151
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Effect of crosslinking in cartilage-like collagen microstructures. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2016; 66:138-143. [PMID: 27866057 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2016.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2016] [Revised: 10/03/2016] [Accepted: 10/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The mechanical performance of biological tissues is underpinned by a complex and finely balanced structure. Central to this is collagen, the most abundant protein in our bodies, which plays a dominant role in the functioning of tissues, and also in disease. Based on the collagen meshwork of articular cartilage, we have developed a bottom-up spring-node model of collagen and examined the effect of fibril connectivity, implemented by crosslinking, on mechanical behaviour. Although changing individual crosslink stiffness within an order of magnitude had no significant effect on modelling predictions, the density of crosslinks in a meshwork had a substantial impact on its behaviour. Highly crosslinked meshworks maintained a 'normal' configuration under loading, with stronger resistance to deformation and improved recovery relative to sparsely crosslinked meshwork. Stress on individual fibrils, however, was higher in highly crosslinked meshworks. Meshworks with low numbers of crosslinks reconfigured to disease-like states upon deformation and recovery. The importance of collagen interconnectivity may provide insight into the role of ultrastructure and its mechanics in the initiation, and early stages, of diseases such as osteoarthritis.
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152
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Atomic force microscopy for the investigation of molecular and cellular behavior. Micron 2016; 89:60-76. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micron.2016.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2016] [Accepted: 07/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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153
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Mohan G, Magnitsky S, Melkus G, Subburaj K, Kazakia G, Burghardt AJ, Dang A, Lane NE, Majumdar S. Kartogenin treatment prevented joint degeneration in a rodent model of osteoarthritis: A pilot study. J Orthop Res 2016; 34:1780-1789. [PMID: 26895619 PMCID: PMC6348064 DOI: 10.1002/jor.23197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2015] [Accepted: 02/15/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a major degenerative joint disease characterized by progressive loss of articular cartilage, synovitis, subchondral bone changes, and osteophyte formation. Currently there is no treatment for OA except temporary pain relief and end-stage joint replacement surgery. We performed a pilot study to determine the effect of kartogenin (KGN, a small molecule) on both cartilage and subchondral bone in a rat model of OA using multimodal imaging techniques. OA was induced in rats (OA and KGN treatment group) by anterior cruciate ligament transection (ACLT) surgery in the right knee joint. Sham surgery was performed on the right knee joint of control group rats. KGN group rats received weekly intra-articular injection of 125 μM KGN 1 week after surgery until week 12. All rats underwent in vivo magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) at 3, 6, and 12 weeks after surgery. Quantitative MR relaxation measures (T1ρ and T2 ) were determined to evaluate changes in articular cartilage. Cartilage and bone turnover markers (COMP and CTX-I) were determined at baseline, 3, 6, and 12 weeks. Animals were sacrificed at week 12 and the knee joints were removed for micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) and histology. KGN treatment significantly lowered the T1ρ and T2 relaxation times indicating decreased cartilage degradation. KGN treatment significantly decreased COMP and CTX-I levels indicating decreased cartilage and bone turnover rate. KGN treatment also prevented subchondral bone changes in the ACLT rat model of OA. Thus, kartogenin is a potential drug to prevent joint deterioration in post-traumatic OA. © 2016 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 34:1780-1789, 2016.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geetha Mohan
- Musculoskeletal Quantitative Imaging Research, Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, California,,Department of Internal Medicine, University of California at Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, California
| | - Sergey Magnitsky
- Musculoskeletal Quantitative Imaging Research, Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - Gerd Melkus
- Department of Medical Imaging, Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Galateia Kazakia
- Musculoskeletal Quantitative Imaging Research, Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - Andrew J. Burghardt
- Musculoskeletal Quantitative Imaging Research, Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - Alexis Dang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - Nancy E. Lane
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of California at Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, California
| | - Sharmila Majumdar
- Musculoskeletal Quantitative Imaging Research, Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, California
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154
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Iannetti L, D’Urso G, Conoscenti G, Cutrì E, Tuan RS, Raimondi MT, Gottardi R, Zunino P. Distributed and Lumped Parameter Models for the Characterization of High Throughput Bioreactors. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0162774. [PMID: 27669413 PMCID: PMC5036894 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0162774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2016] [Accepted: 08/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Next generation bioreactors are being developed to generate multiple human cell-based tissue analogs within the same fluidic system, to better recapitulate the complexity and interconnection of human physiology [1, 2]. The effective development of these devices requires a solid understanding of their interconnected fluidics, to predict the transport of nutrients and waste through the constructs and improve the design accordingly. In this work, we focus on a specific model of bioreactor, with multiple input/outputs, aimed at generating osteochondral constructs, i.e., a biphasic construct in which one side is cartilaginous in nature, while the other is osseous. We next develop a general computational approach to model the microfluidics of a multi-chamber, interconnected system that may be applied to human-on-chip devices. This objective requires overcoming several challenges at the level of computational modeling. The main one consists of addressing the multi-physics nature of the problem that combines free flow in channels with hindered flow in porous media. Fluid dynamics is also coupled with advection-diffusion-reaction equations that model the transport of biomolecules throughout the system and their interaction with living tissues and C constructs. Ultimately, we aim at providing a predictive approach useful for the general organ-on-chip community. To this end, we have developed a lumped parameter approach that allows us to analyze the behavior of multi-unit bioreactor systems with modest computational effort, provided that the behavior of a single unit can be fully characterized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Iannetti
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering “Giulio Natta”, Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Giovanna D’Urso
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering “Giulio Natta”, Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Gioacchino Conoscenti
- Department of Chemical, Industrial, Computer, Mechanical Engineering, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Elena Cutrì
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering “Giulio Natta”, Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Rocky S. Tuan
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Manuela T. Raimondi
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering “Giulio Natta”, Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Riccardo Gottardi
- Fondazione Ri.MED, Palermo, Palermo, Italy
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Paolo Zunino
- MOX, Department of Mathematics, Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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155
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Costa L, Li-Destri G, Thomson NH, Konovalov O, Pontoni D. Real Space Imaging of Nanoparticle Assembly at Liquid-Liquid Interfaces with Nanoscale Resolution. NANO LETTERS 2016; 16:5463-5468. [PMID: 27571473 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.6b01877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Bottom up self-assembly of functional materials at liquid-liquid interfaces has recently emerged as method to design and produce novel two-dimensional (2D) nanostructured membranes and devices with tailored properties. Liquid-liquid interfaces can be seen as a "factory floor" for nanoparticle (NP) self-assembly, because NPs are driven there by a reduction of interfacial energy. Such 2D assembly can be characterized by reciprocal space techniques, namely X-ray and neutron scattering or reflectivity. These techniques have drawbacks, however, as the structural information is averaged over the finite size of the radiation beam and nonperiodic isolated assemblies in 3D or defects may not be easily detected. Real-space in situ imaging methods are more appropriate in this context, but they often suffer from limited resolution and underperform or fail when applied to challenging liquid-liquid interfaces. Here, we study the surfactant-induced assembly of SiO2 nanoparticle monolayers at a water-oil interface using in situ atomic force microscopy (AFM) achieving nanoscale resolved imaging capabilities. Hitherto, AFM imaging has been restricted to solid-liquid interfaces because applications to liquid interfaces have been hindered by their softness and intrinsic dynamics, requiring accurate sample preparation methods and nonconventional AFM operational schemes. Comparing both AFM and grazing incidence X-ray small angle scattering data, we unambiguously demonstrate correlation between real and reciprocal space structure determination showing that the average interfacial NP density is found to vary with surfactant concentration. Additionally, the interaction between the tip and the interface can be exploited to locally determine the acting interfacial interactions. This work opens up the way to studying complex nanostructure formation and phase behavior in a range of liquid-liquid and complex liquid interfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Costa
- ESRF-The European Synchrotron 71 , Avenue des Martyrs. 38100 Grenoble, France
| | - Giovanni Li-Destri
- ESRF-The European Synchrotron 71 , Avenue des Martyrs. 38100 Grenoble, France
| | - Neil H Thomson
- Department of Oral Biology, School of Dentistry and Molecular and Nanoscale Physics Group, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leeds , LS2 9JT Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Oleg Konovalov
- ESRF-The European Synchrotron 71 , Avenue des Martyrs. 38100 Grenoble, France
| | - Diego Pontoni
- ESRF-The European Synchrotron 71 , Avenue des Martyrs. 38100 Grenoble, France
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156
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Tsaira A, Karagiannidis P, Sidira M, Kassavetis S, Kugiumtzis D, Logothetidis S, Naka O, Pissiotis A, Michalakis K. Theoretical Considerations and a Mathematical Model for the Analysis of the Biomechanical Response of Human Keratinized Oral Mucosa. Front Physiol 2016; 7:364. [PMID: 27621708 PMCID: PMC5002422 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2016.00364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2016] [Accepted: 08/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Removable complete and partial dentures are supported by the residual alveolar ridges consisting of mucosa, submucosa, periosteum, and bone. An understanding of the biomechanical behavior of the oral mucosa is essential in order to improve the denture-bearing foundations for complete and partially edentulous patients. The purpose of this paper was to examine the biomechanical behavior of the soft tissues supporting a removable denture and develop a model for that reason. Keratinized oral mucosa blocks with their underlying bone were harvested from the maxillary palatal area adjacent to the edentulous ridges of a cadaver. The compressive response of the oral mucosa was tested by using atomic force microscopy. The specimens were first scanned in order their topography to be obtained. The mechanical properties of the specimens were tested using a single crystal silicon pyramidal tip, which traversed toward the keratinized oral mucosa specimens. Loading-unloading cycles were registered and four mathematical models were tested using MATLAB to note which one approximates the force-displacement curve as close as possible: a. spherical, b. conical, c. third order polynomial, d. Murphy (fourth order polynomial, non-linear Hertzian based). The third order polynomial model showed the best accuracy in representing the force-displacement data of the tested specimens. A model was developed in order to analyze the biomechanical behavior of the human oral keratinized mucosa and obtain information about its mechanical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aikaterini Tsaira
