151
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Wang M, Li H, Takumi T, Qiu Z, Xu X, Yu X, Bian WJ. Distinct Defects in Spine Formation or Pruning in Two Gene Duplication Mouse Models of Autism. Neurosci Bull 2017; 33:143-152. [PMID: 28258509 PMCID: PMC5360848 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-017-0111-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2017] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) encompasses a complex set of developmental neurological disorders, characterized by deficits in social communication and excessive repetitive behaviors. In recent years, ASD is increasingly being considered as a disease of the synapse. One main type of genetic aberration leading to ASD is gene duplication, and several mouse models have been generated mimicking these mutations. Here, we studied the effects of MECP2 duplication and human chromosome 15q11-13 duplication on synaptic development and neural circuit wiring in the mouse sensory cortices. We showed that mice carrying MECP2 duplication had specific defects in spine pruning, while the 15q11-13 duplication mouse model had impaired spine formation. Our results demonstrate that spine pathology varies significantly between autism models and that distinct aspects of neural circuit development may be targeted in different ASD mutations. Our results further underscore the importance of gene dosage in normal development and function of the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao Wang
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Huiping Li
- Department of Child Healthcare, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, 201102, China
| | - Toru Takumi
- RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
| | - Zilong Qiu
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Xiu Xu
- Department of Child Healthcare, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, 201102, China.
| | - Xiang Yu
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China. .,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China. .,School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, China.
| | - Wen-Jie Bian
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China. .,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
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152
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Hijazi M, Medina JM, Velasco A. Restrained Phosphatidylcholine Synthesis in a Cellular Model of Down's Syndrome is Associated with the Overexpression of Dyrk1A. Mol Neurobiol 2017; 54:1092-1100. [PMID: 26803494 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-016-9728-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2015] [Accepted: 01/13/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Aberrant formation of the cerebral cortex could be attributed to the lack of suitable substrates that direct the migration of neurons. Previous work carried out at our laboratory has shown that oleic acid is a neurotrophic factor. In order to characterize the effect of oleic acid in a cellular model of Down's syndrome (DS), here, we used immortalized cell lines derived from the cortex of trisomy Ts16 and euploid mice. We report that in the plasma membrane of euploid cells, an increase in phosphatidylcholine concentrations occurs in the presence of oleic acid. However, in trisomic cells, oleic acid failed to increase phosphatidylcholine incorporation into the plasma membrane. Gene expression analysis of trisomic cells revealed that the phosphatidylcholine biosynthetic pathway was deregulated. Taken together, these results suggest that the overdose of specific genes in trisomic lines delays differentiation in the presence of oleic acid. The dual-specificity tyrosine (Y) phosphorylation-regulated kinase 1A (DYRK1A) gene is located on human chromosome 21. DYRK1A contributes to intellectual disability and the early onset of Alzheimer's disease in DS patients. Here, we explored the potential role of Dyrk1A in the reduction of phosphatidylcholine concentrations in trisomic cells in the presence of oleic acid. The downregulation of Dyrk1A by small interfering RNA (siRNA) in trisomic cells returned phosphatidylcholine concentrations up to similar levels to those of euploid cells in the presence of oleic acid. Thus, our results highlight the role of Dyrk1A in brain development through the modulation of phosphatidylcholine location, levels and synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maruan Hijazi
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Salamanca (IBSAL), Instituto de Neurociencias de Castilla y León (INCYL), Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - José M Medina
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Salamanca (IBSAL), Instituto de Neurociencias de Castilla y León (INCYL), Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Ana Velasco
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Salamanca (IBSAL), Instituto de Neurociencias de Castilla y León (INCYL), Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain.
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153
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Hirata S, Hirai H, Nogami E, Morimura N, Udono T. Chimpanzee Down syndrome: a case study of trisomy 22 in a captive chimpanzee. Primates 2017; 58:267-273. [PMID: 28220267 DOI: 10.1007/s10329-017-0597-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2016] [Accepted: 01/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We report a case of chimpanzee trisomy 22 in a captive-born female. Because chromosome 22 in great apes is homologous to human chromosome 21, the present case is analogous to human trisomy 21, also called Down syndrome. The chimpanzee in the present case experienced retarded growth; infantile cataract and vision problems, including nystagmus, strabismus, and keratoconus; congenital atrial septal defect; and hypodontia. All of these symptoms are common in human Down syndrome. This case was the second reported case of trisomy 22 in the chimpanzee. The chimpanzee in our case became blind by 7 years old, making social life with other chimpanzees difficult, but opportunities to interact with other conspecific individuals have been offered routinely. We believe that providing her with the best care over the course of her life will be essential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Hirata
- Kumamoto Sanctuary, Wildlife Research Center, Kyoto University, 2-24 Tanaka Sekiden-cho, Sakyo, Kyoto, 606-3201, Japan.
