151
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Campbell-Salome G, Rauscher EA. Family storytelling about hereditary cancer: Framing shared understandings of risk. J Genet Couns 2020; 29:936-948. [PMID: 31970844 DOI: 10.1002/jgc4.1218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Revised: 12/23/2019] [Accepted: 12/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Family communication about the family's health history (FHH) is an important step in alerting individuals to their hereditary disease risks and facilitating prevention. Individuals often communicate about the FHH of hereditary cancer as a story, which highlights the importance of analyzing family narratives of hereditary cancer to better understand their relation to psychological and physical well-being. This study investigates the content of family stories by examining how narrative tone and framing relate to coping, perceptions of risk, and medical decision-making. The current study recruited 42 family dyads with a prevalent FHH of hereditary cancer to participate in dyadic phone interviews to jointly tell their family narrative of hereditary cancer. Using an iterative analysis, findings examine how families create a shared understanding of FHH and hereditary risk. Narrative tone reflects participants' psychological well-being and contributed to the way families framed their experiences. Common frames to family narratives of hereditary cancer included empowerment, adversity, laissez faire, and discrepant. Each frame gave insight into how families were coping, their perceptions of risk, and how they make medical decisions to manage those risks. Developing a better understanding of how families communicate about their hereditary cancer risks can aid in designing clinical interventions to help families re-frame their stories to promote improved health outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Emily A Rauscher
- Department of Communication, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
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152
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Zelli V, Compagnoni C, Cannita K, Capelli R, Capalbo C, Di Vito Nolfi M, Alesse E, Zazzeroni F, Tessitore A. Applications of Next Generation Sequencing to the Analysis of Familial Breast/Ovarian Cancer. High Throughput 2020; 9:ht9010001. [PMID: 31936873 PMCID: PMC7151204 DOI: 10.3390/ht9010001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Revised: 01/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Next generation sequencing (NGS) provides a powerful tool in the field of medical genetics, allowing one to perform multi-gene analysis and to sequence entire exomes (WES), transcriptomes or genomes (WGS). The generated high-throughput data are particularly suitable for enhancing the understanding of the genetic bases of complex, multi-gene diseases, such as cancer. Among the various types of tumors, those with a familial predisposition are of great interest for the isolation of novel genes or gene variants, detectable at the germline level and involved in cancer pathogenesis. The identification of novel genetic factors would have great translational value, helping clinicians in defining risk and prevention strategies. In this regard, it is known that the majority of breast/ovarian cases with familial predisposition, lacking variants in the highly penetrant BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes (non-BRCA), remains unexplained, although several less penetrant genes (e.g., ATM, PALB2) have been identified. In this scenario, NGS technologies offer a powerful tool for the discovery of novel factors involved in familial breast/ovarian cancer. In this review, we summarize and discuss the state of the art applications of NGS gene panels, WES and WGS in the context of familial breast/ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica Zelli
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L’Aquila, Via Vetoio, Coppito 2, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy; (V.Z.); (C.C.); (R.C.); (M.D.V.N.); (E.A.); (F.Z.)
- Center for Molecular Diagnostics and Advanced Therapies, University of L’Aquila, Via Petrini, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy
| | - Chiara Compagnoni
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L’Aquila, Via Vetoio, Coppito 2, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy; (V.Z.); (C.C.); (R.C.); (M.D.V.N.); (E.A.); (F.Z.)
| | - Katia Cannita
- Medical Oncology Unit, St Salvatore Hospital, Via L. Natali 1, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy;
| | - Roberta Capelli
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L’Aquila, Via Vetoio, Coppito 2, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy; (V.Z.); (C.C.); (R.C.); (M.D.V.N.); (E.A.); (F.Z.)
| | - Carlo Capalbo
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Rome “La Sapienza”, Viale Regina Elena 324, 00161 Rome, Italy;
| | - Mauro Di Vito Nolfi
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L’Aquila, Via Vetoio, Coppito 2, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy; (V.Z.); (C.C.); (R.C.); (M.D.V.N.); (E.A.); (F.Z.)
| | - Edoardo Alesse
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L’Aquila, Via Vetoio, Coppito 2, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy; (V.Z.); (C.C.); (R.C.); (M.D.V.N.); (E.A.); (F.Z.)
| | - Francesca Zazzeroni
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L’Aquila, Via Vetoio, Coppito 2, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy; (V.Z.); (C.C.); (R.C.); (M.D.V.N.); (E.A.); (F.Z.)
| | - Alessandra Tessitore
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L’Aquila, Via Vetoio, Coppito 2, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy; (V.Z.); (C.C.); (R.C.); (M.D.V.N.); (E.A.); (F.Z.)
- Center for Molecular Diagnostics and Advanced Therapies, University of L’Aquila, Via Petrini, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy
- Correspondence:
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153
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Abstract
The second most common type of tumor worldwide is prostate cancer (PCa). Certain genetic factors contribute to a risk of developing PCa of as much as 40%. BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations have linked with an increased risk for breast, ovarian, and PCa. However, BRCA2 is the most common gene found altered in early-onset of PCa in males younger than 65. BRCA2 mutation has a higher chance of developing an advanced stage of the disease, resulting in short survival time. This review aimed to describe the genetic changes in BRCA2 that contribute to the risk of PCa, to define its role in the early diagnosis in a man with a strong family history, and to outline the purpose of genetic testing and counseling. Also, the review summarizes the impact of BRCA2 gene mutation in localized PCa, and the treatment strategies have used for PCa patients with a BRCA2 modification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noor N Junejo
- Department of Urology, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. E-mail.
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154
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Jarhelle E, Riise Stensland HMF, Hansen GÅM, Skarsfjord S, Jonsrud C, Ingebrigtsen M, Strømsvik N, Van Ghelue M. Identifying sequence variants contributing to hereditary breast and ovarian cancer in BRCA1 and BRCA2 negative breast and ovarian cancer patients. Sci Rep 2019; 9:19986. [PMID: 31882575 PMCID: PMC6934654 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-55515-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Families with breast and ovarian cancer are often tested for disease associated sequence variants in BRCA1 and BRCA2. Pathogenic sequence variants (PVs) in these two genes are known to increase breast and ovarian cancer risks in females. However, in most families no PVs are detected in these two genes. Currently, several studies have identified other genes involved in hereditary breast and ovarian cancer (HBOC). To identify genetic risk factors for breast and ovarian cancer in a Norwegian HBOC cohort, 101 breast and/or ovarian cancer patients negative for PVs and variants of unknown clinical significance (VUS) in BRCA1/2 were screened for PVs in 94 genes using next-generation sequencing. Sixteen genes were closely scrutinized. Nine different deleterious germline PVs/likely pathogenic variants (LPVs) were identified in seven genes in 12 patients: three in ATM, and one in CHEK2, ERCC5, FANCM, RAD51C, TP53 and WRN. Additionally, 32 different VUSs were identified and these require further characterization. For carriers of PV/LPV in many of these genes, there are no national clinical management programs in Norway. The diversity of genetic risk factors possibly involved in cancer development show the necessity for more knowledge to improve the clinical follow-up of this genetically diverse patient group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth Jarhelle
- Department of Medical Genetics, Division of Child and Adolescent Health, University Hospital of North Norway, Tromsø, Norway. .,Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Tromsø, Tromsø, Norway. .,Northern Norway Family Cancer Center, Department of Medical Genetics, University Hospital of North Norway, Tromsø, Norway.
| | - Hilde Monica Frostad Riise Stensland
- Department of Medical Genetics, Division of Child and Adolescent Health, University Hospital of North Norway, Tromsø, Norway.,Northern Norway Family Cancer Center, Department of Medical Genetics, University Hospital of North Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Geir Åsmund Myge Hansen
- Department of Medical Genetics, Division of Child and Adolescent Health, University Hospital of North Norway, Tromsø, Norway.,Northern Norway Family Cancer Center, Department of Medical Genetics, University Hospital of North Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Siri Skarsfjord
- Department of Medical Genetics, Division of Child and Adolescent Health, University Hospital of North Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Christoffer Jonsrud
- Department of Medical Genetics, Division of Child and Adolescent Health, University Hospital of North Norway, Tromsø, Norway.,Northern Norway Family Cancer Center, Department of Medical Genetics, University Hospital of North Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Monica Ingebrigtsen
- Department of Medical Genetics, Division of Child and Adolescent Health, University Hospital of North Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Nina Strømsvik
- Department of Medical Genetics, Division of Child and Adolescent Health, University Hospital of North Norway, Tromsø, Norway.,Northern Norway Family Cancer Center, Department of Medical Genetics, University Hospital of North Norway, Tromsø, Norway.,Department of Health and Caring Sciences, Western Norway University of Applied Sciences, Bergen, Norway
| | - Marijke Van Ghelue
- Department of Medical Genetics, Division of Child and Adolescent Health, University Hospital of North Norway, Tromsø, Norway. .,Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Tromsø, Tromsø, Norway. .,Northern Norway Family Cancer Center, Department of Medical Genetics, University Hospital of North Norway, Tromsø, Norway.
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155
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Oliver J, Quezada Urban R, Franco Cortés CA, Díaz Velásquez CE, Montealegre Paez AL, Pacheco-Orozco RA, Castro Rojas C, García-Robles R, López Rivera JJ, Gaitán Chaparro S, Gómez AM, Suarez Obando F, Giraldo G, Maya MI, Hurtado-Villa P, Sanchez AI, Serrano N, Orduz Galvis AI, Aruachan S, Nuñez Castillo J, Frecha C, Riggi C, Jauk F, Gómez García EM, Carranza CL, Zamora V, Torres Mejía G, Romieu I, Castañeda CA, Castillo M, Gitler R, Antoniano A, Rojas Jiménez E, Romero Cruz LE, Vallejo Lecuona F, Delgado Enciso I, Martínez Rizo AB, Flores Carranza A, Benites Godinez V, Méndez Catalá CF, Herrera LA, Chirino YI, Terrazas LI, Perdomo S, Vaca Paniagua F. Latin American Study of Hereditary Breast and Ovarian Cancer LACAM: A Genomic Epidemiology Approach. Front Oncol 2019; 9:1429. [PMID: 31921681 PMCID: PMC6933010 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2019.01429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: Hereditary Breast and Ovarian Cancer (HBOC) syndrome is responsible for ~5-10% of all diagnosed breast and ovarian cancers. Breast cancer is the most common malignancy and the leading cause of cancer-related mortality among women in Latin America (LA). The main objective of this study was to develop a comprehensive understanding of the genomic epidemiology of HBOC throughout the establishment of The Latin American consortium for HBOC-LACAM, consisting of specialists from 5 countries in LA and the description of the genomic results from the first phase of the study. Methods: We have recruited 403 individuals that fulfilled the criteria for HBOC from 11 health institutions of Argentina, Colombia, Guatemala, Mexico and Peru. A pilot cohort of 222 individuals was analyzed by NGS gene panels. One hundred forty-three genes were selected on the basis of their putative role in susceptibility to different hereditary cancers. Libraries were sequenced in MiSeq (Illumina, Inc.) and PGM (Ion Torrent-Thermo Fisher Scientific) platforms. Results: The overall prevalence of pathogenic variants was 17% (38/222); the distribution spanned 14 genes and varied by country. The highest relative prevalence of pathogenic variants was found in patients from Argentina (25%, 14/57), followed by Mexico (18%, 12/68), Guatemala (16%, 3/19), and Colombia (13%, 10/78). Pathogenic variants were found in BRCA1 (20%) and BRCA2 (29%) genes. Pathogenic variants were found in other 12 genes, including high and moderate risk genes such as MSH2, MSH6, MUTYH, and PALB2. Additional pathogenic variants were found in HBOC unrelated genes such as DCLRE1C, WRN, PDE11A, and PDGFB. Conclusion: In this first phase of the project, we recruited 403 individuals and evaluated the germline genetic alterations in an initial cohort of 222 patients among 4 countries. Our data show for the first time in LA the distribution of pathogenic variants in a broad set of cancer susceptibility genes in HBOC. Even though we used extended gene panels, there was still a high proportion of patients without any detectable pathogenic variant, which emphasizes the larger, unexplored genetic nature of the disease in these populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Oliver
- Medical Oncology Service, Hospitales Universitarios Regional y Virgen de la Victoria, Institute of Biomedical Research in Malaga, CIMES, University of Málaga, Málaga, Spain
- Laboratorio de Secuenciación, Instituto de Medicina Traslacional e Ingeniería Biomédica, Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Laboratorio Nacional en Salud, Diagnóstico Molecular y Efecto Ambiental en Enfermedades Crónico-Degenerativas, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Tlalnepantla de Baz, Mexico
| | - Rosalía Quezada Urban
- Laboratorio Nacional en Salud, Diagnóstico Molecular y Efecto Ambiental en Enfermedades Crónico-Degenerativas, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Tlalnepantla de Baz, Mexico
- Unidad de Biomedicina, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, UNAM, Tlalnepantla de Baz, Mexico
| | - Claudia Alejandra Franco Cortés
- Laboratorio de Secuenciación, Instituto de Medicina Traslacional e Ingeniería Biomédica, Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Clara Estela Díaz Velásquez
- Laboratorio Nacional en Salud, Diagnóstico Molecular y Efecto Ambiental en Enfermedades Crónico-Degenerativas, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Tlalnepantla de Baz, Mexico
| | - Ana Lorena Montealegre Paez
- Instituto de Nutrición, Genética y Metabolismo, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad El Bosque, Bogota, Colombia
| | | | - Carlos Castro Rojas
- Instituto de Nutrición, Genética y Metabolismo, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad El Bosque, Bogota, Colombia
| | - Reggie García-Robles
- Instituto de Nutrición, Genética y Metabolismo, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad El Bosque, Bogota, Colombia
| | - Juan Javier López Rivera
- Grupo INPAC, Organización Keralty, Departamento de Genética, Clínica Universitaria Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Sandra Gaitán Chaparro
- Grupo INPAC, Organización Keralty, Facultad de Medicina, Fundación Universitaria Sanitas, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Ana Milena Gómez
- Servicio de Genética, Hospital Universitario San Ignacio, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Fernando Suarez Obando
- Servicio de Genética, Hospital Universitario San Ignacio, Bogotá, Colombia
- Instituto de Genética Humana, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Gustavo Giraldo
- Clínica Universitaria Bolivariana, Pontificia Universidad Bolivariana, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Maria Isabel Maya
- Clínica Universitaria Bolivariana, Pontificia Universidad Bolivariana, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Paula Hurtado-Villa
- Departamento Ciencias Básicas de Salud, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana Cali, Cali, Colombia
- Centro Médico Imbanaco, Cali, Colombia
| | - Ana Isabel Sanchez
- Centro Médico Imbanaco, Cali, Colombia
- Departamento Materno Infantil, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana Cali, Cali, Colombia
| | - Norma Serrano
- Fundación Cardiovascular de Colombia, Centro de Investigaciones, Floridablanca, Colombia
| | | | - Sandra Aruachan
- Departamento de Investigación y Estudios Clínicos, IMAT - Oncomédica S.A., Montería, Colombia
| | - Johanna Nuñez Castillo
- Departamento de Investigación y Estudios Clínicos, IMAT - Oncomédica S.A., Montería, Colombia
| | - Cecilia Frecha
- Instituto de Medicina Traslacional e Ingeniería Biomédica, CONICET-Instituto Universitario del Hospital Italiano-Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Cecilia Riggi
- Servicio de Ginecología, Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Federico Jauk
- Laboratorio de Secuenciación, Instituto de Medicina Traslacional e Ingeniería Biomédica, Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | | | | | | | - Isabelle Romieu
- Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Cuernavaca, Mexico
- Hubert Department of Global Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Carlos Arturo Castañeda
- Departamento de Oncología Médica, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Neoplásicas, Lima, Peru
| | - Miluska Castillo
- Departamento de Investigación, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Neoplásicas, Lima, Peru
| | | | | | - Ernesto Rojas Jiménez
- Laboratorio Nacional en Salud, Diagnóstico Molecular y Efecto Ambiental en Enfermedades Crónico-Degenerativas, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Tlalnepantla de Baz, Mexico
- Unidad de Biomedicina, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, UNAM, Tlalnepantla de Baz, Mexico
| | - Luis Enrique Romero Cruz
- Laboratorio Nacional en Salud, Diagnóstico Molecular y Efecto Ambiental en Enfermedades Crónico-Degenerativas, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Tlalnepantla de Baz, Mexico
- Unidad de Biomedicina, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, UNAM, Tlalnepantla de Baz, Mexico
| | - Fernando Vallejo Lecuona
- Laboratorio Nacional en Salud, Diagnóstico Molecular y Efecto Ambiental en Enfermedades Crónico-Degenerativas, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Tlalnepantla de Baz, Mexico
- Unidad de Biomedicina, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, UNAM, Tlalnepantla de Baz, Mexico
| | | | | | | | | | - Claudia Fabiola Méndez Catalá
- Laboratorio Nacional en Salud, Diagnóstico Molecular y Efecto Ambiental en Enfermedades Crónico-Degenerativas, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Tlalnepantla de Baz, Mexico
| | - Luis Alonso Herrera
- Unidad de Investigación Biomédica en Cáncer, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas-Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Yolanda Irasema Chirino
- Unidad de Biomedicina, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, UNAM, Tlalnepantla de Baz, Mexico
| | - Luis Ignacio Terrazas
- Laboratorio Nacional en Salud, Diagnóstico Molecular y Efecto Ambiental en Enfermedades Crónico-Degenerativas, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Tlalnepantla de Baz, Mexico
- Unidad de Biomedicina, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, UNAM, Tlalnepantla de Baz, Mexico
| | - Sandra Perdomo
- Instituto de Nutrición, Genética y Metabolismo, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad El Bosque, Bogota, Colombia
- Departamento de Patología, Hospital Universitario Fundación Santa Fe de Bogotá, Bogota, Colombia
| | - Felipe Vaca Paniagua
- Laboratorio Nacional en Salud, Diagnóstico Molecular y Efecto Ambiental en Enfermedades Crónico-Degenerativas, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Tlalnepantla de Baz, Mexico
- Unidad de Biomedicina, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, UNAM, Tlalnepantla de Baz, Mexico
- Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, Ciudad de México, Mexico
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156
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Trenner A, Sartori AA. Harnessing DNA Double-Strand Break Repair for Cancer Treatment. Front Oncol 2019; 9:1388. [PMID: 31921645 PMCID: PMC6921965 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2019.01388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) are highly deleterious, with a single unrepaired DSB being sufficient to trigger cell death. Compared to healthy cells, cancer cells have a higher DSB burden due to oncogene-induced replication stress and acquired defects in DNA damage response (DDR) mechanisms. Consequently, hyperproliferating cancer cells rely on efficient DSB repair for their survival. Moreover, augmented DSB repair capacity is a major cause of radio- and chemoresistance and, ultimately, cancer recurrence. Although inherited DDR defects can predispose individuals to develop certain cancers, the very same vulnerability may be therapeutically exploited to preferentially kill tumor cells. A paradigm for DNA repair targeted therapy has emerged in cancers that exhibit mutations in BRCA1 or BRCA2 tumor suppressor genes, conferring a strong defect in homologous recombination, a major and error-free DSB repair pathway. Clinical validation of such approaches, commonly described as synthetic lethality (SL), has been provided by the regulatory approval of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 inhibitors (PARPi) as monotherapy for BRCA1/2-mutated breast and ovarian tumors. In this review, we will describe the different DSB repair mechanisms and discuss how their specific features could be exploited for cancer therapy. A major emphasis is put on advances in combinatorial treatment modalities and SL approaches arising from DSB repair pathway interdependencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anika Trenner
- Institute of Molecular Cancer Research, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Alessandro A Sartori
- Institute of Molecular Cancer Research, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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157
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Chakraborty G, Armenia J, Mazzu YZ, Nandakumar S, Stopsack KH, Atiq MO, Komura K, Jehane L, Hirani R, Chadalavada K, Yoshikawa Y, Khan NA, Chen Y, Abida W, Mucci LA, Lee GSM, Nanjangud GJ, Kantoff PW. Significance of BRCA2 and RB1 Co-loss in Aggressive Prostate Cancer Progression. Clin Cancer Res 2019; 26:2047-2064. [PMID: 31796516 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-19-1570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Revised: 10/11/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Previous sequencing studies revealed that alterations of genes associated with DNA damage response (DDR) are enriched in men with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC). BRCA2, a DDR and cancer susceptibility gene, is frequently deleted (homozygous and heterozygous) in men with aggressive prostate cancer. Here we show that patients with prostate cancer who have lost a copy of BRCA2 frequently lose a copy of tumor suppressor gene RB1; importantly, for the first time, we demonstrate that co-loss of both genes in early prostate cancer is sufficient to induce a distinct biology that is likely associated with worse prognosis. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN We prospectively investigated underlying molecular mechanisms and genomic consequences of co-loss of BRCA2 and RB1 in prostate cancer. We used CRISPR-Cas9 and RNAi-based methods to eliminate these two genes in prostate cancer cell lines and subjected them to in vitro studies and transcriptomic analyses. We developed a 3-color FISH assay to detect genomic deletions of BRCA2 and RB1 in prostate cancer cells and patient-derived mCRPC organoids. RESULTS In human prostate cancer cell lines (LNCaP and LAPC4), loss of BRCA2 leads to the castration-resistant phenotype. Co-loss of BRCA2-RB1 in human prostate cancer cells induces an epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, which is associated with invasiveness and a more aggressive disease phenotype. Importantly, PARP inhibitors attenuate cell growth in human mCRPC-derived organoids and human CRPC cells harboring single-copy loss of both genes. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that early identification of this aggressive form of prostate cancer offers potential for improved outcomes with early introduction of PARP inhibitor-based therapy.See related commentary by Mandigo and Knudsen, p. 1784.
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Affiliation(s)
- Goutam Chakraborty
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Joshua Armenia
- Center for Molecular Oncology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Ying Z Mazzu
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Subhiksha Nandakumar
- Center for Molecular Oncology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Konrad H Stopsack
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Mohammad O Atiq
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Kazumasa Komura
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York.,Department of Urology, Osaka Medical College, Osaka, Japan
| | - Lina Jehane
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Rahim Hirani
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Kalyani Chadalavada
- Molecular Cytogenetics Core Facility, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Yuki Yoshikawa
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Nabeela A Khan
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Yu Chen
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York.,Human Oncology Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Wassim Abida
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Lorelei A Mucci
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Gwo-Shu Mary Lee
- Department of Medicine, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Gouri J Nanjangud
- Molecular Cytogenetics Core Facility, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Philip W Kantoff
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York.
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158
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Staninova-Stojovska M, Matevska-Geskovska N, Panovski M, Angelovska B, Mitrevski N, Ristevski M, Jovanovic R, Dimovski AJ. Molecular Basis of Inherited Colorectal Carcinomas in the Macedonian Population: An Update. Balkan J Med Genet 2019; 22:5-16. [PMID: 31942411 PMCID: PMC6956642 DOI: 10.2478/bjmg-2019-0027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Hereditary factors are assumed to play a role in ~35.0-45.0% of all colorectal cancers (CRCs) with about 5.0-10.0% associated with high penetrant disease-causing mutations in genes correlated to hereditary polyposis (HP) or hereditary non polyposis syndromes (HNPCC). Although inherited germline mutations in mismatch repair (MMR) and the APC genes contribute significantly to CRC, genetic diagnosis cannot yet be obtained in more than 50.0% of familial cases. We present updated data of 107 probands from the Macedonian population with clinically diagnosed HP (n = 41) or HNPCC (n = 66) obtained by next generation sequencing (NGS) with three different gene panels covering the coding, flanking and promoter regions of 114 cancer predisposition genes. Using this approach, we were able to detect deleterious mutations in 65/107 (60.7%) patients, 50.4% of which were in known well-established CRC susceptibility genes and 10.2% in DNA repair genes (DRG). As expected, the highest frequencies of deleterious variants were detected in familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) and in HNPCC patients with microsatellite instability (MSI) tumors (93.8 and 87.1%, respectively). Variants of unknown significance (VUS) were detected in 24/107 (22.4%) patients, mainly in HNPCC patients with microsatellite stable (MSS) tumors or patients with oligopolyposis. The majority of VUS were also found in DRG genes, indicating the potential role of a doble-strand brake DNA repair pathway deficiency in colorectal cancerogenesis. We could not detect any variant in 18/107 (16.8%) patients, which supports the genetic heterogeneity of hereditary CRC, particularly in HNPCC families with MSS tumors and in families with oligopolyposis.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Staninova-Stojovska
- Center for Biomolecular Pharmaceutical Analyses, UKIM Faculty of Pharmacy, University "Ss. Cyril and Methodius", Skopje, RN Macedonia
| | - N Matevska-Geskovska
- Center for Biomolecular Pharmaceutical Analyses, UKIM Faculty of Pharmacy, University "Ss. Cyril and Methodius", Skopje, RN Macedonia
| | - M Panovski
- University Clinic for Abdominal Surgery, UKIM Faculty of Medicine, University "Ss. Cyril and Methodius", Skopje, RN Macedonia
| | - B Angelovska
- University Clinic for Radiotherapy and Oncology, UKIM Faculty of Medicine, University "Ss. Cyril and Methodius", Skopje, RN Macedonia
| | - N Mitrevski
- University Clinic for Radiotherapy and Oncology, UKIM Faculty of Medicine, University "Ss. Cyril and Methodius", Skopje, RN Macedonia
| | - M Ristevski
- University Clinic for Radiotherapy and Oncology, UKIM Faculty of Medicine, University "Ss. Cyril and Methodius", Skopje, RN Macedonia
| | - R Jovanovic
- Institute for Pathology, UKIM Faculty of Medicine, University "Ss. Cyril and Methodius", Skopje, RN Macedonia
| | - AJ Dimovski
- Center for Biomolecular Pharmaceutical Analyses, UKIM Faculty of Pharmacy, University "Ss. Cyril and Methodius", Skopje, RN Macedonia
- Research Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology "Georgi D. Efremov", Macedonian Academy of Sciences and Arts, Skopje, RN Macedonia
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159
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Ruiz de Sabando A, Urrutia Lafuente E, García-Amigot F, Alonso Sánchez A, Morales Garofalo L, Moreno S, Ardanaz E, Ramos-Arroyo MA. Genetic and clinical characterization of BRCA-associated hereditary breast and ovarian cancer in Navarra (Spain). BMC Cancer 2019; 19:1145. [PMID: 31771539 PMCID: PMC6880350 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-019-6277-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 10/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Genetic testing for BRCA1/2 genes is widely used as a strategy to reduce incidence and morbidity of hereditary breast and ovarian cancer (HBOC). The purpose of this study is to analyse the demographic and molecular characteristics of BRCA germline mutations in Navarra, Spain, and to investigate the clinical profile of hereditary and sporadic breast cancer (BC) and ovarian cancer (OC) in the Community. METHODS The study includes 1246 individuals assessed for BRCA1/2 genetic testing in Navarra, during 2000-2016, and a cohort of BC (n = 4384) and OC (n = 561) from the population-based Navarra Cancer Registry. Distribution and molecular characteristics of BRCA1/2 mutations, as well as, comparative analysis of the clinical course, pathologic features and overall survival (OS) of patients in different risk groups were investigated. RESULTS BRCA mutation detection rate was 16%, with higher proportion (63%) of BRCA2 families. Nineteen per cent of mutations were recurrent, one of which, BRCA2 c.6024dupG, showed high association to OC. BRCA carriers had double risk (95% CI = 1.04-4.33) of developing multiple malignancies than low risk families and were diagnosed at a much earlier age (16.6 and 11.7 years difference for BC and OC, respectively) when compared to the general population. For BC, BRCA carriers showed a more advanced histological stage, higher risk of bilateral neoplasms (OR = 4.3; 95% CI = 1.3-11.4, for BRCA2 carriers) and worse OS rate at 5-, 10- and 15- years, than women with sporadic tumors. For OC, over 70% of patients of all risk groups showed advanced stages at diagnosis, with the highest among BRCA1 carriers (91%). Furthermore, they also had higher probability of developing ovarian bilateral tumors (OR = 7.8, 95% CI = 1.7-55.7, for BRCA1 carriers) than the general population. Five-year OS rate was worse among women with sporadic OC than BRCA carriers, but it levelled out over the 15-year period. CONCLUSIONS In addition to national similarities in the HBOC-BRCA1/2 associated mutational spectrum, we identified a recurrent BRCA2 pathogenic variant (c.6024dupG), highly associated to OC in Navarra. Carriers of BRCA1/2 mutations showed a more severe BC and OC phenotype and had a worse overall prognosis when compared to a large cohort of women with sporadic counterpart tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ainara Ruiz de Sabando
- Department of Medical Genetics, Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra (CHN), Pamplona, Spain.,Navarrabiomed, Pamplona, Spain.,IdiSNA, Navarra Institute for Health Research, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Edurne Urrutia Lafuente
- Department of Medical Genetics, Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra (CHN), Pamplona, Spain.,Navarrabiomed, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Fermín García-Amigot
- Department of Medical Genetics, Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra (CHN), Pamplona, Spain.,IdiSNA, Navarra Institute for Health Research, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Angel Alonso Sánchez
- Department of Medical Genetics, Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra (CHN), Pamplona, Spain.,Navarrabiomed, Pamplona, Spain.,IdiSNA, Navarra Institute for Health Research, Pamplona, Spain
| | | | - Sira Moreno
- Department of Medical Genetics, Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra (CHN), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Eva Ardanaz
- IdiSNA, Navarra Institute for Health Research, Pamplona, Spain.,Navarra Public Health Institute, Pamplona, Spain.,CIBER Epidemiology and Public Health CIBERESP, Madrid, Spain
| | - Maria A Ramos-Arroyo
- Department of Medical Genetics, Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra (CHN), Pamplona, Spain. .,IdiSNA, Navarra Institute for Health Research, Pamplona, Spain.
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160
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Mapping Mammary Tumor Traits in the Rat. Methods Mol Biol 2019; 2018:249-267. [PMID: 31228161 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9581-3_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/03/2023]
Abstract
For nearly a century, the rat has served as a key model for studying the pathophysiology and genetic risk modifiers of breast cancer. Rat mammary tumors that initiate after exposure to carcinogens or estrogens closely resemble the etiological, histopathological, and genomic features of human breast cancer. Recent developments in genome-editing techniques in the rat have also enabled the development of sophisticated models for identifying the genetic modifiers of the nonmalignant tumor microenvironment that contribute to the formation, progression, and outcome of breast cancer. In this protocol review, we discuss the current methodologies for the three genetic mapping techniques in the rat that are widely used for identifying and testing the heritable genetic modifiers of breast cancer.
