151
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Takeuchi H, Suzumura A. Gap junctions and hemichannels composed of connexins: potential therapeutic targets for neurodegenerative diseases. Front Cell Neurosci 2014; 8:189. [PMID: 25228858 PMCID: PMC4151093 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2014.00189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2014] [Accepted: 06/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia are macrophage-like resident immune cells that contribute to the maintenance of homeostasis in the central nervous system (CNS). Abnormal activation of microglia can cause damage in the CNS, and accumulation of activated microglia is a characteristic pathological observation in neurologic conditions such as trauma, stroke, inflammation, epilepsy, and neurodegenerative diseases. Activated microglia secrete high levels of glutamate, which damages CNS cells and has been implicated as a major cause of neurodegeneration in these conditions. Glutamate-receptor blockers and microglia inhibitors (e.g., minocycline) have been examined as therapeutic candidates for several neurodegenerative diseases; however, these compounds exerted little therapeutic benefit because they either perturbed physiological glutamate signals or suppressed the actions of protective microglia. The ideal therapeutic approach would hamper the deleterious roles of activated microglia without diminishing their protective effects. We recently found that abnormally activated microglia secrete glutamate via gap-junction hemichannels on the cell surface. Moreover, administration of gap-junction inhibitors significantly suppressed excessive microglial glutamate release and improved disease symptoms in animal models of neurologic conditions such as stroke, multiple sclerosis, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and Alzheimer's disease. Recent evidence also suggests that neuronal and glial communication via gap junctions amplifies neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration. Elucidation of the precise pathologic roles of gap junctions and hemichannels may lead to a novel therapeutic strategies that can slow and halt the progression of neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideyuki Takeuchi
- Department of Neuroimmunology, Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Nagoya University Nagoya, Japan
| | - Akio Suzumura
- Department of Neuroimmunology, Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Nagoya University Nagoya, Japan
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152
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Postnatal muscle modification by myogenic factors modulates neuropathology and survival in an ALS mouse model. Nat Commun 2014; 4:2906. [PMID: 24346342 PMCID: PMC4965267 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms3906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2013] [Accepted: 11/08/2013] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
MyoD and myogenin are myogenic transcription factors preferentially expressed in adult fast and slow muscles, respectively. Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a neurodegenerative disorder in which motor neuron loss is accompanied by muscle denervation and paralysis. Studies suggest that muscle phenotype may influence ALS disease progression. Here we demonstrate that myogenin gene transfer into muscle supports spinal cord motor neuron survival and muscle endplate innervation in the G93A SOD1 fALS mice. On the other hand, MyoD gene transfer decreases survival and enhances motor neuron degeneration and muscle denervation. Although an increase in motor neuron count is associated with increased succinic dehydrogenase staining in the muscle, muscle overexpression of PGC-1α does not improve survival or motor function. Our study suggests that postnatal muscle modification influences disease progression and demonstrates that the muscle expression of myogenic and metabolic regulators differentially impact neuropathology associated with disease progression in the G93A SOD1 fALS mouse model.
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153
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Amor S, Peferoen LAN, Vogel DYS, Breur M, van der Valk P, Baker D, van Noort JM. Inflammation in neurodegenerative diseases--an update. Immunology 2014; 142:151-66. [PMID: 24329535 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 360] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2013] [Revised: 12/09/2013] [Accepted: 12/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurodegeneration, the progressive dysfunction and loss of neurons in the central nervous system (CNS), is the major cause of cognitive and motor dysfunction. While neuronal degeneration is well-known in Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases, it is also observed in neurotrophic infections, traumatic brain and spinal cord injury, stroke, neoplastic disorders, prion diseases, multiple sclerosis and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, as well as neuropsychiatric disorders and genetic disorders. A common link between these diseases is chronic activation of innate immune responses including those mediated by microglia, the resident CNS macrophages. Such activation can trigger neurotoxic pathways leading to progressive degeneration. Yet, microglia are also crucial for controlling inflammatory processes, and repair and regeneration. The adaptive immune response is implicated in neurodegenerative diseases contributing to tissue damage, but also plays important roles in resolving inflammation and mediating neuroprotection and repair. The growing awareness that the immune system is inextricably involved in mediating damage as well as regeneration and repair in neurodegenerative disorders, has prompted novel approaches to modulate the immune system, although it remains whether these approaches can be used in humans. Additional factors in humans include ageing and exposure to environmental factors such as systemic infections that provide additional clues that may be human specific and therefore difficult to translate from animal models. Nevertheless, a better understanding of how immune responses are involved in neuronal damage and regeneration, as reviewed here, will be essential to develop effective therapies to improve quality of life, and mitigate the personal, economic and social impact of these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Amor
- Department of Pathology, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Neuroimmunology Unit, Blizard Institute of Cell and Molecular Science, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, London, UK
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154
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Zhao P, Luo Z, Tian W, Yang J, Ibáñez DP, Huang Z, Tortorella MD, Esteban MA, Fan W. Solving the puzzle of Parkinson's disease using induced pluripotent stem cells. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2014; 239:1421-32. [PMID: 24939824 DOI: 10.1177/1535370214538588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The prevalence and incidence of Parkinson's disease (PD) is increasing due to a prolonged life expectancy. This highlights the need for a better mechanistic understanding and new therapeutic approaches. However, traditional in vitro and in vivo experimental models to study PD are suboptimal, thus hampering the progress in the field. The epigenetic reprogramming of somatic cells to induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) offers a unique way to overcome this problem, as these cells share many properties of embryonic stem cells (ESCs) including the potential to be transformed into different lineages. PD modeling with iPSCs is nowadays facilitated by the growing availability of high-efficiency neural-specific differentiation protocols and the possibility to correct or induce mutations as well as creating marker cell lines using designer nucleases. These technologies, together with steady advances in human genetics, will likely introduce profound changes in the way we interpret PD and develop new treatments. Here, we summarize the different PD iPSCs reported so far and discuss the challenges for disease modeling using these cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Zhao
- Laboratory of Chromatin and Human Disease, Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, South China Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Guangzhou 510530, China
| | - Zhiwei Luo
- Laboratory of Chromatin and Human Disease, Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, South China Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Guangzhou 510530, China
| | - Weihua Tian
- Laboratory of Chromatin and Human Disease, Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, South China Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Guangzhou 510530, China
| | - Jiayin Yang
- Laboratory of Chromatin and Human Disease, Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, South China Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Guangzhou 510530, China
| | - David P Ibáñez
- Laboratory of Chromatin and Human Disease, Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, South China Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Guangzhou 510530, China
| | - Zhijian Huang
- Laboratory of Chromatin and Human Disease, Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, South China Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Guangzhou 510530, China
| | - Micky D Tortorella
- Drug Discovery Pipeline Group, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Guangzhou 510530, China
| | - Miguel A Esteban
- Laboratory of Chromatin and Human Disease, Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, South China Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Guangzhou 510530, China Guangdong Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Research Centre, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, and Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Guangzhou 510530, China
| | - Wenxia Fan
- Laboratory of Chromatin and Human Disease, Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, South China Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Guangzhou 510530, China
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155
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Acosta JR, Goldsbury C, Winnick C, Badrock AP, Fraser ST, Laird AS, Hall TE, Don EK, Fifita JA, Blair IP, Nicholson GA, Cole NJ. Mutant human FUS Is ubiquitously mislocalized and generates persistent stress granules in primary cultured transgenic zebrafish cells. PLoS One 2014; 9:e90572. [PMID: 24912067 PMCID: PMC4049593 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0090572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2013] [Accepted: 01/31/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
FUS mutations can occur in familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (fALS), a neurodegenerative disease with cytoplasmic FUS inclusion bodies in motor neurons. To investigate FUS pathology, we generated transgenic zebrafish expressing GFP-tagged wild-type or fALS (R521C) human FUS. Cell cultures were made from these zebrafish and the subcellular localization of human FUS and the generation of stress granule (SG) inclusions examined in different cell types, including differentiated motor neurons. We demonstrate that mutant FUS is mislocalized from the nucleus to the cytosol to a similar extent in motor neurons and all other cell types. Both wild-type and R521C FUS localized to SGs in zebrafish cells, demonstrating an intrinsic ability of human FUS to accumulate in SGs irrespective of the presence of disease-associated mutations or specific cell type. However, elevation in relative cytosolic to nuclear FUS by the R521C mutation led to a significant increase in SG assembly and persistence within a sub population of vulnerable cells, although these cells were not selectively motor neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie Rae Acosta
- The Brain & Mind Research Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- The Bosch Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Discipline of Anatomy and Histology, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Claire Goldsbury
- The Brain & Mind Research Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- The Bosch Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Discipline of Anatomy and Histology, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- * E-mail:
| | - Claire Winnick
- The Bosch Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Discipline of Anatomy and Histology, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Motorneurone Disease Research Centre, Australian School of Advanced Medicine, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Andrew P. Badrock
- The Bosch Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Discipline of Anatomy and Histology, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Motorneurone Disease Research Centre, Australian School of Advanced Medicine, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Stuart T. Fraser
- The Bosch Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Discipline of Physiology, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Angela S. Laird
- The Brain & Mind Research Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- ANZAC Research Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Thomas E. Hall
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Emily K. Don
- The Bosch Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Motorneurone Disease Research Centre, Australian School of Advanced Medicine, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Jennifer A. Fifita
- ANZAC Research Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Motorneurone Disease Research Centre, Australian School of Advanced Medicine, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Ian P. Blair
- ANZAC Research Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Motorneurone Disease Research Centre, Australian School of Advanced Medicine, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Garth A. Nicholson
