015] [Accepted: 07/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES In this study, we employed a rat model and examined the expression pattern of neuregulin-1 (NRG-1) in optic nerve and retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) in response to optic nerve injury to understand the role of NRG-1 in conferring protection against acute optic nerve injury. METHOD Forty-eight male rats were randomly divided into two groups, the sham-operation group (n=24) and optic nerve injury group (n=24). Flash visual evoked potentials (FVEP) and fundography images were acquired at different time points following optic nerve injury (2h, 1d, 2d, 7d, 14d and 28d). Semi-quantitative analysis of NGR-1 expression pattern was performed by immunohistochemistry (IHC) staining. In a related experiment, 100 male rats were randomly divided into NGR-1 treatment group (n=60) (treated with increasing dose of NGR-1 at 0.5μg, 1μg and 3μg), normal saline (NS) group (n=20) and negative control group (n=20). Optic nerve injury was induced in all the animals and in situ cell death was measured by detecting the apoptosis rates using TUNEL assay. RESULTS Fundus photography results revealed no detectable differences between the sham-operation group and optic nerve injury group at 2h, 1d, 2d and 7d. However at 2weeks, the optic discs turned pale in all animals in the optic nerve injury group. NRG-1 expression increased significantly at all time points in the optic nerve injury group (P<0.05), compared to the sham-operation group, with NRG-1 expression peaking at 14d and gradually declining by 28d. Statistically significant differences in amplitude and latency of P100 wave were also detected between the optic nerve injury and sham-operation group (P<0.05). In related experiment, compared to NS group, treatment with 1μg and 3μg of recombinant human NRG-1 resulted in statistically significant FVEP-P100 amplitude values (all P<0.05). Further, compared to the NS group, ganglion cell apoptosis was dramatically reduced in the NRG-1 group at all time points and the reduction was statistically significant in 3μg NRG-1 treatment group at 7d, 14d and 28d (all P<0.05). CONCLUSION Our results strongly suggest that NRG-1 is highly effective in preserving normal optic nerve function and is essential for tissue repair following optic nerve injury. Thus, NRG-1 expression confers protection against acute optic nerve injury in a dose-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Yang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, PR China
| | - Tao-Tao Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, PR China
| | - Xiao-Bin Song
- Department of Emergency Surgery, Jilin Province People's Hospital, Changchun 130021, PR China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, PR China
| | - Zhao-Hui Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, People's Hospital of Changchun City, Changchun 130021, PR China
| | - Qian Hao
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, PR China.
| | - Zhi-Hua Cui
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, PR China.
| | - Hong Lei Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, PR China
| | - Chun Ling Lei
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, PR China
| | - Jun Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, PR China
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160
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Sonnenberg-Riethmacher E, Miehe M, Riethmacher D. Promotion of periostin expression contributes to the migration of Schwann cells. J Cell Sci 2015; 128:3345-55. [PMID: 26187852 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.174177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2015] [Accepted: 06/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuregulin ligands and their ErbB receptors are important for the development of Schwann cells, the glial cells of the peripheral nervous system (PNS). ErbB3 deficiency is characterized by a complete loss of Schwann cells along axons of the peripheral nerves, impaired fasciculation and neuronal cell death. We performed comparative gene expression analysis of dorsal root ganglia (DRG) explant cultures from ErbB3-deficient and wild-type mice in order to identify genes that are involved in Schwann cell development and migration. The extracellular matrix (ECM) gene periostin was found to exhibit the most prominent down regulation in ErbB3-deficient DRG. Expression analysis revealed that the periostin-expressing cell population in the PNS corresponds to Schwann cell precursors and Schwann cells, and is particularly high in migratory Schwann cells. Furthermore, stimulation of Schwann cells with neuregulin-1 (NRG1) or transforming growth factor β (TGFβ-1) resulted in an upregulation of periostin expression. Interestingly, DRG explant cultures of periostin-deficient mice revealed a significant reduction of the number of migrating Schwann cells. These data demonstrate that the expression of periostin is stimulated by ErbB ligand NRG1 and influences the migration of Schwann cell precursors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Sonnenberg-Riethmacher
- Human Development and Health, University of Southampton, School of Medicine, Tremona Road, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK Center for Molecular Neurobiology, University of Hamburg, Falkenried 94, Hamburg 20251, Germany
| | - Michaela Miehe
- Center for Molecular Neurobiology, University of Hamburg, Falkenried 94, Hamburg 20251, Germany Institut for Immunological Engineering, University of Aarhus, Gustav Wieds Vej 10, Aarhus C 8000, Denmark
| | - Dieter Riethmacher
- Human Development and Health, University of Southampton, School of Medicine, Tremona Road, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK Center for Molecular Neurobiology, University of Hamburg, Falkenried 94, Hamburg 20251, Germany
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161
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Sasse S, Neuert H, Klämbt C. Differentiation ofDrosophilaglial cells. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2015; 4:623-36. [DOI: 10.1002/wdev.198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2014] [Revised: 03/25/2015] [Accepted: 05/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Sasse
- Institut für Neuro- und Verhaltensbiologie; Münster Germany
| | - Helen Neuert
- Institut für Neuro- und Verhaltensbiologie; Münster Germany
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162
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Ronchi G, Haastert-Talini K, Fornasari BE, Perroteau I, Geuna S, Gambarotta G. The Neuregulin1/ErbB system is selectively regulated during peripheral nerve degeneration and regeneration. Eur J Neurosci 2015; 43:351-64. [DOI: 10.1111/ejn.12974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2015] [Revised: 05/26/2015] [Accepted: 06/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Ronchi
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences; University of Torino; Regione Gonzole 10 Orbassano 10043 Italy
- Neuroscience Institute of the ‘Cavalieri Ottolenghi’ Foundation (NICO); University of Torino; Orbassano Italy
| | - Kirsten Haastert-Talini
- Hannover Medical School; Institute of Neuroanatomy; Hannover Germany
- Center for Systems Neuroscience (ZSN); Hannover Germany
| | - Benedetta Elena Fornasari
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences; University of Torino; Regione Gonzole 10 Orbassano 10043 Italy
| | - Isabelle Perroteau
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences; University of Torino; Regione Gonzole 10 Orbassano 10043 Italy
- Neuroscience Institute of Torino (NIT); University of Torino; Orbassano Italy
| | - Stefano Geuna
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences; University of Torino; Regione Gonzole 10 Orbassano 10043 Italy
- Neuroscience Institute of the ‘Cavalieri Ottolenghi’ Foundation (NICO); University of Torino; Orbassano Italy
- Neuroscience Institute of Torino (NIT); University of Torino; Orbassano Italy
| | - Giovanna Gambarotta
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences; University of Torino; Regione Gonzole 10 Orbassano 10043 Italy
- Neuroscience Institute of Torino (NIT); University of Torino; Orbassano Italy
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163
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Neuregulin-1β Regulates the migration of Different Neurochemical Phenotypic Neurons from Organotypically Cultured Dorsal Root Ganglion Explants. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2015; 36:69-81. [DOI: 10.1007/s10571-015-0221-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2015] [Accepted: 06/02/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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164
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Wang X, Krebbers J, Charalambous P, Machado V, Schober A, Bosse F, Müller HW, Unsicker K. Growth/differentiation factor-15 and its role in peripheral nervous system lesion and regeneration. Cell Tissue Res 2015; 362:317-30. [DOI: 10.1007/s00441-015-2219-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2015] [Accepted: 05/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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165