- Department of Prosthodontics, Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Dentistry, Aristotle UniversityThessaloniki, Greece
| | - Panagiotis Karagiannidis
- Laboratory of Thin Films-Nanosystems and Nanometrology, School of Physics, Aristotle UniversityThessaloniki, Greece
- Department of Engineering, Cambridge Graphene Centre, Cambridge UniversityCambridge, UK
| | - Margarita Sidira
- Department of Prosthodontics, Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Dentistry, Aristotle UniversityThessaloniki, Greece
| | - Spyros Kassavetis
- Laboratory of Thin Films-Nanosystems and Nanometrology, School of Physics, Aristotle UniversityThessaloniki, Greece
| | - Dimitris Kugiumtzis
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, School of Engineering, Aristotle UniversityThessaloniki, Greece
| | - Stergios Logothetidis
- Laboratory of Thin Films-Nanosystems and Nanometrology, School of Physics, Aristotle UniversityThessaloniki, Greece
| | - Olga Naka
- Department of Prosthodontics, Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Dentistry, Aristotle UniversityThessaloniki, Greece
| | - Argirios Pissiotis
- Department of Prosthodontics, Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Dentistry, Aristotle UniversityThessaloniki, Greece
| | - Konstantinos Michalakis
- Department of Prosthodontics, Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Dentistry, Aristotle UniversityThessaloniki, Greece
- Division of Graduate and Postgraduate Prosthodontics, Tufts University School of Dental MedicineBoston, MA, USA
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157
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Guz NV, Patel SJ, Dokukin ME, Clarkson B, Sokolov I. Biophysical differences between chronic myelogenous leukemic quiescent and proliferating stem/progenitor cells. NANOMEDICINE-NANOTECHNOLOGY BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2016; 12:2429-2437. [PMID: 27431055 DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2016.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2016] [Revised: 06/26/2016] [Accepted: 06/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The treatment of chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), a clonal myeloproliferative disorder has improved recently, but most patients have not yet been cured. Some patients develop resistance to the available tyrosine kinase treatments. Persistence of residual quiescent CML stem cells (LSCs) that later resume proliferation is another common cause of recurrence or relapse of CML. Eradication of quiescent LSCs is a promising approach to prevent recurrence of CML. Here we report on new biophysical differences between quiescent and proliferating CD34+ LSCs, and speculate how this information could be of use to eradicate quiescent LSCs. Using AFM measurements on cells collected from four untreated CML patients, substantial differences are observed between quiescent and proliferating cells in the elastic modulus, pericellular brush length and its grafting density at the single cell level. The higher pericellular brush densities of quiescent LSCs are common for all samples. The significance of these observations is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nataliia V Guz
- Department of Chemistry, Clarkson University, Potsdam, NY, USA
| | - Sapan J Patel
- Department of Chemistry, Clarkson University, Potsdam, NY, USA; Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, Sloan Kettering Institute, Molecular Pharmacology and Chemistry Program, New York, NY
| | - Maxim E Dokukin
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA, USA
| | - Bayard Clarkson
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, Sloan Kettering Institute, Molecular Pharmacology and Chemistry Program, New York, NY.
| | - Igor Sokolov
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA, USA; Department of Physics and Astronomy, Tufts University, Medford, MA, USA.
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158
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Tiku ML, Madhan B. Preserving the longevity of long-lived type II collagen and its implication for cartilage therapeutics. Ageing Res Rev 2016; 28:62-71. [PMID: 27133944 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2016.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2016] [Accepted: 04/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Human life expectancy has been steadily increasing at a rapid rate, but this increasing life span also brings about increases in diseases, dementia, and disability. A global burden of disease 2010 study revealed that hip and knee osteoarthritis ranked the 11th highest in terms of years lived with disability. Wear and tear can greatly influence the quality of life during ageing. In particular, wear and tear of the articular cartilage have adverse effects on joints and result in osteoarthritis. The articular cartilage uses longevity of type II collagen as the foundation around which turnover of proteoglycans and the homeostatic activity of chondrocytes play central roles thereby maintaining the function of articular cartilage in the ageing. The longevity of type II collagen involves a complex interaction of the scaffolding needs of the cartilage and its biochemical, structural and mechanical characteristics. The covalent cross-linking of heterotypic polymers of collagens type II, type IX and type XI hold together cartilage, allowing it to withstand ageing stresses. Discerning the biological clues in the armamentarium for preserving cartilage appears to be collagen cross-linking. Therapeutic methods to crosslink in in-vivo are non-existent. However intra-articular injections of polyphenols in vivo stabilize the cartilage and make it resistant to degradation, opening a new therapeutic possibility for prevention and intervention of cartilage degradation in osteoarthritis of aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moti L Tiku
- Rutgers, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ, USA.
| | - Balaraman Madhan
- Council of Scientific and Industrial Research - Central Leather Research Institute, Adyar, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
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159
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Huang X, Guo H, Wang C, Mu J, Zhang H, Liang Z, Cai J, Zhou C. Detection of CD28/CD86 co-stimulatory molecules and surface properties of T and dendritic cells: An AFM study. SCANNING 2016; 38:365-375. [PMID: 26507362 DOI: 10.1002/sca.21279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2015] [Accepted: 10/05/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Although the importance of B7/CD28 co-stimulation has been widely studied, little is known about their nano-spatial localization and their corresponding cells' biophysical and biomechanical properties. Here, we investigated the morphological, biophysical, and biomechanical properties of T cells and dendritic cells (DCs) by atomic force microscopy (AFM) and force curves. The nano-spatial distribution of CD28 and CD86 antigen on T cells and DCs was detected by CD86 or CD28 antibody-functionalized AFM tip. Single-molecule force spectroscopy (SMFS)-based force volumes and quantum dots (QDs)-based fluorescence imaging demonstrated that the co-stimulatory molecules were not randomly distributed over the cells' surface, but more than 80% of CD28 and CD86 molecules appeared to be expressed as 100-200 nm nanoclusters and polarize dominantly in the peak of the cell membrane fluctuations. AFM imaging and quantitative analysis showed that the roughness of mature DCs (mDCs) was higher than that of immature DCs (iDCs). The adhesion force distribution of iDCs and mDCs was heterogeneous while the elasticity distribution was homogeneous locally. In addition, mDCs had a fourfold increase of Young's modulus of iDCs, indicating the contribution of the actin cytoskeleton to the elastic properties of the cells. Taken together, the nano-cluster distribution of CD28 and CD86, the rough mDCs surface, the higher adhesion force and elasticity of mDCs may facilitate to the occurrence of B7/CD28 co-stimulation signals and the formation of immune synapse. These nanoscale findings provide new insights into the antigen-presenting function of DCs, the T cell activation and ultimate immune response. SCANNING 38:365-375, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xun Huang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
- Engineering Research Center of Artificial Organs and Materials, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, China
| | - He Guo
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
- Engineering Research Center of Artificial Organs and Materials, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chuang Wang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
- Engineering Research Center of Artificial Organs and Materials, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jingjing Mu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
- Engineering Research Center of Artificial Organs and Materials, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hongxin Zhang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
- Engineering Research Center of Artificial Organs and Materials, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhihong Liang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
- Engineering Research Center of Artificial Organs and Materials, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiye Cai
- Department of Chemistry, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Changren Zhou
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
- Engineering Research Center of Artificial Organs and Materials, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, China
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160
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Hwang MP, Subbiah R, Kim IG, Lee KE, Park J, Kim SH, Park K. Approximating bone ECM: Crosslinking directs individual and coupled osteoblast/osteoclast behavior. Biomaterials 2016; 103:22-32. [PMID: 27376556 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2016.06.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2016] [Revised: 06/20/2016] [Accepted: 06/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Osteoblast and osteoclast communication (i.e. osteocoupling) is an intricate process, in which the biophysical profile of bone ECM is an aggregate product of their activities. While the effect of microenvironmental cues on osteoblast and osteoclast maturation has been resolved into individual variables (e.g. stiffness or topography), a single cue can be limited with regards to reflecting the full biophysical scope of natural bone ECM. Additionally, the natural modulation of bone ECM, which involves collagenous fibril and elastin crosslinking via lysyl oxidase, has yet to be reflected in current synthetic platforms. Here, we move beyond traditional substrates and use cell-derived ECM to examine individual and coupled osteoblast and osteoclast behavior on a physiological platform. Specifically, preosteoblast-derived ECM is crosslinked with genipin, a biocompatible crosslinker, to emulate physiological lysyl oxidase-mediated ECM crosslinking. We demonstrate that different concentrations of genipin yield changes to ECM density, stiffness, and roughness while retaining biocompatibility. By approximating various bone ECM profiles, we examine how individual and coupled osteoblast and osteoclast behavior are affected. Ultimately, we demonstrate an increase in osteoblast and osteoclast differentiation on compact and loose ECM, respectively, and identify ECM crosslinking density as an underlying force in osteocoupling behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mintai P Hwang
- Center for Biomaterials, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea; Department of Bioengineering, Swanson School of Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Ramesh Subbiah
- Center for Biomaterials, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - In Gul Kim
- Center for Biomaterials, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung Eun Lee
- Advanced Analysis Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Jimin Park
- Center for Biomaterials, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Heon Kim
- Center for Biomaterials, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwideok Park
- Center for Biomaterials, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea.