| | - Hirohisa Hirai
- Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Inuyama, Japan
| | - Etsuko Nogami
- Kumamoto Sanctuary, Wildlife Research Center, Kyoto University, 2-24 Tanaka Sekiden-cho, Sakyo, Kyoto, 606-3201, Japan
| | - Naruki Morimura
- Kumamoto Sanctuary, Wildlife Research Center, Kyoto University, 2-24 Tanaka Sekiden-cho, Sakyo, Kyoto, 606-3201, Japan
| | - Toshifumi Udono
- Kumamoto Sanctuary, Wildlife Research Center, Kyoto University, 2-24 Tanaka Sekiden-cho, Sakyo, Kyoto, 606-3201, Japan
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154
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Roubertoux PL, Baril N, Cau P, Scajola C, Ghata A, Bartoli C, Bourgeois P, Christofaro JD, Tordjman S, Carlier M. Differential Brain, Cognitive and Motor Profiles Associated with Partial Trisomy. Modeling Down Syndrome in Mice. Behav Genet 2017; 47:305-322. [PMID: 28204906 DOI: 10.1007/s10519-017-9835-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2016] [Accepted: 01/09/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
We hypothesize that the trisomy 21 (Down syndrome) is the additive and interactive outcome of the triple copy of different regions of HSA21. Because of the small number of patients with partial trisomy 21, we addressed the question in the Mouse in which three chromosomal regions located on MMU10, MMU17 and MMU16 carries almost all the HSA21 homologs. Male mice from four segmental trisomic strains covering the D21S17-ETS2 (syntenic to MMU16) were examined with an exhaustive battery of cognitive tests, motor tasks and MRI and compared with TS65Dn that encompasses D21S17-ETS2. None of the four strains gather all the impairments (measured by the effect size) of TS65Dn strain. The 152F7 strain was close to TS65Dn for motor behavior and reference memory and the three other strains 230E8, 141G6 and 285E6 for working memory. Episodic memory was impaired only in strain 285E6. The hippocampus and cerebellum reduced sizes that were seen in all the strains indicate that trisomy 21 is not only a hippocampus syndrome but that it results from abnormal interactions between the two structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre L Roubertoux
- Aix Marseille University, INSERM, UMR_S 910, GMGF, TIMONE - 27 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13005, Marseille, France.
| | - Nathalie Baril
- Department 3C, Aix Marseille University, CNRS, Marseille, France
| | - Pierre Cau
- Aix Marseille University, INSERM, UMR_S 910, GMGF, TIMONE - 27 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13005, Marseille, France.,Department of Medical Genetics, AP-HM, Timone Hospital, Marseille, France.,Service de Biologie Cellulaire, AP-HM, Hôpital La Timone, 13385, Marseille Cedex 5, France
| | - Christophe Scajola
- Aix Marseille University, INSERM, UMR_S 910, GMGF, TIMONE - 27 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13005, Marseille, France
| | - Adeline Ghata
- Aix Marseille University, INSERM, UMR_S 910, GMGF, TIMONE - 27 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13005, Marseille, France
| | - Catherine Bartoli
- Aix Marseille University, INSERM, UMR_S 910, GMGF, TIMONE - 27 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13005, Marseille, France
| | - Patrice Bourgeois
- Aix Marseille University, INSERM, UMR_S 910, GMGF, TIMONE - 27 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13005, Marseille, France.,Department of Medical Genetics, AP-HM, Timone Hospital, Marseille, France
| | | | - Sylvie Tordjman
- Paris Descartes University, CNRS, LPP, Paris, France.,Rennes 1 University, PHUPEA, Rennes, France
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155
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Dosage sensitivity is a major determinant of human copy number variant pathogenicity. Nat Commun 2017; 8:14366. [PMID: 28176757 PMCID: PMC5309798 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms14366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Accepted: 12/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Human copy number variants (CNVs) account for genome variation an order of magnitude larger than single-nucleotide polymorphisms. Although much of this variation has no phenotypic consequences, some variants have been associated with disease, in particular neurodevelopmental disorders. Pathogenic CNVs are typically very large and contain multiple genes, and understanding the cause of the pathogenicity remains a major challenge. Here we show that pathogenic CNVs are significantly enriched for genes involved in development and genes that have greater evolutionary copy number conservation across mammals, indicative of functional constraints. Conversely, genes found in benign CNV regions have more variable copy number. These evolutionary constraints are characteristic of genes in pathogenic CNVs and can only be explained by dosage sensitivity of those genes. These results implicate dosage sensitivity of individual genes as a common cause of CNV pathogenicity. These evolutionary metrics suggest a path to identifying disease genes in pathogenic CNVs. Copy number variants (CNVs) cause significant genomic variation in humans and may be benign or may cause disease. Here, the authors show that pathogenic CNVs are evolutionarily constrained compared with benign, pointing to dosage sensitivity as a potential cause of disease.