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Mansuy-Aubert V, Gautron L, Lee S, Bookout AL, Kusminski C, Sun K, Zhang Y, Scherer PE, Mangelsdorf DJ, Elmquist JK. Loss of the liver X receptor LXRα/β in peripheral sensory neurons modifies energy expenditure. eLife 2015; 4. [PMID: 26076474 PMCID: PMC4467361 DOI: 10.7554/elife.06667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2015] [Accepted: 05/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Peripheral neural sensory mechanisms play a crucial role in metabolic regulation but less is known about the mechanisms underlying vagal sensing itself. Recently, we identified an enrichment of liver X receptor alpha and beta (LXRα/β) in the nodose ganglia of the vagus nerve. In this study, we show mice lacking LXRα/β in peripheral sensory neurons have increased energy expenditure and weight loss when fed a Western diet (WD). Our findings suggest that the ability to metabolize and sense cholesterol and/or fatty acids in peripheral neurons is an important requirement for physiological adaptations to WDs. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.06667.001 The vagus nerves run from the brainstem to the heart and the digestive system and help to control several processes including digestion and heart rate. Because of their role in regulating food intake, these nerves are attractive targets for scientists hoping to develop treatments for obesity. There are two types of fat tissue found in mammals: white fat, which is used as an energy store and makes up most of the extra fat seen in obese individuals; and brown fat, which can generate body heat. The vagus nerves monitor fat and cholesterol levels in the body via receptor proteins that respond to messages sent from the fat tissues and the liver. Previous research unexpectedly found that mice genetically engineered to lack these receptor proteins—called LXRα and LXRβ—do not become obese even when fed a high-fat, high-cholesterol diet that would make normal mice gain excessive weight. Mansuy-Aubert et al. have now investigated in more detail why mice without these receptor proteins are resistant to obesity. When fed a high-fat, high-cholesterol diet, mice that lacked the LXRα and LXRβ receptors in sensory neurons had higher cholesterol levels in their nerve cells than normal mice on the same diet. Mice lacking these receptors also burned more energy and gained less weight than normal mice. Next, Mansuy-Aubert et al. examined fat tissue from both types of mice. This revealed that the heat-generating brown fat was more active in mice lacking the LXRα and LXRβ receptors. Some of the white fat in these mice had also become more like brown fat, allowing the mice to burn more energy and so gain less weight. In many Western countries, many people also eat a diet that is high in fat and cholesterol. This raises the possibility that drugs that block the LXRα and LXRβ receptors in sensory neurons in humans could help to treat or prevent obesity, although further work will be needed to investigate this. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.06667.002
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginie Mansuy-Aubert
- Division of Hypothalamic Research, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, United States
| | - Laurent Gautron
- Division of Hypothalamic Research, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, United States
| | - Syann Lee
- Division of Hypothalamic Research, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, United States
| | - Angie L Bookout
- Department of Pharmacology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, United States
| | - Christine Kusminski
- Touchstone Diabetes Center, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, United States
| | - Kai Sun
- Touchstone Diabetes Center, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, United States
| | - Yuan Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, United States
| | - Philipp E Scherer
- Touchstone Diabetes Center, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, United States
| | - David J Mangelsdorf
- Department of Pharmacology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, United States
| | - Joel K Elmquist
- Division of Hypothalamic Research, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, United States
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166
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Abstract
Myelinated nerve fibers are essential for the rapid propagation of action potentials by saltatory conduction. They form as the result of reciprocal interactions between axons and Schwann cells. Extrinsic signals from the axon, and the extracellular matrix, drive Schwann cells to adopt a myelinating fate, whereas myelination reorganizes the axon for its role in conduction and is essential for its integrity. Here, we review our current understanding of the development, molecular organization, and function of myelinating Schwann cells. Recent findings into the extrinsic signals that drive Schwann cell myelination, their cognate receptors, and the downstream intracellular signaling pathways they activate will be described. Together, these studies provide important new insights into how these pathways converge to activate the transcriptional cascade of myelination and remodel the actin cytoskeleton that is critical for morphogenesis of the myelin sheath.
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Affiliation(s)
- James L Salzer
- Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, New York University Neuroscience Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York 10016
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167
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Gambarotta G, Pascal D, Ronchi G, Morano M, Jager SB, Moimas S, Zentilin L, Giacca M, Perroteau I, Tos P, Geuna S, Raimondo S. Local delivery of the Neuregulin1 receptor ecto-domain (ecto-ErbB4) has a positive effect on regenerated nerve fiber maturation. Gene Ther 2015; 22:901-7. [DOI: 10.1038/gt.2015.46] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2015] [Revised: 04/09/2015] [Accepted: 04/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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168
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Abstract
Inhibition of β-site APP cleaving enzyme 1 (BACE1) is being pursued as a therapeutic target for treating patients with Alzheimer's disease because BACE1 is the sole β-secretase for generating β-amyloid peptide. Knowledge regarding the other cellular functions of BACE1 is therefore critical for the safe use of BACE1 inhibitors in human patients. BACE1 deficiency in mice causes hypomyelination during development and impairs remyelination in injured sciatic nerves. Since BACE1 is expected to be ubiquitously expressed, we asked whether axonal or Schwann cell BACE1 is required for optimal remyelination. By swapping sciatic nerve segments from BACE1-null mice with the corresponding wild-type nerve segments or vice versa, we tested how a deficiency of BACE1 in Schwann cells or axons affects remyelination. Our results show that BACE1 in axons and Schwann cells is similarly important for remyelination of regenerated axons. Nerve injury induces BACE1 transcription and protein levels are elevated in Schwann cells. Expression of type I neuregulin 1 (Nrg1), rather than type III Nrg1, was induced by Schwann cells, and the abolished Nrg1 cleavage in BACE1-null Schwann cells contributed to decreased remyelination of regenerated axons. Hence, this study is the first to demonstrate the equal importance of axonal and Schwann cell BACE1 for remyelination of injured nerves.
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169
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Cermenati G, Audano M, Giatti S, Carozzi V, Porretta-Serapiglia C, Pettinato E, Ferri C, D'Antonio M, De Fabiani E, Crestani M, Scurati S, Saez E, Azcoitia I, Cavaletti G, Garcia-Segura LM, Melcangi RC, Caruso D, Mitro N. Lack of sterol regulatory element binding factor-1c imposes glial Fatty Acid utilization leading to peripheral neuropathy. Cell Metab 2015; 21:571-83. [PMID: 25817536 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2015.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2014] [Revised: 01/09/2015] [Accepted: 02/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Myelin is a membrane characterized by high lipid content to facilitate impulse propagation. Changes in myelin fatty acid (FA) composition have been associated with peripheral neuropathy, but the specific role of peripheral nerve FA synthesis in myelin formation and function is poorly understood. We have found that mice lacking sterol regulatory element-binding factor-1c (Srebf1c) have blunted peripheral nerve FA synthesis that results in development of peripheral neuropathy. Srebf1c-null mice develop Remak bundle alterations and hypermyelination of small-caliber fibers that impair nerve function. Peripheral nerves lacking Srebf1c show decreased FA synthesis and glycolytic flux, but increased FA catabolism and mitochondrial function. These metabolic alterations are the result of local accumulation of two endogenous peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α (Pparα) ligands, 1-palmitoyl-2-oleyl-sn-glycerol-3-phosphatidylcholine and 1-stearoyl-2-oleyl-sn-glycerol-3-phosphatidylcholine. Treatment with a Pparα antagonist rescues the neuropathy of Srebf1c-null mice. These findings reveal the importance of peripheral nerve FA synthesis to sustain myelin structure and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaia Cermenati
- DiSFeB, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, 20133, Italy
| | - Matteo Audano
- DiSFeB, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, 20133, Italy
| | - Silvia Giatti
- DiSFeB, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, 20133, Italy
| | - Valentina Carozzi
- Experimental Neurology Unit, Department of Surgery and Translational Medicine, Università degli Studi Milano-Bicocca, Monza, 20052, Italy
| | | | - Emanuela Pettinato
- Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, DIBIT, Milano, 20132, Italy
| | - Cinzia Ferri
- Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, DIBIT, Milano, 20132, Italy
| | - Maurizio D'Antonio
- Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, DIBIT, Milano, 20132, Italy
| | - Emma De Fabiani
- DiSFeB, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, 20133, Italy
| | - Maurizio Crestani
- DiSFeB, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, 20133, Italy
| | | | - Enrique Saez
- Department of Chemical Physiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Iñigo Azcoitia
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Facultad de Biología, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, E-28040, Spain
| | - Guido Cavaletti
- Experimental Neurology Unit, Department of Surgery and Translational Medicine, Università degli Studi Milano-Bicocca, Monza, 20052, Italy
| | | | - Roberto C Melcangi
- DiSFeB, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, 20133, Italy
| | - Donatella Caruso
- DiSFeB, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, 20133, Italy.
| | - Nico Mitro
- DiSFeB, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, 20133, Italy.