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161
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Chen X, Bonfiglio R, Banerji S, Jackson DG, Salustri A, Richter RP. Micromechanical Analysis of the Hyaluronan-Rich Matrix Surrounding the Oocyte Reveals a Uniquely Soft and Elastic Composition. Biophys J 2016; 110:2779-2789. [PMID: 27332136 PMCID: PMC4919725 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2016.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2016] [Revised: 03/13/2016] [Accepted: 03/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The cumulus cell-oocyte complex (COC) matrix is an extended coat that forms around the oocyte a few hours before ovulation and plays vital roles in oocyte biology. Here, we analyzed the micromechanical response of mouse COC matrix by colloidal-probe atomic force microscopy. We found that the COC matrix is elastic insofar as it does not flow and its original shape is restored after force release. At the same time, the COC matrix is extremely soft. Specifically, the most compliant parts of in vivo and in vitro expanded COC matrices yielded Young's modulus values of 0.5 ± 0.1 Pa and 1.6 ± 0.3 Pa, respectively, suggesting both high porosity and a large mesh size (≥100 nm). In addition, the elastic modulus increased progressively with indentation. Furthermore, using optical microscopy to correlate these mechanical properties with ultrastructure, we discovered that the COC is surrounded by a thick matrix shell that is essentially devoid of cumulus cells and is enhanced upon COC expansion in vivo. We propose that the pronounced nonlinear elastic behavior of the COC matrix is a consequence of structural heterogeneity and serves important functions in biological processes such as oocyte transport in the oviduct and sperm penetration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyue Chen
- CIC biomaGUNE, San Sebastian, Spain; Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Rita Bonfiglio
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Suneale Banerji
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - David G Jackson
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Antonietta Salustri
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Ralf P Richter
- CIC biomaGUNE, San Sebastian, Spain; Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, Stuttgart, Germany; Laboratory of Interdisciplinary Physics, University Grenoble Alpes-CNRS, Grenoble, France.
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162
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Maver U, Velnar T, Gaberšček M, Planinšek O, Finšgar M. Recent progressive use of atomic force microscopy in biomedical applications. Trends Analyt Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2016.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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163
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Lin YD, Ko MC, Wu ST, Li SF, Hu JF, Lai YJ, Harn HIC, Laio IC, Yeh ML, Yeh HI, Tang MJ, Chang KC, Su FC, Wei EIH, Lee ST, Chen JH, Hoffman AS, Wu WT, Hsieh PCH. A nanopatterned cell-seeded cardiac patch prevents electro-uncoupling and improves the therapeutic efficacy of cardiac repair. Biomater Sci 2016; 2:567-80. [PMID: 26827729 DOI: 10.1039/c3bm60289c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The heart is an extremely sophisticated organ with nanoscale anisotropic structure, contractility and electro-conductivity; however, few studies have addressed the influence of cardiac anisotropy on cell transplantation for myocardial repair. Here, we hypothesized that a graft's anisotropy of myofiber orientation determines the mechano-electrical characteristics and the therapeutic efficacy. We developed aligned- and random-orientated nanofibrous electrospun patches (aEP and rEP, respectively) with or without seeding of cardiomyocytes (CMs) and endothelial cells (ECs) to test this hypothesis. Atomic force microscopy showed a better beating frequency and amplitude of CMs when cultured on aEP than that from cells cultured on rEP. For the in vivo test, a total of 66 rats were divided into six groups: sham, myocardial infarction (MI), MI + aEP, MI + rEP, MI + CM-EC/aEP and MI + CM-EC/rEP (n ≥ 10 for each group). Implantation of aEP or rEP provided mechanical support and thus retarded functional aggravation at 56 days after MI. Importantly, CM-EC/aEP implantation further improved therapeutic outcomes, while cardiac deterioration occurred on the CM-EC/rEP group. Similar results were shown by hemodynamic and infarct size examination. Another independent in vivo study was performed and electrocardiography and optical mapping demonstrated that there were more ectopic activities and defective electro-coupling after CM-EC/rEP implantation, which worsened cardiac functions. Together these results provide comprehensive functional characterizations and demonstrate the therapeutic efficacy of a nanopatterned anisotropic cardiac patch. Importantly, the study confirms the significance of cardiac anisotropy recapitulation in myocardial tissue engineering, which is valuable for the future development of translational nanomedicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Dong Lin
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan and Department of Biomedical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan and Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan and Department of Surgery, National Cheng Kung University & Hospital, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Chin Ko
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan and Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan and Department of Surgery, National Cheng Kung University & Hospital, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Su-Ting Wu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Sheng-Feng Li
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Jung-Feng Hu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Jun Lai
- Departments of Internal Medicine and Medical Research, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Mackay Medical College, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Hans I-Chen Harn
- Institute of Physiology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan and Institute of Basic Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - I-Chuang Laio
- Department of Pathology, National Cheng Kung University & Hospital, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Long Yeh
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Hung-I Yeh
- Departments of Internal Medicine and Medical Research, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Mackay Medical College, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Jer Tang
- Institute of Physiology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan and Institute of Basic Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Kung-Chao Chang
- Department of Pathology, National Cheng Kung University & Hospital, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Fong-Chin Su
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Erika I H Wei
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Sho-Tone Lee
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jyh-Hong Chen
- Department of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University & Hospital, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Allan S Hoffman
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.
| | - Wen-Teng Wu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Patrick C H Hsieh
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan and Department of Biomedical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan and Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan and Department of Surgery, National Cheng Kung University & Hospital, Tainan, Taiwan and Institute of Basic Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan and Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.
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164
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Hogrebe NJ, Gooch KJ. Direct influence of culture dimensionality on human mesenchymal stem cell differentiation at various matrix stiffnesses using a fibrous self‐assembling peptide hydrogel. J Biomed Mater Res A 2016; 104:2356-68. [DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.35755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2016] [Accepted: 04/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Keith J. Gooch
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringThe Ohio State UniversityColumbus Ohio
- The Ohio State University, Davis Heart Lung Research InstituteColumbus Ohio
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165
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Zhang L, Pi J, Shi Q, Cai J, Yang P, Liang Z. In situ single molecule detection of insulin receptors on erythrocytes from a type 1 diabetes ketoacidosis patient by atomic force microscopy. Analyst 2016; 140:7407-16. [PMID: 26405719 DOI: 10.1039/c5an01417d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes is an insulin-dependent metabolic disorder always associated with ketoacidosis and a high morbidity rate in teenagers. The in situ single molecule detection of insulin receptors on healthy and diseased erythrocytes is helpful to understand the pathomechanism of type 1 diabetes ketoacidosis (T1-DKA), which would also benefit the diagnosis and treatment of T1-DKA. Here, we demonstrated, for the first time, the single molecule interaction between insulin and insulin receptor on erythrocytes from a healthy volunteer and a T1-DKA patient using high sensitivity atomic force microscopy (AFM) in PBS solution. The single molecule force results demonstrated the decreased binding force and binding probability between insulin and insulin receptor on T1-DKA erythrocytes, implying the deficit of insulin receptor functions in T1-DKA. The binding kinetic parameters calculated from dynamic force spectroscopy indicated that the insulin-insulin receptor complexes on T1-DKA erythrocytes were less stable than those from healthy volunteer. Using high resolution AFM imaging, a decreased roughness was found both in intact T1-DKA erythrocytes and in the purified membrane of T1-DKA erythrocytes, and an increased stiffness was also found in T1-DKA erythrocytes. Moreover, AFM, which was used to investigate the single molecule interactions between insulin-insulin receptor, cell surface ultrastructure and stiffness in healthy and diseased erythrocytes, was expected to develop into a potential nanotool for pathomechanism studies of clinical samples at the nanoscale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.
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166
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Matrix stiffness promotes cartilage endplate chondrocyte calcification in disc degeneration via miR-20a targeting ANKH expression. Sci Rep 2016; 6:25401. [PMID: 27142968 PMCID: PMC4855171 DOI: 10.1038/srep25401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2015] [Accepted: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The mechanical environment is crucial for intervertebral disc degeneration (IDD). However, the mechanisms underlying the regulation of cartilage endplate (CEP) calcification by altered matrix stiffness remain unclear. In this study, we found that matrix stiffness of CEP was positively correlated with the degree of IDD, and stiff matrix, which mimicked the severe degeneration of CEP, promoted inorganic phosphate-induced calcification in CEP chondrocytes. Co-expression analysis of the miRNA and mRNA profiles showed that increasing stiffness resulted in up-regulation of miR-20a and down-regulation of decreased ankylosis protein homolog (ANKH) during inorganic phosphate-induced calcification in CEP chondrocytes. Through a dual luciferase reporter assay, we confirmed that miR-20a directly targets 3'-untranslated regions of ANKH. The inhibition of miR-20a attenuated the calcium deposition and calcification-related gene expression, whereas the overexpression of miR-20a enhanced calcification in CEP chondrocytes on stiff matrix. The rescue of ANKH expression restored the decreased pyrophosphate efflux and inhibited calcification. In clinical samples, the levels of ANKH expression were inversely associated with the degeneration degree of CEP. Thus, our findings demonstrate that the miR-20a/ANKH axis mediates the stiff matrix- promoted CEP calcification, suggesting that miR-20a and ANKH are potential targets in restraining the progression of IDD.