- ANZAC Research Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Motorneurone Disease Research Centre, Australian School of Advanced Medicine, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Nicholas J. Cole
- The Bosch Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Discipline of Anatomy and Histology, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Motorneurone Disease Research Centre, Australian School of Advanced Medicine, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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156
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Brites D, Vaz AR. Microglia centered pathogenesis in ALS: insights in cell interconnectivity. Front Cell Neurosci 2014; 8:117. [PMID: 24904276 PMCID: PMC4033073 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2014.00117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2014] [Accepted: 04/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is the most common and most aggressive form of adult motor neuron (MN) degeneration. The cause of the disease is still unknown, but some protein mutations have been linked to the pathological process. Loss of upper and lower MNs results in progressive muscle paralysis and ultimately death due to respiratory failure. Although initially thought to derive from the selective loss of MNs, the pathogenic concept of non-cell-autonomous disease has come to the forefront for the contribution of glial cells in ALS, in particular microglia. Recent studies suggest that microglia may have a protective effect on MN in an early stage. Conversely, activated microglia contribute and enhance MN death by secreting neurotoxic factors, and impaired microglial function at the end-stage may instead accelerate disease progression. However, the nature of microglial–neuronal interactions that lead to MN degeneration remains elusive. We review the contribution of the neurodegenerative network in ALS pathology, with a special focus on each glial cell type from data obtained in the transgenic SOD1G93A rodents, the most widely used model. We further discuss the diverse roles of neuroinflammation and microglia phenotypes in the modulation of ALS pathology. We provide information on the processes associated with dysfunctional cell–cell communication and summarize findings on pathological cross-talk between neurons and astroglia, and neurons and microglia, as well as on the spread of pathogenic factors. We also highlight the relevance of neurovascular disruption and exosome trafficking to ALS pathology. The harmful and beneficial influences of NG2 cells, oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells will be discussed as well. Insights into the complex intercellular perturbations underlying ALS, including target identification, will enhance our efforts to develop effective therapeutic approaches for preventing or reversing symptomatic progression of this devastating disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dora Brites
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa Lisbon, Portugal ; Department of Biochemistry and Human Biology, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Ana R Vaz
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa Lisbon, Portugal ; Department of Biochemistry and Human Biology, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa Lisbon, Portugal
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157
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Ethyl pyruvate ameliorates 3-nitropropionic acid-induced striatal toxicity through anti-neuronal cell death and anti-inflammatory mechanisms. Brain Behav Immun 2014; 38:151-65. [PMID: 24576481 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2014.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2013] [Revised: 01/15/2014] [Accepted: 01/26/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The potential neuroprotective value of ethyl pyruvate (EP) for the treatment of the striatal toxicity is largely unknown. We investigated whether EP promotes the survival of striatal neurons in a 3-nitropropionic acid (3-NP)-induced mouse model of Huntington's disease (HD). EP (5, 10, 20, and 40mg/kg/day, i.p.) was daily injected from 30min before 3-NP intoxication (pretreatment) and from onset/progression/peak point of neurological impairment by 3-NP intoxication. EP produced a neuroprotective effect in dose- and time-dependant manners. EP pretreatment of 40mg/kg/day produced the best neuroprotective effect among other conditions. Pretreatment of EP significantly attenuated neurological impairment and lethality and prevented formation of lesion area and neuronal loss in the striatum after 3-NP intoxication. This neuroprotection afforded by EP was associated with the suppression of succinate dehydrogenase activity, apoptosis, and microglial activation. The suppressive effect of EP corresponded to the down-regulation of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) and nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) signal pathways, and mRNA expression of inflammatory mediators including tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, inducible nitric oxide synthase, and cyclooxygenase-2 in the striatum after 3-NP intoxication. Interestingly, the intrathecal introduction of inhibitors MAPKs and NF-κB into control mice decreased the lethality after 3-NP intoxication. Our findings indicate that EP may effectively alleviate 3-NP-induced striatal toxicity by inhibition of the MAPKs and NF-κB pathways in the striatum, and that EP has a wide therapeutic window, suggesting that EP may have therapeutic value in the treatment of aspects of HD's disease related to inflammation.
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158
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Hegde VR, Vogel R, Feany MB. Glia are critical for the neuropathology of complex I deficiency in Drosophila. Hum Mol Genet 2014; 23:4686-92. [PMID: 24760769 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddu188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial electron transport chain (ETC) disorders cause severe neurological disease, typically in the context of fatal encephalomyelopathies. Neuronal cell autonomous energy deficiency due to reduced mitochondrial adenosine triphosphate production is currently the leading hypothesis to explain the neurotoxicity in ETC disorders. To define the mechanisms underlying neuropathology in ETC disorders, we have modeled the most common type of ETC disorder, complex I deficiency, in Drosophila. Our model recapitulates important clinical features of the disease including neuronal loss, mitochondrial enlargement, motor dysfunction and early death. Using cell-type specific gene knockdown, we find that both neurons and glia contribute to the disease phenotype and that glia play a critical non-cell autonomous role in the development of neuronal toxicity. Our results open up an unexpected avenue of research, and could lead to the development of new treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijay R Hegde
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, NRB 650, 77 Ave Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Rutger Vogel
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02130, USA
| | - Mel B Feany
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, NRB 650, 77 Ave Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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159
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Lee SH, Choi SM, Yang EJ. Melittin ameliorates the inflammation of organs in an amyotrophic lateral sclerosis animal model. Exp Neurobiol 2014; 23:86-92. [PMID: 24737943 PMCID: PMC3984960 DOI: 10.5607/en.2014.23.1.86] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2013] [Revised: 12/19/2013] [Accepted: 12/20/2013] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a devastating progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by a selective loss of motor neurons in the spinal cord, brainstem, and motor cortex, leading to weakness of the limb and bulbar muscles. Although the immediate cause of death in ALS is the destruction of motor neurons, ALS is a multi-organ disease that also affects the lungs, spleen, and liver. Melittin is one of components of bee venom and has anti-neuroinflammatory effects in the spinal cord, as shown in an ALS animal model. To investigate the effects of melittin on inflammation in the lungs and spleen, we used hSOD1(G93A) transgenic mice that are mimic for ALS. Melittin treatment reduced the expression of inflammatory proteins, including Iba-1 and CD14 by 1.9- and 1.3-fold (p<0.05), respectively, in the lungs of symptomatic hSOD1(G93A) transgenic mice. In the spleen, the expression of CD14 and COX2 that are related to inflammation were decreased by 1.4 fold (p<0.05) and cell survival proteins such as pERK and Bcl2 were increased by 1.3- and 1.5-fold (p<0.05) in the melittin-treated hSOD1G93A transgenic mice. These findings suggest that melittin could be a candidate to regulate the immune system in organs affected by ALS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun-Hwa Lee
- Department of Medical Research, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon 305-811, Korea
| | - Sun-Mi Choi
- Department of Medical Research, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon 305-811, Korea
| | - Eun Jin Yang
- Department of Medical Research, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon 305-811, Korea
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160
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Huang C, Huang B, Bi F, Yan LH, Tong J, Huang J, Xia XG, Zhou H. Profiling the genes affected by pathogenic TDP-43 in astrocytes. J Neurochem 2014; 129:932-9. [PMID: 24447103 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.12660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2013] [Revised: 12/19/2013] [Accepted: 01/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Mutation in TAR DNA binding protein 43 (TDP-43) is a causative factor of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and frontotemporal lobar degeneration. Neurodegeneration may not require the presence of pathogenic TDP-43 in all types of relevant cells. Rather, expression of pathogenic TDP-43 in neurons or astrocytes alone is sufficient to cause cell-autonomous or non-cell-autonomous neuron death in transgenic rats. How pathogenic TDP-43 in astrocytes causes non-cell-autonomous neuron death, however, is not clear. Here, we examined the effect of pathogenic TDP-43 on gene expression in astrocytes. Microarray assay revealed that pathogenic TDP-43 in astrocytes preferentially altered expression of the genes encoding secretory proteins. Whereas neurotrophic genes were down-regulated, neurotoxic genes were up-regulated. Representative genes Lcn2 and chitinase-3-like protein 1 were markedly up-regulated in astrocytes from primary culture and intact transgenic rats. Furthermore, synthetic chitinase-3-like protein 1 induced neuron death in a dose-dependent manner. Our results suggest that TDP-43 pathogenesis is associated with the simultaneous induction of multiple neurotoxic genes in astrocytes, which may synergistically produce adverse effects on neuronal survival and contribute to non-cell-autonomous neuron death. Restricted expression of pathogenic TDP-43 in astrocytes causes non-cell-autonomous motor neuron death in transgenic rats. As revealed by microarray assay, pathogenic TDP-43 in astrocytes preferentially altered expression of the genes encoding secretory proteins. Whereas neurotrophic genes were down-regulated, neurotoxic genes were up-regulated. Therefore, TDP-43 pathogenesis is associated with simultaneous induction of neurotoxic genes and repression of neurotrophic genes in astrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cao Huang
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, China
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161
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Papa M, De Luca C, Petta F, Alberghina L, Cirillo G. Astrocyte-neuron interplay in maladaptive plasticity. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2014; 42:35-54. [PMID: 24509064 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2014.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2013] [Revised: 01/03/2014] [Accepted: 01/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The complexity of neuronal networks cannot only be explained by neuronal activity so neurobiological research in the last decade has focused on different components of the central nervous system: the glia. Glial cells are fundamental elements for development and maintenance of physiological brain work. New data confirm that glia significantly influences neuronal communication through specific molecules, named "gliotransmitters", and their related receptors. This new approach to the traditional model of the way synapses work is also supported by changes occurring in pathological conditions, such as neurodegenerative diseases or toxic/traumatic injury to nervous system. Experimental models have revealed that glial cells are the starting point of damage progression that subsequently involves neurons. The "bedside to bench" approach has demonstrated that clinical phenotypes are strictly related to neuronal death, however it is conceivable that the disease begins earlier, years before clinical onset. This temporal gap is necessary to determine complex changes in the neuro-glial network organization and produce a "maladaptive plasticity". We review the function of glial cells in health and disease, pointing the putative mechanisms of maladaptive plasticity, suggesting that glial cells may represent a fascinating therapeutic target to prevent irreversible neuronal cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Papa
- Laboratory of Neuronal Networks, Department of Mental and Physical Health and Preventive Medicine, Second University of Naples, 80138 Naples, Italy; SYSBIO, Centre of Systems Biology, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milano, Italy.