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170
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Gemberling M, Karra R, Dickson AL, Poss KD. Nrg1 is an injury-induced cardiomyocyte mitogen for the endogenous heart regeneration program in zebrafish. eLife 2015; 4. [PMID: 25830562 PMCID: PMC4379493 DOI: 10.7554/elife.05871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 202] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2014] [Accepted: 03/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Heart regeneration is limited in adult mammals but occurs naturally in adult zebrafish through the activation of cardiomyocyte division. Several components of the cardiac injury microenvironment have been identified, yet no factor on its own is known to stimulate overt myocardial hyperplasia in a mature, uninjured animal. In this study, we find evidence that Neuregulin1 (Nrg1), previously shown to have mitogenic effects on mammalian cardiomyocytes, is sharply induced in perivascular cells after injury to the adult zebrafish heart. Inhibition of Erbb2, an Nrg1 co-receptor, disrupts cardiomyocyte proliferation in response to injury, whereas myocardial Nrg1 overexpression enhances this proliferation. In uninjured zebrafish, the reactivation of Nrg1 expression induces cardiomyocyte dedifferentiation, overt muscle hyperplasia, epicardial activation, increased vascularization, and causes cardiomegaly through persistent addition of wall myocardium. Our findings identify Nrg1 as a potent, induced mitogen for the endogenous adult heart regeneration program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Gemberling
- Department of Cell Biology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, United States
| | - Ravi Karra
- Department of Cell Biology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, United States
| | - Amy L Dickson
- Department of Cell Biology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, United States
| | - Kenneth D Poss
- Department of Cell Biology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, United States
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171
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Huang LL, Liu ZY, Huang JH, Luo ZJ. Expression pattern of neuregulin-1 type III during the development of the peripheral nervous system. Neural Regen Res 2015; 10:65-70. [PMID: 25788922 PMCID: PMC4357119 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.150708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuregulin-1 type III is a key regulator in Schwann cell proliferation, committing to a myelinating fate and regulating myelin sheath thickness. However, the expression pattern of neuregulin-1 type III in the peripheral nervous system during developmental periods (such as the premyelinating stage, myelinating stage and postmyelinating stage) has rarely been studied. In this study, dorsal root ganglia were isolated from rats between postnatal day 1 and postnatal day 56. The expression pattern of neuregulin-1 type III in dorsal root ganglia neurons at various developmental stages were compared by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction, western blot assay and immunofluorescent staining. The expression of neuregulin-1 type III mRNA reached its peak at postnatal day 3 and then stabilized at a relative high expression level from postnatal day 3 to postnatal day 56. The expression of neuregulin-1 type III protein increased gradually from postnatal day 1, reached a peak at postnatal day 28, and then decreased at postnatal day 56. Immunofluorescent staining results showed a similar tendency to western blot assay results. Experimental findings indicate that the expression of neuregulin-1 type III in rat dorsal root ganglion was increased during the premyelinating (from postnatal day 2 to postnatal day 5) and myelinating stage (from postnatal day 5 to postnatal day 10), but remained at a high level in the postmyelinating stage (after postnatal day 10).
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang-Liang Huang
- Department of Orthopedics, Xijing Hospital, the Fourth Military Medical University of Chinese PLA, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Zhong-Yang Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, Xijing Hospital, the Fourth Military Medical University of Chinese PLA, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Jing-Hui Huang
- Department of Orthopedics, Xijing Hospital, the Fourth Military Medical University of Chinese PLA, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Zhuo-Jing Luo
- Department of Orthopedics, Xijing Hospital, the Fourth Military Medical University of Chinese PLA, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
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172
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Matzat T, Sieglitz F, Kottmeier R, Babatz F, Engelen D, Klämbt C. Axonal wrapping in the Drosophila PNS is controlled by glia-derived neuregulin homolog Vein. Development 2015; 142:1336-45. [PMID: 25758464 DOI: 10.1242/dev.116616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Efficient neuronal conductance requires that axons are insulated by glial cells. For this, glial membranes need to wrap around axons. Invertebrates show a relatively simple extension of glial membranes around the axons, resembling Remak fibers formed by Schwann cells in the mammalian peripheral nervous system. To unravel the molecular pathways underlying differentiation of glial cells that provide axonal wrapping, we are using the genetically amenable Drosophila model. At the end of larval life, the wrapping glia differentiates into very large cells, spanning more than 1 mm of axonal length. The extension around axonal membranes is not influenced by the caliber of the axon or its modality. Using cell type-specific gene knockdown we show that the extension of glial membranes around the axons is regulated by an autocrine activation of the EGF receptor through the neuregulin homolog Vein. This resembles the molecular mechanism employed during cell-autonomous reactivation of glial differentiation after injury in mammals. We further demonstrate that Vein, produced by the wrapping glia, also regulates the formation of septate junctions in the abutting subperineurial glia. Moreover, the wrapping glia indirectly controls the proliferation of the perineurial glia. Thus, the wrapping glia appears center stage to orchestrate the development of the different glial cell layers in a peripheral nerve.
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Affiliation(s)
- Till Matzat
- Institut für Neurobiologie, Universität Münster, Badestr. 9, Münster D-48149, Germany
| | - Florian Sieglitz
- Institut für Neurobiologie, Universität Münster, Badestr. 9, Münster D-48149, Germany
| | - Rita Kottmeier
- Institut für Neurobiologie, Universität Münster, Badestr. 9, Münster D-48149, Germany
| | - Felix Babatz
- Institut für Neurobiologie, Universität Münster, Badestr. 9, Münster D-48149, Germany
| | - Daniel Engelen
- Institut für Neurobiologie, Universität Münster, Badestr. 9, Münster D-48149, Germany
| | - Christian Klämbt
- Institut für Neurobiologie, Universität Münster, Badestr. 9, Münster D-48149, Germany
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173
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Namgung U. The role of Schwann cell-axon interaction in peripheral nerve regeneration. Cells Tissues Organs 2015; 200:6-12. [PMID: 25765065 DOI: 10.1159/000370324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
After peripheral nerve injury, Schwann cells are released from the degenerating nerve, dedifferentiated, and then actively participate in axonal regeneration. Dedifferentiated Schwann cells, together with macrophages, are involved in eliminating myelin debris, forming bands of Büngner that provide pathways for regenerating axons, and redifferentiating for remyelination. Activation of Erk1/2 and c-Jun was shown to induce stepwise repair programs in Schwann cells, indicating that plastic changes in Schwann cell activity contribute to interaction with axons for regeneration. Schwann cell β1 integrin was identified to mediate the Cdc2-vimentin pathway and further connect to adaptor molecules in the growth cone of regenerating axons through the binding of extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins. Timely interaction between Schwann cells and the axon (S-A) is critical to achieving efficient axonal regeneration because the delay in S-A interaction results in retarded nerve repair and chronic nerve damage. By comparing with the role of Schwann cells in developing nerves, this review is focused on cellular and molecular aspects of Schwann cell interaction with axons at the early stages of regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uk Namgung
- Department of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
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174
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Freidin M, Asche-Godin S, Abrams CK. Gene expression profiling studies in regenerating nerves in a mouse model for CMT1X: uninjured Cx32-knockout peripheral nerves display expression profile of injured wild type nerves. Exp Neurol 2015; 263:339-49. [PMID: 25447941 PMCID: PMC4262134 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2014.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2014] [Revised: 10/13/2014] [Accepted: 10/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
X-linked Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease (CMT1X) is an inherited peripheral neuropathy caused by mutations in GJB1, the human gene for Connexin32 (Cx32). This present study uses Ilumina Ref8-v2 BeadArray to examine the expression profiles of injured and uninjured sciatic nerves at 5, 7, and 14 days post-crush injury (dpi) from Wild Type (WT) and Cx32-knockout (Cx32KO) mice to identify the genes and signaling pathways that are dysregulated in the absence of Schwann cell Cx32. Given the assumption that loss of Schwann cell Cx32 disrupts the regeneration and maintenance of myelinated nerve leading to a demyelinating neuropathy in CMT1X, we initially hypothesized that nerve crush injury would result in significant increases in differential gene expression in Cx32KO mice relative to WT nerves. However, microarray analysis revealed a striking collapse in the number of differentially expressed genes at 5 and 7 dpi in Cx32KO nerves relative to WT, while uninjured and 14 dpi time points showed large numbers of differentially regulated genes. Further comparisons within each genotype showed limited changes in Cx32KO gene expression following crush injury when compared to uninjured Cx32KO nerves. By contrast, WT nerves exhibited robust changes in gene expression at 5 and 7 dpi with no significant differences in gene expression by 14dpi relative to uninjured WT nerve samples. Taken together, these data suggest that the gene expression profile in uninjured Cx32KO sciatic nerve strongly resembles that of a WT nerve following injury and that loss of Schwann cell Cx32 leads to a basal state of gene expression similar to that of an injured WT nerve. These findings support a role for Cx32 in non-myelinating and regenerating populations of Schwann cells in normal axonal maintenance in re-myelination, and regeneration of peripheral nerve following injury. Disruption of Schwann cell-axonal communication in CMT1X may cause dysregulation of signaling pathways that are essential for the maintenance of intact myelinated peripheral nerves and to establish the necessary conditions for successful regeneration and remyelination following nerve injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona Freidin
- Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA.