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161
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van Luttikhuizen JL, Bublitz J, Schubert S, Schmidt G, Hofmann W, Morlot S, Buurman R, Auber B, Schlegelberger B, Steinemann D. From a variant of unknown significance to pathogenic: Reclassification of a large novel duplication in BRCA2 by high-throughput sequencing. Mol Genet Genomic Med 2019; 8:e1045. [PMID: 31724318 PMCID: PMC7506983 DOI: 10.1002/mgg3.1045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Revised: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Germline mutations in BRCA1/2 significantly contribute to hereditary breast and/or ovarian cancer. Here, we report a novel BRCA2 duplication of exons 22–24 in a female patient with bilateral breast cancer at age 35 and 44. The duplicated region was initially detected by gene panel sequencing and multiplex ligation‐dependent probe amplification. However, the location and orientation of the duplicated region was unknown. Therefore, it was initially classified as a variant of unknown significance. Methods The spatial directional characterization of the BRCA2 duplication was achieved by targeted enrichment of the whole‐genomic BRCA2 locus including exons and introns, and subsequent high‐throughput sequencing. Subsequently, bioinformatics tools and a breakpoint‐spanning PCR were used for identification of location and orientation of the duplication. Results The duplicated region was arranged in tandem and direct orientation (Chr13(GRCh37):g.32951579_32960394dup; NM_000059.3 c.8754 + 651_9256+6112dup p.(Ala3088Phefs*3)). It is predicted to result in a frameshift and a premature stop codon likely triggering nonsense‐mediated mRNA decay. Consequently, it is regarded as pathogenic. Conclusion This case study demonstrates that a comprehensive characterization of a structural variant by breakpoint assessment is crucial for its correct classification. Therefore, sequencing strategies including non‐coding regions might be necessary to identify cancer predispositions in affected families.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Janin Bublitz
- Department of Human Genetics, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Stephanie Schubert
- Department of Human Genetics, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Gunnar Schmidt
- Department of Human Genetics, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Winfried Hofmann
- Department of Human Genetics, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Susanne Morlot
- Department of Human Genetics, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Reena Buurman
- Department of Human Genetics, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Bernd Auber
- Department of Human Genetics, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | | | - Doris Steinemann
- Department of Human Genetics, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
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162
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Gotoh O, Sugiyama Y, Takazawa Y, Kato K, Tanaka N, Omatsu K, Takeshima N, Nomura H, Hasegawa K, Fujiwara K, Taki M, Matsumura N, Noda T, Mori S. Clinically relevant molecular subtypes and genomic alteration-independent differentiation in gynecologic carcinosarcoma. Nat Commun 2019; 10:4965. [PMID: 31672974 PMCID: PMC6823358 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-12985-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 10/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Carcinosarcoma (CS) of the uterus or ovary is a rare, aggressive and biphasic neoplasm composed of carcinoma and sarcoma elements. Previous genomic studies have identified the driver genes and genomic properties associated with CS. However, there is still no molecular subtyping scheme with clinical relevance for this disease. Here, we sequence 109 CS samples, focusing on 596 genes. We identify four molecular subtypes that resemble those observed in endometrial carcinoma: POLE-mutated, microsatellite instability, copy number high, and copy number low subtypes. These molecular subtypes are linked with DNA repair deficiencies, potential therapeutic strategies, and multiple clinicopathological features, including patient outcomes. Multi-regional comparative sequencing reveals genomic alteration-independent CS cell differentiation. Transcriptome and DNA methylome analyses confirm epithelial-mesenchymal transition as a mechanism of sarcoma differentiation. The current study thus provides therapeutic possibilities for CS as well as clues to understanding the molecular histogenic mechanism of its development.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Aged
- Aged, 80 and over
- Carcinoma, Endometrioid/genetics
- Carcinoma, Endometrioid/pathology
- Carcinosarcoma/classification
- Carcinosarcoma/genetics
- Carcinosarcoma/pathology
- Cluster Analysis
- DNA Copy Number Variations/genetics
- DNA Methylation
- DNA Polymerase II/genetics
- DNA Repair-Deficiency Disorders/genetics
- Decision Trees
- Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition/genetics
- Female
- Genital Neoplasms, Female/genetics
- High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing
- Humans
- INDEL Mutation
- Microsatellite Instability
- Middle Aged
- Mutation
- Neoplasms, Cystic, Mucinous, and Serous/genetics
- Neoplasms, Cystic, Mucinous, and Serous/pathology
- Ovarian Neoplasms/classification
- Ovarian Neoplasms/genetics
- Ovarian Neoplasms/pathology
- Peritoneal Neoplasms/genetics
- Poly-ADP-Ribose Binding Proteins/genetics
- Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Sequence Analysis, DNA
- Transcriptome
- Uterine Neoplasms/classification
- Uterine Neoplasms/genetics
- Uterine Neoplasms/pathology
- Young Adult
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Affiliation(s)
- Osamu Gotoh
- Project for Development of Innovative Research on Cancer Therapeutics, Cancer Precision Medicine Center, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, 3-8-31 Ariake, Koto-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuko Sugiyama
- Department of Gynecology, Cancer Institute Hospital, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, 3-8-31 Ariake, Koto-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yutaka Takazawa
- Department of Pathology, Cancer Institute Hospital, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, 3-8-31 Ariake, Koto-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuyoshi Kato
- Department of Gynecology, Cancer Institute Hospital, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, 3-8-31 Ariake, Koto-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Norio Tanaka
- Project for Development of Innovative Research on Cancer Therapeutics, Cancer Precision Medicine Center, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, 3-8-31 Ariake, Koto-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kohei Omatsu
- Department of Gynecology, Cancer Institute Hospital, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, 3-8-31 Ariake, Koto-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Nobuhiro Takeshima
- Department of Gynecology, Cancer Institute Hospital, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, 3-8-31 Ariake, Koto-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hidetaka Nomura
- Department of Gynecology, Cancer Institute Hospital, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, 3-8-31 Ariake, Koto-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kosei Hasegawa
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Saitama Medical University International Medical Center, 1397-1 Yamane, Hidaka-shi, Saitama, Japan
| | - Keiichi Fujiwara
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Saitama Medical University International Medical Center, 1397-1 Yamane, Hidaka-shi, Saitama, Japan
| | - Mana Taki
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Kyoto University Hospital, 54 Kawaharacho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Noriomi Matsumura
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Kyoto University Hospital, 54 Kawaharacho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Tetsuo Noda
- Project for Development of Innovative Research on Cancer Therapeutics, Cancer Precision Medicine Center, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, 3-8-31 Ariake, Koto-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Seiichi Mori
- Project for Development of Innovative Research on Cancer Therapeutics, Cancer Precision Medicine Center, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, 3-8-31 Ariake, Koto-ku, Tokyo, Japan.
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163
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Quinet A, Tirman S, Jackson J, Šviković S, Lemaçon D, Carvajal-Maldonado D, González-Acosta D, Vessoni AT, Cybulla E, Wood M, Tavis S, Batista LFZ, Méndez J, Sale JE, Vindigni A. PRIMPOL-Mediated Adaptive Response Suppresses Replication Fork Reversal in BRCA-Deficient Cells. Mol Cell 2019; 77:461-474.e9. [PMID: 31676232 PMCID: PMC7007862 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2019.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2019] [Revised: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 10/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Acute treatment with replication-stalling chemotherapeutics causes reversal of replication forks. BRCA proteins protect reversed forks from nucleolytic degradation, and their loss leads to chemosensitivity. Here, we show that fork degradation is no longer detectable in BRCA1-deficient cancer cells exposed to multiple cisplatin doses, mimicking a clinical treatment regimen. This effect depends on increased expression and chromatin loading of PRIMPOL and is regulated by ATR activity. Electron microscopy and single-molecule DNA fiber analyses reveal that PRIMPOL rescues fork degradation by reinitiating DNA synthesis past DNA lesions. PRIMPOL repriming leads to accumulation of ssDNA gaps while suppressing fork reversal. We propose that cells adapt to repeated cisplatin doses by activating PRIMPOL repriming under conditions that would otherwise promote pathological reversed fork degradation. This effect is generalizable to other conditions of impaired fork reversal (e.g., SMARCAL1 loss or PARP inhibition) and suggests a new strategy to modulate cisplatin chemosensitivity by targeting the PRIMPOL pathway. Multiple cisplatin doses suppress reversed fork degradation in BRCA-deficient cells The PRIMPOL adaptive response suppresses fork reversal and leads to ssDNA gaps The ATR kinase regulates the PRIMPOL-mediated adaptive response Impaired fork reversal shifts the balance toward PRIMPOL-mediated repriming
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Affiliation(s)
- Annabel Quinet
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Stephanie Tirman
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Edward A. Doisy Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63104, USA
| | - Jessica Jackson
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Saša Šviković
- Division of Protein & Nucleic Acid Chemistry, Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK
| | - Delphine Lemaçon
- Edward A. Doisy Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63104, USA
| | - Denisse Carvajal-Maldonado
- Edward A. Doisy Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63104, USA
| | | | - Alexandre T Vessoni
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Emily Cybulla
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Edward A. Doisy Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63104, USA
| | - Matthew Wood
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Edward A. Doisy Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63104, USA
| | - Steven Tavis
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Luis F Z Batista
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Juan Méndez
- Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid 28029, Spain
| | - Julian E Sale
- Division of Protein & Nucleic Acid Chemistry, Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK
| | - Alessandro Vindigni
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Edward A. Doisy Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63104, USA.
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164
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Yang Q, Zhao J, Zhang W, Chen D, Wang Y. Aberrant alternative splicing in breast cancer. J Mol Cell Biol 2019; 11:920-929. [PMID: 31065692 PMCID: PMC6884705 DOI: 10.1093/jmcb/mjz033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2019] [Revised: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 03/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Alternative splicing is critical for human gene expression regulation, which plays a determined role in expanding the diversity of functional proteins. Importantly, alternative splicing is a hallmark of cancer and a potential target for cancer therapeutics. Based on the statistical data, breast cancer is one of the top leading causes of cancer-related deaths in women worldwide. Strikingly, alternative splicing is closely associated with breast cancer development. Here, we seek to provide a general review of the relationship between alternative splicing and breast cancer. We introduce the process of alternative splicing and its regulatory role in cancers. In addition, we highlight the functions of aberrant alternative splicing and mutations of splicing factors in breast cancer progression. Moreover, we discuss the role of alternative splicing in cancer drug resistance and the potential of being targets for cancer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quan Yang
- Institute of Cancer Stem Cell, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Jinyao Zhao
- Institute of Cancer Stem Cell, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Wenjing Zhang
- Institute of Cancer Stem Cell, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Dan Chen
- Department of Pathology, First Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Yang Wang
- Institute of Cancer Stem Cell, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
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165
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Interval breast cancer is associated with other types of tumors. Nat Commun 2019; 10:4648. [PMID: 31641120 PMCID: PMC6805891 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-12652-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Accepted: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer (BC) patients diagnosed between two screenings (interval cancers) are more likely than screen-detected patients to carry rare deleterious mutations in cancer genes potentially leading to increased risk for other non-breast cancer (non-BC) tumors. In this study, we include 14,846 women diagnosed with BC of which 1,772 are interval and 13,074 screen-detected. Compared to women with screen-detected cancers, interval breast cancer patients are more likely to have a non-BC tumor before (Odds ratio (OR): 1.43 [1.19–1.70], P = 9.4 x 10−5) and after (OR: 1.28 [1.14–1.44], P = 4.70 x 10−5) breast cancer diagnosis, are more likely to report a family history of non-BC tumors and have a lower genetic risk score based on common variants for non-BC tumors. In conclusion, interval breast cancer is associated with other tumors and common cancer variants are unlikely to be responsible for this association. These findings could have implications for future screening and prevention programs. Interval cancer patients are more likely to carry rare gene mutations than screen-detected breast cancer patients. Here, the authors report that interval cancer patients are more likely cancer survivors and are at a greater risk of developing other non-breast tumors.
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166
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Glentis S, Dimopoulos AC, Rouskas K, Ntritsos G, Evangelou E, Narod SA, Mes-Masson AM, Foulkes WD, Rivera B, Tonin PN, Ragoussis J, Dimas AS. Exome Sequencing in BRCA1- and BRCA2-Negative Greek Families Identifies MDM1 and NBEAL1 as Candidate Risk Genes for Hereditary Breast Cancer. Front Genet 2019; 10:1005. [PMID: 31681433 PMCID: PMC6813924 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2019.01005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Approximately 10% of breast cancer (BC) cases are hereditary BC (HBC), with HBC most commonly encountered in the context of hereditary breast and ovarian cancer (HBOC) syndrome. Although thousands of loss-of-function (LoF) alleles in over 20 genes have been associated with HBC susceptibility, the genetic etiology of approximately 50% of cases remains unexplained, even when polygenic risk models are considered. We focused on one of the least-studied European populations and applied whole-exome sequencing (WES) to 52 individuals from 17 Greek HBOC families, in which at least one patient was negative for known HBC risk variants. Initial screening revealed pathogenic variants in known cancer genes, including BARD1:p.Trp91* detected in a cancer-free individual, and MEN1:p.Glu260Lys detected in a BC patient. Gene- and variant-based approaches were applied to exome data to identify candidate risk variants outside of known risk genes. Findings were verified in a collection of Canadian HBOC patients of European ancestry (FBRCAX), in an independent group of Canadian BC patients (CHUM-BC) and controls (CARTaGENE), as well as in individuals from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and the UK Biobank (UKB). Rare LoF variants were uncovered in MDM1 and NBEAL1 in Greek and Canadian HBOC patients. We also report prioritized missense variants SETBP1:c.4129G > C and C7orf34:c.248C > T. These variants comprise promising candidates whose role in cancer pathogenicity needs to be explored further.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stavros Glentis
- Division of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Biomedical Sciences Research Center Al. Fleming, Vari, Greece
| | - Alexandros C Dimopoulos
- Division of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Biomedical Sciences Research Center Al. Fleming, Vari, Greece
| | - Konstantinos Rouskas
- Division of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Biomedical Sciences Research Center Al. Fleming, Vari, Greece
| | - George Ntritsos
- Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology, University of Ioannina Medical School, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Evangelos Evangelou
- Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology, University of Ioannina Medical School, Ioannina, Greece.,Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Steven A Narod
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Women's College Research Institute, Women's College Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Anne-Marie Mes-Masson
- Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal and Institut du cancer de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - William D Foulkes
- Department of Oncology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Department of Medical Genetics, The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Barbara Rivera
- Department of Oncology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Patricia N Tonin
- Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Cancer Research Program, The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Jiannis Ragoussis
- Department of Oncology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.,McGill University and Genome Quebec Innovation Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Antigone S Dimas
- Division of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Biomedical Sciences Research Center Al. Fleming, Vari, Greece
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167