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156
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Copenhaver PF, Kögel D. Role of APP Interactions with Heterotrimeric G Proteins: Physiological Functions and Pathological Consequences. Front Mol Neurosci 2017; 10:3. [PMID: 28197070 PMCID: PMC5281615 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2017.00003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2016] [Accepted: 01/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Following the discovery that the amyloid precursor protein (APP) is the source of β-amyloid peptides (Aβ) that accumulate in Alzheimer’s disease (AD), structural analyses suggested that the holoprotein resembles a transmembrane receptor. Initial studies using reconstituted membranes demonstrated that APP can directly interact with the heterotrimeric G protein Gαo (but not other G proteins) via an evolutionarily G protein-binding motif in its cytoplasmic domain. Subsequent investigations in cell culture showed that antibodies against the extracellular domain of APP could stimulate Gαo activity, presumably mimicking endogenous APP ligands. In addition, chronically activating wild type APP or overexpressing mutant APP isoforms linked with familial AD could provoke Go-dependent neurotoxic responses, while biochemical assays using human brain samples suggested that the endogenous APP-Go interactions are perturbed in AD patients. More recently, several G protein-dependent pathways have been implicated in the physiological roles of APP, coupled with evidence that APP interacts both physically and functionally with Gαo in a variety of contexts. Work in insect models has demonstrated that the APP ortholog APPL directly interacts with Gαo in motile neurons, whereby APPL-Gαo signaling regulates the response of migratory neurons to ligands encountered in the developing nervous system. Concurrent studies using cultured mammalian neurons and organotypic hippocampal slice preparations have shown that APP signaling transduces the neuroprotective effects of soluble sAPPα fragments via modulation of the PI3K/Akt pathway, providing a mechanism for integrating the stress and survival responses regulated by APP. Notably, this effect was also inhibited by pertussis toxin, indicating an essential role for Gαo/i proteins. Unexpectedly, C-terminal fragments (CTFs) derived from APP have also been found to interact with Gαs, whereby CTF-Gαs signaling can promote neurite outgrowth via adenylyl cyclase/PKA-dependent pathways. These reports offer the intriguing perspective that G protein switching might modulate APP-dependent responses in a context-dependent manner. In this review, we provide an up-to-date perspective on the model that APP plays a variety of roles as an atypical G protein-coupled receptor in both the developing and adult nervous system, and we discuss the hypothesis that disruption of these normal functions might contribute to the progressive neuropathologies that typify AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip F Copenhaver
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Cancer Biology, Oregon Health & Sciences University, Portland OR, USA
| | - Donat Kögel
- Experimental Neurosurgery, Goethe University Frankfurt Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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157
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Abstract
Down syndrome (also known as trisomy 21) is the model human phenotype for all genomic gain dosage imbalances, including microduplications. The functional genomic exploration of the post-sequencing years of chromosome 21, and the generation of numerous cellular and mouse models, have provided an unprecedented opportunity to decipher the molecular consequences of genome dosage imbalance. Studies of Down syndrome could provide knowledge far beyond the well-known characteristics of intellectual disability and dysmorphic features, as several other important features, including congenital heart defects, early ageing, Alzheimer disease and childhood leukaemia, are also part of the Down syndrome phenotypic spectrum. The elucidation of the molecular mechanisms that cause or modify the risk for different Down syndrome phenotypes could lead to the introduction of previously unimaginable therapeutic options.
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158
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Carmona-Iragui M, Santos T, Videla S, Fernández S, Benejam B, Videla L, Alcolea D, Blennow K, Blesa R, Lleó A, Fortea J. Feasibility of Lumbar Puncture in the Study of Cerebrospinal Fluid Biomarkers for Alzheimer’s Disease in Subjects with Down Syndrome. J Alzheimers Dis 2016; 55:1489-1496. [PMID: 27858714 DOI: 10.3233/jad-160827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- María Carmona-Iragui
- Memory Unit, Department of Neurology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Barcelona Down Medical Center, Fundació Catalana Síndrome de Down, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Spain
| | - Telma Santos
- Neurology Department, Centro Hospitalar Vila Nova de Gaia/Espinho, Porto, Portugal
| | - Sebastián Videla
- Barcelona Down Medical Center, Fundació Catalana Síndrome de Down, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Susana Fernández
- Barcelona Down Medical Center, Fundació Catalana Síndrome de Down, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Bessy Benejam
- Barcelona Down Medical Center, Fundació Catalana Síndrome de Down, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Laura Videla
- Barcelona Down Medical Center, Fundació Catalana Síndrome de Down, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Daniel Alcolea
- Memory Unit, Department of Neurology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Spain
| | - Kaj Blennow
- Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, University of Göteborg, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Rafael Blesa
- Memory Unit, Department of Neurology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Spain
| | - Alberto Lleó
- Memory Unit, Department of Neurology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Spain
| | - Juan Fortea
- Memory Unit, Department of Neurology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Barcelona Down Medical Center, Fundació Catalana Síndrome de Down, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Spain
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159
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160
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Liu Q, Tang Y, Chen L, Liu N, Lang F, Liu H, Wang P, Sun X. E3 Ligase SCFβTrCP-induced DYRK1A Protein Degradation Is Essential for Cell Cycle Progression in HEK293 Cells. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:26399-26409. [PMID: 27807027 PMCID: PMC5159501 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.717553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2016] [Revised: 11/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
DYRK1A, located on the Down syndrome (DS) critical region of chromosome 21, was found to be overexpressed in brains of DS and Alzheimer's disease individuals. DYRK1A was considered to play important roles in the pathogenesis of DS and Alzheimer's disease; however, the degradation mechanism of DYRK1A was still unclear. In this study, we found that DYRK1A was degraded through the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway in HEK293 cells. The N terminus of DYRK1A that was highly unstable in HEK293 cells contributed to proteolysis of DYRK1A. E3 ligase SCFβTrCP mediated ubiquitination and promoted degradation of DYRK1A through an unconserved binding motif (49SDQQVSALS57) lying in the N terminus. Any Ser-Ala substitution in this motif could decrease the binding between DYRK1A and β-transducin repeat containing protein (βTrCP), resulting in stabilization of DYRK1A. We also found DYRK1A protein was elevated in the G0/G1 phase and decreased in the S and G2/M phase, which was negatively correlated to βTrCP levels in the HEK293 cell cycle. Knockdown of βTrCP caused arrest of the G0/G1 phase, which could be partly rescued by down-regulation of DYRK1A. Our study uncovered a new regulatory mechanism of DYRK1A degradation by SCFβTrCP in HEK293 cell cycle progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Liu