| | - Samantha Asche-Godin
- Department of Neurology, State University of New York, Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY 11203, USA
| | - Charles K Abrams
- Department of Neurology, State University of New York, Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY 11203, USA
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175
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Differentiation of equine mesenchymal stromal cells into cells of neural lineage: potential for clinical applications. Stem Cells Int 2014; 2014:891518. [PMID: 25506367 PMCID: PMC4260374 DOI: 10.1155/2014/891518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2014] [Revised: 10/29/2014] [Accepted: 10/31/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) are able to differentiate into extramesodermal lineages, including neurons. Positive outcomes were obtained after transplantation of neurally induced MSCs in laboratory animals after nerve injury, but this is unknown in horses. Our objectives were to test the ability of equine MSCs to differentiate into cells of neural lineage in vitro, to assess differences in morphology and lineage-specific protein expression, and to investigate if horse age and cell passage number affected the ability to achieve differentiation. Bone marrow-derived MSCs were obtained from young and adult horses. Following demonstration of stemness, MSCs were neurally induced and microscopically assessed at different time points. Results showed that commercially available nitrogen-coated tissue culture plates supported proliferation and differentiation. Morphological changes were immediate and all the cells displayed a neural crest-like cell phenotype. Expression of neural progenitor proteins, was assessed via western blot or immunofluorescence. In our study, MSCs generated from young and middle-aged horses did not show differences in their ability to undergo differentiation. The effect of cell passage number, however, is inconsistent and further experiments are needed. Ongoing work is aimed at transdifferentiating these cells into Schwann cells for transplantation into a peripheral nerve injury model in horses.
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176
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Zhang L, Yang X, Yue Y, Ye J, Yao Y, Fu Y, Li G, Yao Q, Lin Y, Gong P. Cyclic mechanical stress modulates neurotrophic and myelinating gene expression of Schwann cells. Cell Prolif 2014; 48:59-66. [PMID: 25418681 DOI: 10.1111/cpr.12151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2014] [Accepted: 09/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study aimed to investigate the response of Schwann cells to cyclic compressive and tensile stresses of different durations of stimulation. MATERIALS AND METHODS RSC96 cells were subjected to cyclic tensile stress or compressive stress; for either, cells in five groups were treated for 0, 1, 2, 24 and 48 h respectively. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was conducted to detect secretion of nerve growth factor (NGF), brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), neurotrophin-3 and neurotrophin-4 in the culture medium. Real-time PCR was conducted to quantify mRNA expression of neurotrophins including NGF, BDNF, neurotrophin-3 and neurotrophin-4, and myelin-related genes including Sox10, Krox20, neuregulin 1, NCAM, N-cadherin, P0, MAG and MBP. Immunofluorescent staining was performed to visualize Krox20 and F-actin in the tensile groups. RESULTS Within 24 h, cells treated with cyclic tensile stress expressed and secreted significantly more BDNF, while cyclic compression down-regulated BDNF expression. Cells treated with both tensile and compressive stress down-regulated expression of NRG1, NCAM, Krox20 and Sox10 at all time points. Expression of N-cadherin was not affected by either stretch or compression. F-actin was down-regulated by tensile stress. CONCLUSIONS Both tensile and compressive loading down-regulated expression of several important myelin-related Schwann cells genes and thus facilitated demyelination. Tensile stress meanwhile promoted secretion of BDNF by Schwann cells within 24 h, which may contribute to maintenance and repair of damaged axons. These effects of mechanical stress might have been mediated by the actin cytoskeleton.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
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177
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Sanz-Moreno A, Fuhrmann D, Zankel A, Reingruber H, Kern L, Meijer D, Niemann A, Elsässer HP. Late onset neuropathy with spontaneous clinical remission in mice lacking the POZ domain of the transcription factor Myc-interacting zinc finger protein 1 (Miz1) in Schwann cells. J Biol Chem 2014; 290:727-43. [PMID: 25416780 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.605931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The transcription factor Miz1 (Myc-interacting zinc finger 1) is a known regulator of the cell cycle but also has cell cycle-independent functions. Here we analyzed the role of Miz1 in the peripheral nervous system, using an early embryonic conditional knock-out model in which the Miz1 POZ domain is ablated in Schwann cells. Although the development of myelinated nerve fibers was not impaired, Miz1ΔPOZ mice acquired behavioral signs of a peripheral neuropathy at the age of 3 months. At this time, ultrastructural analysis of the sciatic nerve showed de- and dysmyelination of fibers, with massive outfoldings and a focal infiltration of macrophages. Although the expression of genes encoding structural myelin proteins, such as periaxin, myelin basic protein, and myelin protein zero, was decreased, genes associated with a negative regulation of myelination, including c-Jun, Sox2, and Id2, were up-regulated in Miz1ΔPOZ mice compared with controls. In animals older than 4 months, the motor disabilities vanished, and the ultrastructure of the sciatic nerve exhibited numerous tomacula and remyelinated fibers, as indicated by thinner myelin. No second acute attack was observed up to the age of 1 year. Thus, the deletion of the Miz1 POZ domain in Schwann cells induces an acute neuropathy with a subsequent regeneration in which there is ongoing balancing between de- and remyelination. Miz1ΔPOZ mice are impaired in the maintenance of myelinated fibers and are a promising model for studying remyelination in adult peripheral nerves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrián Sanz-Moreno
- From the Department of Cytobiology and Cytopathobiology, Philipps University of Marburg, Robert-Koch-Strasse 6, 35033 Marburg, Germany
| | - David Fuhrmann
- From the Department of Cytobiology and Cytopathobiology, Philipps University of Marburg, Robert-Koch-Strasse 6, 35033 Marburg, Germany
| | - Armin Zankel
- Graz University of Technology, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | | | - Lara Kern
- From the Department of Cytobiology and Cytopathobiology, Philipps University of Marburg, Robert-Koch-Strasse 6, 35033 Marburg, Germany
| | - Dies Meijer
- Erasmus Medical Center, 3015GE Rotterdam, Netherlands, and
| | | | - Hans-Peter Elsässer
- From the Department of Cytobiology and Cytopathobiology, Philipps University of Marburg, Robert-Koch-Strasse 6, 35033 Marburg, Germany,
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178
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Svaren J. MicroRNA and transcriptional crosstalk in myelinating glia. Neurochem Int 2014; 77:50-7. [PMID: 24979526 PMCID: PMC4177339 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2014.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2014] [Revised: 06/10/2014] [Accepted: 06/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Several recent studies have addressed the important role of microRNA in regulation of differentiation of myelinating glia. While Schwann cells and oligodendrocytes in the peripheral and central nervous systems, respectively, exhibit significant morphological and regulatory differences, some aspects of transcriptional and microRNA regulation are shared between these two cell types. This review focuses on the intersection of microRNAs with transcriptional regulation in Schwann cell and oligodendrocyte differentiation. In particular, several microRNAs have been shown to modulate expression of critical transcription factors, and in turn, the regulation of microRNA expression is enmeshed within transcriptional networks that coordinate both coding gene and noncoding RNA profiles of myelinating cells. These hubs of regulation control both myelin gene expression as well as the cell cycle transitions of Schwann cells and oligodendrocytes as they terminally differentiate. In addition, some studies have begin to highlight the combinatorial effects of different microRNAs that establish the narrow range of gene regulation required for efficient and stable myelin formation. Overall, the integration of microRNA and transcriptional aspects will help elucidate mechanistic control of the myelination process.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Svaren
- Department of Comparative Biosciences and Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1500 Highland Ave., Madison, WI 53705, USA.