| | - Ciro De Luca
- Laboratory of Neuronal Networks, Department of Mental and Physical Health and Preventive Medicine, Second University of Naples, 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Federica Petta
- Laboratory of Neuronal Networks, Department of Mental and Physical Health and Preventive Medicine, Second University of Naples, 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Lilia Alberghina
- Laboratory of Neuroscience "R. Levi-Montalcini", Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milano, Italy; SYSBIO, Centre of Systems Biology, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milano, Italy
| | - Giovanni Cirillo
- Laboratory of Neuronal Networks, Department of Mental and Physical Health and Preventive Medicine, Second University of Naples, 80138 Naples, Italy
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162
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Lozić I, Bartlett CA, Shaw JA, Iyer KS, Dunlop SA, Kilburn MR, Fitzgerald M. Changes in subtypes of Ca microdomains following partial injury to the central nervous system. Metallomics 2014; 6:455-64. [PMID: 24425149 DOI: 10.1039/c3mt00336a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Rapid changes in Ca(2+) concentration and location in response to injury play key roles in a range of biological systems. However, quantitative analysis of changes in size and distribution of Ca(2+) microdomains in specific cell types in whole tissue samples has been limited by analytical resolution and reliance on indirect Ca(2+) indicator systems. Here, we combine the unique advantages of nanoscale secondary ion mass spectrometry (NanoSIMS) with immunohistochemistry to directly quantify changes in number, size and intensity of Ca microdomains specific to axonal or glial regions vulnerable to spreading damage following neurotrauma. Furthermore, using NanoSIMS allows separate quantification of Ca microdomains according to their co-localization with areas enriched in P. We rapidly excise and cryopreserve optic nerve segments from adult rat at time points ranging from 5 minutes to 3 months after injury, allowing assessment of Ca microdomains dynamics with minimal disruption due to tissue processing. We demonstrate significantly more non-P co-localized Ca microdomains in glial than axonal regions in normal optic nerve. The density of Ca microdomains not co-localized with areas enriched in P rapidly, selectively and significantly decreases after injury; densities of Ca microdomains co-localized with P enriched areas are unchanged. An efflux of Ca(2+) from microdomains not co-localized with P may contribute to the structural and functional deficits observed in nerve vulnerable to spreading damage following neurotrauma. NanoSIMS analyses of Ca microdomains allow quantitative and novel insights into Ca dynamics, applicable to a range of normal, as well as diseased or injured mammalian systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Lozić
- BioNano, School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Hwy, Crawley WA 6009, Australia
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163
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Guizzetti M, Zhang X, Goeke C, Gavin DP. Glia and neurodevelopment: focus on fetal alcohol spectrum disorders. Front Pediatr 2014; 2:123. [PMID: 25426477 PMCID: PMC4227495 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2014.00123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2014] [Accepted: 10/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
During the last 20 years, new and exciting roles for glial cells in brain development have been described. Moreover, several recent studies implicated glial cells in the pathogenesis of neurodevelopmental disorders including Down syndrome, Fragile X syndrome, Rett Syndrome, Autism Spectrum Disorders, and Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders (FASD). Abnormalities in glial cell development and proliferation and increased glial cell apoptosis contribute to the adverse effects of ethanol on the developing brain and it is becoming apparent that the effects of fetal alcohol are due, at least in part, to effects on glial cells affecting their ability to modulate neuronal development and function. The three major classes of glial cells, astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and microglia as well as their precursors are affected by ethanol during brain development. Alterations in glial cell functions by ethanol dramatically affect neuronal development, survival, and function and ultimately impair the development of the proper brain architecture and connectivity. For instance, ethanol inhibits astrocyte-mediated neuritogenesis and oligodendrocyte development, survival and myelination; furthermore, ethanol induces microglia activation and oxidative stress leading to the exacerbation of ethanol-induced neuronal cell death. This review article describes the most significant recent findings pertaining the effects of ethanol on glial cells and their significance in the pathophysiology of FASD and other neurodevelopmental disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Guizzetti
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago , Chicago, IL , USA ; Jesse Brown VA Medical Center, U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs , Chicago, IL , USA ; Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington , Seattle, WA , USA
| | - Xiaolu Zhang
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago , Chicago, IL , USA ; Jesse Brown VA Medical Center, U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs , Chicago, IL , USA
| | - Calla Goeke
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago , Chicago, IL , USA ; Jesse Brown VA Medical Center, U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs , Chicago, IL , USA
| | - David P Gavin
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago , Chicago, IL , USA ; Jesse Brown VA Medical Center, U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs , Chicago, IL , USA
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164
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Yan S, Wang CE, Wei W, Gaertig MA, Lai L, Li S, Li XJ. TDP-43 causes differential pathology in neuronal versus glial cells in the mouse brain. Hum Mol Genet 2013; 23:2678-93. [PMID: 24381309 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddt662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in TAR DNA-binding protein 43 (TDP-43) are associated with familial forms of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and frontotemporal lobar degeneration. Although recent studies have revealed that mutant TDP-43 in neuronal and glial cells is toxic, how mutant TDP-43 causes primarily neuronal degeneration in an age-dependent manner remains unclear. Using adeno-associated virus (AAV) that expresses mutant TDP-43 (M337V) ubiquitously, we found that mutant TDP-43 accumulates preferentially in neuronal cells in the postnatal mouse brain. We then ubiquitously or selectively expressed mutant TDP-43 in neuronal and glial cells in the striatum of adult mouse brains via stereotaxic injection of AAV vectors and found that it also preferentially accumulates in neuronal cells. Expression of mutant TDP-43 in neurons in the striatum causes more severe degeneration, earlier death and more robust symptoms in mice than expression of mutant TDP-43 in glial cells; however, aging increases the expression of mutant TDP-43 in glial cells, and expression of mutant TDP-43 in older mice caused earlier onset of phenotypes and more severe neuropathology than that in younger mice. Although expression of mutant TDP-43 in glial cells via stereotaxic injection does not lead to robust neurological phenotypes, systemic inhibition of the proteasome activity via MG132 in postnatal mice could exacerbate glial TDP-43-mediated toxicity and cause mice to die earlier. Consistently, this inhibition increases the expression of mutant TDP-43 in glial cells in mouse brains. Thus, the differential accumulation of mutant TDP-43 in neuronal versus glial cells contributes to the preferential toxicity of mutant TDP-43 in neuronal cells and age-dependent pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sen Yan
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, 615 Michael Street, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
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165
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Munitic I, Torchia MLG, Meena NP, Zhu G, Li CC, Ashwell JD. Optineurin insufficiency impairs IRF3 but not NF-κB activation in immune cells. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2013; 191:6231-40. [PMID: 24244017 PMCID: PMC3886234 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1301696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Optineurin is a widely expressed polyubiquitin-binding protein that has been implicated in regulating cell signaling via its NF-κB essential modulator-homologous C-terminal ubiquitin (Ub)-binding region. Its functions are controversial, with in vitro studies finding that optineurin suppressed TNF-mediated NF-κB activation and virus-induced activation of IFN regulatory factor 3 (IRF3), whereas bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) from mice carrying an optineurin Ub-binding point mutation had normal TLR-mediated NF-κB activation and diminished IRF3 activation. We have generated a mouse model in which the entire Ub-binding C-terminal region is deleted (Optn(470T)). Akin to C-terminal optineurin mutations found in patients with certain neurodegenerative diseases, Optn(470T) was expressed at substantially lower levels than the native protein, allowing assessment not only of the lack of Ub binding, but also of protein insufficiency. Embryonic lethality with incomplete penetrance was observed for 129 × C57BL/6 Optn(470T/470T) mice, but after further backcrossing to C57BL/6, offspring viability was restored. Moreover, the mice that survived were indistinguishable from wild type littermates and had normal immune cell distributions. Activation of NF-κB in Optn(470T) BMDM and BM-derived dendritic cells with TNF or via TLR4, T cells via the TCR, and B cells with LPS or anti-CD40 was normal. In contrast, optineurin and/or its Ub-binding function was necessary for optimal TANK binding kinase 1 and IRF3 activation, and both Optn(470T) BMDMs and bone marrow-derived dendritic cells had diminished IFN-β production upon LPS stimulation. Importantly, Optn(470T) mice produced less IFN-β upon LPS challenge. Therefore, endogenous optineurin is dispensable for NF-κB activation but necessary for optimal IRF3 activation in immune cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivana Munitic
- Laboratory of Immune Cell Biology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | | | - Netra Pal Meena
- Laboratory of Immune Cell Biology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Guozhi Zhu
- Laboratory of Immune Cell Biology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Caiyi C. Li
- Laboratory of Immune Cell Biology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Jonathan D. Ashwell
- Laboratory of Immune Cell Biology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
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166
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Dysregulated microRNAs in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis microglia modulate genes linked to neuroinflammation. Cell Death Dis 2013; 4:e959. [PMID: 24336079 PMCID: PMC3877562 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2013.491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2013] [Revised: 11/07/2013] [Accepted: 11/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) regulate gene expression at post-transcriptional level and are key modulators of immune system, whose dysfunction contributes to the progression of neuroinflammatory diseaseas such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), the most widespread motor neuron disorder. ALS is a non-cell-autonomous disease targeting motor neurons and neighboring glia, with microgliosis directly contributing to neurodegeneration. As limited information exists on miRNAs dysregulations in ALS, we examined this topic in primary microglia from superoxide dismutase 1-G93A mouse model. We compared miRNAs transcriptional profiling of non-transgenic and ALS microglia in resting conditions and after inflammatory activation by P2X7 receptor agonist. We identified upregulation of selected immune-enriched miRNAs, recognizing miR-22, miR-155, miR-125b and miR-146b among the most highly modulated. We proved that miR-365 and miR-125b interfere, respectively, with the interleukin-6 and STAT3 pathway determining increased tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) transcription. As TNFα directly upregulated miR-125b, and inhibitors of miR-365/miR-125b reduced TNFα transcription, we recognized the induction of miR-365 and miR-125b as a vicious gateway culminating in abnormal TNFα release. These results strengthen the impact of miRNAs in modulating inflammatory genes linked to ALS and identify specific miRNAs as pathogenetic mechanisms in the disease.