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Mai PL, Miller A, Gail MH, Skates S, Lu K, Sherman ME, Ioffe OB, Rodriguez G, Cohn DE, Boggess J, Rutherford T, Kauff ND, Rader JS, Phillips KA, DiSilvestro PA, Olawaiye AB, Ridgway MR, Greene MH, Piedmonte M, Walker JL. Risk-Reducing Salpingo-Oophorectomy and Breast Cancer Risk Reduction in the Gynecologic Oncology Group Protocol-0199 (GOG-0199). JNCI Cancer Spectr 2019; 4:pkz075. [PMID: 32337492 DOI: 10.1093/jncics/pkz075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Revised: 03/18/2019] [Accepted: 10/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Risk-reducing salpingo-oophorectomy (RRSO) has been associated with approximately 50% breast cancer risk reduction among women with a pathogenic variant in BRCA1 or BRCA2 (BRCA1/2), a finding that has recently been questioned. Methods We estimated incidence rates of breast cancer and all cancers combined during 5 years of follow-up among participants selecting RRSO or ovarian cancer screening (OCS) among women with a BRCA1/2 pathogenic variant or strong breast and/or ovarian cancer family history. Ovarian or fallopian tube or peritoneal cancer incidence rates were estimated for the OCS group. Breast cancer hazard ratios (HRs) for time-dependent RRSO were estimated using Cox regression with age time-scale (4943 and 4990 women-years in RRSO and OCS cohorts, respectively). All statistical tests were two-sided. Results The RRSO cohort included 925 participants, and 1453 participants were in the OCS cohort (381 underwent RRSO during follow-up), with 88 incident breast cancers diagnosed. Among BRCA1/2 pathogenic variant carriers, a non-statistically significant lower breast cancer incidence was observed in the RRSO compared with the OCS cohort (HR = 0.86, 95% confidence interval = 0.45 to 1.67; P = .67). No difference was observed in the overall population or among subgroups stratified by prior breast cancer history or menopausal status. Seven fallopian tube and four ovarian cancers were prospectively diagnosed in the OCS cohort, and one primary peritoneal carcinoma occurred in the RRSO cohort. Conclusions These data suggest that RRSO might be associated with reduced breast cancer incidence among women with a BRCA1/2 pathogenic variant, although the effect, if present, is small. This evolving evidence warrants a thorough discussion regarding the impact of RRSO on breast cancer risk with women considering this intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phuong L Mai
- Clinical Genetics Branch, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD
| | - Austin Miller
- NRG Oncology, Statistical and Data Center, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY
| | - Mitchell H Gail
- Biostatistics Branch, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD
| | - Steven Skates
- Department of Biostatistics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Karen Lu
- Department of GYN Oncology, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Mark E Sherman
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, and Environmental Epidemiology Branch, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD
| | - Olga B Ioffe
- Department of Pathology, University of Maryland Medical Center, Baltimore, MD
| | - Gustavo Rodriguez
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, NorthShore University Health System, Evanston, IL.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Chicago, Evanston, IL
| | - David E Cohn
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
| | - John Boggess
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Raleigh, NC
| | | | - Noah D Kauff
- Gynecology and Clinical Genetics Services, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Janet S Rader
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI
| | - Kelly-Anne Phillips
- Division of Cancer Medicine, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Paul A DiSilvestro
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Women & Infants Hospital, Providence, RI
| | - Alexander B Olawaiye
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Magee-Womens Hospital of UPMC, Pittsburgh, PA
| | | | - Mark H Greene
- Clinical Genetics Branch, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD
| | - Marion Piedmonte
- NRG Oncology, Statistical and Data Center, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY
| | - Joan L Walker
- Department of OB/GYN, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK
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Karam R, Conner B, LaDuca H, McGoldrick K, Krempely K, Richardson ME, Zimmermann H, Gutierrez S, Reineke P, Hoang L, Allen K, Yussuf A, Farber-Katz S, Rana HQ, Culver S, Lee J, Nashed S, Toppmeyer D, Collins D, Haynes G, Pesaran T, Dolinsky JS, Tippin Davis B, Elliott A, Chao E. Assessment of Diagnostic Outcomes of RNA Genetic Testing for Hereditary Cancer. JAMA Netw Open 2019; 2:e1913900. [PMID: 31642931 PMCID: PMC6820040 DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2019.13900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Performing DNA genetic testing (DGT) for hereditary cancer genes is now a well-accepted clinical practice; however, the interpretation of DNA variation remains a challenge for laboratories and clinicians. Adding RNA genetic testing (RGT) enhances DGT by clarifying the clinical actionability of hereditary cancer gene variants, thus improving clinicians' ability to accurately apply strategies for cancer risk reduction and treatment. OBJECTIVE To evaluate whether RGT is associated with improvement in the diagnostic outcome of DGT and in the delivery of personalized cancer risk management for patients with hereditary cancer predisposition. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS Diagnostic study in which patients and/or families with inconclusive variants detected by DGT in genes associated with hereditary breast and ovarian cancer, Lynch syndrome, and hereditary diffuse gastric cancer sent blood samples for RGT from March 2016 to April 2018. Clinicians who ordered genetic testing and received a reclassification report for these variants were surveyed to assess whether RGT-related variant reclassifications changed clinical management of these patients. To quantify the potential number of tested individuals who could benefit from RGT, a cohort of 307 812 patients who underwent DGT for hereditary cancer were separately queried to identify variants predicted to affect splicing. Data analysis was conducted from March 2016 and September 2018. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Variant reclassification outcomes following RGT, clinical management changes associated with RGT-related variant reclassifications, and the proportion of patients who would likely be affected by a concurrent DGT and RGT multigene panel testing approach. RESULTS In total, 93 if 909 eligible families (10.2%) submitted samples for RGT. Evidence from RGT clarified the interpretation of 49 of 56 inconclusive cases (88%) studied; 26 (47%) were reclassified as clinically actionable and 23 (41%) were clarified as benign. Variant reclassifications based on RGT results changed clinical management recommendations for 8 of 18 patients (44%) and 14 of 18 families (78%), based on responses from 18 of 45 clinicians (40%) surveyed. A total of 7265 of 307 812 patients who underwent DGT had likely pathogenic variants or variants of uncertain significance potentially affecting splicing, indicating that approximately 1 in 43 individuals could benefit from RGT. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE In this diagnostic study, conducting RNA testing resolved a substantial proportion of variants of uncertain significance in a cohort of individuals previously tested for cancer predisposition by DGT. Performing RGT might change the diagnostic outcome of at least 1 in 43 patients if performed in all individuals undergoing genetic evaluation for hereditary cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Suzette Farber-Katz
- Ambry Genetics, Aliso Viejo, California
- now with Merck Research Laboratories, South San Francisco, California
| | - Huma Q. Rana
- Department of Medicine, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Samantha Culver
- Department of Medicine, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - John Lee
- Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Sarah Nashed
- Division of Medical Oncology, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick
| | - Deborah Toppmeyer
- Division of Medical Oncology, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Elizabeth Chao
- Ambry Genetics, Aliso Viejo, California
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine
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169
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Esposito MV, Minopoli G, Esposito L, D'Argenio V, Di Maggio F, Sasso E, D'Aiuto M, Zambrano N, Salvatore F. A Functional Analysis of the Unclassified Pro2767Ser BRCA2 Variant Reveals Its Potential Pathogenicity that Acts by Hampering DNA Binding and Homology-Mediated DNA Repair. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:E1454. [PMID: 31569370 PMCID: PMC6826418 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11101454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Revised: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BRCA1 and BRCA2 are the genes most frequently associated with hereditary breast and ovarian cancer (HBOC). They are crucial for the maintenance of genome stability, particularly in the homologous recombination-mediated repair pathway of DNA double-strand breaks (HR-DSBR). Widespread BRCA1/2 next-generation sequencing (NGS) screening has revealed numerous variants of uncertain significance. Assessing the clinical significance of these variants is challenging, particularly regarding the clinical management of patients. Here, we report the functional characterization of the unclassified BRCA2 c.8299C > T variant, identified in a young breast cancer patient during BRCA1/2 NGS screening. This variant causes the change of Proline 2767 to Serine in the DNA binding domain (DBD) of the BRCA2 protein, necessary for the loading of RAD51 on ssDNA during the HR-DSBR. Our in silico analysis and 3D-structure modeling predicted that the p.Pro2767Ser substitution is likely to alter the BRCA2 DBD structure and function. Therefore, to evaluate the functional impact of the p.Pro2767Ser variant, we used a minigene encoding a truncated protein that contains the BRCA2 DBD and the nearby nuclear localization sequence. We found that the ectopically expressed truncated protein carrying the normal DBD, which retains the DNA binding function and lacks the central RAD51 binding domain, interferes with endogenous wild-type BRCA2 mediator functions in the HR-DSBR. We also demonstrated that the BRCA2 Pro2767Ser DBD is unable to compete with endogenous BRCA2 DNA binding, thereby suggesting that the p.Pro2767Ser substitution in the full-length protein causes the functional loss of BRCA2. Consequently, our data suggest that the p.Pro2767Ser variant should be considered pathogenic, thus supporting a revision of the ClinVar interpretation. Moreover, our experimental strategy could be a valid method with which to preliminarily evaluate the pathogenicity of the unclassified BRCA2 germline variants in the DBD and their risk of predisposing to HBOC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Valeria Esposito
- CEINGE-Biotecnologie Avanzate, 8014 Naples, Italy.
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnologies, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy.
| | - Giuseppina Minopoli
- CEINGE-Biotecnologie Avanzate, 8014 Naples, Italy.
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnologies, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy.
| | - Luciana Esposito
- Institute of Biostructures and Bioimaging, CNR, Via Mezzocannone 16, I-80134 Naples, Italy.
| | - Valeria D'Argenio
- CEINGE-Biotecnologie Avanzate, 8014 Naples, Italy.
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnologies, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy.
| | - Federica Di Maggio
- CEINGE-Biotecnologie Avanzate, 8014 Naples, Italy.
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnologies, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy.
| | - Emanuele Sasso
- CEINGE-Biotecnologie Avanzate, 8014 Naples, Italy.
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnologies, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy.
| | - Massimiliano D'Aiuto
- Department of Senology, Istituto Nazionale Tumori-IRCCS Fondazione Pascale, 80131 Naples, Italy.
| | - Nicola Zambrano
- CEINGE-Biotecnologie Avanzate, 8014 Naples, Italy.
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnologies, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy.
| | - Francesco Salvatore
- CEINGE-Biotecnologie Avanzate, 8014 Naples, Italy.
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnologies, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy.
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170
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Fan Z, Hu L, Ouyang T, Li J, Wang T, Fan Z, Fan T, Lin B, Xu Y, Xie Y. Germline mutation in DNA-repair genes is associated with poor survival in BRCA1/2-negative breast cancer patients. Cancer Sci 2019; 110:3368-3374. [PMID: 31432574 PMCID: PMC7938415 DOI: 10.1111/cas.14175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Revised: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 08/14/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BRCA1/2 genes are the most frequently germline mutated DNA‐repair genes, and the survival of BRCA1/2 carriers has been extensively explored in breast cancer. However, the prevalence of germline mutations in non‐BRCA1/2 DNA‐repair genes and the survival of carriers are largely unknown in a large cohort of unselected breast cancer patients. Germline mutations in 16 DNA‐repair genes were determined using a multigene panel in 7657 BRCA1/2‐negative breast cancer patients who were unselected for family history of cancer or age at diagnosis. Among the 7657 BRCA1/2‐negative breast cancer patients, 257 (3.4%) carried at least 1 pathogenic germline mutation in the 16 DNA‐repair genes. The prevalence of DNA‐repair gene mutations was significantly higher in familial breast cancers (5.2%, P = 0.002) and early‐onset breast cancers (diagnosed at and before the age of 40) (4.5%, P = 0.003) than that of sporadic breast cancers (2.9%) (diagnosed above age of 40), respectively. The DNA‐repair gene mutation carriers were significantly more likely to have a larger tumor (P = 0.04) and axillary lymph node metastasis (P = 0.03). Moreover, DNA‐repair gene mutation was an independent unfavorable factor for recurrence‐free survival (adjusted hazard ratio [HR] = 1.38, 95% CI: 1.00‐1.91, P = 0.05) and disease‐specific survival (adjusted HR=1.63, 95% CI: 1.04‐2.57, P = 0.03) in this cohort. Overall, 3.4% of BRCA1/2‐negative breast cancer patients carried germline mutations in the 16 DNA‐repair genes, and the DNA‐repair gene mutation carriers exhibited an aggressive phenotype and had poor survival compared with noncarriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenhua Fan
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Breast Center, Beijing Cancer Hospital and Institute, Peking University Cancer Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Li Hu
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Breast Center, Beijing Cancer Hospital and Institute, Peking University Cancer Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Tao Ouyang
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Breast Center, Beijing Cancer Hospital and Institute, Peking University Cancer Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jinfeng Li
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Breast Center, Beijing Cancer Hospital and Institute, Peking University Cancer Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Tianfeng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Breast Center, Beijing Cancer Hospital and Institute, Peking University Cancer Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Zhaoqing Fan
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Breast Center, Beijing Cancer Hospital and Institute, Peking University Cancer Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Tie Fan
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Breast Center, Beijing Cancer Hospital and Institute, Peking University Cancer Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Benyao Lin
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Breast Center, Beijing Cancer Hospital and Institute, Peking University Cancer Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Ye Xu
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Breast Center, Beijing Cancer Hospital and Institute, Peking University Cancer Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yuntao Xie
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Breast Center, Beijing Cancer Hospital and Institute, Peking University Cancer Hospital, Beijing, China
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171
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Scarpitta R, Zanna I, Aretini P, Gambino G, Scatena C, Mei B, Ghilli M, Rossetti E, Roncella M, Congregati C, Bonci F, Naccarato AG, Palli D, Caligo MA. Germline investigation in male breast cancer of DNA repair genes by next-generation sequencing. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2019; 178:557-564. [PMID: 31512090 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-019-05429-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2019] [Accepted: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE In order to better define the breast cancer (BC) genetic risk factors in men, a germline investigation was carried out on 81 Male BC cases by screening the 24 genes involved in BC predisposition, genome stability maintenance and DNA repair mechanisms by next-generation sequencing. METHODS Germline DNAs were tested in a custom multi-gene panel focused on all coding exons and exon-intron boundaries of 24 selected genes using two amplicon-based assays on PGM-Ion Torrent (ThermoFisher Scientific) and MiSeq (Illumina) platforms. All variants were recorded and classified by using a custom pipeline. RESULTS Clinical pathological data and the family history of 81 Male BC cases were gathered and analysed, revealing the average age of onset to be 61.3 years old and that in 35 cases there was a family history of BC. Our genetic screening allowed us to identify a germline mutation in 22 patients (23%) in 4 genes: BRCA2, BRIP1, MUTYH and PMS2. Moreover, 12 variants of unknown clinical significance (VUS) in 9 genes (BARD1, BRCA1, BRIP1, CHEK2, ERCC1, NBN, PALB2, PMS1, RAD50) were predicted as potentially pathogenic by in silico analysis bringing the mutation detection rate up to 40%. CONCLUSION As expected, a positive family history is a strong predictor of germline BRCA2 mutations in male BC. Understanding the potential pathogenicity of VUS represents an extremely urgent need for the management of BC risk in Male BC cases and their own families.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Scarpitta
- Section of Genetic Oncology, University Hospital, Pisa, Italy
| | - I Zanna
- Cancer Risk Factors and Lifestyle Epidemiology Unit, Institute for Cancer Research, Prevention and Clinical Network (ISPRO), Via Delle Oblate 4, 50141, Florence, Italy
| | - P Aretini
- Section of Cancer Genomics, Fondazione Pisana per la Scienza, Pisa, Italy
| | - G Gambino
- Section of Genetic Oncology, University Hospital, Pisa, Italy
| | - C Scatena
- Division of Pathology, Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - B Mei
- Section of Genetic Oncology, University Hospital, Pisa, Italy
| | - M Ghilli
- Breast Cancer Center, University Hospital, Pisa, Italy
| | - E Rossetti
- Breast Cancer Center, University Hospital, Pisa, Italy
| | - M Roncella
- Breast Cancer Center, University Hospital, Pisa, Italy
| | - C Congregati
- Division of Internal Medicine, University Hospital, Pisa, Italy
| | - F Bonci
- Unit of Medical Oncology 2, University Hospital, Pisa, Italy
| | - A G Naccarato
- Division of Pathology, Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - D Palli
- Cancer Risk Factors and Lifestyle Epidemiology Unit, Institute for Cancer Research, Prevention and Clinical Network (ISPRO), Via Delle Oblate 4, 50141, Florence, Italy
| | - M A Caligo
- Section of Genetic Oncology, University Hospital, Pisa, Italy.
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172
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Abstract
Although ovarian serous carcinoma is a well-studied human gynecologic malignancy, this high-grade tumor remains fatal. The main purpose of this review is to summarize the accumulated evidence on serous malignant tumors and to clarify the unresolved issues. We discuss the 8 dichotomies of serous carcinoma: high grade versus low grade, ovarian versus extraovarian primary, extrauterine versus uterine primary, sporadic versus hereditary, orthodox versus alternative histology, p53 overexpression versus complete absence of immunophenotype, TP53-mutated versus intact precursor, and therapy responsive versus refractory. In addition, we summarize the molecular classification of high-grade serous carcinoma. This review would lead readers to rapid and parallel developments in understanding high-grade serous carcinoma.