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167
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Sorrentino S, Studt JD, Horev MB, Medalia O, Sapra KT. Toward correlating structure and mechanics of platelets. Cell Adh Migr 2016; 10:568-575. [PMID: 27104281 DOI: 10.1080/19336918.2016.1173803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The primary physiological function of blood platelets is to seal vascular lesions after injury and form hemostatic thrombi in order to prevent blood loss. This task relies on the formation of strong cellular-extracellular matrix interactions in the subendothelial lesions. The cytoskeleton of a platelet is key to all of its functions: its ability to spread, adhere and contract. Despite the medical significance of platelets, there is still no high-resolution structural information of their cytoskeleton. Here, we discuss and present 3-dimensional (3D) structural analysis of intact platelets by using cryo-electron tomography (cryo-ET) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). Cryo-ET provides in situ structural analysis and AFM gives stiffness maps of the platelets. In the future, combining high-resolution structural and mechanical techniques will bring new understanding of how structural changes modulate platelet stiffness during activation and adhesion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Sorrentino
- a Department of Biochemistry , University of Zurich , Zurich , Switzerland
| | - Jan-Dirk Studt
- b Division of Hematology , University Hospital Zurich , Zurich , Switzerland
| | - Melanie Bokstad Horev
- c The National Institute for Biotechnology in the Negev and Department of Life Sciences , Ben-Gurion University , Beer-Sheva , Israel
| | - Ohad Medalia
- a Department of Biochemistry , University of Zurich , Zurich , Switzerland.,c The National Institute for Biotechnology in the Negev and Department of Life Sciences , Ben-Gurion University , Beer-Sheva , Israel
| | - K Tanuj Sapra
- a Department of Biochemistry , University of Zurich , Zurich , Switzerland
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168
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Xu X, Li Z, Cai L, Calve S, Neu CP. Mapping the Nonreciprocal Micromechanics of Individual Cells and the Surrounding Matrix Within Living Tissues. Sci Rep 2016; 6:24272. [PMID: 27067516 PMCID: PMC4828668 DOI: 10.1038/srep24272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2015] [Accepted: 03/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The biomechanical properties of the extracellular matrix (ECM) play an important role in cell migration, gene expression, and differentiation. Biomechanics measurements of ECM are usually performed on cryotomed tissue sections. However, studies on cell/matrix interplay are impossible to perform due to disruptions in cell viability and tissue architecture from freeze-thaw cycling. We developed a technique to map the stiffness of living cells and surrounding matrix by atomic force microscopy and use fluorescence microscopy to relate those properties to changes in matrix and cell structure in embryonic and adult tissues in situ. Stiffness mapping revealed significant differences between vibratomed (living) and cryotomed tissues. Isolated cells are softer than those in native matrix, suggesting that cell mechanics are profoundly influenced by their three-dimensional environment and processing state. Viable tissues treated by hyaluronidase and cytochalasin D displayed targeted disruption of matrix and cytoskeletal networks, respectively. While matrix stiffness affected cellular stiffness, changes in cell mechanics did not reciprocally influence matrix stiffness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Xu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering 1111 Engineering Drive, 427 UCB University of Colorado Boulder Boulder, CO 80309-0427, USA
| | - Zhiyu Li
- Purdue University Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering 206 South Martin Jischke Drive West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Luyao Cai
- Purdue University Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering 206 South Martin Jischke Drive West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Sarah Calve
- Purdue University Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering 206 South Martin Jischke Drive West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Corey P Neu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering 1111 Engineering Drive, 427 UCB University of Colorado Boulder Boulder, CO 80309-0427, USA
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169
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Azadi M, Nia HT, Gauci SJ, Ortiz C, Fosang AJ, Grodzinsky AJ. Wide bandwidth nanomechanical assessment of murine cartilage reveals protection of aggrecan knock-in mice from joint-overuse. J Biomech 2016; 49:1634-1640. [PMID: 27086115 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2016.03.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2015] [Revised: 03/04/2016] [Accepted: 03/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Aggrecan loss in human and animal cartilage precedes clinical symptoms of osteoarthritis, suggesting that aggrecan loss is an initiating step in cartilage pathology. Characterizing early stages of cartilage degeneration caused by aging and overuse is important in the search for therapeutics. In this study, atomic force microscopy (AFM)-based force-displacement micromechanics, AFM-based wide bandwidth nanomechanics (nanodynamic), and histologic assessments were used to study changes in distal femur cartilage of wildtype mice and mice in which the aggrecan interglobular domain was mutated to make the cartilage aggrecanase-resistant. Half the animals were subjected to voluntary running-wheel exercise of varying durations. Wildtype mice at three selected age groups were compared. While histological assessment was not sensitive enough to capture any statistically significant changes in these relatively young populations of mice, micromechanical assessment captured changes in the quasi-equilibrium structural-elastic behavior of the cartilage matrix. Additionally, nanodynamic assessment captured changes in the fluid-solid poroelastic behavior and the high frequency stiffness of the tissue, which proved to be the most sensitive assessment of changes in cartilage associated with aging and joint-overuse. In wildtype mice, aging caused softening of the cartilage tissue at the microscale and at the nanoscale. Softening with increased animal age was found at high loading rates (frequencies), suggesting an increase in hydraulic permeability, with implications for loss of function pertinent to running and impact-injury. Running caused substantial changes in fluid-solid interactions in aggrecanase-resistant mice, suggestive of tissue degradation. However, higher nanodynamic stiffness magnitude and lower hydraulic permeability was observed in running aggrecanase-resistant mice compared to running wildtype controls at the same age, thereby suggesting protection from joint-overuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mojtaba Azadi
- School of Engineering, College of Science and Engineering, San Francisco State University, San Francisco, CA 94132, United States; Center for Biomedical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States; Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States.
| | - Hadi Tavakoli Nia
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States
| | - Stephanie J Gauci
- University of Melbourne Department of Pediatrics & Murdoch Children׳s Research Institute, Parkville, Australia
| | - Christine Ortiz
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States
| | - Amanda J Fosang
- University of Melbourne Department of Pediatrics & Murdoch Children׳s Research Institute, Parkville, Australia
| | - Alan J Grodzinsky
- Center for Biomedical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States; Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States; Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States
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170
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Timashev PS, Kotova SL, Belkova GV, Gubar'kova EV, Timofeeva LB, Gladkova ND, Solovieva AB. Atomic Force Microscopy Study of Atherosclerosis Progression in Arterial Walls. MICROSCOPY AND MICROANALYSIS : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF MICROSCOPY SOCIETY OF AMERICA, MICROBEAM ANALYSIS SOCIETY, MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 2016; 22:311-25. [PMID: 26843417 DOI: 10.1017/s1431927616000039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease remains the leading cause of mortality worldwide. Here we suggest a novel approach for tracking atherosclerosis progression based on the use of atomic force microscopy (AFM). Using AFM, we studied cross-sections of coronary arteries with the following types of lesions: Type II-thickened intima; Type III-thickened intima with a lipid streak; Type IV-fibrotic layer over a lipid core; Type Va-unstable fibrotic layer over a lipid core; Type Vc-very thick fibrotic layer. AFM imaging revealed that the fibrotic layer of an atherosclerotic plaque is represented by a basket-weave network of collagen fibers and a subscale network of fibrils that become looser with atherosclerosis progression. In an unstable plaque (Type Va), packing of the collagen fibers and fibrils becomes even less uniform than that at the previous stages, while a stable fibrotic plaque (Vc) has significantly tighter packing. Such alterations of the collagen network morphology apparently, led to deterioration of the Type Va plaque mechanical properties, that, in turn, resulted in its instability and propensity to rupture. Thus, AFM may serve as a useful tool for tracking atherosclerosis progression in the arterial wall tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter S Timashev
- 1Institute of Laser and Information Technologies,2 Pionerskaya St.,142092 Troitsk,Moscow,Russia
| | - Svetlana L Kotova
- 2Department of Polymers and Composites,N.N.Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics,4 Kosygin St.,119991 Moscow,Russia
| | - Galina V Belkova
- 2Department of Polymers and Composites,N.N.Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics,4 Kosygin St.,119991 Moscow,Russia
| | - Ekaterina V Gubar'kova
- 3Nizhny Novgorod State Medical Academy,10/1 Minin and Pozharsky Sq.,603005 Nizhny Novgorod,Russia
| | - Lidia B Timofeeva
- 3Nizhny Novgorod State Medical Academy,10/1 Minin and Pozharsky Sq.,603005 Nizhny Novgorod,Russia
| | - Natalia D Gladkova
- 3Nizhny Novgorod State Medical Academy,10/1 Minin and Pozharsky Sq.,603005 Nizhny Novgorod,Russia
| | - Anna B Solovieva
- 2Department of Polymers and Composites,N.N.Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics,4 Kosygin St.,119991 Moscow,Russia
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171
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Moshtagh PR, Pouran B, van Tiel J, Rauker J, Zuiddam MR, Arbabi V, Korthagen NM, Weinans H, Zadpoor AA. Micro- and nano-mechanics of osteoarthritic cartilage: The effects of tonicity and disease severity. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2016; 59:561-571. [PMID: 27043052 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2016.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2015] [Revised: 02/23/2016] [Accepted: 03/09/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The present study aims to discover the contribution of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) and collagen fibers to the mechanical properties of the osteoarthritic (OA) cartilage tissue. We used nanoindentation experiments to understand the mechanical behavior of mild and severe osteoarthritic cartilage at micro- and nano-scale at different swelling conditions. Contrast enhanced micro-computed tomography (EPIC-μCT) was used to confirm that mild OA specimens had significantly higher GAGs content compared to severe OA specimens. In micro-scale, the semi-equilibrium modulus of mild OA specimens significantly dropped after immersion in a hypertonic solution and at nano-scale, the histograms of the measured elastic modulus revealed three to four components. Comparing the peaks with those observed for healthy cartilage in a previous study indicated that the first and third peaks represent the mechanical properties of GAGs and the collagen network. The third peak shows considerably stiffer elastic modulus for mild OA samples as compared to the severe OA samples in isotonic conditions. Furthermore, this peak clearly dropped when the tonicity increased, indicating the loss of collagen (pre-) stress in the shrunk specimen. Our observations support the association of the third peak with the collagen network. However, our results did not provide any direct evidence to support the association of the first peak with GAGs. For severe OA specimens, the peak associated with the collagen network did not drop when the tonicity increased, indicating a change in the response of OA cartilage to hypertonicity, likely collagen damage, as the disease progresses to its latest stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- P R Moshtagh
- Faculty of Mechanical, Maritime, and Materials Engineering, Delft University of Technology (TU Delft), Mekelweg 2, 2628 CD, Delft, The Netherlands; Department of Orthopaedics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Q.03.2.103-1, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - B Pouran
- Faculty of Mechanical, Maritime, and Materials Engineering, Delft University of Technology (TU Delft), Mekelweg 2, 2628 CD, Delft, The Netherlands; Department of Orthopaedics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Q.03.2.103-1, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - J van Tiel
- Department of Orthopaedics and Radiology, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - J Rauker
- Faculty of Mechanical, Maritime, and Materials Engineering, Delft University of Technology (TU Delft), Mekelweg 2, 2628 CD, Delft, The Netherlands.