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167
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Su W, Hopkins S, Nesser NK, Sopher B, Silvestroni A, Ammanuel S, Jayadev S, Möller T, Weinstein J, Garden GA. The p53 transcription factor modulates microglia behavior through microRNA-dependent regulation of c-Maf. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 192:358-66. [PMID: 24319262 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1301397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Neuroinflammation occurs in acute and chronic CNS injury, including stroke, traumatic brain injury, and neurodegenerative diseases. Microglia are specialized resident myeloid cells that mediate CNS innate immune responses. Disease-relevant stimuli, such as reactive oxygen species (ROS), can influence microglia activation. Previously, we observed that p53, a ROS-responsive transcription factor, modulates microglia behaviors in vitro and in vivo, promoting proinflammatory functions and suppressing downregulation of the inflammatory response and tissue repair. In this article we describe a novel mechanism by which p53 modulates the functional differentiation of microglia both in vitro and in vivo. Adult microglia from p53-deficient mice have increased expression of the anti-inflammatory transcription factor c-Maf. To determine how p53 negatively regulates c-Maf, we examined the impact of p53 on known c-Maf regulators. MiR-155 is a microRNA that targets c-Maf. We observed that cytokine-induced expression of miR-155 was suppressed in p53-deficient microglia. Furthermore, Twist2, a transcriptional activator of c-Maf, is increased in p53-deficient microglia. We identified recognition sites in the 3' untranslated region of Twist2 mRNA that are predicted to interact with two p53-dependent microRNAs: miR-34a and miR-145. In this article, we demonstrate that miR-34a and -145 are regulated by p53 and negatively regulate Twist2 and c-Maf expression in microglia and the RAW macrophage cell line. Taken together, these findings support the hypothesis that p53 activation induced by local ROS or accumulated DNA damage influences microglia functions and that one specific molecular target of p53 in microglia is c-Maf.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Su
- Department of Neurology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195
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168
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Valera E, Ubhi K, Mante M, Rockenstein E, Masliah E. Antidepressants reduce neuroinflammatory responses and astroglial alpha-synuclein accumulation in a transgenic mouse model of multiple system atrophy. Glia 2013; 62:317-37. [PMID: 24310907 DOI: 10.1002/glia.22610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2013] [Revised: 11/01/2013] [Accepted: 11/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Multiple system atrophy (MSA) is a neurodegenerative disease characterized by the pathological accumulation of alpha-synuclein (α-syn) within oligodendroglial cells. This accumulation is accompanied by neuroinflammation with astrogliosis and microgliosis, that leads to neuronal death and subsequent parkinsonism and dysautonomia. Antidepressants have been explored as neuroprotective agents as they normalize neurotrophic factor levels, increase neurogenesis and reduce neurodegeneration, but their anti-inflammatory properties have not been fully characterized. We analyzed the anti-inflammatory profiles of three different antidepressants (fluoxetine, olanzapine and amitriptyline) in the MBP1-hα-syn transgenic (tg) mouse model of MSA. We observed that antidepressant treatment decreased the number of α-syn-positive cells in the basal ganglia of 11-month-old tg animals. This reduction was accompanied with a similar decrease in the colocalization of α-syn with astrocyte markers in this brain structure. Consistent with these results, antidepressants reduced astrogliosis in the hippocampus and basal ganglia of the MBP1-hα-syn tg mice, and modulated the expression levels of key cytokines that were dysregulated in the tg mouse model, such as IL-1β. In vitro experiments in the astroglial cell line C6 confirmed that antidepressants inhibited NF-κB translocation to the nucleus and reduced IL-1β protein levels. We conclude that the anti-inflammatory properties of antidepressants in the MBP1-hα-syn tg mouse model of MSA might be related to their ability to inhibit α-syn propagation from oligodendrocytes to astroglia and to regulate transcription factors involved in cytokine expression. Our results suggest that antidepressants might be of interest as anti-inflammatory and α-syn-reducing agents for MSA and other α-synucleinopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elvira Valera
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
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169
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Proteomic analysis reveals differentially regulated protein acetylation in human amyotrophic lateral sclerosis spinal cord. PLoS One 2013; 8:e80779. [PMID: 24312501 PMCID: PMC3846615 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0080779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2013] [Accepted: 10/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a progressive fatal neurodegenerative disease that primarily affects motor neurons in the brain and spinal cord. Histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors have neuroprotective effects potentially useful for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases including ALS; however, the molecular mechanisms underlying their potential efficacy is not well understood. Here we report that protein acetylation in urea-soluble proteins is differently regulated in post-mortem ALS spinal cord. Two-dimensional electrophoresis (2-DE) analysis reveals several protein clusters with similar molecular weight but different charge status. Liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) identifies glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) as the dominant component in the protein clusters. Further analysis indicates six heavily acetylated lysine residues at positions 89, 153, 189, 218, 259 and 331 of GFAP. Immunoprecipitation followed by Western blotting confirms that the larger form of GFAP fragments are acetylated and upregulated in ALS spinal cord. Further studies demonstrate that acetylation of the proteins additional to GFAP is differently regulated, suggesting that acetylation and/or deacetylation play an important role in pathogenesis of ALS.
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170
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SMN-dependent intrinsic defects in Schwann cells in mouse models of spinal muscular atrophy. Hum Mol Genet 2013; 23:2235-50. [DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddt612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
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171
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Pandya RS, Zhu H, Li W, Bowser R, Friedlander RM, Wang X. Therapeutic neuroprotective agents for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Cell Mol Life Sci 2013; 70:4729-45. [PMID: 23864030 PMCID: PMC4172456 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-013-1415-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2012] [Revised: 06/06/2013] [Accepted: 06/24/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal chronic neurodegenerative disease whose hallmark is proteinaceous, ubiquitinated, cytoplasmic inclusions in motor neurons and surrounding cells. Multiple mechanisms proposed as responsible for ALS pathogenesis include dysfunction of protein degradation, glutamate excitotoxicity, mitochondrial dysfunction, apoptosis, oxidative stress, and inflammation. It is therefore essential to gain a better understanding of the underlying disease etiology and search for neuroprotective agents that might delay disease onset, slow progression, prolong survival, and ultimately reduce the burden of disease. Because riluzole, the only Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved treatment, prolongs the ALS patient's life by only 3 months, new therapeutic agents are urgently needed. In this review, we focus on studies of various small pharmacological compounds targeting the proposed pathogenic mechanisms of ALS and discuss their impact on disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachna S. Pandya
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115 USA
| | - Haining Zhu
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536 USA
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115 USA
| | - Robert Bowser
- Division of Neurobiology, Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ 85013 USA
| | - Robert M. Friedlander
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA
| | - Xin Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115 USA
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172
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideyuki Takeuchi
- Department of Neuroimmunology; Research Institute of Environmental Medicine; Nagoya University; Nagoya Japan
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173
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Jha MK, Seo M, Kim JH, Kim BG, Cho JY, Suk K. The secretome signature of reactive glial cells and its pathological implications. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2013; 1834:2418-28. [PMID: 23269363 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2012.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2012] [Revised: 11/23/2012] [Accepted: 12/12/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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174
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Nardo G, Iennaco R, Fusi N, Heath PR, Marino M, Trolese MC, Ferraiuolo L, Lawrence N, Shaw PJ, Bendotti C. Transcriptomic indices of fast and slow disease progression in two mouse models of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 136:3305-32. [PMID: 24065725 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awt250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis is heterogeneous with high variability in the speed of progression even in cases with a defined genetic cause such as superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1) mutations. We reported that SOD1(G93A) mice on distinct genetic backgrounds (C57 and 129Sv) show consistent phenotypic differences in speed of disease progression and life-span that are not explained by differences in human SOD1 transgene copy number or the burden of mutant SOD1 protein within the nervous system. We aimed to compare the gene expression profiles of motor neurons from these two SOD1(G93A) mouse strains to discover the molecular mechanisms contributing to the distinct phenotypes and to identify factors underlying fast and slow disease progression. Lumbar spinal motor neurons from the two SOD1(G93A) mouse strains were isolated by laser capture microdissection and transcriptome analysis was conducted at four stages of disease. We identified marked differences in the motor neuron transcriptome between the two mice strains at disease onset, with a dramatic reduction of gene expression in the rapidly progressive (129Sv-SOD1(G93A)) compared with the slowly progressing mutant SOD1 mice (C57-SOD1(G93A)) (1276 versus 346; Q-value ≤ 0.01). Gene ontology pathway analysis of the transcriptional profile from 129Sv-SOD1(G93A) mice showed marked downregulation of specific pathways involved in mitochondrial function, as well as predicted deficiencies in protein degradation and axonal transport mechanisms. In contrast, the transcriptional profile from C57-SOD1(G93A) mice with the more benign disease course, revealed strong gene enrichment relating to immune system processes compared with 129Sv-SOD1(G93A) mice. Motor neurons from the more benign mutant strain demonstrated striking complement activation, over-expressing genes normally involved in immune cell function. We validated through immunohistochemistry increased expression of the C3 complement subunit and major histocompatibility complex I within motor neurons. In addition, we demonstrated that motor neurons from the slowly progressing mice activate a series of genes with neuroprotective properties such as angiogenin and the nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 transcriptional regulator. In contrast, the faster progressing mice show dramatically reduced expression at disease onset of cell pathways involved in neuroprotection. This study highlights a set of key gene and molecular pathway indices of fast or slow disease progression which may prove useful in identifying potential disease modifiers responsible for the heterogeneity of human amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and which may represent valid therapeutic targets for ameliorating the disease course in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Nardo
- 1 Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Department of Neuroscience, IRCCS - Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Via La Masa, 19, 20156 Milan, Italy
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175
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Gupta K, Chandran S, Hardingham GE. Human stem cell-derived astrocytes and their application to studying Nrf2-mediated neuroprotective pathways and therapeutics in neurodegeneration. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2013; 75:907-18. [PMID: 23126226 PMCID: PMC3612708 DOI: 10.1111/bcp.12022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2012] [Accepted: 10/28/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Glia, including astrocytes, are increasingly at the forefront of neurodegenerative research for their role in the modulation of neuronal function and survival. Improved understanding of underlying disease mechanisms, including the role of the cellular environment in neurodegeneration, is central to therapeutic development for these currently untreatable diseases. In these endeavours, experimental models that more closely reproduce the human condition have the potential to facilitate the transition between experimental studies in model organisms and patient trials. In this review we discuss the growing role of astrocytes in neurodegenerative diseases, and how astrocytes generated from human pluripotent stem cells represent a useful tool for analyzing astrocytic signalling and influence on neuronal function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunal Gupta