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179
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Corell M, Wicher G, Radomska KJ, Dağlıkoca ED, Godskesen RE, Fredriksson R, Benedikz E, Magnaghi V, Fex Svenningsen Å. GABA and its B-receptor are present at the node of Ranvier in a small population of sensory fibers, implicating a role in myelination. J Neurosci Res 2014; 93:285-95. [DOI: 10.1002/jnr.23489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2014] [Revised: 08/28/2014] [Accepted: 09/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mikael Corell
- Department of Neuroscience; Uppsala University; Uppsala Sweden
| | - Grzegorz Wicher
- Department of Neuroscience; Uppsala University; Uppsala Sweden
- Department of Genetics and Pathology; Uppsala University; Uppsala Sweden
| | | | - E. Duygu Dağlıkoca
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics; Bogazici University; Istanbul Turkey
| | | | | | - Eirikur Benedikz
- IMM-Neurobiology Research; University of Southern Denmark; Odense Denmark
| | - Valerio Magnaghi
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences; University of Milan; Milan Italy
| | - Åsa Fex Svenningsen
- Department of Neuroscience; Uppsala University; Uppsala Sweden
- IMM-Neurobiology Research; University of Southern Denmark; Odense Denmark
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180
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Ribeiro-Resende VT, Gomes TA, de Lima S, Nascimento-Lima M, Bargas-Rega M, Santiago MF, Reis RADM, de Mello FG. Mice lacking GD3 synthase display morphological abnormalities in the sciatic nerve and neuronal disturbances during peripheral nerve regeneration. PLoS One 2014; 9:e108919. [PMID: 25330147 PMCID: PMC4199601 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0108919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2014] [Accepted: 08/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The ganglioside 9-O-acetyl GD3 is overexpressed in peripheral nerves after lesioning, and its expression is correlated with axonal degeneration and regeneration in adult rodents. However, the biological roles of this ganglioside during the regenerative process are unclear. We used mice lacking GD3 synthase (Siat3a KO), an enzyme that converts GM3 to GD3, which can be further converted to 9-O-acetyl GD3. Morphological analyses of longitudinal and transverse sections of the sciatic nerve revealed significant differences in the transverse area and nerve thickness. The number of axons and the levels of myelin basic protein were significantly reduced in adult KO mice compared to wild-type (WT) mice. The G-ratio was increased in KO mice compared to WT mice based on quantification of thin transverse sections stained with toluidine blue. We found that neurite outgrowth was significantly reduced in the absence of GD3. However, addition of exogenous GD3 led to neurite growth after 3 days, similar to that in WT mice. To evaluate fiber regeneration after nerve lesioning, we compared the regenerated distance from the lesion site and found that this distance was one-fourth the length in KO mice compared to WT mice. KO mice in which GD3 was administered showed markedly improved regeneration compared to the control KO mice. In summary, we suggest that 9-O-acetyl GD3 plays biological roles in neuron-glia interactions, facilitating axonal growth and myelination induced by Schwann cells. Moreover, exogenous GD3 can be converted to 9-O-acetyl GD3 in mice lacking GD3 synthase, improving regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Túlio Ribeiro-Resende
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Laboratório de Neuroquímica, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Núcleo Multidisciplinar de Pesquisa em Biologia - NUMPEX-BIO, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Pólo de Xerém, Duque de Caxias, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- * E-mail:
| | - Tiago Araújo Gomes
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Laboratório de Neuroquímica, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Silmara de Lima
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Laboratório de Neuroquímica, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Maiara Nascimento-Lima
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Laboratório de Neuroquímica, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Núcleo Multidisciplinar de Pesquisa em Biologia - NUMPEX-BIO, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Pólo de Xerém, Duque de Caxias, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Michele Bargas-Rega
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Laboratório de Neurobiologia Celular e Molecular, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Felipe Santiago
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Laboratório de Neurobiologia Celular e Molecular, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Augusto de Melo Reis
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Laboratório de Neuroquímica, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Fernando Garcia de Mello
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Laboratório de Neuroquímica, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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181
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Gambarotta G, Ronchi G, Geuna S, Perroteau I. Neuregulin 1 isoforms could be an effective therapeutic candidate to promote peripheral nerve regeneration. Neural Regen Res 2014; 9:1183-5. [PMID: 25206780 PMCID: PMC4146285 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.135324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Giovanna Gambarotta
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, Italy ; Neuroscience Institute of Turin (NIT), University of Turin, Italy
| | - Giulia Ronchi
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, Italy ; Neuroscience Institute of the "Cavalieri Ottolenghi" Foundation (NICO), University of Turin, Italy
| | - Stefano Geuna
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, Italy ; Neuroscience Institute of Turin (NIT), University of Turin, Italy ; Neuroscience Institute of the "Cavalieri Ottolenghi" Foundation (NICO), University of Turin, Italy
| | - Isabelle Perroteau
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, Italy ; Neuroscience Institute of Turin (NIT), University of Turin, Italy
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182
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Mei L, Nave KA. Neuregulin-ERBB signaling in the nervous system and neuropsychiatric diseases. Neuron 2014; 83:27-49. [PMID: 24991953 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2014.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 409] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Neuregulins (NRGs) comprise a large family of growth factors that stimulate ERBB receptor tyrosine kinases. NRGs and their receptors, ERBBs, have been identified as susceptibility genes for diseases such as schizophrenia (SZ) and bipolar disorder. Recent studies have revealed complex Nrg/Erbb signaling networks that regulate the assembly of neural circuitry, myelination, neurotransmission, and synaptic plasticity. Evidence indicates there is an optimal level of NRG/ERBB signaling in the brain and deviation from it impairs brain functions. NRGs/ERBBs and downstream signaling pathways may provide therapeutic targets for specific neuropsychiatric symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Mei
- Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA; Department of Neurology, Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA; Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, GA 30904, USA.
| | - Klaus-Armin Nave
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, 37075 Goettingen, Germany.