- From the Brain Research Institute
- the Medical Research Center, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, 10766 Jingshi Road, Jinan 250014, and
| | | | - Long Chen
- National Key Lab of Otolaryngology, and
| | - Na Liu
- Department of Hematology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan 250012
| | - Fangfang Lang
- the Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Jinan Central Hospital Affiliated with Shandong University, 105 Jiefang Road, Jinan 250013, China
| | - Heng Liu
- National Key Lab of Otolaryngology, and
| | - Pin Wang
- National Key Lab of Otolaryngology, and
| | - Xiulian Sun
- From the Brain Research Institute,
- National Key Lab of Otolaryngology, and
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161
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Xing Z, Li Y, Pao A, Bennett AS, Tycko B, Mobley WC, Yu YE. Mouse-based genetic modeling and analysis of Down syndrome. Br Med Bull 2016; 120:111-122. [PMID: 27789459 PMCID: PMC5146682 DOI: 10.1093/bmb/ldw040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2016] [Revised: 09/07/2016] [Accepted: 10/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Down syndrome (DS), caused by human trisomy 21 (Ts21), can be considered as a prototypical model for understanding the effects of chromosomal aneuploidies in other diseases. Human chromosome 21 (Hsa21) is syntenically conserved with three regions in the mouse genome. SOURCES OF DATA A review of recent advances in genetic modeling and analysis of DS. Using Cre/loxP-mediated chromosome engineering, a substantial number of new mouse models of DS have recently been generated, which facilitates better understanding of disease mechanisms in DS. AREAS OF AGREEMENT Based on evolutionary conservation, Ts21 can be modeled by engineered triplication of Hsa21 syntenic regions in mice. The validity of the models is supported by the exhibition of DS-related phenotypes. AREAS OF CONTROVERSY Although substantial progress has been made, it remains a challenge to unravel the relative importance of specific candidate genes and molecular mechanisms underlying the various clinical phenotypes. GROWING POINTS Further understanding of mechanisms based on data from mouse models, in parallel with human studies, may lead to novel therapies for clinical manifestations of Ts21 and insights to the roles of aneuploidies in other developmental disorders and cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuo Xing
- The Children's Guild Foundation Down Syndrome Research Program, Genetics Program and Department of Cancer Genetics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
| | - Yichen Li
- The Children's Guild Foundation Down Syndrome Research Program, Genetics Program and Department of Cancer Genetics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
| | - Annie Pao
- The Children's Guild Foundation Down Syndrome Research Program, Genetics Program and Department of Cancer Genetics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
| | - Abigail S Bennett
- The Children's Guild Foundation Down Syndrome Research Program, Genetics Program and Department of Cancer Genetics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
| | - Benjamin Tycko
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain and Institute for Cancer Genetics, Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - William C Mobley
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Y Eugene Yu
- The Children's Guild Foundation Down Syndrome Research Program, Genetics Program and Department of Cancer Genetics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA .,Cellular and Molecular Biology Program, Roswell Park Division of Graduate School, Genetics, Genomics and Bioinformatics Program, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
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162
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Çağlayan ES. Generation of improved human cerebral organoids from single copy DYRK1A knockout induced pluripotent stem cells in trisomy 21: hypothetical solutions for neurodevelopmental models and therapeutic alternatives in down syndrome. Cell Biol Int 2016; 40:1256-1270. [PMID: 27743462 DOI: 10.1002/cbin.10694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2016] [Accepted: 10/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Dual-specificity thyrosine phosphorylation-regulated kinase 1A (DYRK1A) is a strong therapeutic target to ameliorate cognitive functions of Down Syndrome (DS). Genetic normalization of Dyrk1a is sufficient to normalize early cortical developmental phenotypes in DS mouse models. Gyrencephalic human neocortical development is more complex than that in lissencephalic mice; hence, cerebral organoids (COs) can be used to model early neurodevelopmental defects of DS. Single copy DYRK1A knockout COs (scDYRK1AKO-COs) can be generated from manipulated DS derived (DS-) induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) and genetic normalization of DYRK1A is expected to result in corrected neurodevelopmental phenotypes that can be reminiscent of normal COs. DYRK1A knock-in (DYRK1AKI) COs can be derived after genetic manipulations of normal iPSCs and would be valuable to evaluate impaired neocortical development as can be seen in DS-COs. DYRK1A mutations cause severe human primary microcephaly; hence, dose optimization studies of DYRK1A inhibitors will be critical for prenatal therapeutic applications in DS. Several doses of DYRK1A inhibitors can be tested in the neurodevelopment process of DS-COs and DS-scDYRK1AKO-COs would be used as optimum models for evaluating phenotypic ameliorations. Overdose drug exposure in DS-COs can be explained by similar defects present in DS-baDYRK1AKO-COs and DYRK1AKO-COs. There are several limitations in the current CO technology, which can be reduced by the generation of vascularized brain-like organoids giving opportunities to mimic late-stage corticogenesis and complete hippocampal development. In the future, improved DS-DYRK1AKO-COs can be efficient in studies that aim to generate efficiently transplantable and implantable neurons for tissue regeneration alternatives in DS individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Sacide Çağlayan
- Faculty of Health Science, Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Ankara Yıldırım Beyazıt University, Ankara, 06010, Turkey
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163
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Epigenomic engineering for Down syndrome. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2016; 71:323-327. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2016] [Revised: 08/11/2016] [Accepted: 09/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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164