- Anne McLaren Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine & Cambridge Centre for Brain Repair, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0SZ, UK
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176
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Perucho J, Casarejos MJ, Gómez A, Ruíz C, Fernández-Estevez MÁ, Muñoz MP, de Yébenes JG, Mena MÁ. Striatal infusion of glial conditioned medium diminishes huntingtin pathology in r6/1 mice. PLoS One 2013; 8:e73120. [PMID: 24069174 PMCID: PMC3771920 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0073120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2013] [Accepted: 07/24/2013] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Huntington's disease is a neurodegenerative disorder caused by an expansion of CAG repeats in the huntingtin gene which produces widespread neuronal and glial pathology. We here investigated the possible therapeutic role of glia or glial products in Huntington's disease using striatal glial conditioned medium (GCM) from fetus mice (E16) continuously infused for 15 and 30 days with osmotic minipumps into the left striatum of R6/1 mice. Animals infused with GCM had significantly less huntingtin inclusions in the ipsilateral cerebral cortex and in the ipsilateral and contralateral striata than mice infused with cerebrospinal fluid. The numbers of DARPP-32 and TH positive neurons were also greater in the ipsilateral but not contralateral striata and substantia nigra, respectively, suggesting a neuroprotective effect of GCM on efferent striatal and nigro-striatal dopamine neurons. GCM increases activity of the autophagic pathway, as shown by the reduction of autophagic substrate, p-62, and the augmentation of LC3 II, Beclin-1 and LAMP-2 protein levels, direct markers of autophagy, in GCM infused mice. GCM also increases BDNF levels. These results suggest that CGM should be further explored as a putative neuroprotective agent in Huntington's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Perucho
- Department of Neurobiology, Hospital “Ramón y Cajal”, Madrid, Spain
- CIBERNED, Madrid, Spain
| | - Maria José Casarejos
- Department of Neurobiology, Hospital “Ramón y Cajal”, Madrid, Spain
- CIBERNED, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Gómez
- Department of Neurobiology, Hospital “Ramón y Cajal”, Madrid, Spain
- CIBERNED, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carolina Ruíz
- Department of Neurology, Hospital “Ramón y Cajal”, Madrid, Spain
- CIBERNED, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Maria Paz Muñoz
- Department of Neurobiology, Hospital “Ramón y Cajal”, Madrid, Spain
- CIBERNED, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Maria Ángeles Mena
- Department of Neurobiology, Hospital “Ramón y Cajal”, Madrid, Spain
- CIBERNED, Madrid, Spain
- * E-mail:
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177
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Hagl CI, Heumüller-Klug S, Wink E, Wessel L, Schäfer KH. The human gastrointestinal tract, a potential autologous neural stem cell source. PLoS One 2013; 8:e72948. [PMID: 24023797 PMCID: PMC3762931 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0072948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2013] [Accepted: 07/15/2013] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Stem cell therapies seem to be an appropriate tool for the treatment of a variety of diseases, especially when a substantial cell loss leads to a severe clinical impact. This is the case in most neuronal cell losses. Unfortunately, adequate neural stem cell sources are hard to find and current alternatives, such as induced programmed stem cells, still have incalculable risks. Evidence of neurogenesis in the adult human enteric nervous system brought up a new perspective. In humans the appendix harbors enteric neuronal tissue and is an ideal location where the presence of neural stem cells is combined with a minimal invasive accessibility. In this study appendices from adults and children were investigated concerning their neural stem cell potential. From each appendix tissue samples were collected, and processed for immunohistochemistry or enteric neural progenitor cell generation. Free-floating enteric neurospheres (EnNS's) could be generated after 6 days in vitro. EnNS's were either used for transplantation into rat brain slices or differentiation experiments. Both transplanted spheres and control cultures developed an intricate network with glia, neurons and interconnecting fibers, as seen in primary enteric cultures before. Neuronal, glial and neural stem cell markers could be identified both in vitro and in vivo by immunostaining. The study underlines the potential of the enteric nervous system as an autologous neural stem cell source. Using the appendix as a potential target opens up a new perspective that might lead to a relatively unproblematic harvest of neural stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cornelia Irene Hagl
- Clinic of Pediatric Surgery, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg Mannheim, Germany
| | - Sabine Heumüller-Klug
- Clinic of Pediatric Surgery, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg Mannheim, Germany
| | - Elvira Wink
- Clinic of Pediatric Surgery, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg Mannheim, Germany
| | - Lucas Wessel
- Clinic of Pediatric Surgery, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg Mannheim, Germany
| | - Karl-Herbert Schäfer
- Clinic of Pediatric Surgery, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg Mannheim, Germany
- Life Science Department, Faculty of Computer Sciences and Microsystems Technology, University of Applied Sciences, Zweibrücken, Germany
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178
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Savigni DL, O'Hare Doig RL, Szymanski CR, Bartlett CA, Lozić I, Smith NM, Fitzgerald M. Three Ca2+ channel inhibitors in combination limit chronic secondary degeneration following neurotrauma. Neuropharmacology 2013; 75:380-90. [PMID: 23958451 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2013.07.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2013] [Revised: 07/24/2013] [Accepted: 07/30/2013] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Following neurotrauma, cells beyond the initial trauma site undergo secondary degeneration, with excess Ca2+ a likely trigger for loss of neurons, compact myelin and function. Treatment using inhibitors of specific Ca2+ channels has shown promise in preclinical studies, but clinical trials have been disappointing and combinatorial approaches are needed. We assessed efficacy of multiple combinations of three Ca2+ channel inhibitors at reducing secondary degeneration following partial optic nerve transection in rat. We used lomerizine to inhibit voltage gated Ca2+ channels; oxidised adenosine-triphosphate (oxATP) to inhibit purinergic P2X7 receptors and/or 2-[7-(1H-imidazol-1-yl)-6-nitro-2,3-dioxo-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro quinoxalin-1-yl]acetic acid (INQ) to inhibit Ca2+ permeable α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) receptors. Only the three Ca2+ channel inhibitors delivered in combination significantly preserved visual function, as assessed using the optokinetic nystagmus visual reflex, at 3 months after injury. Preservation of retinal ganglion cells was partial and is unlikely to have accounted for differential effects on function. A range of the Ca2+ channel inhibitor combinations prevented swelling of optic nerve vulnerable to secondary degeneration. Each of the treatments involving lomerizine significantly increased the proportion of axons with normal compact myelin. Nevertheless, limiting decompaction of myelin was not sufficient for preservation of function in our model. Multiple combinations of Ca2+ channel inhibitors reduced formation of atypical node/paranode complexes; outcomes were not associated with preservation of visual function. However, prevention of lengthening of the paranodal gap that was only achieved by treatment with the three Ca2+ channel inhibitors in combination was an important additional effect that likely contributed to the associated preservation of the optokinetic reflex using this combinatorial treatment strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donna L Savigni
- Experimental and Regenerative Neurosciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia; School of Animal Biology, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Ryan L O'Hare Doig
- Experimental and Regenerative Neurosciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia; School of Animal Biology, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Charis R Szymanski
- Experimental and Regenerative Neurosciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia; School of Animal Biology, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Carole A Bartlett
- Experimental and Regenerative Neurosciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia; School of Animal Biology, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Ivan Lozić
- Experimental and Regenerative Neurosciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia; School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Nicole M Smith
- Experimental and Regenerative Neurosciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia; School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Melinda Fitzgerald
- Experimental and Regenerative Neurosciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia; School of Animal Biology, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia.
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179
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Warren JD, Rohrer JD, Schott JM, Fox NC, Hardy J, Rossor MN. Molecular nexopathies: a new paradigm of neurodegenerative disease. Trends Neurosci 2013; 36:561-9. [PMID: 23876425 PMCID: PMC3794159 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2013.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2013] [Revised: 06/17/2013] [Accepted: 06/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Neural networks provide candidate substrates for the spread of proteinopathies causing neurodegeneration, and emerging data suggest that macroscopic signatures of network disintegration differentiate diseases. However, how do protein abnormalities produce network signatures? The answer may lie with 'molecular nexopathies': specific, coherent conjunctions of pathogenic protein and intrinsic network characteristics that define network signatures of neurodegenerative pathologies. Key features of the paradigm that we propose here include differential intrinsic network vulnerability to propagating protein abnormalities, in part reflecting developmental structural and functional factors; differential vulnerability of neural connection types (e.g., clustered versus distributed connections) to particular pathogenic proteins; and differential impact of molecular effects (e.g., toxic-gain-of-function versus loss-of-function) on gradients of network damage. The paradigm has implications for understanding and predicting neurodegenerative disease biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason D Warren
- Dementia Research Centre, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK.
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180
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Ellrichmann G, Reick C, Saft C, Linker RA. The role of the immune system in Huntington's disease. Clin Dev Immunol 2013; 2013:541259. [PMID: 23956761 PMCID: PMC3727178 DOI: 10.1155/2013/541259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2013] [Accepted: 06/19/2013] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Huntington's disease (HD) is characterized by a progressive course of disease until death 15-20 years after the first symptoms occur and is caused by a mutation with expanded CAG repeats in the huntingtin (htt) protein. Mutant htt (mhtt) in the striatum is assumed to be the main reason for neurodegeneration. Knowledge about pathophysiology has rapidly improved discussing influences of excitotoxicity, mitochondrial damage, free radicals, and inflammatory mechanisms. Both innate and adaptive immune systems may play an important role in HD. Activation of microglia with expression of proinflammatory cytokines, impaired migration of macrophages, and deposition of complement factors in the striatum indicate an activation of the innate immune system. As part of the adaptive immune system, dendritic cells (DCs) prime T-cell responses secreting inflammatory mediators. In HD, DCs may contain mhtt which brings the adaptive immune system into the focus of interest. These data underline an increasing interest in the peripheral immune system for pathomechanisms of HD. It is still unclear if neuroinflammation is a reactive process or if there is an active influence on disease progression. Further understanding the influence of inflammation in HD using mouse models may open various avenues for promising therapeutic approaches aiming at slowing disease progression or forestalling onset of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gisa Ellrichmann
- Department of Neurology, St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, 44791 Bochum, Germany.