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173
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Marciniak W, Derkacz R, Muszyńska M, Baszuk P, Gronwald J, Huzarski T, Cybulski C, Jakubowska A, Falco M, Dębniak T, Lener M, Oszurek O, Pullella K, Kotsopoulos J, Sun P, Narod SA, Lubiński J. Blood arsenic levels and the risk of familial breast cancer in Poland. Int J Cancer 2019; 146:2721-2727. [PMID: 31348523 PMCID: PMC7154768 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.32595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Revised: 06/05/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Arsenic is recognized as a potent carcinogen at high concentrations, but the relationship between environmental arsenic and breast cancer risk has not well been studied. Most research has focused on the effect of arsenic in populations with high endemic exposure, and not in populations with arsenic levels within normal limits. We sought to determine if blood arsenic levels predict the risk of breast and other cancers risk among women in northern Poland. The cohort consisted of 1,702 healthy women, aged 40 and above, identified between 2010 and 2017. Blood arsenic level was determined by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. After an average of 4.5 years of follow‐up (range 0.7–7.3 years), there were 110 incident cases of cancer diagnosed in the cohort, including 68 cases of breast cancer. Women in the highest quartile of arsenic had a highly significant 13‐fold increased risk of developing breast cancer, compared to women in the lowest quartile (hazard ratio [HR] = 13.2; 95% confidence interval [CI] 4.02–43.0). Results were similar for arsenic and all incident cancers (HR quartile 4 vs. quartile 1 = 13.3; 95% CI 4.78–37.0). If confirmed, our study suggests that the blood arsenic level may be a useful predictive marker of cancer risk in women. What's new? Arsenic has long been recognized as a potent carcinogen at high concentrations. But can it affect cancer risk at “normal,” environmental concentrations? In this Polish study, the authors found that women whose blood levels of arsenic were in the highest quartile had a 13‐fold increased risk of developing breast cancer, compared to women in the lowest quartile. If confirmed in further studies, these results suggests that blood arsenic level may be a useful predictive marker of cancer risk in women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wojciech Marciniak
- Department of Genetics and Pathology, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland.,Read-Gene SA, Grzepnica, Poland
| | - Róża Derkacz
- Department of Genetics and Pathology, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland.,Read-Gene SA, Grzepnica, Poland
| | - Magdalena Muszyńska
- Department of Genetics and Pathology, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland.,Read-Gene SA, Grzepnica, Poland
| | - Piotr Baszuk
- Department of Genetics and Pathology, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland.,Read-Gene SA, Grzepnica, Poland
| | - Jacek Gronwald
- Department of Genetics and Pathology, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland.,Read-Gene SA, Grzepnica, Poland
| | - Tomasz Huzarski
- Department of Genetics and Pathology, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland.,Read-Gene SA, Grzepnica, Poland.,Department of Clinical Genetics and Pathology, University of Zielona Góra, Zielona Góra, Poland
| | - Cezary Cybulski
- Department of Genetics and Pathology, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland.,Read-Gene SA, Grzepnica, Poland
| | - Anna Jakubowska
- Department of Genetics and Pathology, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland.,Read-Gene SA, Grzepnica, Poland
| | - Michał Falco
- Radiation Oncology Department, West Pomeranian Oncology Center, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Tadeusz Dębniak
- Department of Genetics and Pathology, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland.,Read-Gene SA, Grzepnica, Poland
| | - Marcin Lener
- Department of Genetics and Pathology, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Oleg Oszurek
- Department of Genetics and Pathology, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
| | | | - Joanne Kotsopoulos
- Women's College Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ping Sun
- Women's College Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Steven A Narod
- Women's College Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jan Lubiński
- Department of Genetics and Pathology, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland.,Read-Gene SA, Grzepnica, Poland
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174
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Sepahi I, Faust U, Sturm M, Bosse K, Kehrer M, Heinrich T, Grundman-Hauser K, Bauer P, Ossowski S, Susak H, Varon R, Schröck E, Niederacher D, Auber B, Sutter C, Arnold N, Hahnen E, Dworniczak B, Wang-Gorke S, Gehrig A, Weber BHF, Engel C, Lemke JR, Hartkopf A, Nguyen HP, Riess O, Schroeder C. Investigating the effects of additional truncating variants in DNA-repair genes on breast cancer risk in BRCA1-positive women. BMC Cancer 2019; 19:787. [PMID: 31395037 PMCID: PMC6686546 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-019-5946-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Inherited pathogenic variants in BRCA1 and BRCA2 are the most common causes of hereditary breast and ovarian cancer (HBOC). The risk of developing breast cancer by age 80 in women carrying a BRCA1 pathogenic variant is 72%. The lifetime risk varies between families and even within affected individuals of the same family. The cause of this variability is largely unknown, but it is hypothesized that additional genetic factors contribute to differences in age at onset (AAO). Here we investigated whether truncating and rare missense variants in genes of different DNA-repair pathways contribute to this phenomenon. Methods We used extreme phenotype sampling to recruit 133 BRCA1-positive patients with either early breast cancer onset, below 35 (early AAO cohort) or cancer-free by age 60 (controls). Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) was used to screen for variants in 311 genes involved in different DNA-repair pathways. Results Patients with an early AAO (73 women) had developed breast cancer at a median age of 27 years (interquartile range (IQR); 25.00–27.00 years). A total of 3703 variants were detected in all patients and 43 of those (1.2%) were truncating variants. The truncating variants were found in 26 women of the early AAO group (35.6%; 95%-CI 24.7 - 47.7%) compared to 16 women of controls (26.7%; 95%-CI 16.1 to 39.7%). When adjusted for environmental factors and family history, the odds ratio indicated an increased breast cancer risk for those carrying an additional truncating DNA-repair variant to BRCA1 mutation (OR: 3.1; 95%-CI 0.92 to 11.5; p-value = 0.07), although it did not reach the conventionally acceptable significance level of 0.05. Conclusions To our knowledge this is the first time that the combined effect of truncating variants in DNA-repair genes on AAO in patients with hereditary breast cancer is investigated. Our results indicate that co-occurring truncating variants might be associated with an earlier onset of breast cancer in BRCA1-positive patients. Larger cohorts are needed to confirm these results. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12885-019-5946-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilnaz Sepahi
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Ulrike Faust
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Marc Sturm
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Kristin Bosse
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Martin Kehrer
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Tilman Heinrich
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Kathrin Grundman-Hauser
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Peter Bauer
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,CENTOGENE AG, Rostock, Germany
| | - Stephan Ossowski
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain.,Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Hana Susak
- Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain.,Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Raymonda Varon
- Institute of Medical and Human Genetics, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Dieter Niederacher
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Düsseldorf University Hospital, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Bernd Auber
- Department of Human Genetics, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Christian Sutter
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Norbert Arnold
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics and Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, University Hospital of Schleswig-Holstein, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Eric Hahnen
- Centre for Hereditary Breast and Ovarian Cancer, University of Cologne and University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Bernd Dworniczak
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Shan Wang-Gorke
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, University Hospital Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Andrea Gehrig
- Centre of Familial Breast and Ovarian Cancer, Department of Medical Genetics, Institute of Human Genetics, University Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Bernhard H F Weber
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Christoph Engel
- Institute for Medical Informatics, Statistics and Epidemiology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Johannes R Lemke
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Leipzig Hospitals and Clinics, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Andreas Hartkopf
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Huu Phuc Nguyen
- Department of Human Genetics, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Olaf Riess
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Christopher Schroeder
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
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175
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Li S, Qian D, Thompson BA, Gutierrez S, Wu S, Pesaran T, LaDuca H, Lu HM, Chao EC, Black MH. Tumour characteristics provide evidence for germline mismatch repair missense variant pathogenicity. J Med Genet 2019; 57:62-69. [PMID: 31391288 DOI: 10.1136/jmedgenet-2019-106096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Revised: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pathogenic variants in mismatch repair (MMR) genes (MLH1, MSH2, MSH6 and PMS2) increase risk for Lynch syndrome and related cancers. We quantified tumour characteristics to assess variant pathogenicity for germline MMR genes. METHODS Among 4740 patients with cancer with microsatellite instability (MSI) and immunohistochemical (IHC) results, we tested MMR pathogenic variant association with MSI/IHC status, and estimated likelihood ratios which we used to compute a tumour characteristic likelihood ratio (TCLR) for each variant. Predictive performance of TCLR in combination with in silico predictors, and a multifactorial variant prediction (MVP) model that included allele frequency, co-occurrence, co-segregation, and clinical and family history information was assessed. RESULTS Compared with non-carriers, carriers of germline pathogenic/likely pathogenic (P/LP) variants were more likely to have abnormal MSI/IHC status (p<0.0001). Among 150 classified missense variants, 73.3% were accurately predicted with TCLR alone. Models leveraging in silico scores as prior probabilities accurately classified >76.7% variants. Adding TCLR as quantitative evidence in an MVP model (MVP +TCLR Pred) increased the proportion of accurately classified variants from 88.0% (MVP alone) to 98.0% and generated optimal performance statistics among all models tested. Importantly, MVP +TCLR Pred resulted in the high yield of predicted classifications for missense variants of unknown significance (VUS); among 193 VUS, 62.7% were predicted as P/PL or benign/likely benign (B/LB) when assessed according to American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics/Association for Molecular Pathology guidelines. CONCLUSION Our study demonstrates that when used separately or in conjunction with other evidence, tumour characteristics provide evidence for germline MMR missense variant assessment, which may have important implications for genetic testing and clinical management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuwei Li
- Bioinformatics, Ambry Genetics Corp, Aliso Viejo, California, USA
| | - Dajun Qian
- Bioinformatics, Ambry Genetics Corp, Aliso Viejo, California, USA
| | - Bryony A Thompson
- Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Clinical Pathology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Sitao Wu
- Bioinformatics, Ambry Genetics Corp, Aliso Viejo, California, USA
| | - Tina Pesaran
- Clinical Diagnostics, Ambry Genetics Corp, Aliso Viejo, California, USA
| | - Holly LaDuca
- Clinical Diagnostics, Ambry Genetics Corp, Aliso Viejo, California, USA
| | - Hsiao-Mei Lu
- Bioinformatics, Ambry Genetics Corp, Aliso Viejo, California, USA
| | - Elizabeth C Chao
- Clinical Diagnostics, Ambry Genetics Corp, Aliso Viejo, California, USA
| | - Mary Helen Black
- Bioinformatics, Ambry Genetics Corp, Aliso Viejo, California, USA
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176
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Cedrés S, Felip E, Cruz C, Martinez de Castro A, Pardo N, Navarro A, Martinez-Marti A, Remon J, Zeron-Medina J, Balmaña J, Llop-Guevara A, Miquel JM, Sansano I, Nuciforo P, Mancuso F, Serra V, Vivancos A. Activity of HSP90 Inhibiton in a Metastatic Lung Cancer Patient With a Germline BRCA1 Mutation. J Natl Cancer Inst 2019. [PMID: 29529211 PMCID: PMC6093313 DOI: 10.1093/jnci/djy012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Heat shock proteins (HSPs) are molecular chaperones that maintain proteins in their correct conformation to ensure stability and protect carcinoma cells from apoptosis. HSP90 inhibitors (HSP90i) block multiple targets simultaneously, and despite responses in a selected population, no HSP90i have yet been approved. We present a patient with a lung tumor with an exceptional response to cisplatin/gemcitabine in combination with HSP90i, which nowadays continues with HSP90i maintenance after three years. Whole-exome sequencing of the lung tumor unveiled a BRCA1/2 deficiency mutational signature, and mutation analysis confirmed a germline BRCA1 mutation. The striking efficacy of HSP90i plus chemotherapy vs chemotherapy alone was reproduced in a patient-derived xenograft (PDX) model from a breast cancer patient with a BRCA1 mutation (mean tumor volume [SD], No. of tumors: vehicle 8.38 [7.07] mm3, n = 3; HSP90i 4.18 [1.93] mm3, n = 5; cisplatin plus gemcitabine 3.31 [1.95] mm3, n = 5; cisplatin plus gemcitabine plus HSP90i 0.065 [0.076] mm3, n = 6). This case and the PDX demonstrate the efficacy for therapeutic inhibition of HSP90 in a BRCA-mutated patient, opening a new potential avenue for better identifying patients who might benefit most from HSP90i.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susana Cedrés
- Thoracic Tumors Group, Vall d'hebron Institute of Oncology, Barcelona, Spain.,Oncology Department, Vall d'hebron University Hsopital
| | - Enriqueta Felip
- Thoracic Tumors Group, Vall d'hebron Institute of Oncology, Barcelona, Spain.,Oncology Department, Vall d'hebron University Hsopital.,Universidad Autonoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cristina Cruz
- Experimental Therapeutic Group, Barcelona, Spain.,Oncology Department, Vall d'hebron University Hsopital
| | - Ana Martinez de Castro
- Thoracic Tumors Group, Vall d'hebron Institute of Oncology, Barcelona, Spain.,Oncology Department, Vall d'hebron University Hsopital
| | - Nuria Pardo
- Thoracic Tumors Group, Vall d'hebron Institute of Oncology, Barcelona, Spain.,Oncology Department, Vall d'hebron University Hsopital.,Universidad Autonoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alejandro Navarro
- Thoracic Tumors Group, Vall d'hebron Institute of Oncology, Barcelona, Spain.,Oncology Department, Vall d'hebron University Hsopital.,Universidad Autonoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alex Martinez-Marti
- Thoracic Tumors Group, Vall d'hebron Institute of Oncology, Barcelona, Spain.,Oncology Department, Vall d'hebron University Hsopital.,Universidad Autonoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jordin Remon
- Thoracic Tumors Group, Vall d'hebron Institute of Oncology, Barcelona, Spain.,Oncology Department, Vall d'hebron University Hsopital
| | | | - Judith Balmaña
- Thoracic Tumors Group, Vall d'hebron Institute of Oncology, Barcelona, Spain.,Oncology Department, Vall d'hebron University Hsopital.,Universidad Autonoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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177
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Abstract
Primary fallopian tube carcinoma is a rare and difficult to cure disease. It is often grouped under the epithelial ovarian cancer umbrella, together with primary ovarian and peritoneal carcinomas. More recent evidence has suggested that epithelial ovarian cancers originate from a fallopian tube precursor. The mainstay of treatment is surgical cytoreduction and platinum-based chemotherapy. There is much debate over the best timing for surgery and the best approach to delivering the chemotherapy: traditional intravenous once every 3 weeks regimen, versus intraperitoneal, versus dose-dense intravenous regimens. Although these debates continue, novel targeted therapies, including bevacizumab and poly(adenosine diphosphate [ADP]-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitors, have emerged. PARP inhibitors are particularly efficacious in patients with BRCA1/2 gene mutations, and their use has been shown to prolong patient survival. This article reviews the pathologic etiology; describes the heredity, treatment challenges, and controversies; and summarizes novel therapies in primary fallopian tube carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - William P Tew
- 1 Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
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178
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DNA damage and repair measured by comet assay in cancer patients. MUTATION RESEARCH-GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2019; 843:95-110. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2019.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2018] [Revised: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 05/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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179
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MiR-126* is a novel functional target of transcription factor SMAD4 in ovarian granulosa cells. Gene 2019; 711:143953. [PMID: 31269463 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2019.143953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Revised: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 06/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Both SMAD4 and miR-126* have been proven to be involved in granulosa cell (GC) apoptosis and even follicular atresia, through commonly regulating follicle-stimulating hormone receptor (FSHR), the FSH-specific transmembrane receptor of GCs. However, the regulatory relationship between them in GCs is still unknown. In this study, we report that SMAD4 suppresses the expression of miR-126* and impairs its function in GCs of the porcine ovary by acting as a transcription factor. A classic SMAD4-binding element (SBE) site was found in the promoter of miR-126* by using in silico methods. Luciferase assay, qRT-PCR, and ChIP assay proved that SMAD4 serves as a transcriptional repressor and directly binds to SBE site within miR-126* gene promoter, which further reduces miR-126* gene expression and inhibits its transcriptional activity in GCs. Furthermore, SMAD4 also controls miR-126*-mediated expression of FSHR (a direct target of miR-126* in GCs). In addition, we prove that SMAD4 induces CYP19A1 expression (encodes aromatase, the key enzyme for oestrogen biosynthesis) and inhibits GC apoptosis through the miR-126*/FSHR axis. Taken together, our findings not only established a direct link between SMAD4 and miRNA-126*, two key factors of GC apoptosis, but also revealed an important way in which the SMAD4 regulates GC function, the miRNA-126*/FSHR axis.