| | - M R Zuiddam
- Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology, Lorentzweg 1, 2628 CJ, Delft, The Netherlands.
| | - V Arbabi
- Faculty of Mechanical, Maritime, and Materials Engineering, Delft University of Technology (TU Delft), Mekelweg 2, 2628 CD, Delft, The Netherlands.
| | - N M Korthagen
- Department of Orthopaedics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Q.03.2.103-1, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Department of Equine Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - H Weinans
- Faculty of Mechanical, Maritime, and Materials Engineering, Delft University of Technology (TU Delft), Mekelweg 2, 2628 CD, Delft, The Netherlands; Department of Orthopaedics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Q.03.2.103-1, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Department of Rheumatology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - A A Zadpoor
- Faculty of Mechanical, Maritime, and Materials Engineering, Delft University of Technology (TU Delft), Mekelweg 2, 2628 CD, Delft, The Netherlands.
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172
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Nanofibrous poly(3-hydroxybutyrate)/poly(3-hydroxyoctanoate) scaffolds provide a functional microenvironment for cartilage repair. J Biomater Appl 2016; 31:77-91. [DOI: 10.1177/0885328216639749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Articular cartilage defects, when repaired ineffectively, often lead to further deterioration of the tissue, secondary osteoarthritis and, ultimately, joint replacement. Unfortunately, current surgical procedures are unable to restore normal cartilage function. Tissue engineering of cartilage provides promising strategies for the regeneration of damaged articular cartilage. As yet, there are still significant challenges that need to be overcome to match the long-term mechanical stability and durability of native cartilage. Using electrospinning of different blends of biodegradable poly(3-hydroxybutyrate)/poly(3-hydroxyoctanoate), we produced polymer scaffolds and optimised their structure, stiffness, degradation rates and biocompatibility. Scaffolds with a poly(3-hydroxybutyrate)/poly(3-hydroxyoctanoate) ratio of 1:0.25 exhibit randomly oriented fibres that closely mimic the collagen fibrillar meshwork of native cartilage and match the stiffness of native articular cartilage. Degradation of the scaffolds into products that could be easily removed from the body was indicated by changes in fibre structure, loss of molecular weight and a decrease in scaffold stiffness after one and four months. Histological and immunohistochemical analysis after three weeks of culture with human articular chondrocytes revealed a hyaline-like cartilage matrix. The ability to fine tune the ultrastructure and mechanical properties using different blends of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate)/poly(3-hydroxyoctanoate) allows to produce a cartilage repair kit for clinical use to reduce the risk of developing secondary osteoarthritis. We further suggest the development of a toolbox with tailor-made scaffolds for the repair of other tissues that require a ‘guiding’ structure to support the body’s self-healing process.
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173
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Sánchez M, Anitua E, Delgado D, Sanchez P, Prado R, Goiriena JJ, Prosper F, Orive G, Padilla S. A new strategy to tackle severe knee osteoarthritis: Combination of intra-articular and intraosseous injections of Platelet Rich Plasma. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2016; 16:627-43. [PMID: 26930117 DOI: 10.1517/14712598.2016.1157162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Knee osteoarthritis (KOA) is a mechanically induced, cytokine and enzyme-mediated disorder involving all the joint tissue of the knee. Rebuilding a physiological-homeostatic network at the tissue level following knee organ failure, such as in severe KOA, is a daunting task with therapeutic targets encompassing the articular cartilage, synovium and subchondral bone. Intraarticular infiltration of plasma rich in growth factors (PRP) has emerged as a promising symptomatic approach, although it is insufficient to reach the subchondral bone. AREAS COVERED This review addresses current molecular and cellular data in joint homeostasis and osteoarthritis pathophysiology. In particular, it focuses on changes that subchondral bone undergoes in knee osteoarthritis and evaluates recent observations on the crosstalk among articular cartilage, subchondral bone and synovial membrane. In addition, we review some mechanistic aspects that have been proposed and provide the rationale for using PRP intraosseously in KOA. EXPERT OPINION The knee joint is a paradigm of autonomy and connectedness of its anatomical structures and tissues from which it is made. We propose an innovative approach to the treatment of severe knee osteoarthritis consisting of a combination of intraarticular and intraosseous infiltrations of PRP, which might offer a new therapeutic tool in KOA therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikel Sánchez
- a Arthroscopic Surgery Unit , Hospital Vithas San José , Vitoria-Gasteiz , Spain
| | - Eduardo Anitua
- b Department of Regenerative Medicine, Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine, BTI Biotechnology Institute , Vitoria , Spain
| | - Diego Delgado
- c Arthroscopic Surgery Unit Research , Hospital Vithas San José , Vitoria-Gasteiz , Spain
| | - Peio Sanchez
- c Arthroscopic Surgery Unit Research , Hospital Vithas San José , Vitoria-Gasteiz , Spain
| | - Roberto Prado
- b Department of Regenerative Medicine, Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine, BTI Biotechnology Institute , Vitoria , Spain
| | | | - Felipe Prosper
- e Cell Therapy Program, Foundation for Applied Medical Research , University of Navarra , Pamplona , Spain.,f Hematology and Cell Therapy Department , Clínica Universidad de Navarra, University of Navarra , Pamplona , Spain
| | - Gorka Orive
- b Department of Regenerative Medicine, Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine, BTI Biotechnology Institute , Vitoria , Spain.,g Laboratory of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy , University of the Basque Country , Vitoria , Spain.,h Networking Biomedical Research Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine , CIBER-BBN, SLFPB-EHU , Vitoria-Gasteiz , Spain
| | - Sabino Padilla
- b Department of Regenerative Medicine, Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine, BTI Biotechnology Institute , Vitoria , Spain
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174
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Determination of the mechanical and physical properties of cartilage by coupling poroelastic-based finite element models of indentation with artificial neural networks. J Biomech 2016; 49:631-637. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2015.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2015] [Revised: 12/01/2015] [Accepted: 12/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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175
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Beekmans SV, Iannuzzi D. Characterizing tissue stiffness at the tip of a rigid needle using an opto-mechanical force sensor. Biomed Microdevices 2016; 18:15. [PMID: 26838036 PMCID: PMC4737792 DOI: 10.1007/s10544-016-0039-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
We present a novel device that allows the user to measure the Young Modulus of a material at the opening of a 5 mm diameter needle. The device relies on a miniaturized cantilever spring mounted at the end of the needle and interrogated via Fabry-Pérot optical fiber interferometry. The probe is repetitively brought in and out of contact with the sample at the end of the needle by means of a steel cable that is controlled via a piezoelectric actuator located at the proximal end. We demonstrate the ability of our device to detect and quantify layers of varying stiffness during needle insertion in a gelatin phantom and to successfully locate tissue boundaries in bovine liver tissue embedded in gelatin.