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Brigida AL, Siniscalco D. Induced pluripotent stem cells as a cellular model for studying Down Syndrome. J Stem Cells Regen Med 2016. [PMID: 28096629 PMCID: PMC5227104 DOI: 10.46582/jsrm.1202009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Down Syndrome (DS), or Trisomy 21 Syndrome, is one of the most common genetic diseases. It is a chromosomal abnormality caused by a duplication of chromosome 21. DS patients show the presence of a third copy (or a partial third copy) of chromosome 21 (trisomy), as result of meiotic errors. These patients suffer of many health problems, such as intellectual disability, congenital heart disease, duodenal stenosis, Alzheimer’s disease, leukemia, immune system deficiencies, muscle hypotonia and motor disorders. About one in 1000 babies born each year are affected by DS. Alterations in the dosage of genes located on chromosome 21 (also called HSA21) are responsible for the DS phenotype. However, the molecular pathogenic mechanisms of DS triggering are still not understood; newest evidences suggest the involvement of epigenetic mechanisms. For obvious ethical reasons, studies performed on DS patients, as well as on human trisomic tissues are limited. Some authors have proposed mouse models of this syndrome. However, not all the features of the syndrome are represented. Stem cells are considered the future of molecular and regenerative medicine. Several types of stem cells could provide a valid approach to offer a potential treatment for some untreatable human diseases. Stem cells also represent a valid system to develop new cell-based drugs and/or a model to study molecular disease pathways. Among stem cell types, patient-derived induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells offer some advantages for cell and tissue replacement, engineering and studying: self-renewal capacity, pluripotency and ease of accessibility to donor tissues. These cells can be reprogrammed into completely different cellular types. They are derived from adult somatic cells via reprogramming with ectopic expression of four transcription factors (Oct3/4, Sox2, c-Myc and Klf4; or, Oct3/4, Sox2, Nanog, and Lin28). By reprogramming cells from DS patients, it is possible to obtain new tissue with the same genetic background, offering a valuable tool for studying this genetic disease and to design customized patient-specific stem cell therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Lisa Brigida
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Second University of Naples, 80138 Napoli, Italy
| | - Dario Siniscalco
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Second University of Naples, 80138 Napoli, Italy
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165
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Manna C, Officioso A, Trojsi F, Tedeschi G, Leoncini S, Signorini C, Ciccoli L, De Felice C. Increased non-protein bound iron in Down syndrome: contribution to lipid peroxidation and cognitive decline. Free Radic Res 2016; 50:1422-1431. [DOI: 10.1080/10715762.2016.1253833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Caterina Manna
- Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and General Pathology, School of Medicine, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Arbace Officioso
- Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and General Pathology, School of Medicine, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Francesca Trojsi
- Department of Medical, Surgical, Neurological, Metabolic and Aging Sciences, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Gioacchino Tedeschi
- Department of Medical, Surgical, Neurological, Metabolic and Aging Sciences, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Silvia Leoncini
- Child Neuropsychiatry Unit, University Hospital, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Senese (AOUS), Policlinico “S.M. alle Scotte”, Siena, Italy
- Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Cinzia Signorini
- Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Lucia Ciccoli
- Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Claudio De Felice
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, University Hospital, AOUS, Policlinico “S. M. alle Scotte”, Siena, Italy
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Combined Treatment With Environmental Enrichment and (-)-Epigallocatechin-3-Gallate Ameliorates Learning Deficits and Hippocampal Alterations in a Mouse Model of Down Syndrome. eNeuro 2016; 3:eN-NWR-0103-16. [PMID: 27844057 PMCID: PMC5099603 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0103-16.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2016] [Revised: 08/26/2016] [Accepted: 09/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Intellectual disability in Down syndrome (DS) is accompanied by altered neuro-architecture, deficient synaptic plasticity, and excitation-inhibition imbalance in critical brain regions for learning and memory. Recently, we have demonstrated beneficial effects of a combined treatment with green tea extract containing (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) and cognitive stimulation in young adult DS individuals. Although we could reproduce the cognitive-enhancing effects in mouse models, the underlying mechanisms of these beneficial effects are unknown. Here, we explored the effects of a combined therapy with environmental enrichment (EE) and EGCG in the Ts65Dn mouse model of DS at young age. Our results show that combined EE-EGCG treatment improved corticohippocampal-dependent learning and memory. Cognitive improvements were accompanied by a rescue of cornu ammonis 1 (CA1) dendritic spine density and a normalization of the proportion of excitatory and inhibitory synaptic markers in CA1 and dentate gyrus.
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167
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Genetics of the human placenta: implications for toxicokinetics. Arch Toxicol 2016; 90:2563-2581. [DOI: 10.1007/s00204-016-1816-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2016] [Accepted: 08/04/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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168
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Mouse models of Down syndrome: gene content and consequences. Mamm Genome 2016; 27:538-555. [PMID: 27538963 DOI: 10.1007/s00335-016-9661-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2016] [Accepted: 07/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Down syndrome (DS), trisomy of human chromosome 21 (Hsa21), is challenging to model in mice. Not only is it a contiguous gene syndrome spanning 35 Mb of the long arm of Hsa21, but orthologs of Hsa21 genes map to segments of three mouse chromosomes, Mmu16, Mmu17, and Mmu10. The Ts65Dn was the first viable segmental trisomy mouse model for DS; it is a partial trisomy currently popular in preclinical evaluations of drugs for cognition in DS. Limitations of the Ts65Dn are as follows: (i) it is trisomic for 125 human protein-coding orthologs, but only 90 of these are Hsa21 orthologs and (ii) it lacks trisomy for ~75 Hsa21 orthologs. In recent years, several additional mouse models of DS have been generated, each trisomic for a different subset of Hsa21 genes or their orthologs. To best exploit these models and interpret the results obtained with them, prior to proposing clinical trials, an understanding of their trisomic gene content, relative to full trisomy 21, is necessary. Here we first review the functional information on Hsa21 protein-coding genes and the more recent annotation of a large number of functional RNA genes. We then discuss the conservation and genomic distribution of Hsa21 orthologs in the mouse genome and the distribution of mouse-specific genes. Lastly, we consider the strengths and weaknesses of mouse models of DS based on the number and nature of the Hsa21 orthologs that are, and are not, trisomic in each, and discuss their validity for use in preclinical evaluations of drug responses.