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180
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Bertelsen B, Tuxen IV, Yde CW, Gabrielaite M, Torp MH, Kinalis S, Oestrup O, Rohrberg K, Spangaard I, Santoni-Rugiu E, Wadt K, Mau-Sorensen M, Lassen U, Nielsen FC. High frequency of pathogenic germline variants within homologous recombination repair in patients with advanced cancer. NPJ Genom Med 2019; 4:13. [PMID: 31263571 PMCID: PMC6588611 DOI: 10.1038/s41525-019-0087-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Genomic screening of cancer patients for predisposing variants is traditionally based on age at onset, family history and type of cancer. Whereas the clinical guidelines have proven efficient in identifying families exhibiting classical attributes of hereditary cancer, the frequency of patients with alternative presentations is unclear. We identified and characterized germline variants in 636 patients with advanced solid cancer using whole exome sequencing. Pathogenic and likely pathogenic germline variants among 168 genes associated with hereditary cancer were considered. These variants were identified in 17.8% of the patients and within a wide range of cancer types. In particular, patients with mesothelioma, ovarian cancer, cervical cancer, urothelial cancer, and cancer of unknown primary origin displayed high frequencies of pathogenic variants. Variants were predominantly found in DNA-repair pathways and about half were within genes involved in homologous recombination repair. Twenty-two BRCA1 and BRCA2 germline variants were identified in 12 different cancer types, of which 10 (45%) were not previously identified in these patients based on the current clinical guidelines. Loss of heterozygosity and somatic second hits were identified in several of the affected genes, supporting possible causality for cancer development. A potential treatment target based on the pathogenic germline variant could be suggested in 25 patients (4%). The study demonstrates a high frequency of pathogenic germline variants in the homologous recombination pathway in patients with advanced solid cancers. We infer that genetic screening in this group of patients may reveal high-risk families and identify patients with potential PARP inhibitor sensitive tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ida Viller Tuxen
- 2The Phase I Unit, Department of Oncology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | | | | | - Savvas Kinalis
- 1Center for Genomic Medicine, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Olga Oestrup
- 1Center for Genomic Medicine, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kristoffer Rohrberg
- 2The Phase I Unit, Department of Oncology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Iben Spangaard
- 2The Phase I Unit, Department of Oncology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Karin Wadt
- 4Department of Clinical Genetics, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Morten Mau-Sorensen
- 2The Phase I Unit, Department of Oncology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ulrik Lassen
- 2The Phase I Unit, Department of Oncology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
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181
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Bast RC, Matulonis UA, Sood AK, Ahmed AA, Amobi AE, Balkwill FR, Wielgos-Bonvallet M, Bowtell DDL, Brenton JD, Brugge JS, Coleman RL, Draetta GF, Doberstein K, Drapkin RI, Eckert MA, Edwards RP, Elias KM, Ennis D, Futreal A, Gershenson DM, Greenberg RA, Huntsman DG, Ji JXY, Kohn EC, Iavarone C, Lengyel ER, Levine DA, Lord CJ, Lu Z, Mills GB, Modugno F, Nelson BH, Odunsi K, Pilsworth JA, Rottapel RK, Powell DJ, Shen L, Shih LM, Spriggs DR, Walton J, Zhang K, Zhang R, Zou L. Critical questions in ovarian cancer research and treatment: Report of an American Association for Cancer Research Special Conference. Cancer 2019; 125:1963-1972. [PMID: 30835824 PMCID: PMC6557260 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.32004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2018] [Revised: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Substantial progress has been made in understanding ovarian cancer at the molecular and cellular level. Significant improvement in 5-year survival has been achieved through cytoreductive surgery, combination platinum-based chemotherapy, and more effective treatment of recurrent cancer, and there are now more than 280,000 ovarian cancer survivors in the United States. Despite these advances, long-term survival in late-stage disease has improved little over the last 4 decades. Poor outcomes relate, in part, to late stage at initial diagnosis, intrinsic drug resistance, and the persistence of dormant drug-resistant cancer cells after primary surgery and chemotherapy. Our ability to accelerate progress in the clinic will depend on the ability to answer several critical questions regarding this disease. To assess current answers, an American Association for Cancer Research Special Conference on "Critical Questions in Ovarian Cancer Research and Treatment" was held in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, on October 1-3, 2017. Although clinical, translational, and basic investigators conducted much of the discussion, advocates participated in the meeting, and many presentations were directly relevant to patient care, including treatment with poly adenosine diphosphate ribose polymerase (PARP) inhibitors, attempts to improve immunotherapy by overcoming the immune suppressive effects of the microenvironment, and a better understanding of the heterogeneity of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert C. Bast
- University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | | | - Anil K. Sood
- University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Andrew Futreal
- University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Zhen Lu
- University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | | | | | - Brad H. Nelson
- University of British Columbia, Canada
- BC Cancer Agency, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | - Li Shen
- Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY
| | - le-Ming Shih
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | | | | | | | | | - Lee Zou
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MD
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182
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Chen J, Haanpää MK, Gruber JJ, Jäger N, Ford JM, Snyder MP. High-Resolution Bisulfite-Sequencing of Peripheral Blood DNA Methylation in Early-Onset and Familial Risk Breast Cancer Patients. Clin Cancer Res 2019; 25:5301-5314. [PMID: 31175093 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-18-2423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Revised: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Understanding and explaining hereditary predisposition to cancer has focused on the genetic etiology of the disease. However, mutations in known genes associated with breast cancer, such as BRCA1 and BRCA2, account for less than 25% of familial cases of breast cancer. Recently, specific epigenetic modifications at BRCA1 have been shown to promote hereditary breast cancer, but the broader potential for epigenetic contribution to hereditary breast cancer is not yet well understood. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN We examined DNA methylation through deep bisulfite sequencing of CpG islands and known promoter or regulatory regions in peripheral blood DNA from 99 patients with familial or early-onset breast or ovarian cancer, 6 unaffected BRCA mutation carriers, and 49 unaffected controls. RESULTS In 9% of patients, we observed altered methylation in the promoter regions of genes known to be involved in cancer, including hypermethylation at the tumor suppressor PTEN and hypomethylation at the proto-oncogene TEX14. These alterations occur in the form of allelic methylation that span up to hundreds of base pairs in length. CONCLUSIONS Our observations suggest a broader role for DNA methylation in early-onset, familial risk breast cancer. Further studies are warranted to clarify these mechanisms and the benefits of DNA methylation screening for early risk prediction of familial cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin Chen
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Maria K Haanpää
- Department of Medicine, Oncology Division, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Joshua J Gruber
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, California.,Department of Medicine, Oncology Division, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Natalie Jäger
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - James M Ford
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, California. .,Department of Medicine, Oncology Division, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Michael P Snyder
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, California.
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183
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Guo X, Lin W, Bai M, Li H, Wen W, Zeng C, Chen Z, He J, Chen J, Cai Q, Long J, Jia WH, Shu XO, Zheng W. Discovery of a Pathogenic Variant rs139379666 (p. P2974L) in ATM for Breast Cancer Risk in Chinese Populations. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2019; 28:1308-1315. [PMID: 31160347 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-18-1294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Revised: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pathogenic variants in susceptibility genes lead to increased breast cancer risk. METHODS To identify coding variants associated with breast cancer risk, we conducted whole-exome sequencing in genomic DNA samples from 831 breast cancer cases and 839 controls of Chinese women. We also genotyped samples, including 4,580 breast cancer cases and 6,695 controls, using whole exome-chip arrays. We further performed a replication study using a Multi-Ethnic Global Array in samples from 1,793 breast cases and 2,059 controls. A single marker analysis was performed using the Fisher exact test. RESULTS We identified a missense variant (rs139379666, P2974L; AF = 0.09% for breast cancer cases, but none for controls) in the ATM gene for breast cancer risk using combing data from 7,204 breast cancer cases and 9,593 controls (P = 1.7 × 10-5). To investigate the functionality of the variant, we first silenced ATM and then transfected the overexpression vectors of ATM containing the risk alleles (TT) or reference alleles (CC) of the variant in U2OS and breast cancer SK-BR3 cells, respectively. Our results showed that compared with the reference allele, the risk allele significantly disrupts the activity of homologous recombination-mediated double-strand breaks repair efficiency. Our results further showed that the risk allele may play a defected regulation role in the activity of the ATM structure. CONCLUSIONS Our findings identified a novel mutation that disrupts ATM function, conferring to breast cancer risk. IMPACT Functional investigation of genetic association findings is necessary to discover a pathogenic variant for breast cancer risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingyi Guo
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt Epidemiology Center, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee.
| | - Weiqiang Lin
- The Kidney Disease Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China. .,Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Mengqiu Bai
- The Kidney Disease Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hongzhi Li
- Department of Bioinformatics, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, California
| | - Wanqing Wen
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt Epidemiology Center, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Chenjie Zeng
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt Epidemiology Center, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Zhishan Chen
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt Epidemiology Center, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Jing He
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt Epidemiology Center, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Jianghua Chen
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qiuyin Cai
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt Epidemiology Center, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Jirong Long
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt Epidemiology Center, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Wei-Hua Jia
- Department of Experimental Research, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiao-Ou Shu
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt Epidemiology Center, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Wei Zheng
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt Epidemiology Center, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
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184
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Schubert S, van Luttikhuizen JL, Auber B, Schmidt G, Hofmann W, Penkert J, Davenport CF, Hille-Betz U, Wendeburg L, Bublitz J, Tauscher M, Hackmann K, Schröck E, Scholz C, Wallaschek H, Schlegelberger B, Illig T, Steinemann D. The identification of pathogenic variants in BRCA1/2 negative, high risk, hereditary breast and/or ovarian cancer patients: High frequency of FANCM pathogenic variants. Int J Cancer 2019; 144:2683-2694. [PMID: 30426508 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.31992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2018] [Revised: 11/01/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
NGS-based multiple gene panel resequencing in combination with a high resolution CGH-array was used to identify genetic risk factors for hereditary breast and/or ovarian cancer in 237 high risk patients who were previously tested negative for pathogenic BRCA1/2 variants. All patients were screened for pathogenic variants in 94 different cancer predisposing genes. We identified 32 pathogenic variants in 14 different genes (ATM, BLM, BRCA1, CDH1, CHEK2, FANCG, FANCM, FH, HRAS, PALB2, PMS2, PTEN, RAD51C and NBN) in 30 patients (12.7%). Two pathogenic BRCA1 variants that were previously undetected due to less comprehensive and sensitive methods were found. Five pathogenic variants are novel, three of which occur in genes yet unrelated to hereditary breast and/or ovarian cancer (FANCG, FH and HRAS). In our cohort we discovered a remarkably high frequency of truncating variants in FANCM (2.1%), which has recently been suggested as a susceptibility gene for hereditary breast cancer. Two patients of our cohort carried two different pathogenic variants each and 10 other patients in whom a pathogenic variant was confirmed also harbored a variant of unknown significance in a breast and ovarian cancer susceptibility gene. We were able to identify pathogenic variants predisposing for tumor formation in 12.3% of BRCA1/2 negative breast and/or ovarian cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Schubert
- Department of Human Genetics, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | | | - Bernd Auber
- Department of Human Genetics, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Gunnar Schmidt
- Department of Human Genetics, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Winfried Hofmann
- Department of Human Genetics, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Judith Penkert
- Department of Human Genetics, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Colin F Davenport
- Research Core Unit Genomics, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Ursula Hille-Betz
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Lena Wendeburg
- Department of Human Genetics, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Janin Bublitz
- Department of Human Genetics, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Marcel Tauscher
- Department of Human Genetics, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Karl Hackmann
- Institute for Clinical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Dresden, Germany
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT) Partner Site Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Evelin Schröck
- Institute for Clinical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT) Partner Site Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Caroline Scholz
- Department of Human Genetics, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Hannah Wallaschek
- Department of Human Genetics, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | | | - Thomas Illig
- Department of Human Genetics, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Doris Steinemann
- Department of Human Genetics, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
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185
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Samadder NJ, Giridhar KV, Baffy N, Riegert-Johnson D, Couch FJ. Hereditary Cancer Syndromes-A Primer on Diagnosis and Management: Part 1: Breast-Ovarian Cancer Syndromes. Mayo Clin Proc 2019; 94:1084-1098. [PMID: 31171119 DOI: 10.1016/j.mayocp.2019.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Revised: 02/05/2019] [Accepted: 02/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cancer is the second leading cause of death in both men and women in the United States, with colorectal cancer and breast cancer being two of the most frequent cancer types. Hereditary causes occurring due to pathogenic sequence variants and defects in certain genes makes up roughly 5% of all colorectal cancers and breast-ovarian cancers. High-risk hereditary predisposition syndromes have been associated with a substantially increased lifetime risk for the development of colorectal cancers and breast-ovarian cancers depending on the genetic syndrome, and many people also carry an increased risk of several other cancers compared with the general population. The aim of this review was to provide comprehensive literature on the most commonly encountered hereditary predisposition syndromes, including Lynch syndrome, familial adenomatous polyposis, MUTYH-associated polyposis, hamartomatous polyposis, and breast-ovarian cancer conditions. This will be presented as a 2-part series: the first part will cover the breast-ovarian cancer syndromes, and the second will focus on the inherited colorectal cancer and polyposis conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Jewel Samadder
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ; Department of Clinical Genomics, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ; Department of Clinical Genomics, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL.