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Affiliation(s)
- S V Beekmans
- Deparment of Physics and Astronomy and LaserLab Amsterdam, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - D Iannuzzi
- Deparment of Physics and Astronomy and LaserLab Amsterdam, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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176
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Stylianou A, Stylianopoulos T. Atomic Force Microscopy Probing of Cancer Cells and Tumor Microenvironment Components. BIONANOSCIENCE 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s12668-015-0187-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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177
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Subbiah R, Suhaeri M, Hwang MP, Kim W, Park K. Investigation of the changes of biophysical/mechanical characteristics of differentiating preosteoblasts in vitro. Biomater Res 2015; 19:24. [PMID: 26561531 PMCID: PMC4641340 DOI: 10.1186/s40824-015-0046-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2015] [Accepted: 11/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Topography, stiffness, and composition of biomaterials play a crucial role in cell behaviors. In this study, we have investigated biochemical (gene markers), biophysical (roughness), and biomechanical (stiffness) changes during the osteogenic differentiation of preosteoblasts on gelatin matrices. RESULTS Our results demonstrate that gelatin matrices offer a favorable microenvironment for preosteoblasts as determined by focal adhesion and filopodia formation. The osteogenic differentiation potential of preosteoblasts on gelatin matrices is confirmed by qualitative (Alizarin red, von kossa staining, immunofluorescence, and gene expression) and quantitative analyses (alkaline phosphatase activity and calcium content). The biomechanical and biophysical properties of differentiating preosteoblasts are analyzed using atomic force microscopy (AFM) and micro indentation. The results show sequential and significant increases in preosteoblasts roughness and stiffness during osteogenic differentiation, both of which are directly proportional to the progress of osteogenesis. Cell proliferation, height, and spreading area seem to have no direct correlation with differentiation; however, they may be indirectly related to osteogenesis. CONCLUSIONS The increased stiffness and roughness is attributed to the mineralized bone matrix and enhanced osteogenic extracellular matrix protein. This report indicates that biophysical and biomechanical aspects during in vitro cellular/extracellular changes can be used as biomarkers for the analysis of cell differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramesh Subbiah
- Center for Biomaterials, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Hwarangno 14-gil 5, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 136-791 Korea ; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejon, 305-350 Korea
| | - Muhammad Suhaeri
- Center for Biomaterials, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Hwarangno 14-gil 5, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 136-791 Korea ; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejon, 305-350 Korea
| | - Mintai Peter Hwang
- Center for Biomaterials, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Hwarangno 14-gil 5, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 136-791 Korea
| | - Woojun Kim
- Center for Biomaterials, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Hwarangno 14-gil 5, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 136-791 Korea ; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejon, 305-350 Korea
| | - Kwideok Park
- Center for Biomaterials, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Hwarangno 14-gil 5, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 136-791 Korea ; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejon, 305-350 Korea
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178
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Pierce RL. Translational nanomedicine – through the therapeutic window. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2015; 10:3249-60. [DOI: 10.2217/nnm.15.168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Translational nanomedicine occurs only through the successful integration of multiple inputs and iterative modifications. The therapeutic window plays a pivotal role in the trajectory of translational nanomedicine. Often defined in terms of the range of dosage for safe and effective therapeutic effect, a second definition of the therapeutic window refers to the often narrow temporal window in which a therapeutic effect can be obtained. Expanding the second definition to explicitly include the spatial dimension, this article explores aspects of the therapeutic spaces created by nanomedicine that shift the traditional dimensions of symptom, sign and pathology. This article analyzes three aspects of the therapeutic window in nanomedicine – temporal, spatial and manner of construction and their impact on the dimensions of modern medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin L Pierce
- Harvard Law School, Petrie-Flom Center for Health Law & Policy, Biotechnology & Bioethics, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
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179
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Geng L, Feng J, Sun Q, Liu J, Hua W, Li J, Ao Z, You K, Guo Y, Liao F, Zhang Y, Guo H, Han J, Xiong G, Zhang L, Han D. Nanomechanical clues from morphologically normal cervical squamous cells could improve cervical cancer screening. NANOSCALE 2015; 7:15589-93. [PMID: 26370304 DOI: 10.1039/c5nr03662c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Applying an atomic force microscope, we performed a nanomechanical analysis of morphologically normal cervical squamous cells (MNSCs) which are commonly used in cervical screening. Results showed that nanomechanical parameters of MNSCs correlate well with cervical malignancy, and may have potential in cancer screening to provide early diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Geng
- Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China 100191
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180
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Gottardi R. Towards a minimally invasive sampling tool for high resolution tissue analytical mapping. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2015; 26:372501. [PMID: 26302485 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/26/37/372501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Multiple spatial mapping techniques of biological tissues have been proposed over the years, but all present limitations either in terms of resolution, analytical capacity or invasiveness. Ren et al (2015 Nanotechnology 26 284001) propose in their most recent work the use of a picosecond infrared laser (PIRL) under conditions of ultrafast desorption by impulsive vibrational excitation (DIVE) to extract small amounts of cellular and molecular components, conserving their viability, structure and activity. The PIRL DIVE technique would then work as a nanobiopsy with minimal damage to the surrounding tissues, which could potentially be applied for high resolution local structural characterization of tissues in health and disease with the spatial limit determined by the laser focus.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Gottardi
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Center for Cellular and Molecular Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, 450 Technology Drive, 15219, Pittsburgh, PA, USA. Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, 3700 O'Hara Street, 15261, Pittsburgh, PA, USA. Fondazione Ri.MED, via Bandiera 11, I-90133 Palermo, Italy
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181
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Wang M, Ketheesan N, Peng Z. Investigations of wear particles and selected cytokines in human osteoarthritic knee joints. Proc Inst Mech Eng H 2015; 228:1176-82. [PMID: 25500862 DOI: 10.1177/0954411914559570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Inflammation of the synovial membrane (synovitis) is considered to drive the process that leads to osteoarthritis. However, the relationships between the mediators of inflammation and the properties of wear particles are not fully understood. In this study, the levels of IL-6 and IL-8 were assessed in different grades of osteoarthritis to determine whether their concentrations in the synovial fluid correlate with specific characteristics of wear particles. This study has found that the size, adhesion and nano-surface roughness of wear particles have medium strong to strong correlations with IL-6 and IL-8. This study provided evidence that the characteristics of wear particles contain valuable information for grading the disease process and the need for further evaluation of the association of properties of wear particles and the inflammatory process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meiling Wang
- School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Natkunam Ketheesan
- Infectious Diseases and Immunopathogenesis Research Group, Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, Australia
| | - Zhongxiao Peng
- School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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182
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Comparison of friction and wear of articular cartilage on different length scales. J Biomech 2015; 48:3052-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2015.07.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2015] [Revised: 07/20/2015] [Accepted: 07/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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183
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Subbiah R, Jeon SB, Park K, Ahn SJ, Yun K. Investigation of cellular responses upon interaction with silver nanoparticles. Int J Nanomedicine 2015; 10 Spec Iss:191-201. [PMID: 26346562 PMCID: PMC4556294 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s88508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In order for nanoparticles (NPs) to be applied in the biomedical field, a thorough investigation of their interactions with biological systems is required. Although this is a growing area of research, there is a paucity of comprehensive data in cell-based studies. To address this, we analyzed the physicomechanical responses of human alveolar epithelial cells (A549), mouse fibroblasts (NIH3T3), and human bone marrow stromal cells (HS-5), following their interaction with silver nanoparticles (AgNPs). When compared with kanamycin, AgNPs exhibited moderate antibacterial activity. Cell viability ranged from ≤80% at a high AgNPs dose (40 µg/mL) to >95% at a low dose (10 µg/mL). We also used atomic force microscopy-coupled force spectroscopy to evaluate the biophysical and biomechanical properties of cells. This revealed that AgNPs treatment increased the surface roughness (P<0.001) and stiffness (P<0.001) of cells. Certain cellular changes are likely due to interaction of the AgNPs with the cell surface. The degree to which cellular morphology was altered directly proportional to the level of AgNP-induced cytotoxicity. Together, these data suggest that atomic force microscopy can be used as a potential tool to develop a biomechanics-based biomarker for the evaluation of NP-dependent cytotoxicity and cytopathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramesh Subbiah
- Center for Biomaterials, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, Republic of Korea ; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Korea University of Science and Technology, Daejon, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong Beom Jeon
- Department of Bionanotechnology, Gachon University, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea ; Centre for Advanced Instrumentation, Korea Research Institute of Standard and Science, Korea University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwideok Park
- Center for Biomaterials, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, Republic of Korea ; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Korea University of Science and Technology, Daejon, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Jung Ahn
- Centre for Advanced Instrumentation, Korea Research Institute of Standard and Science, Korea University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea ; Major of Nano Science, Korea University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyusik Yun
- Department of Bionanotechnology, Gachon University, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
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184
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Akhmanova M, Osidak E, Domogatsky S, Rodin S, Domogatskaya A. Physical, Spatial, and Molecular Aspects of Extracellular Matrix of In Vivo Niches and Artificial Scaffolds Relevant to Stem Cells Research. Stem Cells Int 2015; 2015:167025. [PMID: 26351461 PMCID: PMC4553184 DOI: 10.1155/2015/167025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2015] [Revised: 06/07/2015] [Accepted: 06/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular matrix can influence stem cell choices, such as self-renewal, quiescence, migration, proliferation, phenotype maintenance, differentiation, or apoptosis. Three aspects of extracellular matrix were extensively studied during the last decade: physical properties, spatial presentation of adhesive epitopes, and molecular complexity. Over 15 different parameters have been shown to influence stem cell choices. Physical aspects include stiffness (or elasticity), viscoelasticity, pore size, porosity, amplitude and frequency of static and dynamic deformations applied to the matrix. Spatial aspects include scaffold dimensionality (2D or 3D) and thickness; cell polarity; area, shape, and microscale topography of cell adhesion surface; epitope concentration, epitope clustering characteristics (number of epitopes per cluster, spacing between epitopes within cluster, spacing between separate clusters, cluster patterns, and level of disorder in epitope arrangement), and nanotopography. Biochemical characteristics of natural extracellular matrix molecules regard diversity and structural complexity of matrix molecules, affinity and specificity of epitope interaction with cell receptors, role of non-affinity domains, complexity of supramolecular organization, and co-signaling by growth factors or matrix epitopes. Synergy between several matrix aspects enables stem cells to retain their function in vivo and may be a key to generation of long-term, robust, and effective in vitro stem cell culture systems.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Egor Osidak
- Imtek Limited, 3 Cherepkovskaya 15, Moscow 21552, Russia
- Gamaleya Research Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology Federal State Budgetary Institution, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Gamalei 18, Moscow 123098, Russia
| | - Sergey Domogatsky
- Imtek Limited, 3 Cherepkovskaya 15, Moscow 21552, Russia
- Russian Cardiology Research and Production Center Federal State Budgetary Institution, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 3 Cherepkovskaya 15, Moscow 21552, Russia
| | - Sergey Rodin
- Division of Matrix Biology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institute, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anna Domogatskaya
- Division of Matrix Biology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institute, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
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185
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Tian M, Li Y, Liu W, Jin L, Jiang X, Wang X, Ding Z, Peng Y, Zhou J, Fan J, Cao Y, Wang W, Shi Y. The nanomechanical signature of liver cancer tissues and its molecular origin. NANOSCALE 2015; 7:12998-3010. [PMID: 26168746 DOI: 10.1039/c5nr02192h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Patients with cirrhosis are at higher risk of developing hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), the second most frequent cause of cancer-related deaths. Although HCC diagnosis based on conventional morphological characteristics serves as the "gold standard" in the clinic, there is a high demand for more convenient and effective diagnostic methods that employ new biophysical perspectives. Here, we show that the nanomechanical signature of liver tissue is directly correlated with the development of HCC. Using indentation-type atomic force microscopy (IT-AFM), we demonstrate that the lowest elasticity peak (LEP) in the Young's modulus distribution of surgically removed liver cancer tissues can serve as a mechanical fingerprint to evaluate the malignancy of liver cancer. Cirrhotic tissues shared the same LEP as normal tissues. However, a noticeable downward shift in the LEP was detected when the cirrhotic tissues progressed to a malignant state, making the tumor tissues more prone to microvascular invasion. Cell-level mechanistic studies revealed that the expression level of a Rho-family effector (mDia1) was consistent with the mechanical trend exhibited by the tissue. Our findings indicate that the mechanical profiles of liver cancer tissues directly varied with tumor progression, providing an additional platform for the future diagnosis of HCC.