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181
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Opportunities and challenges of pluripotent stem cell neurodegenerative disease models. Nat Neurosci 2013; 16:780-9. [PMID: 23799470 DOI: 10.1038/nn.3425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2013] [Accepted: 05/05/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Human neurodegenerative disorders are among the most difficult to study. In particular, the inability to readily obtain the faulty cell types most relevant to these diseases has impeded progress for decades. Recent advances in pluripotent stem cell technology now grant access to substantial quantities of disease-pertinent neurons both with and without predisposing mutations. While this suite of technologies has revolutionized the field of 'in vitro disease modeling', great care must be taken in their deployment if robust, durable discoveries are to be made. Here we review what we perceive to be several of the stumbling blocks in the use of stem cells for the study of neurological disease and offer strategies to overcome them.
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182
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Kumar A, Sharma N, Mishra J, Kalonia H. Synergistical neuroprotection of rofecoxib and statins against malonic acid induced Huntington's disease like symptoms and related cognitive dysfunction in rats. Eur J Pharmacol 2013; 709:1-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2013.03.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2012] [Revised: 03/17/2013] [Accepted: 03/24/2013] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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183
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Qiang L, Fujita R, Abeliovich A. Remodeling Neurodegeneration: Somatic Cell Reprogramming-Based Models of Adult Neurological Disorders. Neuron 2013; 78:957-69. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2013.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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184
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Hellwig S, Heinrich A, Biber K. The brain's best friend: microglial neurotoxicity revisited. Front Cell Neurosci 2013; 7:71. [PMID: 23734099 PMCID: PMC3655268 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2013.00071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2013] [Accepted: 04/26/2013] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
One long standing aspect of microglia biology was never questioned; their involvement in brain disease. Based on morphological changes (retracted processes and amoeboid shape) that inevitably occur in these cells in case of damage in the central nervous system, microglia in the diseased brain were called “activated.” Because “activated” microglia were always found in direct neighborhood to dead or dying neuron, and since it is known now for more than 20 years that cultured microglia release numerous factors that are able to kill neurons, microglia “activation” was often seen as a neurotoxic process. From an evolutionary point of view, however, it is difficult to understand why an important, mostly post-mitotic and highly vulnerable organ like the brain would host numerous potential killers. This review is aimed to critically reconsider the term microglia neurotoxicity and to discuss experimental problems around microglia biology, that often have led to the conclusion that microglia are neurotoxic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Hellwig
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Freiburg Freiburg, Germany
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185
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Gonçalves N, Simões AT, Cunha RA, de Almeida LP. Caffeine and adenosine A2Areceptor inactivation decrease striatal neuropathology in a lentiviral-based model of Machado-Joseph disease. Ann Neurol 2013; 73:655-66. [DOI: 10.1002/ana.23866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2012] [Revised: 01/21/2013] [Accepted: 02/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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186
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Lazzarini M, Martin S, Mitkovski M, Vozari RR, Stühmer W, Bel ED. Doxycycline restrains glia and confers neuroprotection in a 6-OHDA Parkinson model. Glia 2013; 61:1084-100. [PMID: 23595698 DOI: 10.1002/glia.22496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2012] [Accepted: 02/22/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Neuron-glia interactions play a key role in maintaining and regulating the central nervous system. Glial cells are implicated in the function of dopamine neurons and regulate their survival and resistance to injury. Parkinson's disease is characterized by the loss of dopamine neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta, decreased striatal dopamine levels and consequent onset of extrapyramidal motor dysfunction. Parkinson's disease is a common chronic, neurodegenerative disorder with no effective protective treatment. In the 6-OHDA mouse model of Parkinson's disease, doxycycline administered at a dose that both induces/represses conditional transgene expression in the tetracycline system, mitigates the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra compacta and nerve terminals in the striatum. This protective effect was associated with: (1) a reduction of microglia in normal mice as a result of doxycycline administration per se; (2) a decrease in the astrocyte and microglia response to the neurotoxin 6-OHDA in the globus pallidus and substantia nigra compacta, and (3) the astrocyte reaction in the striatum. Our results suggest that doxycycline blocks 6-OHDA neurotoxicity in vivo by inhibiting microglial and astrocyte expression. This action of doxycycline in nigrostriatal dopaminergic neuron protection is consistent with a role of glial cells in Parkinson's disease neurodegeneration. The neuroprotective effect of doxycycline may be useful in preventing or slowing the progression of Parkinson's disease and other neurodegenerative diseases linked to glia function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcio Lazzarini
- Department of Morphology, Physiology and Pathology, School of Odontology of Ribeirão Preto (FORP), University of São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
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187
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Vittori A, Orth M, Roos RAC, Outeiro TF, Giorgini F, Hollox EJ. β-Defensin Genomic Copy Number Does Not Influence the Age of Onset in Huntington's Disease. J Huntingtons Dis 2013; 2:107-124. [PMID: 24587836 DOI: 10.3233/jhd-130047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Huntington's disease (HD) is an autosomal dominant neurodegenerative disorder caused by the abnormal expansion of a CAG triplet repeat tract in the huntingtin gene. While the length of this CAG expansion is the major determinant of the age of onset (AO), other genetic factors have also been shown to play a modulatory role. Recent evidence suggests that neuroinflammation is a pivotal factor in the pathogenesis of HD, and that targeting this process may have important therapeutic ramifications. The human β-defensin 2 (hBD2) - encoded by DEFB4 - is an antimicrobial peptide that exhibits inducible expression in astrocytes during inflammation and is an important regulator of innate and adaptive immune response. Therefore, DEFB4 may contribute to the neuroinflammatory processes observed in HD. OBJECTIVE In this study we tested the hypothesis that copy number variation (CNV) of the β-defensin region, including DEFB4, modifies the AO in HD. METHODS AND RESULTS We genotyped β-defensin CNV in 490 HD individuals using the paralogue ratio test and found no association between β-defensin CNV and onset of HD. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that it is unlikely that DEFB4 plays a role in HD pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelica Vittori
- Department of Genetics, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK ; Cell and Molecular Neuroscience Unit, Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Michael Orth
- Department of Neurology, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Raymund A C Roos
- Leiden University Medical Center, Department of Neurology, The Netherlands
| | - Tiago F Outeiro
- Cell and Molecular Neuroscience Unit, Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Lisboa, Portugal ; Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa, Instituto de Fisiologia, Lisboa, Portugal ; University Medical Center Göttingen, Department of NeuroDegeneration and Restorative Research, Göttingen, Germany
| | | | - Edward J Hollox
- Department of Genetics, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
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188
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Neuro-immune interactions of neural stem cell transplants: from animal disease models to human trials. Exp Neurol 2013; 260:19-32. [PMID: 23507035 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2013.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2012] [Revised: 03/05/2013] [Accepted: 03/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Stem cell technology is a promising branch of regenerative medicine that is aimed at developing new approaches for the treatment of severely debilitating human diseases, including those affecting the central nervous system (CNS). Despite the increasing understanding of the mechanisms governing their biology, the application of stem cell therapeutics remains challenging. The initial idea that stem cell transplants work in vivo via the replacement of endogenous cells lost or damaged owing to disease has been challenged by accumulating evidence of their therapeutic plasticity. This new concept covers the remarkable immune regulatory and tissue trophic effects that transplanted stem cells exert at the level of the neural microenvironment to promote tissue healing via combination of immune modulatory and tissue protective actions, while retaining predominantly undifferentiated features. Among a number of promising candidate stem cell sources, neural stem/precursor cells (NPCs) are under extensive investigation with regard to their therapeutic plasticity after transplantation. The significant impact in vivo of experimental NPC therapies in animal models of inflammatory CNS diseases has raised great expectations that these stem cells, or the manipulation of the mechanisms behind their therapeutic impact, could soon be translated to human studies. This review aims to provide an update on the most recent evidence of therapeutically-relevant neuro-immune interactions following NPC transplants in animal models of multiple sclerosis, cerebral stroke and traumas of the spinal cord, and consideration of the forthcoming challenges related to the early translation of some of these exciting experimental outcomes into clinical medicines.
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189
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Korean Red Ginseng Extract Attenuates 3-Nitropropionic Acid-Induced Huntington's-Like Symptoms. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2013; 2013:237207. [PMID: 23431333 PMCID: PMC3568869 DOI: 10.1155/2013/237207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2012] [Revised: 11/29/2012] [Accepted: 12/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Korean red ginseng (KRG) possesses neuroprotective activity. However, the potential neuroprotective value of KRG for the striatal toxicity is largely unknown. We investigated whether KRG extract (KRGE) could have a neuroprotective effect in a 3-nitropropionic acid- (3-NP) induced (i.p.) Huntington's disease (HD) model. KRGE (50, 100, and 250 mg/kg/day, p.o.) was administrated 10 days before 3-NP injection (pre-administration), from the same time with 3-NP injection (co-administration), or from the peak point of neurological impairment by 3-NP injection (post-administration). Pre-administration of KRGE produced the greatest neuroprotective effect in this model. Pre-administration of KRGE significantly decreased 3-NP-induced neurological impairment, lethality, lesion area, and neuronal loss in the 3-NP-injected striatum. KRGE attenuated microglial activation and phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) and nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) signal pathway. KRGE also reduced the level of mRNA expression of tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin- (IL-) 1β, IL-6, inducible nitric oxide synthase, and OX-42. Interestingly, the intrathecal administration of SB203580 (a p38 inhibitor) or PD98059 (an inhibitor of MAPK Kinase, MEK) increased the survival rate in the 3-NP-induced HD model. Pre-administration of KRGE may effectively inhibit 3-NP-induced striatal toxicity via the inhibition of the phosphorylation of MAPKs and NF-κB pathways, indicating its therapeutic potential for suppressing Huntington's-like symptoms.