| | | | - Noemi Baffy
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ
| | - Douglas Riegert-Johnson
- Department of Clinical Genomics, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ; Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; Department of Clinical Genomics, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL
| | - Fergus J Couch
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
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186
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Fraile-Bethencourt E, Valenzuela-Palomo A, Díez-Gómez B, Caloca MJ, Gómez-Barrero S, Velasco EA. Minigene Splicing Assays Identify 12 Spliceogenic Variants of BRCA2 Exons 14 and 15. Front Genet 2019; 10:503. [PMID: 31191615 PMCID: PMC6546720 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2019.00503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
A relevant fraction of BRCA2 variants is associated with splicing alterations and with an increased risk of hereditary breast and ovarian cancer (HBOC). In this work, we have carried out a thorough study of variants from BRCA2 exons 14 and 15 reported at mutation databases. A total of 294 variants from exons 14 and 15 and flanking intronic sequences were analyzed with the online splicing tools NNSplice and Human Splicing Finder. Fifty-three out of these 294 variants were selected as candidate splicing variants. All variants but one, were introduced into the minigene MGBR2_ex14-20 (with exons 14–20) by site-directed mutagenesis and assayed in MCF-7 cells. Twelve of the remaining 52 variants (23.1%) impaired splicing at different degrees, yielding from 5 to 100% of aberrant transcripts. Nine variants affected the natural acceptor or donor sites of both exons and three affected putative enhancers or silencers. Fluorescent capillary electrophoresis revealed at least 10 different anomalous transcripts: (E14q5), Δ (E14p10), Δ(E14p246), Δ(E14q256), Δ(E14), Δ(E15p12), Δ(E15p13), Δ(E15p83), Δ(E15) and a 942-nt fragment of unknown structure. All transcripts, except for Δ(E14q256) and Δ(E15p12), are expected to truncate the BRCA2 protein. Nine variants induced severe splicing aberrations with more than 90% of abnormal transcripts. Thus, according to the guidelines of the American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics, eight variants should be classified as pathogenic (c.7008-2A > T, c.7008-1G > A, c.7435+1G > C, c.7436-2A > T, c.7436-2A > G, c.7617+1G > A, c.7617+1G > T, and c.7617+2T > G), one as likely pathogenic (c.7008-3C > G) and three remain as variants of uncertain clinical significance or VUS (c.7177A > G, c.7447A > G and c.7501C > T). In conclusion, functional assays by minigenes constitute a valuable strategy to primarily check the splicing impact of DNA variants and their clinical interpretation. While bioinformatics predictions of splice site variants were accurate, those of enhancer or silencer variants were poor (only 3/23 spliceogenic variants) which showed weak impacts on splicing (∼5–16% of aberrant isoforms). So, the Exonic Splicing Enhancer and Silencer (ESE and ESS, respectively) prediction algorithms require further improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugenia Fraile-Bethencourt
- Splicing and Genetic Susceptibility to Cancer, Instituto de Biología y Genética Molecular (CSIC-UVa), Valladolid, Spain
| | - Alberto Valenzuela-Palomo
- Splicing and Genetic Susceptibility to Cancer, Instituto de Biología y Genética Molecular (CSIC-UVa), Valladolid, Spain
| | - Beatriz Díez-Gómez
- Splicing and Genetic Susceptibility to Cancer, Instituto de Biología y Genética Molecular (CSIC-UVa), Valladolid, Spain
| | - María José Caloca
- Instituto de Biología y Genética Molecular (CSIC-UVa), Valladolid, Spain
| | | | - Eladio A Velasco
- Splicing and Genetic Susceptibility to Cancer, Instituto de Biología y Genética Molecular (CSIC-UVa), Valladolid, Spain
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187
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Rodríguez A, Naveja JJ, Torres L, García de Teresa B, Juárez-Figueroa U, Ayala-Zambrano C, Azpeitia E, Mendoza L, Frías S. WIP1 Contributes to the Adaptation of Fanconi Anemia Cells to DNA Damage as Determined by the Regulatory Network of the Fanconi Anemia and Checkpoint Recovery Pathways. Front Genet 2019; 10:411. [PMID: 31130988 PMCID: PMC6509935 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2019.00411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2018] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
DNA damage adaptation (DDA) allows the division of cells with unrepaired DNA damage. DNA repair deficient cells might take advantage of DDA to survive. The Fanconi anemia (FA) pathway repairs DNA interstrand crosslinks (ICLs), and deficiencies in this pathway cause a fraction of breast and ovarian cancers as well as FA, a chromosome instability syndrome characterized by bone marrow failure and cancer predisposition. FA cells are hypersensitive to ICLs; however, DDA might promote their survival. We present the FA-CHKREC Boolean Network Model, which explores how FA cells might use DDA. The model integrates the FA pathway with the G2 checkpoint and the checkpoint recovery (CHKREC) processes. The G2 checkpoint mediates cell-cycle arrest (CCA) and the CHKREC activates cell-cycle progression (CCP) after resolution of DNA damage. Analysis of the FA-CHKREC network indicates that CHKREC drives DDA in FA cells, ignoring the presence of unrepaired DNA damage and allowing their division. Experimental inhibition of WIP1, a CHKREC component, in FA lymphoblast and cancer cell lines prevented division of FA cells, in agreement with the prediction of the model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfredo Rodríguez
- Laboratorio de Citogenética, Departamento de Investigación en Genética Humana, Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - J Jesús Naveja
- PECEM, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Leda Torres
- Laboratorio de Citogenética, Departamento de Investigación en Genética Humana, Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Benilde García de Teresa
- Laboratorio de Citogenética, Departamento de Investigación en Genética Humana, Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Ulises Juárez-Figueroa
- Laboratorio de Citogenética, Departamento de Investigación en Genética Humana, Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, Mexico City, Mexico.,Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Cecilia Ayala-Zambrano
- Laboratorio de Citogenética, Departamento de Investigación en Genética Humana, Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Eugenio Azpeitia
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Luis Mendoza
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Sara Frías
- Laboratorio de Citogenética, Departamento de Investigación en Genética Humana, Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, Mexico City, Mexico.,Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
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188
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Macedo GS, Alemar B, Ashton-Prolla P. Reviewing the characteristics of BRCA and PALB2-related cancers in the precision medicine era. Genet Mol Biol 2019; 42:215-231. [PMID: 31067289 PMCID: PMC6687356 DOI: 10.1590/1678-4685-gmb-2018-0104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2018] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Germline mutations in BRCA1 and BRCA2 (BRCA) genes confer high risk of developing cancer, especially breast and ovarian tumors. Since the cloning of these tumor suppressor genes over two decades ago, a significant amount of research has been done. Most recently, monoallelic loss-of-function mutations in PALB2 have also been shown to increase the risk of breast cancer. The identification of BRCA1, BRCA2 and PALB2 as proteins involved in DNA double-strand break repair by homologous recombination and of the impact of complete loss of BRCA1 or BRCA2 within tumors have allowed the development of novel therapeutic approaches for patients with germline or somatic mutations in said genes. Despite the advances, especially in the clinical use of PARP inhibitors, key gaps remain. Now, new roles for BRCA1 and BRCA2 are emerging and old concepts, such as the classical two-hit hypothesis for tumor suppression, have been questioned, at least for some BRCA functions. Here aspects regarding cancer predisposition, cellular functions, histological and genomic findings in BRCA and PALB2-related tumors will be presented, in addition to an up-to-date review of the evolution and challenges in the development and clinical use of PARP inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel S Macedo
- Post-Graduate Program in Genetics and Molecular Biology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.,Precision Medicine Program, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Barbara Alemar
- Post-Graduate Program in Genetics and Molecular Biology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Patricia Ashton-Prolla
- Post-Graduate Program in Genetics and Molecular Biology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.,Precision Medicine Program, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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189
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Fraile-Bethencourt E, Valenzuela-Palomo A, Díez-Gómez B, Goina E, Acedo A, Buratti E, Velasco EA. Mis-splicing in breast cancer: identification of pathogenic BRCA2 variants by systematic minigene assays. J Pathol 2019; 248:409-420. [PMID: 30883759 DOI: 10.1002/path.5268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2018] [Revised: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Splicing disruption is a common mechanism of gene inactivation associated with germline variants of susceptibility genes. To study the role of BRCA2 mis-splicing in hereditary breast/ovarian cancer (HBOC), we performed a comprehensive analysis of variants from BRCA2 exons 2-9, as well as the initial characterization of the regulatory mechanisms of such exons. A pSAD-based minigene with exons 2-9 was constructed and validated in MCF-7 cells, producing the expected transcript (1016-nt/V1-BRCA2_exons_2-9-V2). DNA variants from mutational databases were analyzed by NNSplice and Human Splicing Finder softwares. To refine ESE-variant prediction, we mapped the regulatory regions through a functional strategy whereby 26 exonic microdeletions were introduced into the minigene and tested in MCF-7 cells. Thus, we identified nine spliceogenic ESE-rich intervals where ESE-variants may be located. Combining bioinformatics and microdeletion assays, 83 variants were selected and genetically engineered in the minigene. Fifty-three changes impaired splicing: 28 variants disrupted the canonical sites, four created new ones, 10 abrogated enhancers, eight created silencers and three caused a double-effect. Notably, nine spliceogenic-ESE variants were located within ESE-containing intervals. Capillary electrophoresis and sequencing revealed more than 23 aberrant transcripts, where exon skipping was the most common event. Interestingly, variant c.67G>A triggered the usage of a noncanonical GC-donor 4-nt upstream. Thirty-six variants that induced severe anomalies (>60% aberrant transcripts) were analyzed according to the ACMG guidelines. Thus, 28 variants were classified as pathogenic, five as likely pathogenic and three as variants of uncertain significance. Interestingly, 13 VUS were reclassified as pathogenic or likely pathogenic variants. In conclusion, a large fraction of BRCA2 variants (∼64%) provoked splicing anomalies lending further support to the high prevalence of this disease-mechanism. The low accuracy of ESE-prediction algorithms may be circumvented by functional ESE-mapping that represents an optimal strategy to identify spliceogenic ESE-variants. Finally, systematic functional assays by minigenes depict a valuable tool for the initial characterization of splicing anomalies and the clinical interpretation of variants. © 2019 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugenia Fraile-Bethencourt
- Splicing and Genetic Susceptibility to Cancer, Instituto de Biología y Genética Molecular (CSIC-UVa), Valladolid, Spain
| | - Alberto Valenzuela-Palomo
- Splicing and Genetic Susceptibility to Cancer, Instituto de Biología y Genética Molecular (CSIC-UVa), Valladolid, Spain
| | - Beatriz Díez-Gómez
- Splicing and Genetic Susceptibility to Cancer, Instituto de Biología y Genética Molecular (CSIC-UVa), Valladolid, Spain
| | - Elisa Goina
- Molecular Pathology Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Trieste, Italy
| | - Alberto Acedo
- Splicing and Genetic Susceptibility to Cancer, Instituto de Biología y Genética Molecular (CSIC-UVa), Valladolid, Spain
| | - Emanuele Buratti
- Molecular Pathology Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Trieste, Italy
| | - Eladio A Velasco
- Splicing and Genetic Susceptibility to Cancer, Instituto de Biología y Genética Molecular (CSIC-UVa), Valladolid, Spain
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190
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Lima ZS, Ghadamzadeh M, Arashloo FT, Amjad G, Ebadi MR, Younesi L. Recent advances of therapeutic targets based on the molecular signature in breast cancer: genetic mutations and implications for current treatment paradigms. J Hematol Oncol 2019; 12:38. [PMID: 30975222 PMCID: PMC6460547 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-019-0725-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 03/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is the most common malignancy in women all over the world. Genetic background of women contributes to her risk of having breast cancer. Certain inherited DNA mutations can dramatically increase the risk of developing certain cancers and are responsible for many of the cancers that run in some families. Regarding the widespread multigene panels, whole exome sequencing is capable of providing the evaluation of genetic function mutations for development novel strategy in clinical trials. Targeting the mutant proteins involved in breast cancer can be an effective therapeutic approach for developing novel drugs. This systematic review discusses gene mutations linked to breast cancer, focusing on signaling pathways that are being targeted with investigational therapeutic strategies, where clinical trials could be potentially initiated in the future are being highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeinab Safarpour Lima
- Shahid Akbar Abadi Clinical Research Development Unit (ShCRDU), Iran University of Medical Sciences (IUMS), Tehran, Iran
| | - Mostafa Ghadamzadeh
- Departement of Radiology, Hasheminejad Kidney Centre (HKC), Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Ghazaleh Amjad
- Shahid Akbar Abadi Clinical Research Development Unit (ShCRDU), Iran University of Medical Sciences (IUMS), Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Ebadi
- Shohadaye Haft-e-tir Hospital, Iran University of Medical Sciences (IUMS), Tehran, Iran
| | - Ladan Younesi
- Shahid Akbar Abadi Clinical Research Development Unit (ShCRDU), Iran University of Medical Sciences (IUMS), Tehran, Iran
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191
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Mafficini A, Scarpa A. Genetics and Epigenetics of Gastroenteropancreatic Neuroendocrine Neoplasms. Endocr Rev 2019; 40:506-536. [PMID: 30657883 PMCID: PMC6534496 DOI: 10.1210/er.2018-00160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2018] [Accepted: 12/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Gastroenteropancreatic (GEP) neuroendocrine neoplasms (NENs) are heterogeneous regarding site of origin, biological behavior, and malignant potential. There has been a rapid increase in data publication during the last 10 years, mainly driven by high-throughput studies on pancreatic and small intestinal neuroendocrine tumors (NETs). This review summarizes the present knowledge on genetic and epigenetic alterations. We integrated the available information from each compartment to give a pathway-based overview. This provided a summary of the critical alterations sustaining neoplastic cells. It also highlighted similarities and differences across anatomical locations and points that need further investigation. GEP-NENs include well-differentiated NETs and poorly differentiated neuroendocrine carcinomas (NECs). NENs are graded as G1, G2, or G3 based on mitotic count and/or Ki-67 labeling index, NECs are G3 by definition. The distinction between NETs and NECs is also linked to their genetic background, as TP53 and RB1 inactivation in NECs set them apart from NETs. A large number of genetic and epigenetic alterations have been reported. Recurrent changes have been traced back to a reduced number of core pathways, including DNA damage repair, cell cycle regulation, and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/mammalian target of rapamycin signaling. In pancreatic tumors, chromatin remodeling/histone methylation and telomere alteration are also affected. However, also owing to the paucity of disease models, further research is necessary to fully integrate and functionalize data on deregulated pathways to recapitulate the large heterogeneity of behaviors displayed by these tumors. This is expected to impact diagnostics, prognostic stratification, and planning of personalized therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Mafficini
- ARC-Net Center for Applied Research on Cancer, University and Hospital Trust of Verona, Verona, Italy.,Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, Section of Pathology, University and Hospital Trust of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Aldo Scarpa
- ARC-Net Center for Applied Research on Cancer, University and Hospital Trust of Verona, Verona, Italy.,Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, Section of Pathology, University and Hospital Trust of Verona, Verona, Italy
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192
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Aberrations in DNA repair pathways in cancer and therapeutic significances. Semin Cancer Biol 2019; 58:29-46. [PMID: 30922960 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2019.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Revised: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Cancer cells show various types of mutations and aberrant expression in genes involved in DNA repair responses. These alterations induce genome instability and promote carcinogenesis steps and cancer progression processes. These defects in DNA repair have also been considered as suitable targets for cancer therapies. A most effective target so far clinically demonstrated is "homologous recombination repair defect", such as BRCA1/2 mutations, shown to cause synthetic lethality with inhibitors of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP), which in turn is involved in DNA repair as well as multiple physiological processes. Different approaches targeting genomic instability, including immune therapy targeting mismatch-repair deficiency, have also recently been demonstrated to be promising strategies. In these DNA repair targeting-strategies, common issues could be how to optimize treatment and suppress/conquer the development of drug resistance. In this article, we review the extending framework of DNA repair response pathways and the potential impact of exploiting those defects on cancer treatments, including chemotherapy, radiation therapy and immune therapy.
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193
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Nombela P, Lozano R, Aytes A, Mateo J, Olmos D, Castro E. BRCA2 and Other DDR Genes in Prostate Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:E352. [PMID: 30871108 PMCID: PMC6468860 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11030352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2019] [Revised: 02/11/2019] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Germline and somatic aberrations in DNA damage repair (DDR) genes are more prevalent in prostate cancer than previously recognized, with BRCA2 as the most commonly altered gene. Germline mutations in BRCA2 have been linked to poor prognosis when patients are managed under the protocols currently approved for prostate cancer. The impact of germline mutations in other DDR genes beyond BRCA2 remain unclear. Importantly, a quarter of prostate cancer patients identified as germline mutation carriers lack a family history of cancer. The clinical implications of somatic DDR defects are yet to be elucidated. Poly ADP-ribose polymerase (PARP) inhibitors and platinum-based chemotherapy have proven to be effective in the treatment of other tumor types linked to BRCA1 and BRCA2 alterations and several trials are currently evaluating their efficacy in prostate cancer. Here, we summarize the available evidence regarding the prevalence of somatic and germline DDR defects in prostate cancer; their association with clinical outcomes; the trials assessing the efficacy of new therapies that exploit DDR defects in prostate cancer and briefly discuss some uncertainties about the most appropriate management for these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paz Nombela
- Prostate Cancer Clinical Research Unit, Spanish National Cancer Research Center, 28029 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Rebeca Lozano
- Prostate Cancer Clinical Research Unit, Spanish National Cancer Research Center, 28029 Madrid, Spain.
- CNIO-IBIMA Genitourinary Cancer Research Unit, Institute of Biomedical Research in Malaga (IBIMA), 29010 Málaga, Spain.
| | - Alvaro Aytes
- Programs of Molecular Mechanisms and Experimental Therapeutics in Oncology (ONCOBell), and Cancer Therapeutics Resistance (ProCURE), Catalan Institute of Oncology, Bellvitge Institute for Biomedical Research, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08908 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Joaquin Mateo
- Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, 08035 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - David Olmos
- Prostate Cancer Clinical Research Unit, Spanish National Cancer Research Center, 28029 Madrid, Spain.
- CNIO-IBIMA Genitourinary Cancer Research Unit, Institute of Biomedical Research in Malaga (IBIMA), 29010 Málaga, Spain.
| | - Elena Castro
- Prostate Cancer Clinical Research Unit, Spanish National Cancer Research Center, 28029 Madrid, Spain.
- Medical Oncology Department, Hospital Universitario Quironsalud Madrid, 28223 Madrid, Spain.
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194
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Functional Analysis of Promoter Variants in Genes Involved in Sex Steroid Action, DNA Repair and Cell Cycle Control. Genes (Basel) 2019; 10:genes10030186. [PMID: 30823486 PMCID: PMC6470759 DOI: 10.3390/genes10030186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Revised: 02/09/2019] [Accepted: 02/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Genetic variants affecting the regulation of gene expression are among the main causes of human diversity. The potential importance of regulatory polymorphisms is underscored by results from Genome Wide Association Studies, which have already implicated such polymorphisms in the susceptibility to complex diseases such as breast cancer. In this study, we re-sequenced the promoter regions of 24 genes involved in pathways related to breast cancer including sex steroid action, DNA repair, and cell cycle control in 60 unrelated Caucasian individuals. We constructed haplotypes and assessed the functional impact of promoter variants using gene reporter assays and electrophoretic mobility shift assays. We identified putative functional variants within the promoter regions of estrogen receptor 1 (ESR1), ESR2, forkhead box A1 (FOXA1), ubiquitin interaction motif containing 1 (UIMC1) and cell division cycle 7 (CDC7). The functional polymorphism on CDC7, rs13447455, influences CDC7 transcriptional activity in an allele-specific manner and alters DNA–protein complex formation in breast cancer cell lines. Moreover, results from the Breast Cancer Association Consortium show a marginal association between rs13447455 and breast cancer risk (p = 9.3 × 10−5), thus warranting further investigation. Furthermore, our study has helped provide methodological solutions to some technical difficulties that were encountered with gene reporter assays, particularly regarding inter-clone variability and statistical consistency.