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183
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Soluble neuregulin-1 modulates disease pathogenesis in rodent models of Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease 1A. Nat Med 2014; 20:1055-61. [PMID: 25150498 DOI: 10.1038/nm.3664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2014] [Accepted: 07/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Duplication of the gene encoding the peripheral myelin protein of 22 kDa (PMP22) underlies the most common inherited neuropathy, Charcot-Marie-Tooth 1A (CMT1A), a disease without a known cure. Although demyelination represents a characteristic feature, the clinical phenotype of CMT1A is determined by the degree of axonal loss, and patients suffer from progressive muscle weakness and impaired sensation. CMT1A disease manifests within the first two decades of life, and walking disabilities, foot deformities and electrophysiological abnormalities are already present in childhood. Here, we show in Pmp22-transgenic rodent models of CMT1A that Schwann cells acquire a persistent differentiation defect during early postnatal development, caused by imbalanced activity of the PI3K-Akt and the Mek-Erk signaling pathways. We demonstrate that enhanced PI3K-Akt signaling by axonally overexpressed neuregulin-1 (NRG1) type I drives diseased Schwann cells toward differentiation and preserves peripheral nerve axons. Notably, in a preclinical experimental therapy using a CMT1A rat model, when treatment is restricted to early postnatal development, soluble NRG1 effectively overcomes impaired peripheral nerve development and restores axon survival into adulthood. Our findings suggest a model in which Schwann cell differentiation within a limited time window is crucial for the long-term maintenance of axonal support.
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184
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Lu C, Meng D, Cao J, Xiao Z, Cui Y, Fan J, Cui X, Chen B, Yao Y, Zhang Z, Ma J, Pan J, Dai J. Collagen scaffolds combined with collagen‐binding ciliary neurotrophic factor facilitate facial nerve repair in mini‐pigs. J Biomed Mater Res A 2014; 103:1669-76. [DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.35305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2014] [Revised: 07/28/2014] [Accepted: 07/31/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Chao Lu
- Department of VIP Service, School of StomatologyCapital Medical University Beijing10050 China
| | - Danqing Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental BiologyInstitute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 3 Nanyitiao, Zhongguancun Beijing100190 China
- Graduate SchoolChinese Academy of Sciences Beijing100190 China
| | - Jiani Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental BiologyInstitute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 3 Nanyitiao, Zhongguancun Beijing100190 China
| | - Zhifeng Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental BiologyInstitute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 3 Nanyitiao, Zhongguancun Beijing100190 China
| | - Yi Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental BiologyInstitute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 3 Nanyitiao, Zhongguancun Beijing100190 China
- Reproductive and Genetic Center of National Research Institute for Family Planning Beijing100081 China
| | - Jingya Fan
- Department of VIP Service, School of StomatologyCapital Medical University Beijing10050 China
| | - Xiaolong Cui
- Graduate SchoolChinese Academy of Sciences Beijing100190 China
| | - Bing Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental BiologyInstitute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 3 Nanyitiao, Zhongguancun Beijing100190 China
| | - Yao Yao
- Department of VIP Service, School of StomatologyCapital Medical University Beijing10050 China
| | - Zhen Zhang
- Department of VIP Service, School of StomatologyCapital Medical University Beijing10050 China
| | - Jinling Ma
- Department of VIP Service, School of StomatologyCapital Medical University Beijing10050 China
| | - Juli Pan
- Department of VIP Service, School of StomatologyCapital Medical University Beijing10050 China
| | - Jianwu Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental BiologyInstitute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 3 Nanyitiao, Zhongguancun Beijing100190 China
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185
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Liu Y, Liu Y, Nie X, Cao J, Zhu X, Zhang W, Liu Z, Mao X, Yan S, Ni Y, Wang Y. Up-regulation of HDAC4 is associated with Schwann cell proliferation after sciatic nerve crush. Neurochem Res 2014; 39:2105-17. [PMID: 25103231 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-014-1401-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2014] [Revised: 06/29/2014] [Accepted: 07/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Histone deacetylase 4 (HDAC4), a member of the class IIa HDACs subfamily, has emerged as a critical regulator of cell growth, differentiation, and migration in various cell types. It was reported that HDAC4 stimulated colon cell proliferation via repression of p21. Also, HDAC4 contributes to platelet-derived growth factor-BB-induced proliferation and migration of vascular smooth muscle cells. Furthermore, HDAC4 may play an important role in the regulation of neuronal differentiation and survival. However, the role of HDAC4 in the process of peripheral nervous system regeneration after injury remains virtually unknown. Herein, we investigated the spatiotemporal expression of HDAC4 in a rat sciatic nerve crush model. We found that sciatic nerve crush induced up-regulated expression of HDAC4 in Schwann cells. Moreover, the expression of the proliferation marker Ki-67 exhibited a similar tendency with that of HDAC4. In cell cultures, we observed increased expression of HDAC4 during the process of TNF-α-induced Schwann cell proliferation, whereas the protein level of p21 was down-regulated. Interference of HDAC4 led to enhanced expression of p21 and impaired proliferation of Schwan cells. Taken together, our findings implicated that HDAC4 was up-regulated in the sciatic nerve after crush, which was associated with proliferation of Schwann cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonghua Liu
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Medical College, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
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186
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Abstract
Grb2-associated binders (Gabs) are scaffolding proteins implicated in cell signaling via receptor tyrosine kinases including neuregulin-1(NRG1)-ErbB receptor signaling, which is essential for peripheral nerve myelination. Here, we show that the conditional removal of Gab1 from Schwann cells resulted in hypomyelination and abnormal development of Remak bundles. In contrast, hypomyelination was not observed in conventional Gab2 knock-out mice. Tyrosine phosphorylation of Gab1, but not Gab2, in sciatic nerves was upregulated during the myelination period and was found to be suppressed in NRG1-type III(+/-) mice, which display a hypomyelinated phenotype similar to that observed in Gab1 knock-out mice. Gab1 knock-out and NRG1-type III(+/-) mice both exhibited reduced extracellular signal-regulated kinase activity in myelinating nerves. In addition, Krox20, a transcription factor that is critical for myelination, has been identified as a target of the NRG1-Gab1 pathway during the myelination process. Our findings suggest that Gab1 is an essential component of NRG1-type III signaling during peripheral nerve development.
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187
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Combination of acellular nerve graft and schwann cells-like cells for rat sciatic nerve regeneration. Neural Plast 2014; 2014:139085. [PMID: 25114806 PMCID: PMC4120921 DOI: 10.1155/2014/139085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2014] [Revised: 05/28/2014] [Accepted: 06/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective. To investigate the effect of tissue engineering nerve on repair of rat sciatic nerve defect. Methods. Forty-five rats with defective sciatic nerve were randomly divided into three groups. Rats in group A were repaired by acellular nerve grafts only. Rats in group B were repaired by tissue engineering nerve. In group C, rats were repaired by autogenous nerve grafts. After six and twelve weeks, sciatic nerve functional index (SFI), neural electrophysiology (NEP), histological and transmission electron microscope observation, recovery ratio of wet weight of gastrocnemius muscle, regenerated myelinated nerve fibers number, nerve fiber diameter, and thickness of the myelin sheath were measured to assess the effect. Results. After six and twelve weeks, the recovery ratio of SFI and wet weight of gastrocnemius muscle, NEP, and the result of regenerated myelinated nerve fibers in groups B and C were superior to that of group A (P < 0.05), and the difference between groups B and C was not statistically significant (P > 0.05). Conclusion. The tissue engineering nerve composed of acellular allogenic nerve scaffold and Schwann cells-like cells can effectively repair the nerve defect in rats and its effect was similar to that of the autogenous nerve grafts.