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169
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General intelligence is associated with subclinical inflammation in Nepalese children: A population-based plasma proteomics study. Brain Behav Immun 2016; 56:253-63. [PMID: 27039242 PMCID: PMC4929134 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2016.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2015] [Revised: 03/11/2016] [Accepted: 03/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Improving child cognition in impoverished countries is a public health priority. Yet, biological pathways and associated biomarkers of impaired cognition remain poorly understood and largely unknown, respectively. This study aimed to explore and quantify associations between functional plasma protein biomarkers and childhood intellectual test performance. We applied proteomics to quantify proteins in plasma samples of 249 rural Nepalese children, 6-8years of age who, 1year later at 7-9years of age, were administered the Universal Nonverbal Intelligence Test (UNIT). Among 751 plasma proteins quantified, 22 were associated with UNIT scores, passing a false discovery rate threshold of 5.0% (q<0.05). UNIT scores were higher by 2.3-9.2 points for every 50% increase in relative abundance of two insulin-like growth factor binding proteins (IGFBPs), six subclasses of apolipoprotein (Apo) and transthyretin, and lower by 4.0-15.3 points for each 50% increase in relative abundance of 13 proteins predominantly involved in inflammation. Among them, IGFBP-acid labile subunit, orosomucoid 1 (ORM1), Apo C-I, and pyruvate kinase isoenzymes M1/M2 jointly explained 37% of the variance in UNIT scores. After additional adjustment for height-for-age Z-score and household socio-economic status as indicators of long-term nutritional and social stress, associations with 6 proteins involved in inflammation, including ORM1, α-1-antichymotrypsin, reticulocalbin 1, and 3 components of the complement cascade, remained significant (q<0.05). Using untargeted proteomics, stable, constitutive facets of subclinical inflammation were associated with lower developmental test performance in this rural South Asian child population. Plasma proteomics may offer opportunities to identify functional, antecedent biomarkers of child cognitive development.
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170
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Garcia-Martinez J, Bakker B, Schukken KM, Simon JE, Foijer F. Aneuploidy in stem cells. World J Stem Cells 2016; 8:216-222. [PMID: 27354891 PMCID: PMC4919689 DOI: 10.4252/wjsc.v8.i6.216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2015] [Revised: 02/16/2016] [Accepted: 03/18/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Stem cells hold enormous promise for regenerative medicine as well as for engineering of model systems to study diseases and develop new drugs. The discovery of protocols that allow for generating induced pluripotent stem cells (IPSCs) from somatic cells has brought this promise steps closer to reality. However, as somatic cells might have accumulated various chromosomal abnormalities, including aneuploidies throughout their lives, the resulting IPSCs might no longer carry the perfect blueprint for the tissue to be generated, or worse, become at risk of adopting a malignant fate. In this review, we discuss the contribution of aneuploidy to healthy tissues and how aneuploidy can lead to disease. Furthermore, we review the differences between how somatic cells and stem cells respond to aneuploidy.
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171
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Shi WL, Liu ZZ, Wang HD, Wu D, Zhang H, Xiao H, Chu Y, Hou QF, Liao SX. Integrated miRNA and mRNA expression profiling in fetal hippocampus with Down syndrome. J Biomed Sci 2016; 23:48. [PMID: 27266699 PMCID: PMC4897952 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-016-0265-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2015] [Accepted: 05/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Backgrounds Down syndrome (DS), caused by triplication of human chromosome 21, is the most common aneuploidies. The main characteristic of DS patients is intellectual disability. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) play important regulatory roles in various biological processes, such as embryonic development, cell differentiation, proliferation and apoptosis. Several miRNAs have shown association with DS. However, the role of miRNAs in DS patients has not been well elaborated. Methods In this research, total RNA extracted from fetal hippocampal tissues was used to analyze miRNA and mRNA expression via Affymetrix miRNA 4.0 and PrimeView Human Gene Expression Array, respectively. Then miRNA and gene expression profiles were integrated by correlation analysis to identify dysregulated miRNAs with their predicted target mRNAs. Microarray data were further validated by real-time PCR. Regulation of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2) expression by hsa-miR-138 was determined by luciferase reporter assay. Results We analyzed microRNA expression profile in hippocampal tissues from DS fetal using miRNA microarray. Further with the use of mRNA microarray data, we integrate miRNA expression and mRNA expression in hippocampus of trisomy 21 fetus to elucidate the mechanism that underlying DS abnormalities. We characterized the repertoire of specific miRNAs involved in hippocampus in trisomy 21 patients, highlighting hsa-miR-138 and hsa-miR-409, in particular the importance of hsa-miR-138, especially the -5p strand. Furthermore, the expression level of predicted target genes of hsa-miR-138-5p in trisomy 21 fetus, including zeste homolog 2 (EZH2) were further confirmed. In addition, luciferase assay indicated that EZH2 was a direct target of hsa-miR-138 in HEK293T cells. Conclusion The function of hsa-miR-138-5p and its target EZH2 was involved in hippocampus in DS patients. Our findings provide a clue to study the underlying molecular mechanisms in DS patients, and its potential contribution in improving understanding of intellectual disability development in DS patients. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12929-016-0265-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Li Shi
- Medical Genetic Institute of Henan Province, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhong-Zhen Liu
- Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong-Dan Wang
- Medical Genetic Institute of Henan Province, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Dong Wu
- Medical Genetic Institute of Henan Province, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Zhang
- Medical Genetic Institute of Henan Province, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Hai Xiao
- Medical Genetic Institute of Henan Province, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Chu
- Medical Genetic Institute of Henan Province, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiao-Fang Hou
- Medical Genetic Institute of Henan Province, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Shi-Xiu Liao
- Medical Genetic Institute of Henan Province, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, People's Republic of China.