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195
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Sherill-Rofe D, Rahat D, Findlay S, Mellul A, Guberman I, Braun M, Bloch I, Lalezari A, Samiei A, Sadreyev R, Goldberg M, Orthwein A, Zick A, Tabach Y. Mapping global and local coevolution across 600 species to identify novel homologous recombination repair genes. Genome Res 2019; 29:439-448. [PMID: 30718334 PMCID: PMC6396423 DOI: 10.1101/gr.241414.118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
The homologous recombination repair (HRR) pathway repairs DNA double-strand breaks in an error-free manner. Mutations in HRR genes can result in increased mutation rate and genomic rearrangements, and are associated with numerous genetic disorders and cancer. Despite intensive research, the HRR pathway is not yet fully mapped. Phylogenetic profiling analysis, which detects functional linkage between genes using coevolution, is a powerful approach to identify factors in many pathways. Nevertheless, phylogenetic profiling has limited predictive power when analyzing pathways with complex evolutionary dynamics such as the HRR. To map novel HRR genes systematically, we developed clade phylogenetic profiling (CladePP). CladePP detects local coevolution across hundreds of genomes and points to the evolutionary scale (e.g., mammals, vertebrates, animals, plants) at which coevolution occurred. We found that multiscale coevolution analysis is significantly more biologically relevant and sensitive to detect gene function. By using CladePP, we identified dozens of unrecognized genes that coevolved with the HRR pathway, either globally across all eukaryotes or locally in different clades. We validated eight genes in functional biological assays to have a role in DNA repair at both the cellular and organismal levels. These genes are expected to play a role in the HRR pathway and might lead to a better understanding of missing heredity in HRR-associated cancers (e.g., heredity breast and ovarian cancer). Our platform presents an innovative approach to predict gene function, identify novel factors related to different diseases and pathways, and characterize gene evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana Sherill-Rofe
- Department of Developmental Biology and Cancer Research, Institute for Medical Research-Israel-Canada, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
| | - Dolev Rahat
- Department of Developmental Biology and Cancer Research, Institute for Medical Research-Israel-Canada, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91120, Israel.,Sharett Institute of Oncology, Hadassah Medical Center, Ein-Kerem, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
| | - Steven Findlay
- Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Segal Cancer Centre, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Quebec H3T 1E2, Canada.,Division of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Anna Mellul
- Department of Developmental Biology and Cancer Research, Institute for Medical Research-Israel-Canada, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
| | - Irene Guberman
- Department of Developmental Biology and Cancer Research, Institute for Medical Research-Israel-Canada, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
| | - Maya Braun
- Department of Developmental Biology and Cancer Research, Institute for Medical Research-Israel-Canada, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
| | - Idit Bloch
- Department of Developmental Biology and Cancer Research, Institute for Medical Research-Israel-Canada, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
| | - Alon Lalezari
- Department of Developmental Biology and Cancer Research, Institute for Medical Research-Israel-Canada, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
| | - Arash Samiei
- Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Segal Cancer Centre, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Quebec H3T 1E2, Canada.,Division of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Ruslan Sadreyev
- Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA.,Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.,Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
| | - Michal Goldberg
- Department of Genetics, Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - Alexandre Orthwein
- Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Segal Cancer Centre, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Quebec H3T 1E2, Canada.,Division of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H4A 3J1, Canada.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 2B4, Canada.,Gerald Bronfman Department of Oncology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H4A 3T2, Canada
| | - Aviad Zick
- Sharett Institute of Oncology, Hadassah Medical Center, Ein-Kerem, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
| | - Yuval Tabach
- Department of Developmental Biology and Cancer Research, Institute for Medical Research-Israel-Canada, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
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196
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Montalban G, Bonache S, Moles-Fernández A, Gisbert-Beamud A, Tenés A, Bach V, Carrasco E, López-Fernández A, Stjepanovic N, Balmaña J, Diez O, Gutiérrez-Enríquez S. Screening of BRCA1/2 deep intronic regions by targeted gene sequencing identifies the first germline BRCA1 variant causing pseudoexon activation in a patient with breast/ovarian cancer. J Med Genet 2019; 56:63-74. [PMID: 30472649 DOI: 10.1136/jmedgenet-2018-105606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2018] [Revised: 10/16/2018] [Accepted: 10/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Genetic analysis of BRCA1 and BRCA2 for the diagnosis of hereditary breast and ovarian cancer (HBOC) is commonly restricted to coding regions and exon-intron boundaries. Although germline pathogenic variants in these regions explain about ~20% of HBOC cases, there is still an important fraction that remains undiagnosed. We have screened BRCA1/2 deep intronic regions to identify potential spliceogenic variants that could explain part of the missing HBOC susceptibility. METHODS We analysed BRCA1/2 deep intronic regions by targeted gene sequencing in 192 high-risk HBOC families testing negative for BRCA1/2 during conventional analysis. Rare variants (MAF <0.005) predicted to create/activate splice sites were selected for further characterisation in patient RNA. The splicing outcome was analysed by RT-PCR and Sanger sequencing, and allelic imbalance was also determined when heterozygous exonic loci were present. RESULTS A novel transcript was detected in BRCA1 c.4185+4105C>T variant carrier. This variant promotes the inclusion of a pseudoexon in mature mRNA, generating an aberrant transcript predicted to encode for a non-functional protein. Quantitative and allele-specific assays determined haploinsufficiency in the variant carrier, supporting a pathogenic effect for this variant. Genotyping of 1030 HBOC cases and 327 controls did not identify additional carriers in Spanish population. CONCLUSION Screening of BRCA1/2 intronic regions has identified the first BRCA1 deep intronic variant associated with HBOC by pseudoexon activation. Although the frequency of deleterious variants in these regions appears to be low, our study highlights the importance of studying non-coding regions and performing comprehensive RNA assays to complement genetic diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gemma Montalban
- Oncogenetics Group, Vall d'Hebron Institut d'Oncologia, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sandra Bonache
- Oncogenetics Group, Vall d'Hebron Institut d'Oncologia, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | | | - Anna Tenés
- Area of Clinical and Molecular Genetics, University Hospital of Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Vanessa Bach
- Oncogenetics Group, Vall d'Hebron Institut d'Oncologia, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Estela Carrasco
- High Risk and Cancer Prevention Group, Vall d'Hebron Institut d'Oncologia, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Adrià López-Fernández
- High Risk and Cancer Prevention Group, Vall d'Hebron Institut d'Oncologia, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Neda Stjepanovic
- High Risk and Cancer Prevention Group, Vall d'Hebron Institut d'Oncologia, Barcelona, Spain
- Medical Oncology Department, University Hospital of Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Judith Balmaña
- High Risk and Cancer Prevention Group, Vall d'Hebron Institut d'Oncologia, Barcelona, Spain
- Medical Oncology Department, University Hospital of Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Orland Diez
- Oncogenetics Group, Vall d'Hebron Institut d'Oncologia, Barcelona, Spain
- Area of Clinical and Molecular Genetics, University Hospital of Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain
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197
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Rossing M, Sørensen CS, Ejlertsen B, Nielsen FC. Whole genome sequencing of breast cancer. APMIS 2019; 127:303-315. [PMID: 30689231 PMCID: PMC6850492 DOI: 10.1111/apm.12920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 12/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Breast cancer was the first to take advantage of targeted therapy using endocrine therapy, and for up to 20% of all breast cancer patients a further significant improvement has been obtained by HER2‐targeted therapy. Greater insight in precision medicine is to some extent driven by technical and computational progress, with the first wave of a true technical advancement being the application of transcriptomic analysis. Molecular subtyping further improved our understanding of breast cancer biology and has through a new tumor classification enabled allocation of personalized treatment regimens. The next wave in technical progression must be next‐generation‐sequencing which is currently providing new and exciting results. Large‐scale sequencing data unravel novel somatic and potential targetable mutations as well as allowing the identification of new candidate genes predisposing for familial breast cancer. So far, around 15% of all breast cancer patients are genetically predisposed with most genes being factors in pathways implicated in genome maintenance. This review focuses on whole‐genome sequencing and the new possibilities that this technique, together with other high‐throughput analytic approaches, provides for a more individualized treatment course of breast cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Rossing
- Centre for Genomic Medicine, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Bent Ejlertsen
- Danish Breast Cancer Cooperative Group & Department of Clinical Oncology Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Finn Cilius Nielsen
- Centre for Genomic Medicine, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
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198
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Insight into genetic susceptibility to male breast cancer by multigene panel testing: Results from a multicenter study in Italy. Int J Cancer 2019; 145:390-400. [DOI: 10.1002/ijc.32106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2018] [Revised: 11/29/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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199
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Nunziato M, Esposito MV, Starnone F, Diroma MA, Calabrese A, Del Monaco V, Buono P, Frasci G, Botti G, D'Aiuto M, Salvatore F, D'Argenio V. A multi-gene panel beyond BRCA1/BRCA2 to identify new breast cancer-predisposing mutations by a picodroplet PCR followed by a next-generation sequencing strategy: a pilot study. Anal Chim Acta 2019; 1046:154-162. [PMID: 30482293 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2018.09.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2018] [Accepted: 09/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
By analyzing multiple gene panels, next-generation sequencing is more effective than conventional procedures in identifying disease-related mutations that are useful for clinical decision-making. Here, we aimed to test the efficacy of an 84 genes customized-panel in BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation-negative patients. Twenty-four patients were enrolled in this study. DNA libraries were prepared using a picodroplet PCR-based approach and sequenced with the MiSeq System. Highly putative pathogenic mutations were identified in genes other than the commonly tested BRCA1/2: 2 pathogenic mutations one in TP53 and one in MUTYH; 2 missense variants in MSH6 and ATM, respectively; 2 frameshift variants in KLLN, and ATAD2, respectively; an intronic variant in ANPEP, and 3 not functionally known variants (a frameshift variant in ATM a nonsense variant in ATM and a missense variant in NFE2L2). Our results show that this molecular screening will increase diagnostic sensitivity leading to a better risk assessment in breast cancer patients and their families. This strategy could also reveal genes that have a higher penetrance for breast and ovarian cancers by matching gene mutation with familial and clinical data, thereby increasing information about hereditary breast and ovarian cancer genetics and improving cancer prevention measures or therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcella Nunziato
- CEINGE-Biotecnologie Avanzate, via Gaetano Salvatore 486, 80145, Naples, Italy; Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnologies, University of Naples Federico II, via Sergio Pansini 5, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Maria Valeria Esposito
- CEINGE-Biotecnologie Avanzate, via Gaetano Salvatore 486, 80145, Naples, Italy; Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnologies, University of Naples Federico II, via Sergio Pansini 5, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Flavio Starnone
- CEINGE-Biotecnologie Avanzate, via Gaetano Salvatore 486, 80145, Naples, Italy; Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnologies, University of Naples Federico II, via Sergio Pansini 5, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Maria Angela Diroma
- CEINGE-Biotecnologie Avanzate, via Gaetano Salvatore 486, 80145, Naples, Italy
| | - Alessandra Calabrese
- CEINGE-Biotecnologie Avanzate, via Gaetano Salvatore 486, 80145, Naples, Italy; Istituto Nazionale Tumori-IRCCS Fondazione Pascale, via Mariano Semmola 52, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | | | - Pasqualina Buono
- CEINGE-Biotecnologie Avanzate, via Gaetano Salvatore 486, 80145, Naples, Italy; Department of Movement Sciences and Wellness (DiSMEB), University of Naples Parthenope, via Medina 40, 80133 Naples, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Frasci
- Istituto Nazionale Tumori-IRCCS Fondazione Pascale, via Mariano Semmola 52, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Gerardo Botti
- Istituto Nazionale Tumori-IRCCS Fondazione Pascale, via Mariano Semmola 52, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Massimiliano D'Aiuto
- Istituto Nazionale Tumori-IRCCS Fondazione Pascale, via Mariano Semmola 52, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Francesco Salvatore
- CEINGE-Biotecnologie Avanzate, via Gaetano Salvatore 486, 80145, Naples, Italy; Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnologies, University of Naples Federico II, via Sergio Pansini 5, 80131, Naples, Italy.
| | - Valeria D'Argenio
- CEINGE-Biotecnologie Avanzate, via Gaetano Salvatore 486, 80145, Naples, Italy; Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnologies, University of Naples Federico II, via Sergio Pansini 5, 80131, Naples, Italy.
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200
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Balmus G, Pilger D, Coates J, Demir M, Sczaniecka-Clift M, Barros AC, Woods M, Fu B, Yang F, Chen E, Ostermaier M, Stankovic T, Ponstingl H, Herzog M, Yusa K, Martinez FM, Durant ST, Galanty Y, Beli P, Adams DJ, Bradley A, Metzakopian E, Forment JV, Jackson SP. ATM orchestrates the DNA-damage response to counter toxic non-homologous end-joining at broken replication forks. Nat Commun 2019; 10:87. [PMID: 30622252 PMCID: PMC6325118 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-07729-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Accepted: 11/15/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the ATM tumor suppressor gene confer hypersensitivity to DNA-damaging chemotherapeutic agents. To explore genetic resistance mechanisms, we performed genome-wide CRISPR-Cas9 screens in cells treated with the DNA topoisomerase I inhibitor topotecan. Thus, we here establish that inactivating terminal components of the non-homologous end-joining (NHEJ) machinery or of the BRCA1-A complex specifically confer topotecan resistance to ATM-deficient cells. We show that hypersensitivity of ATM-mutant cells to topotecan or the poly-(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitor olaparib reflects delayed engagement of homologous recombination at DNA-replication-fork associated single-ended double-strand breaks (DSBs), allowing some to be subject to toxic NHEJ. Preventing DSB ligation by NHEJ, or enhancing homologous recombination by BRCA1-A complex disruption, suppresses this toxicity, highlighting a crucial role for ATM in preventing toxic LIG4-mediated chromosome fusions. Notably, suppressor mutations in ATM-mutant backgrounds are different to those in BRCA1-mutant scenarios, suggesting new opportunities for patient stratification and additional therapeutic vulnerabilities for clinical exploitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Balmus
- The Wellcome Trust and Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute and Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1QN, UK
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
- UK Dementia Research Institute and Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0AH, UK
| | - Domenic Pilger
- The Wellcome Trust and Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute and Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1QN, UK
| | - Julia Coates
- The Wellcome Trust and Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute and Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1QN, UK
| | - Mukerrem Demir
- The Wellcome Trust and Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute and Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1QN, UK
| | - Matylda Sczaniecka-Clift
- The Wellcome Trust and Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute and Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1QN, UK
| | - Ana C Barros
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Michael Woods
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Beiyuan Fu
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Fengtang Yang
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Elisabeth Chen
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
| | | | - Tatjana Stankovic
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Hannes Ponstingl
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Mareike Herzog
- The Wellcome Trust and Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute and Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1QN, UK
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Kosuke Yusa
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Francisco Munoz Martinez
- The Wellcome Trust and Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute and Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1QN, UK
| | - Stephen T Durant
- DNA Damage Response Biology, Bioscience Oncology IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, CB4 0WG, UK
| | - Yaron Galanty
- The Wellcome Trust and Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute and Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1QN, UK
| | - Petra Beli
- Institute of Molecular Biology (IMB), 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - David J Adams
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Allan Bradley
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Emmanouil Metzakopian
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
- UK Dementia Research Institute and Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0AH, UK
| | - Josep V Forment
- The Wellcome Trust and Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute and Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1QN, UK.
- DNA Damage Response Biology, Bioscience Oncology IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, CB4 0WG, UK.
| | - Stephen P Jackson
- The Wellcome Trust and Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute and Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1QN, UK.
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