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MESH Headings
- Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing/antagonists & inhibitors
- Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing/genetics
- Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/pathology
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Movement
- Cell Proliferation
- Elastic Modulus
- Formins
- Humans
- Liver/pathology
- Liver Cirrhosis/metabolism
- Liver Cirrhosis/pathology
- Liver Neoplasms/metabolism
- Liver Neoplasms/pathology
- Microscopy, Atomic Force
- Microscopy, Electron, Scanning
- Nanotechnology
- RNA Interference
- RNA, Small Interfering/metabolism
- rho GTP-Binding Proteins/metabolism
- rhoC GTP-Binding Protein
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengxin Tian
- Department of Liver Surgery, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China.
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186
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Mechanics of Biological Tissues and Biomaterials: Current Trends. MATERIALS 2015; 8:4505-4511. [PMID: 28793452 PMCID: PMC5455625 DOI: 10.3390/ma8074505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2015] [Revised: 07/03/2015] [Accepted: 07/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Investigation of the mechanical behavior of biological tissues and biomaterials has been an active area of research for several decades. However, in recent years, the enthusiasm in understanding the mechanical behavior of biological tissues and biomaterials has increased significantly due to the development of novel biomaterials for new fields of application, along with the emergence of advanced computational techniques. The current Special Issue is a collection of studies that address various topics within the general theme of “mechanics of biomaterials”. This editorial aims to present the context within which the studies of this Special Issue could be better understood. I, therefore, try to identify some of the most important research trends in the study of the mechanical behavior of biological tissues and biomaterials.
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187
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Matrix cross-linking-mediated mechanotransduction promotes posttraumatic osteoarthritis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 112:9424-9. [PMID: 26170306 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1505700112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is characterized by impairment of the load-bearing function of articular cartilage. OA cartilage matrix undergoes extensive biophysical remodeling characterized by decreased compliance. In this study, we elucidate the mechanistic origin of matrix remodeling and the downstream mechanotransduction pathway and further demonstrate an active role of this mechanism in OA pathogenesis. Aging and mechanical stress, the two major risk factors of OA, promote cartilage matrix stiffening through the accumulation of advanced glycation end-products and up-regulation of the collagen cross-linking enzyme lysyl oxidase, respectively. Increasing matrix stiffness substantially disrupts the homeostatic balance between chondrocyte catabolism and anabolism via the Rho-Rho kinase-myosin light chain axis, consequently eliciting OA pathogenesis in mice. Experimental enhancement of nonenzymatic or enzymatic matrix cross-linking augments surgically induced OA pathogenesis in mice, and suppressing these events effectively inhibits OA with concomitant modulation of matrix degrading enzymes. Based on these findings, we propose a central role of matrix-mediated mechanotransduction in OA pathogenesis.
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188
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Adaptive rheology and ordering of cell cytoskeleton govern matrix rigidity sensing. Nat Commun 2015; 6:7525. [PMID: 26109233 PMCID: PMC4599139 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms8525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2014] [Accepted: 05/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Matrix rigidity sensing regulates a large variety of cellular processes and has important implications for tissue development and disease. However, how cells probe matrix rigidity, and hence respond to it, remains unclear. Here, we show that rigidity sensing and adaptation emerge naturally from actin cytoskeleton remodeling. Our in vitro experiments and theoretical modeling demonstrate a bi-phasic rheology of the actin cytoskeleton, which transitions from fluid on soft substrates to solid on stiffer ones. Furthermore, we find that increasing substrate stiffness correlates with the emergence of an orientational order in actin stress fibers, which exhibit an isotropic to nematic transition that we characterize quantitatively in the framework of active matter theory. These findings imply mechanisms mediated by a large-scale reinforcement of actin structures under stress, which could be the mechanical drivers of substrate stiffness dependent cell shape changes and cell polarity.
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189
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Spitzner EC, Röper S, Zerson M, Bernstein A, Magerle R. Nanoscale Swelling Heterogeneities in Type I Collagen Fibrils. ACS NANO 2015; 9:5683-5694. [PMID: 25961780 DOI: 10.1021/nn503637q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The distribution of water within the supramolecular structure of collagen fibrils is important for understanding their mechanical properties as well as the biomineralization processes in collagen-based tissues. We study the influence of water on the shape and the mechanical properties of reconstituted fibrils of type I collagen on the nanometer scale. Fibrils adsorbed on a silicon substrate were imaged with multiset point intermittent contact (MUSIC)-mode atomic force microscopy (AFM) in air at 28% relative humidity (RH) and in a hydrated state at 78% RH. Our data reveal the differences in the water uptake between the gap and overlap regions during swelling. This provides direct evidence for different amounts of bound and free water within the gap and overlap regions. In the dry state, the characteristic D-band pattern visible in AFM images is due to height corrugations along a fibril's axis. In the hydrated state, the fibril's surface is smooth and the D-band pattern reflects the different mechanical properties of the gap and overlap regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eike-Christian Spitzner
- †Fakultät für Naturwissenschaften, Technische Universität Chemnitz, D-09107 Chemnitz, Germany
| | - Stephanie Röper
- †Fakultät für Naturwissenschaften, Technische Universität Chemnitz, D-09107 Chemnitz, Germany
| | - Mario Zerson
- †Fakultät für Naturwissenschaften, Technische Universität Chemnitz, D-09107 Chemnitz, Germany
| | - Anke Bernstein
- ‡Orthopädie und Traumatologie, Universitätsklinikum Freiburg, D-79095 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Robert Magerle
- †Fakultät für Naturwissenschaften, Technische Universität Chemnitz, D-09107 Chemnitz, Germany
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190
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Taffetani M, Raiteri R, Gottardi R, Gastaldi D, Vena P. A quantitative interpretation of the response of articular cartilage to atomic force microscopy-based dynamic nanoindentation tests. J Biomech Eng 2015; 137:2212353. [PMID: 25807472 DOI: 10.1115/1.4030175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, a quantitative interpretation for atomic force microscopy-based dynamic nanoindentation (AFM-DN) tests on the superficial layers of bovine articular cartilage (AC) is provided. The relevant constitutive parameters of the tissue are estimated by fitting experimental results with a finite element model in the frequency domain. Such model comprises a poroelastic stress-strain relationship for a fibril reinforced tissue constitution, assuming a continuous distribution of the collagen network orientations. The identification procedure was first validated using a simplified transversely isotropic constitutive relationship; then, the experimental data were manually fitted by using the continuous distribution fibril model. Tissue permeability is derived from the maximum value of the phase shift between the input harmonic loading and the harmonic tissue response. Tissue parameters related to the stiffness are obtained from the frequency response of the experimental storage modulus and phase shift. With this procedure, an axial to transverse stiffness ratio (anisotropy ratio) of about 0.15 is estimated.