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190
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Cimino PJ, Yang Y, Li X, Hemingway JF, Cherne MK, Khademi SB, Fukui Y, Montine KS, Montine TJ, Keene CD. Ablation of the microglial protein DOCK2 reduces amyloid burden in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. Exp Mol Pathol 2013; 94:366-71. [PMID: 23318649 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2013.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2012] [Accepted: 01/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) neuropathology is characterized by innate immune activation primarily through prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) signaling. Dedicator of cytokinesis 2 (DOCK2) is a guanyl nucleotide exchange factor expressed exclusively in microglia in the brain and is regulated by PGE2 receptor EP2. DOCK2 modulates microglia cytokine secretion, phagocytosis, and paracrine neurotoxicity. EP2 ablation in experimental AD results in reduced oxidative damage and amyloid beta (Aβ) burden. This discovery led us to hypothesize that genetic ablation of DOCK2 would replicate the anti-Aβ effects of loss of EP2 in experimental AD. To test this hypothesis, we crossed mice that lacked DOCK2 (DOCK2-/-), were hemizygous for DOCK2 (DOCK2+/-), or that expressed two DOCK2 genes (DOCK2+/+) with APPswe-PS1Δe9 mice (a model of AD). While we found no DOCK2-dependent differences in cortex or in hippocampal microglia density or morphology in APPswe-PS1Δe9 mice, cerebral cortical and hippocampal Aβ plaque area and size were significantly reduced in 10-month-old APPswe-PS1Δe9/DOCK2-/- mice compared with APPswe-PS1Δe9/DOCK2+/+ controls. DOCK2 hemizygous APPswe-PS1Δe9 mice had intermediate Aβ plaque levels. Interestingly, soluble Aβ42 was not significantly different among the three genotypes, suggesting the effects were mediated specifically in fibrillar Aβ. In combination with earlier cell culture results, our in vivo results presented here suggest DOCK2 contributes to Aβ plaque burden via regulation of microglial innate immune function and may represent a novel therapeutic target for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick J Cimino
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 63110-1093, USA.
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191
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Yang Q, Feng B, Zhang K, Guo YY, Liu SB, Wu YM, Li XQ, Zhao MG. Excessive astrocyte-derived neurotrophin-3 contributes to the abnormal neuronal dendritic development in a mouse model of fragile X syndrome. PLoS Genet 2012; 8:e1003172. [PMID: 23300470 PMCID: PMC3531466 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1003172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2012] [Accepted: 10/31/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Fragile X syndrome (FXS) is a form of inherited mental retardation in humans that results from expansion of a CGG repeat in the Fmr1 gene. Recent studies suggest a role of astrocytes in neuronal development. However, the mechanisms involved in the regulation process of astrocytes from FXS remain unclear. In this study, we found that astrocytes derived from a Fragile X model, the Fmr1 knockout (KO) mouse which lacks FMRP expression, inhibited the proper elaboration of dendritic processes of neurons in vitro. Furthermore, astrocytic conditioned medium (ACM) from KO astrocytes inhibited proper dendritic growth of both wild-type (WT) and KO neurons. Inducing expression of FMRP by transfection of FMRP vectors in KO astrocytes restored dendritic morphology and levels of synaptic proteins. Further experiments revealed elevated levels of the neurotrophin-3 (NT-3) in KO ACM and the prefrontal cortex of Fmr1 KO mice. However, the levels of nerve growth factor (NGF), brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF), and ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) were normal. FMRP has multiple RNA–binding motifs and is involved in translational regulation. RNA–binding protein immunoprecipitation (RIP) showed the NT-3 mRNA interacted with FMRP in WT astrocytes. Addition of high concentrations of exogenous NT-3 to culture medium reduced the dendrites of neurons and synaptic protein levels, whereas these measures were ameliorated by neutralizing antibody to NT-3 or knockdown of NT-3 expression in KO astrocytes through short hairpin RNAs (shRNAs). Prefrontal cortex microinjection of WT astrocytes or NT-3 shRNA infected KO astrocytes rescued the deficit of trace fear memory in KO mice, concomitantly decreased the NT-3 levels in the prefrontal cortex. This study indicates that excessive NT-3 from astrocytes contributes to the abnormal neuronal dendritic development and that astrocytes could be a potential therapeutic target for FXS. Fragile X syndrome is a form of inherited mental retardation in humans that results from expansion of a CGG repeat in the Fmr1 gene. Recent studies suggest that astrocytes play a role in neuronal growth. In this study, we find that astrocytes derived from a Fragile X model, the Fmr1 knockout (KO) mouse, inhibit the proper elaboration of dendritic processes of neurons in vitro. Excessive neurotrophin-3 (NT-3) is released in the astrocytes from Fmr1 KO mice. Blockage of NT-3 by neutralizing antibodies and knockdown of NT-3 by using short hairpin RNAs (shRNAs) in Fmr1 KO astrocytes can rescue the neuronal dendritic development. In vivo experiments show that prefrontal cortex microinjection of WT astrocytes or NT-3 shRNA–infected KO astrocytes rescues the deficit of trace fear memory in KO mice. This study provides the evidence that a lack of FMRP leads to an overexpression of NT-3, which reduces dendritic growth in neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Bin Feng
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Kun Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yan-yan Guo
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Shui-bing Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yu-mei Wu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xiao-qiang Li
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Ming-gao Zhao
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
- * E-mail:
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192
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McCullough SD, Xu X, Dent SYR, Bekiranov S, Roeder RG, Grant PA. Reelin is a target of polyglutamine expanded ataxin-7 in human spinocerebellar ataxia type 7 (SCA7) astrocytes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2012; 109:21319-24. [PMID: 23236151 PMCID: PMC3535616 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1218331110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Spinocerebellar ataxia type 7 (SCA7) is an autosomal-dominant neurodegenerative disorder that results from polyglutamine expansion of the ataxin-7 (ATXN7) protein. Remarkably, although mutant ATXN7 is expressed throughout the body, pathology is restricted primarily to the cerebellum and retina. One major goal has been to identify factors that contribute to the tissue specificity of SCA7. Here we describe the development and use of a human astrocyte cell culture model to identify reelin, a factor intimately involved in the development and maintenance of Purkinje cells and the cerebellum as a whole, as an ATXN7 target gene. We found that polyglutamine expansion decreased ATXN7 occupancy, which correlated with increased levels of histone H2B monoubiquitination, at the reelin promoter. Treatment with trichostatin A, but not other histone deacetylase inhibitors, partially restored reelin transcription and promoted the accumulation of mutant ATXN7 into nuclear inclusions. Our findings suggest that reelin could be a previously unknown factor involved in the tissue specificity of SCA7 and that trichostatin A may ameliorate deleterious effects of the mutant ATXN7 protein by promoting its sequestration away from promoters into nuclear inclusions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaun D. McCullough
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22908
| | - Xiaojiang Xu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22908
| | - Sharon Y. R. Dent
- Department of Molecular Carcinogenesis at the Virginia Harris Cockrell Cancer Research Center, University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Smithville, TX 78957; and
| | - Stefan Bekiranov
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22908
| | - Robert G. Roeder
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065
| | - Patrick A. Grant
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22908
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193
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Marcello L, Cavaliere C, Colangelo A, Bianco M, Cirillo G, Alberghina L, Papa M. Remodelling of supraspinal neuroglial network in neuropathic pain is featured by a reactive gliosis of the nociceptive amygdala. Eur J Pain 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/j.1532-2149.2012.00255.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- L. Marcello
- Laboratory of Morphology of Neural Networks; Department of Medicina Pubblica Clinica e Preventiva; Second University of Napoli; Italy
| | - C. Cavaliere
- Laboratory of Morphology of Neural Networks; Department of Medicina Pubblica Clinica e Preventiva; Second University of Napoli; Italy
| | | | - M.R. Bianco
- Laboratory of Morphology of Neural Networks; Department of Medicina Pubblica Clinica e Preventiva; Second University of Napoli; Italy
| | - G. Cirillo
- Laboratory of Morphology of Neural Networks; Department of Medicina Pubblica Clinica e Preventiva; Second University of Napoli; Italy
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Camnasio S, Delli Carri A, Lombardo A, Grad I, Mariotti C, Castucci A, Rozell B, Lo Riso P, Castiglioni V, Zuccato C, Rochon C, Takashima Y, Diaferia G, Biunno I, Gellera C, Jaconi M, Smith A, Hovatta O, Naldini L, Di Donato S, Feki A, Cattaneo E. The first reported generation of several induced pluripotent stem cell lines from homozygous and heterozygous Huntington's disease patients demonstrates mutation related enhanced lysosomal activity. Neurobiol Dis 2012; 46:41-51. [PMID: 22405424 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2011.12.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2011] [Revised: 11/24/2011] [Accepted: 12/22/2011] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuronal disorders, like Huntington's disease (HD), are difficult to study, due to limited cell accessibility, late onset manifestations, and low availability of material. The establishment of an in vitro model that recapitulates features of the disease may help understanding the cellular and molecular events that trigger disease manifestations. Here, we describe the generation and characterization of a series of induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells derived from patients with HD, including two rare homozygous genotypes and one heterozygous genotype. We used lentiviral technology to transfer key genes for inducing reprogramming. To confirm pluripotency and differentiation of iPS cells, we used PCR amplification and immunocytochemistry to measure the expression of marker genes in embryoid bodies and neurons. We also analyzed teratomas that formed in iPS cell-injected mice. We found that the length of the pathological CAG repeat did not increase during reprogramming, after long term growth in vitro, and after differentiation into neurons. In addition, we observed no differences between normal and mutant genotypes in reprogramming, growth rate, caspase activation or neuronal differentiation. However, we observed a significant increase in lysosomal activity in HD-iPS cells compared to control iPS cells, both during self-renewal and in iPS-derived neurons. In conclusion, we have established stable HD-iPS cell lines that can be used for investigating disease mechanisms that underlie HD. The CAG stability and lysosomal activity represent novel observations in HD-iPS cells. In the future, these cells may provide the basis for a powerful platform for drug screening and target identification in HD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Camnasio
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences and Centre for Stem Cell Research, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
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195
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Kainic acid-induced neuronal degeneration in hippocampal pyramidal neurons is driven by both intrinsic and extrinsic factors: analysis of FVB/N↔C57BL/6 chimeras. J Neurosci 2012; 32:12093-101. [PMID: 22933793 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.6478-11.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The excitotoxic effects of kainic acid (KA) in the mouse hippocampus is strain dependent. Following KA administration, the large majority of hippocampal pyramidal cells die in the FVB/N (FVB) mouse, while the pyramidal cells of the C57BL/6 (B6) strain are largely spared. We generated aggregation chimeras between the sensitive FVB and the resistant B6 strains to investigate whether intrinsic or extrinsic features of a neuron confer cell vulnerability or resistance to KA. The constitutive expression of transgenic green fluorescence protein (GFP) or β-galactosidase expressed from the ROSA26 locus was used to mark cells in FVB or B6 mice, respectively. These makers enable the identification of cells from each parental genotype while TUNEL (terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated biotinylated dUTP nick end labeling)-staining labeled dying cells. The analysis of the percentage of dying cells in FVB-GFP ↔ B6-ROSA chimeras yielded an intriguing mix of both intrinsic and extrinsic factors in the readout of cell phenotype. Thus, normally resistant B6-ROSA pyramidal neurons demonstrated an increasing sensitivity to KA, in a linear fashion, when the percentage of FVB-GFP cells was increased, either across chimeras or in different regions of the same chimera. However, the death of B6-ROSA pyramidal cells never exceeded ∼70% of the total amount of B6 neurons regardless of the amount of FVB cells in the chimeric hippocampus. In a similar manner, FVB-GFP cells show lower amounts of cell death in chimeras that are colonized by B6-ROSA cells, but again, are never fully rescued. These data indicate that both intrinsic and extrinsic factors modulate the sensitivity of hippocampal pyramidal cells to kainic acid.