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188
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Gallart-Palau X, Tarabal O, Casanovas A, Sábado J, Correa FJ, Hereu M, Piedrafita L, Calderó J, Esquerda JE. Neuregulin-1 is concentrated in the postsynaptic subsurface cistern of C-bouton inputs to α-motoneurons and altered during motoneuron diseases. FASEB J 2014; 28:3618-32. [PMID: 24803543 DOI: 10.1096/fj.13-248583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
C boutons are large, cholinergic, synaptic terminals that arise from local interneurons and specifically contact spinal α-motoneurons (MNs). C boutons characteristically display a postsynaptic specialization consisting of an endoplasmic reticulum-related subsurface cistern (SSC) of unknown function. In the present work, by using confocal microscopy and ultrastructural immunolabeling, we demonstrate that neuregulin-1 (NRG1) accumulates in the SSC of mouse spinal MNs. We also show that the NRG1 receptors erbB2 and erbB4 are presynaptically localized within C boutons, suggesting that NRG1-based retrograde signaling may occur in this type of synapse. In most of the cranial nuclei, MNs display the same pattern of NRG1 distribution as that observed in spinal cord MNs. Conversely, MNs in oculomotor nuclei, which are spared in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), lack both C boutons and SSC-associated NRG1. NRG1 in spinal MNs is developmentally regulated and depends on the maintenance of nerve-muscle interactions, as we show after nerve transection experiments. Changes in NRG1 in C boutons were also investigated in mouse models of MN diseases: i.e., spinal muscular atrophy (SMNΔ7) and ALS (SOD1(G93A)). In both models, a transient increase in NRG1 in C boutons occurs during disease progression. These data increase our understanding of the role of C boutons in MN physiology and pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xavier Gallart-Palau
- Unitat de Neurobiologia Cellular, Departament de Medicina Experimental, Facultat de Medicina, Institut de Recerca Biomèdica de Lleida (IRBLLEIDA), Universitat de Lleida, Lleida, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Olga Tarabal
- Unitat de Neurobiologia Cellular, Departament de Medicina Experimental, Facultat de Medicina, Institut de Recerca Biomèdica de Lleida (IRBLLEIDA), Universitat de Lleida, Lleida, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Anna Casanovas
- Unitat de Neurobiologia Cellular, Departament de Medicina Experimental, Facultat de Medicina, Institut de Recerca Biomèdica de Lleida (IRBLLEIDA), Universitat de Lleida, Lleida, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Javier Sábado
- Unitat de Neurobiologia Cellular, Departament de Medicina Experimental, Facultat de Medicina, Institut de Recerca Biomèdica de Lleida (IRBLLEIDA), Universitat de Lleida, Lleida, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Francisco J Correa
- Unitat de Neurobiologia Cellular, Departament de Medicina Experimental, Facultat de Medicina, Institut de Recerca Biomèdica de Lleida (IRBLLEIDA), Universitat de Lleida, Lleida, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Marta Hereu
- Unitat de Neurobiologia Cellular, Departament de Medicina Experimental, Facultat de Medicina, Institut de Recerca Biomèdica de Lleida (IRBLLEIDA), Universitat de Lleida, Lleida, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Lídia Piedrafita
- Unitat de Neurobiologia Cellular, Departament de Medicina Experimental, Facultat de Medicina, Institut de Recerca Biomèdica de Lleida (IRBLLEIDA), Universitat de Lleida, Lleida, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Jordi Calderó
- Unitat de Neurobiologia Cellular, Departament de Medicina Experimental, Facultat de Medicina, Institut de Recerca Biomèdica de Lleida (IRBLLEIDA), Universitat de Lleida, Lleida, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Josep E Esquerda
- Unitat de Neurobiologia Cellular, Departament de Medicina Experimental, Facultat de Medicina, Institut de Recerca Biomèdica de Lleida (IRBLLEIDA), Universitat de Lleida, Lleida, Catalonia, Spain
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189
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Evin G, Barakat A. Critical analysis of the use of β-site amyloid precursor protein-cleaving enzyme 1 inhibitors in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Degener Neurol Neuromuscul Dis 2014; 4:1-19. [PMID: 32669897 PMCID: PMC7337240 DOI: 10.2147/dnnd.s41056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2014] [Accepted: 03/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the major cause of dementia in the elderly and an unmet clinical challenge. A variety of therapies that are currently under development are directed to the amyloid cascade. Indeed, the accumulation and toxicity of amyloid-β (Aβ) is believed to play a central role in the etiology of the disease, and thus rational interventions are aimed at reducing the levels of Aβ in the brain. Targeting β-site amyloid precursor protein-cleaving enzyme (BACE)-1 represents an attractive strategy, as this enzyme catalyzes the initial and rate-limiting step in Aβ production. Observation of increased levels of BACE1 and enzymatic activity in the brain, cerebrospinal fluid, and platelets of patients with AD and mild cognitive impairment supports the potential benefits of BACE1 inhibition. Numerous potent inhibitors have been generated, and many of these have been proved to lower Aβ levels in the brain of animal models. Over 10 years of intensive research on BACE1 inhibitors has now culminated in advancing half a dozen of these drugs into human trials, yet translating the in vitro and cellular efficacy of BACE1 inhibitors into preclinical and clinical trials represents a challenge. This review addresses the promises and also the potential problems associated with BACE1 inhibitors for AD therapy, as the complex biological function of BACE1 in the brain is becoming unraveled.
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Affiliation(s)
- Genevieve Evin
- Oxidation Biology Laboratory, Mental Health Research Institute, Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne.,Department of Pathology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Adel Barakat
- Department of Pathology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
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190
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Glenn TD, Talbot WS. Signals regulating myelination in peripheral nerves and the Schwann cell response to injury. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2013; 23:1041-8. [PMID: 23896313 PMCID: PMC3830599 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2013.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2013] [Revised: 06/20/2013] [Accepted: 06/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
In peripheral nerves, Schwann cells form myelin, which facilitates the rapid conduction of action potentials along axons in the vertebrate nervous system. Myelinating Schwann cells are derived from neural crest progenitors in a step-wise process that is regulated by extracellular signals and transcription factors. In addition to forming the myelin sheath, Schwann cells orchestrate much of the regenerative response that occurs after injury to peripheral nerves. In response to injury, myelinating Schwann cells dedifferentiate into repair cells that are essential for axonal regeneration, and then redifferentiate into myelinating Schwann cells to restore nerve function. Although this remarkable plasticity has long been recognized, many questions remain unanswered regarding the signaling pathways regulating both myelination and the Schwann cell response to injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas D. Glenn
- Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - William S. Talbot
- Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
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191
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van Neerven S, Pannaye P, Bozkurt A, Van Nieuwenhoven F, Joosten E, Hermans E, Taccola G, Deumens R. Schwann cell migration and neurite outgrowth are influenced by media conditioned by epineurial fibroblasts. Neuroscience 2013; 252:144-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2013.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2013] [Revised: 08/03/2013] [Accepted: 08/06/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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192
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Fricker FR, Antunes-Martins A, Galino J, Paramsothy R, La Russa F, Perkins J, Goldberg R, Brelstaff J, Zhu N, McMahon SB, Orengo C, Garratt AN, Birchmeier C, Bennett DLH. Axonal neuregulin 1 is a rate limiting but not essential factor for nerve remyelination. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 136:2279-97. [PMID: 23801741 PMCID: PMC3692042 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awt148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Neuregulin 1 acts as an axonal signal that regulates multiple aspects of Schwann cell
development including the survival and migration of Schwann cell precursors, the
ensheathment of axons and subsequent elaboration of the myelin sheath. To examine the role
of this factor in remyelination and repair following nerve injury, we ablated neuregulin 1
in the adult nervous system using a tamoxifen inducible Cre recombinase transgenic mouse
system. The loss of neuregulin 1 impaired remyelination after nerve crush, but did not
affect Schwann cell proliferation associated with Wallerian degeneration or axon
regeneration or the clearance of myelin debris by macrophages. Myelination changes were
most marked at 10 days after injury but still apparent at 2 months post-crush.