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191
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192
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Tribological changes in the articular cartilage of a human femoral head with avascular necrosis. Biointerphases 2015; 10:021004. [DOI: 10.1116/1.4919020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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193
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Cho H, Pinkhassik E, David V, Stuart JM, Hasty KA. Detection of early cartilage damage using targeted nanosomes in a post-traumatic osteoarthritis mouse model. NANOMEDICINE-NANOTECHNOLOGY BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2015; 11:939-46. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2015.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2014] [Revised: 12/08/2014] [Accepted: 01/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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194
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Ha C, Tian S, Sun K, Wang D, Lv J, Wang Y. Hydrogen sulfide attenuates IL-1β-induced inflammatory signaling and dysfunction of osteoarthritic chondrocytes. Int J Mol Med 2015; 35:1657-66. [PMID: 25872797 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2015.2183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2014] [Accepted: 04/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory cytokines are crucial factors in the onset of osteoarthritis (OA). The pro-inflammatory cytokine, interleukin-1β (IL-1β), is capable of stimulating a few cartilage degradation mediators and is of importance to the pathogenesis of OA. It has been demonstrated that hydrogen sulfide (H2S) exerts an inhibitory effect on inflammation. Thus, in the present study, we aimed to investigate the therapeutic effects of H2S in OA. For this purpose, an in vitro model of cartilage inflammation was created. Human OA chondrocytes were cultured and pre-treated with H2S (0.06-1.5 mM) with or without IL-1β (10 ng/ml) and then Griess reagent was used to quantify the production of nitric oxide (NO). Using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, we quantified the production of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and matrix metalloproteinase-13 (MMP-13). In addition, we determined the gene expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and MMP-13 using reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction and the expression of signaling molecules related to mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) and nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) by western blot analysis. Our results revealed that H2S markedly reversed the effects of IL-1β on the gene expression of COX-2, MMP-13 and iNOS and on the production of MMP-13, PGE2 and NO. In addition, H2S inhibited the activation of the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)/IκBα/NF-κB pathway which was induced by IL-1β. On the whole, the results of the present study suggest that H2S exerts chondroprotective effects. Thus, H2S may have potential for use in the treatment of patients suffering from OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengzhi Ha
- Department of Joint Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266071, P.R. China
| | - Shaoqi Tian
- Department of Joint Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266071, P.R. China
| | - Kang Sun
- Department of Joint Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266071, P.R. China
| | - Dawei Wang
- Department of Joint Surgery, Liaocheng People's Hospital, Liaocheng, Shandong 252000, P.R. China
| | - Jiangtao Lv
- Department of Joint Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266071, P.R. China
| | - Yuanhe Wang
- Department of Joint Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266071, P.R. China
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195
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Berteau JP, Oyen M, Shefelbine SJ. Permeability and shear modulus of articular cartilage in growing mice. Biomech Model Mechanobiol 2015; 15:205-12. [DOI: 10.1007/s10237-015-0671-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2014] [Accepted: 03/25/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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196
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Kotova SL, Timashev PS, Guller AE, Shekhter AB, Misurkin PI, Bagratashvili VN, Solovieva AB. Collagen structure deterioration in the skin of patients with pelvic organ prolapse determined by atomic force microscopy. MICROSCOPY AND MICROANALYSIS : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF MICROSCOPY SOCIETY OF AMERICA, MICROBEAM ANALYSIS SOCIETY, MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 2015; 21:324-333. [PMID: 25740571 DOI: 10.1017/s1431927615000148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
We used atomic force microscopy (AFM) to diagnose pathological changes in the extracellular matrix (ECM) of skin connective tissue in patients with pelvic organ prolapse (POP). POP is a common condition affecting women that considerably decreases the patients' quality of life. Deviations from normal morphology of the skin ECM from patients with POP occur including packing and arrangement of individual collagen fibers and arrangement of collagen fibrils. The nanoindentation study revealed significant deterioration of the mechanical properties of collagen fibril bundles in the skin of POP patients as compared with the skin of healthy subjects. Changes in the skin ECM appeared to correlate well with changes in the ECM of the pelvic ligament tissue associated with POP. AFM data on the ECM structure of normal and pathologically altered connective tissue were in agreement with results of the standard histological study on the same clinical specimens. Thus, AFM and related techniques may serve as independent or complementary diagnostic tools for tracking POP-related pathological changes of connective tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svetlana L Kotova
- 1N.N. Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics,Department of Polymers and Composites,4 Kosygin St.,119991,Moscow,Russia
| | - Peter S Timashev
- 2Institute of Laser and Information Technologies,2 Pionerskaya St.,142092,Troitsk,Moscow,Russia
| | - Anna E Guller
- 3Research Institute of Molecular Medicine,I.M. Sechenov First Moscow Medical University,8 Trubetskaya St.,Bldg. 2,119991,Moscow,Russia
| | - Anatoly B Shekhter
- 3Research Institute of Molecular Medicine,I.M. Sechenov First Moscow Medical University,8 Trubetskaya St.,Bldg. 2,119991,Moscow,Russia
| | - Pavel I Misurkin
- 1N.N. Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics,Department of Polymers and Composites,4 Kosygin St.,119991,Moscow,Russia
| | - Victor N Bagratashvili
- 2Institute of Laser and Information Technologies,2 Pionerskaya St.,142092,Troitsk,Moscow,Russia
| | - Anna B Solovieva
- 1N.N. Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics,Department of Polymers and Composites,4 Kosygin St.,119991,Moscow,Russia
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197
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Changes in red blood cell membrane structure in G6PD deficiency: An atomic force microscopy study. Clin Chim Acta 2015; 444:264-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2015.02.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2014] [Revised: 02/22/2015] [Accepted: 02/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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198
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Peng Z, Baena JC, Wang M. Investigations of micron and submicron wear features of diseased human cartilage surfaces. Proc Inst Mech Eng H 2015; 229:164-74. [PMID: 25767152 DOI: 10.1177/0954411915572496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Osteoarthritis is a common disease. However, its causes and morphological features of diseased cartilage surfaces are not well understood. The purposes of this research were (a) to develop quantitative surface characterization techniques to study human cartilages at a micron and submicron scale and (b) to investigate distinctive changes in the surface morphologies and biomechanical properties of the cartilages in different osteoarthritis grades. Diseased cartilage samples collected from osteoarthritis patients were prepared for image acquisition using two different techniques, that is, laser scanning microscopy at a micrometer scale and atomic force microscopy at a nanometer scale. Three-dimensional, digital images of human cartilages were processed and analyzed quantitatively. This study has demonstrated that high-quality three-dimensional images of human cartilage surfaces could be obtained in a hydrated condition using laser scanning microscopy and atomic force microscopy. Based on the numerical data extracted from improved image quality and quantity, it has been found that osteoarthritis evolution can be identified by specific surface features at the micrometer scale, and these features are amplitude and functional property related. At the submicron level, the spatial features of the surfaces were revealed to differ between early and advanced osteoarthritis grades. The effective indentation moduli of human cartilages effectively revealed the cartilage deterioration. The imaging acquisition and numerical analysis methods established allow quantitative studies of distinctive changes in cartilage surface characteristics and better understanding of the cartilage degradation process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongxiao Peng
- School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Juan C Baena
- School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Meiling Wang
- School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, China
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199
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Li Q, Doyran B, Gamer LW, Lu XL, Qin L, Ortiz C, Grodzinsky AJ, Rosen V, Han L. Biomechanical properties of murine meniscus surface via AFM-based nanoindentation. J Biomech 2015; 48:1364-70. [PMID: 25817332 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2015.02.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2015] [Accepted: 02/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to quantify the biomechanical properties of murine meniscus surface. Atomic force microscopy (AFM)-based nanoindentation was performed on the central region, proximal side of menisci from 6- to 24-week old male C57BL/6 mice using microspherical tips (Rtip≈5µm) in PBS. A unique, linear correlation between indentation depth, D, and response force, F, was found on menisci from all age groups. This non-Hertzian behavior is likely due to the dominance of tensile resistance by the collagen fibril bundles on meniscus surface that are mostly aligned along the circumferential direction. The indentation resistance was calculated as both the effective modulus, Eind, via the isotropic Hertz model, and the effective stiffness, Sind = dF/dD. Values of Sind and Eind were found to depend on indentation rate, suggesting the existence of poro-viscoelasticity. These values do not significantly vary with anatomical sites, lateral versus medial compartments, or mouse age. In addition, Eind of meniscus surface (e.g., 6.1±0.8MPa for 12 weeks of age, mean±SEM, n=13) was found to be significantly higher than those of meniscus surfaces in other species, and of murine articular cartilage surface (1.4±0.1MPa, n=6). In summary, these results provided the first direct mechanical knowledge of murine knee meniscus tissues. We expect this understanding to serve as a mechanics-based benchmark for further probing the developmental biology and osteoarthritis symptoms of meniscus in various murine models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Li
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Science, and Health Systems, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States
| | - Basak Doyran
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Science, and Health Systems, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States
| | - Laura W Gamer
- Department of Developmental Biology, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA 02115, United States
| | - X Lucas Lu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, United States
| | - Ling Qin
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States
| | - Christine Ortiz
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States
| | - Alan J Grodzinsky
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States; Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States; Department of Mechanical Engineering Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States
| | - Vicki Rosen
- Department of Developmental Biology, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA 02115, United States
| | - Lin Han
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Science, and Health Systems, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States.
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200
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Kontomaris SV, Yova D, Stylianou A, Balogiannis G. The effects of UV irradiation on collagen D-band revealed by atomic force microscopy. SCANNING 2015; 37:101-11. [PMID: 25521598 DOI: 10.1002/sca.21185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2014] [Revised: 11/03/2014] [Accepted: 11/14/2014] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this paper was to investigate the influence of UV irradiation on collagen D-band periodicity by using the AFM imaging and nanoindentation methods. It is well known than UV irradiation is one of the main factors inducing destabilization of collagen molecules. Due to the human's skin chronic exposure to sun light, the research concerning the influence of UV radiation on collagen is of great interest. The impact of UV irradiation on collagen can be studied in nanoscale using Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM). AFM is a powerful tool as far as surface characterization is concerned, due to its ability to relate high resolution imaging with mechanical properties. Hence, high resolution images of individual collagen fibrils and load-displacement curves on the overlapping and gap regions, under various time intervals of UV exposure, were obtained. The results demonstrated that the UV rays affect the height level differences between the overlapping and gap regions. Under various time intervals of UV exposure, the height difference between overlaps and gaps reduced from ~3.7 nm to ~0.8 nm and the fibril diameters showed an average of 8-10% reduction. In addition, the irradiation influenced the mechanical properties of collagen fibrils. The Young's modulus values were reduced per 66% (overlaps) and 61% (gaps) compared to their initial values. The observed alterations on the structural and the mechanical properties of collagen fibrils are probably a consequence of the polypeptide chain scission due to the impact of the UV irradiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stylianos V Kontomaris
- Biomedical Optics & Applied Biophysics Lab, Division of Electromagnetics, Electrooptics & Electronic Materials, School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, Iroon Polytechniou, Athens, Greece; Interuniversity Postgraduate Programme on Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine of the University of Patras, School of Electrical and Computer Engineering and the School of Mechanical Engineering of the National Technical University of Athens, Athens, Greece
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