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196
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Delzor A, Dufour N, Petit F, Guillermier M, Houitte D, Auregan G, Brouillet E, Hantraye P, Déglon N. Restricted transgene expression in the brain with cell-type specific neuronal promoters. Hum Gene Ther Methods 2012. [DOI: 10.1089/hum.2012.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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197
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Meshulam L, Galron R, Kanner S, De Pittà M, Bonifazi P, Goldin M, Frenkel D, Ben-Jacob E, Barzilai A. The role of the neuro-astro-vascular unit in the etiology of ataxia telangiectasia. Front Pharmacol 2012; 3:157. [PMID: 23060792 PMCID: PMC3443819 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2012.00157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2012] [Accepted: 08/08/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The growing recognition that brain pathologies do not affect neurons only but rather are, to a large extent, pathologies of glial cells as well as of the vasculature opens to new perspectives in our understanding of genetic disorders of the CNS. To validate the role of the neuron-glial-vascular unit in the etiology of genome instability disorders, we report about cell death and morphological aspects of neuroglia networks and the associated vasculature in a mouse model of Ataxia Telangiectasia (A-T), a human genetic disorder that induces severe motor impairment. We found that A-T-mutated protein deficiency was consistent with aberrant astrocytic morphology and alterations of the vasculature, often accompanied by reactive gliosis. Interestingly similar findings could also be reported in the case of other genetic disorders. These observations bolster the notion that astrocyte-specific pathologies, hampered vascularization and astrocyte-endothelium interactions in the CNS could play a crucial role in the etiology of genome instability brain disorders and could underlie neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leenoy Meshulam
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Tel Aviv UniversityRamat Aviv, Israel
- Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv UniversityRamat Aviv, Israel
- Department of Neurobiology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv UniversityRamat Aviv, Israel
| | - Ronit Galron
- Department of Neurobiology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv UniversityRamat Aviv, Israel
| | - Sivan Kanner
- Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv UniversityRamat Aviv, Israel
- Department of Neurobiology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv UniversityRamat Aviv, Israel
| | - Maurizio De Pittà
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Tel Aviv UniversityRamat Aviv, Israel
| | - Paolo Bonifazi
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Tel Aviv UniversityRamat Aviv, Israel
| | - Miri Goldin
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Tel Aviv UniversityRamat Aviv, Israel
| | - Dan Frenkel
- Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv UniversityRamat Aviv, Israel
- Department of Neurobiology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv UniversityRamat Aviv, Israel
| | - Eshel Ben-Jacob
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Tel Aviv UniversityRamat Aviv, Israel
- Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv UniversityRamat Aviv, Israel
| | - Ari Barzilai
- Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv UniversityRamat Aviv, Israel
- Department of Neurobiology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv UniversityRamat Aviv, Israel
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198
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Bianco MR, Cirillo G, Petrosino V, Marcello L, Soleti A, Merizzi G, Cavaliere C, Papa M. Neuropathic pain and reactive gliosis are reversed by dialdehydic compound in neuropathic pain rat models. Neurosci Lett 2012; 530:85-90. [PMID: 22981978 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2012.08.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2012] [Revised: 08/28/2012] [Accepted: 08/30/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The role of the purinergic system in the modulation of pain mechanisms suggests that it might be promising target for treating neuropathic pain. In this study we evaluated the effects of two different dialdehydic compounds: a modified stable adenosine (2-[1-(6-amminopurin-9-il)-2-osso-etossi]prop-2-enale, named MED1101), and oxidized ATP (Ox-ATP), in two different neuropathic pain rat models: the sciatic spared nerve injury (SNI) and paclitaxel evoked painful peripheral neuropathy (pPPN). Neuropathic animals were divided in groups as follows: (a) treated with intraperitoneal (i.p.) MED1101 or Ox-ATP for 21 days; (b) receiving vehicle (VEH) and (c) control (CTR) rats. The allodynic and hyperalgesic behavior was investigated by Von Frey filament test and thermal Plantar test, respectively. We evaluated by immunocytochemistry the astrocytic (GFAP) and microglial (Iba1) response on lumbar spinal cord sections. In either experimental models and using either substances, treated animals showed reduced allodynia and thermal hyperalgesia paralleled by a significant reduction of glial reaction in the spinal cord. These data prompt to hypothesize a potential role of dialdehydes as analgesic agent in chronic neuropathic pain and a possible role as anti-gliotic molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Rosaria Bianco
- Dipartimento di Medicina Pubblica Clinica e Preventiva, Seconda Università di Napoli, 80138 Naples, Italy
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199
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Lerman BJ, Hoffman EP, Sutherland ML, Bouri K, Hsu DK, Liu FT, Rothstein JD, Knoblach SM. Deletion of galectin-3 exacerbates microglial activation and accelerates disease progression and demise in a SOD1(G93A) mouse model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Brain Behav 2012; 2:563-75. [PMID: 23139902 PMCID: PMC3489809 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.75] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2012] [Revised: 05/30/2012] [Accepted: 06/05/2012] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Galectins are pleiotropic carbohydrate-binding lectins involved in inflammation, growth/differentiation, and tissue remodeling. The functional role of galectins in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is unknown. Expression studies revealed increases in galectin-1 mRNA and protein in spinal cords from SOD1(G93A) mice, and in galectin-3 and -9 mRNAs and proteins in spinal cords of both SOD1(G93A) mice and sporadic ALS patients. As the increase in galectin-3 appeared in early presymptomatic stages and increased progressively through to end stage of disease in the mouse, it was selected for additional study, where it was found to be mainly expressed by microglia. Galectin-3 antagonists are not selective and do not readily cross the blood-brain barrier; therefore, we generated SOD1(G93A)/Gal-3(-/-) transgenic mice to evaluate galectin-3 deletion in a widely used mouse model of ALS. Disease progression, neurological symptoms, survival, and inflammation were assessed to determine the effect of galectin-3 deletion on the SOD1(G93A) disease phenotype. Galectin-3 deletion did not change disease onset, but resulted in more rapid progression through functionally defined disease stages, more severely impaired neurological symptoms at all stages of disease, and expiration, on average, 25 days earlier than SOD1(G93A)/Gal-3(+/+) cohorts. In addition, microglial staining, as well as TNF-α, and oxidative injury were increased in SOD1(G93A)/Gal-3(-/-) mice compared with SOD1(G93A)/Gal-3(+/+) cohorts. These data support an important functional role for microglial galectin-3 in neuroinflammation during chronic neurodegenerative disease. We suggest that elevations in galectin-3 by microglia as disease progresses may represent a protective, anti-inflammatory innate immune response to chronic motor neuron degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruce J Lerman
- Department of Pharmacology, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences Washington, DC
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200
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Delzor A, Dufour N, Petit F, Guillermier M, Houitte D, Auregan G, Brouillet E, Hantraye P, Déglon N. Restricted transgene expression in the brain with cell-type specific neuronal promoters. Hum Gene Ther Methods 2012; 23:242-54. [PMID: 22934828 DOI: 10.1089/hgtb.2012.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue-targeted expression is of major interest for studying the contribution of cellular subpopulations to neurodegenerative diseases. However, in vivo methods to investigate this issue are limited. Here, we report an analysis of the cell specificity of expression of fluorescent reporter genes driven by six neuronal promoters, with the ubiquitous phosphoglycerate kinase 1 (PGK) promoter used as a reference. Quantitative analysis of AcGFPnuc expression in the striatum and hippocampus of rodents showed that all lentiviral vectors (LV) exhibited a neuronal tropism; however, there was substantial diversity of transcriptional activity and cell-type specificity of expression. The promoters with the highest activity were those of the 67 kDa glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD67), homeobox Dlx5/6, glutamate receptor 1 (GluR1), and preprotachykinin 1 (Tac1) genes. Neuron-specific enolase (NSE) and dopaminergic receptor 1 (Drd1a) promoters showed weak activity, but the integration of an amplification system into the LV overcame this limitation. In the striatum, the expression profiles of Tac1 and Drd1a were not limited to the striatonigral pathway, whereas in the hippocampus, Drd1a and Dlx5/6 showed the expected restricted pattern of expression. Regulation of the Dlx5/6 promoter was observed in a disease condition, whereas Tac1 activity was unaffected. These vectors provide safe tools that are more selective than others available, for the administration of therapeutic molecules in the central nervous system (CNS). Nevertheless, additional characterization of regulatory elements in neuronal promoters is still required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurélie Delzor
- Atomic Energy Commission (CEA), Institute of Biomedical Imaging (I2BM) and Molecular Imaging Research Center (MIRCen), 92265 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
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