Transcriptional analysis demonstrated reduced expression of myelin-related genes during
nerve repair in animals lacking neuregulin 1. We also studied repair over a prolonged time
course in a more severe injury model, sciatic nerve transection and reanastamosis. In the
neuregulin 1 mutant mice, remyelination was again impaired 2 months after nerve
transection and reanastamosis. However, by 3 months post-injury axons lacking neuregulin 1
were effectively remyelinated and virtually indistinguishable from control. Neuregulin 1
signalling is therefore an important factor in nerve repair regulating the rate of
remyelination and functional recovery at early phases following injury. In contrast to
development, however, the determination of myelination fate following nerve injury is not
dependent on axonal neuregulin 1 expression. In the early phase following injury, axonal
neuregulin 1 therefore promotes nerve repair, but at late stages other signalling pathways
appear to compensate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florence R Fricker
- The Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, OX3 9DU UK
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193
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Van Raamsdonk CD, Deo M. Links between Schwann cells and melanocytes in development and disease. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2013; 26:634-45. [DOI: 10.1111/pcmr.12134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2013] [Accepted: 06/28/2013] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Mugdha Deo
- Department of Medical Genetics; University of British Columbia; Vancouver; BC; Canada
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194
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Repair of the Peripheral Nerve-Remyelination that Works. Brain Sci 2013; 3:1182-97. [PMID: 24961524 PMCID: PMC4061866 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci3031182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2013] [Revised: 07/07/2013] [Accepted: 07/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
In this review we summarize the events known to occur after an injury in the peripheral nervous system. We have focused on the Schwann cells, as they are the most important cells for the repair process and facilitate axonal outgrowth. The environment created by this cell type is essential for the outcome of the repair process. The review starts with a description of the current state of knowledge about the initial events after injury, followed by Wallerian degeneration, and subsequent regeneration. The importance of surgical repair, carried out as soon as possible to increase the chances of a good outcome, is emphasized throughout the review. The review concludes by describing the target re-innervation, which today is one of the most serious problems for nerve regeneration. It is clear, compiling this data, that even though regeneration of the peripheral nervous system is possible, more research in this area is needed in order to perfect the outcome.
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195
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Abstract
Peripheral nerve injuries are common conditions, with broad-ranging groups of symptoms depending on the severity and nerves involved. Although much knowledge exists on the mechanisms of injury and regeneration, reliable treatments that ensure full functional recovery are scarce. This review aims to summarize various ways these injuries are classified in light of decades of research on peripheral nerve injury and regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ron M G Menorca
- School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Rochester Medical Center, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Box 665, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
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Pan P, Dobrowsky RT. Differential expression of neuregulin-1 isoforms and downregulation of erbin are associated with Erb B2 receptor activation in diabetic peripheral neuropathy. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2013; 1:39. [PMID: 24252174 PMCID: PMC3893607 DOI: 10.1186/2051-5960-1-39] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2013] [Accepted: 07/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Aberrant neuron/glia interactions can contribute to a variety of neurodegenerative diseases and we have previously demonstrated that enhanced activation of Erb B2, which is a member of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) family, can contribute to the development of diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN). In peripheral nerves, Erb B receptors are activated by various members of the neuregulin-1 (NRG1) family including NRG1 Type I, NRG1 Type II and NRG1 Type III to regulate Schwann cell (SC) growth, migration, differentiation and dedifferentiation. Alternatively, Erb B2 activity can be negatively regulated by association with the Erb B2-interacting protein, erbin. Since the effect of diabetes on the expression of NRG1 isoforms and erbin in peripheral nerve are unknown, the current study determined whether changes in NRG1 isoforms and erbin may be associated with altered Erb B2 signaling in DPN. Results Swiss Webster mice were rendered diabetic with streptozotocin (STZ) and after 12 weeks of diabetes, treated with erlotinib, an inhibitor of Erb B2 activation. Inhibition of Erb B2 signaling partially reversed several pathophysiologic aspects of DPN including a pronounced sensory hypoalgesia, nerve conduction velocity deficits and the decrease in epidermal nerve fiber innervation. We also observed a decrease of NRG1 Type III but an increase of NRG1 Type I level in diabetic sural nerves at early stage of diabetes. With disease progression, we detected reduced erbin expression and enhanced MAPK pathway activity in diabetic mice. Inhibition of Erb B2 receptor suppressed MAPK pathway activity in treated-diabetic sural nerves. Conclusions These results support that hyperglycemia may impair NRG1/Erb B2 signaling by disrupting the balance between NRG1 isoforms, decreasing the expression of erbin and correspondingly activating the MAPK pathway. Together, imbalanced NRG1 isoforms and downregulated erbin may contribute to the dysregulation of Erb B2 signaling in the development of DPN.
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Martini R, Klein D, Groh J. Similarities between inherited demyelinating neuropathies and Wallerian degeneration: an old repair program may cause myelin and axon perturbation under nonlesion conditions. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2013; 183:655-60. [PMID: 23831295 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2013.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2013] [Revised: 06/04/2013] [Accepted: 06/05/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Wallerian degeneration (WD) and inherited demyelinating neuropathies of the Charcot-Marie-Tooth type 1 (CMT1) appear to represent completely distinct events. CMT1-like diseases are chronic disorders of peripheral nerves that are genetically caused and lead to secondary neurodegenerative events, resulting in usually non-treatable disabilities, whereas WD is an acute, usually transient, reaction on injuries, aiming to allow peripheral nerve regeneration. Despite these differences, there are some striking similarities regarding molecular characteristics of neural cells in the affected peripheral nerves. The most conspicuous similarities might comprise the inflammatory component in both situations, as identified in appropriate mouse models. However, although inflammation is a beneficial component in WD, leading to removal of regrowth-repellent myelin debris, inflammation in CMT1 mouse models causes damage of initially intact nerve fibers. We hypothesize that, in CMT1 models, molecular pathways are activated that are shared with an important repair program after peripheral nerve injury, but lead to neural perturbation when activated under nonlesion conditions, as is the case in CMT1. These novel insights into the pathogenesis of CMT1 might be instrumental for the development of new therapeutic options in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rudolf Martini
- Section of Developmental Neurobiology, Department of Neurology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.
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198
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Gauthier MK, Kosciuczyk K, Tapley L, Karimi-Abdolrezaee S. Dysregulation of the neuregulin-1-ErbB network modulates endogenous oligodendrocyte differentiation and preservation after spinal cord injury. Eur J Neurosci 2013; 38:2693-715. [PMID: 23758598 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.12268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2012] [Revised: 04/14/2013] [Accepted: 04/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) results in degeneration of oligodendrocytes that leads to demyelination and axonal dysfunction. Replacement of oligodendrocytes is impaired after SCI, owing to the improper endogenous differentiation and maturation of myelinating oligodendrocytes. Here, we report that SCI-induced dysregulation of neuregulin-1 (Nrg-1)-ErbB signaling may underlie the poor replacement of oligodendrocytes. Nrg-1 and its receptors, ErbB-2, ErbB-3, and ErbB-4, play essential roles in several aspects of oligodendrocyte development and physiology. In rats with SCI, we demonstrate that the Nrg-1 level is dramatically reduced at 1 day after injury, with no restoration at later time-points. Our characterisation shows that Nrg-1 is mainly expressed by neurons, axons and oligodendrocytes in the adult spinal cord, and the robust and lasting decrease in its level following SCI reflects the permanent loss of these cells. Neural precursor cells (NPCs) residing in the spinal cord ependyma express ErbB receptors, suggesting that they are responsive to Nrg-1 availability. In vitro, exogenous Nrg-1 enhanced the proliferation and differentiation of spinal NPCs into oligodendrocytes while reducing astrocyte differentiation. In rats with SCI, recombinant human Nrg-1β1 treatment resulted in a significant increase in the number of new oligodendrocytes and the preservation of existing ones after injury. Nrg-1β1 administration also enhanced axonal preservation and attenuated astrogliosis, tumor necrosis factor-α release and tissue degeneration after SCI. The positive effects of Nrg-1β1 treatment were reversed by inhibiting its receptors. Collectively, our data provide strong evidence to suggest an impact of Nrg-1-ErbB signaling on endogenous oligodendrocyte replacement and maintenance in the adult injured spinal cord, and its potential as a therapeutic target for SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Krystel Gauthier
- Departments of Physiology and Biochemistry and Medical Genetics, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
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Christie K, Zochodne D. Peripheral axon regrowth: New molecular approaches. Neuroscience 2013; 240:310-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2013.02.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2012] [Revised: 02/26/2013] [Accepted: 02/27/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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200
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Krishnan A. Neuregulin-1 Type I: A Hidden Power Within Schwann Cells for Triggering Peripheral Nerve Remyelination. Sci Signal 2013; 6:jc1. [DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.2003945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anand Krishnan
- The author is a postdoctoral fellow in the Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
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