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Duchon A, Herault Y. DYRK1A, a Dosage-Sensitive Gene Involved in Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Is a Target for Drug Development in Down Syndrome. Front Behav Neurosci 2016; 10:104. [PMID: 27375444 PMCID: PMC4891327 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2016.00104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2015] [Accepted: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Down syndrome (DS) is one of the leading causes of intellectual disability, and patients with DS face various health issues, including learning and memory deficits, congenital heart disease, Alzheimer's disease (AD), leukemia, and cancer, leading to huge medical and social costs. Remarkable advances on DS research have been made in improving cognitive function in mouse models for future therapeutic approaches in patients. Among the different approaches, DYRK1A inhibitors have emerged as promising therapeutics to reduce DS cognitive deficits. DYRK1A is a dual-specificity kinase that is overexpressed in DS and plays a key role in neurogenesis, outgrowth of axons and dendrites, neuronal trafficking and aging. Its pivotal role in the DS phenotype makes it a prime target for the development of therapeutics. Recently, disruption of DYRK1A has been found in Autosomal Dominant Mental Retardation 7 (MRD7), resulting in severe mental deficiency. Recent advances in the development of kinase inhibitors are expected, in the near future, to remove DS from the list of incurable diseases, providing certain conditions such as drug dosage and correct timing for the optimum long-term treatment. In addition the exact molecular and cellular mechanisms that are targeted by the inhibition of DYRK1A are still to be discovered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnaud Duchon
- Department of Translational Medicine and Neurogenetics, Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et CellulaireIllkirch, France; UMR7104, Centre National de la Recherche ScientifiqueIllkirch, France; U964, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche MédicaleIllkirch, France; Université de StrasbourgIllkirch, France
| | - Yann Herault
- Department of Translational Medicine and Neurogenetics, Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et CellulaireIllkirch, France; UMR7104, Centre National de la Recherche ScientifiqueIllkirch, France; U964, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche MédicaleIllkirch, France; Université de StrasbourgIllkirch, France; PHENOMIN, Institut Clinique de la Souris, Groupement d'Intérêt Économique-Centre Européen de Recherche en Biologie et en Médecine, CNRS, INSERMIllkirch-Graffenstaden, France
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Wang Y, Chang J, Shao L, Feng W, Luo Y, Chow M, Du W, Meng A, Zhou D. Hematopoietic Stem Cells from Ts65Dn Mice Are Deficient in the Repair of DNA Double-Strand Breaks. Radiat Res 2016; 185:630-7. [PMID: 27243896 DOI: 10.1667/rr14407.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Down syndrome (DS) is a genetic disorder caused by the presence of an extra partial or whole copy of chromosome 21. In addition to musculoskeletal and neurodevelopmental abnormalities, children with DS exhibit various hematologic disorders and have an increased risk of developing acute lymphoblastic leukemia and acute megakaryocytic leukemia. Using the Ts65Dn mouse model, we investigated bone marrow defects caused by trisomy for 132 orthologs of the genes on human chromosome 21. The results showed that, although the total bone marrow cellularity as well as the frequency of hematopoietic progenitor cells (HPCs) was comparable between Ts65Dn mice and their age-matched euploid wild-type (WT) control littermates, human chromosome 21 trisomy led to a significant reduction in hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) numbers and clonogenic function in Ts65Dn mice. We also found that spontaneous DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) were significantly increased in HSCs from the Ts65Dn mice, which was correlated with the significant reduction in HSC clonogenic activity compared to those from WT controls. Moreover, analysis of the repair kinetics of radiation-induced DSBs revealed that HSCs from Ts65Dn mice were less proficient in DSB repair than the cells from WT controls. This deficiency was associated with a higher sensitivity of Ts65Dn HSCs to radiation-induced suppression of HSC clonogenic activity than that of euploid HSCs. These findings suggest that an additional copy of genes on human chromosome 21 may selectively impair the ability of HSCs to repair DSBs, which may contribute to DS-associated hematological abnormalities and malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Wang
- a Tianjin Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical Collage, Tianjin 300192, China; and.,b Division of Radiation Health, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and
| | - Jianhui Chang
- b Division of Radiation Health, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and
| | - Lijian Shao
- b Division of Radiation Health, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and
| | - Wei Feng
- b Division of Radiation Health, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and
| | - Yi Luo
- b Division of Radiation Health, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and
| | - Marie Chow
- c Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas 72205
| | - Wei Du
- b Division of Radiation Health, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and
| | - Aimin Meng
- a Tianjin Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical Collage, Tianjin 300192, China; and
| | - Daohong Zhou
- b Division of Radiation Health, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and
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Schorova L, Martin S. Sumoylation in Synaptic Function and Dysfunction. Front Synaptic Neurosci 2016; 8:9. [PMID: 27199730 PMCID: PMC4848311 DOI: 10.3389/fnsyn.2016.00009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2016] [Accepted: 04/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Sumoylation has recently emerged as a key post-translational modification involved in many, if not all, biological processes. Small Ubiquitin-like Modifier (SUMO) polypeptides are covalently attached to specific lysine residues of target proteins through a dedicated enzymatic pathway. Disruption of the SUMO enzymatic pathway in the developing brain leads to lethality indicating that this process exerts a central role during embryonic and post-natal development. However, little is still known regarding how this highly dynamic protein modification is regulated in the mammalian brain despite an increasing number of data implicating sumoylated substrates in synapse formation, synaptic communication and plasticity. The aim of this review is therefore to briefly describe the enzymatic SUMO pathway and to give an overview of our current knowledge on the function and dysfunction of protein sumoylation at the mammalian synapse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lenka Schorova
- Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (UMR7275), University of Nice-Sophia-Antipolis, Laboratory of Excellence "Network for Innovation on Signal Transduction, Pathways in Life Sciences" Valbonne, France
| | - Stéphane Martin
- Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (UMR7275), University of Nice-Sophia-Antipolis, Laboratory of Excellence "Network for Innovation on Signal Transduction, Pathways in Life Sciences" Valbonne, France
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175
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Oxidative Stress in Cancer-Prone Genetic Diseases in Pediatric Age: The Role of Mitochondrial Dysfunction. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2016; 2016:4782426. [PMID: 27239251 PMCID: PMC4863121 DOI: 10.1155/2016/4782426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2016] [Accepted: 04/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress is a distinctive sign in several genetic disorders characterized by cancer predisposition, such as Ataxia-Telangiectasia, Fanconi Anemia, Down syndrome, progeroid syndromes, Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome, and Costello syndrome. Recent literature unveiled new molecular mechanisms linking oxidative stress to the pathogenesis of these conditions, with particular regard to mitochondrial dysfunction. Since mitochondria are one of the major sites of ROS production as well as one of the major targets of their action, this dysfunction is thought to be the cause of the prooxidant status. Deeper insight of the pathogenesis of the syndromes raises the possibility to identify new possible therapeutic targets. In particular, the use of mitochondrial-targeted agents seems to be an appropriate clinical strategy in order to improve the quality of life and the life span of the patients.
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176
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Homberg JR, Kyzar EJ, Scattoni ML, Norton WH, Pittman J, Gaikwad S, Nguyen M, Poudel MK, Ullmann JFP, Diamond DM, Kaluyeva AA, Parker MO, Brown RE, Song C, Gainetdinov RR, Gottesman II, Kalueff AV. Genetic and environmental modulation of neurodevelopmental disorders: Translational insights from labs to beds. Brain Res Bull 2016; 125:79-91. [PMID: 27113433 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2016.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2016] [Revised: 03/25/2016] [Accepted: 04/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs) are a heterogeneous group of prevalent neuropsychiatric illnesses with various degrees of social, cognitive, motor, language and affective deficits. NDDs are caused by aberrant brain development due to genetic and environmental perturbations. Common NDDs include autism spectrum disorder (ASD), intellectual disability, communication/speech disorders, motor/tic disorders and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Genetic and epigenetic/environmental factors play a key role in these NDDs with significant societal impact. Given the lack of their efficient therapies, it is important to gain further translational insights into the pathobiology of NDDs. To address these challenges, the International Stress and Behavior Society (ISBS) has established the Strategic Task Force on NDDs. Summarizing the Panel's findings, here we discuss the neurobiological mechanisms of selected common NDDs and a wider NDD+ spectrum of associated neuropsychiatric disorders with developmental trajectories. We also outline the utility of existing preclinical (animal) models for building translational and cross-diagnostic bridges to improve our understanding of various NDDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith R Homberg
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Evan J Kyzar
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA; The International Stress and Behavior Society (ISBS) and ZENEREI Research Center, Slidell, LA, USA
| | - Maria Luisa Scattoni
- Department of Cell Biology and Neurosciences, Istituto Superiore di Sanita, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Julian Pittman
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Troy University, Troy, AL, USA
| | - Siddharth Gaikwad
- The International Stress and Behavior Society (ISBS) and ZENEREI Research Center, Slidell, LA, USA
| | - Michael Nguyen
- The International Stress and Behavior Society (ISBS) and ZENEREI Research Center, Slidell, LA, USA; New York University School of Medicine, NY, NY, USA
| | - Manoj K Poudel
- The International Stress and Behavior Society (ISBS) and ZENEREI Research Center, Slidell, LA, USA
| | - Jeremy F P Ullmann
- Centre for Advanced Imaging, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - David M Diamond
- Department of Psychology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA; J.A. Haley Veterans Hospital, Research and Development Service, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Aleksandra A Kaluyeva
- The International Stress and Behavior Society (ISBS) and ZENEREI Research Center, Slidell, LA, USA
| | - Matthew O Parker
- School of Health Sciences and Social Work, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, UK
| | - Richard E Brown
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Cai Song
- Research Institute of Marine Drugs and Nutrition, College of Food Science and Technology, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China; Graduate Institute of Neural and Cognitive Sciences, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Raul R Gainetdinov
- Institute of Translational Biomedicine, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russia; Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Skolkovo, Moscow Region, Russia
| | | | - Allan V Kalueff
- Institute of Translational Biomedicine, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russia.
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177
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Abstract
The terms 'haploid' and 'diploid' that describe single (n) and double (2n) chromosome sets in cells were coined by the Polish-German botanist Eduard Strasburger and originate from the Greek terms haplóos meaning 'single' and diplóos meaning 'double'. The term 'ploidy' was subsequently derived to describe the total chromosome content of cells. Consequently, the term 'euploid' refers to a chromosome complement that is an exact multiple of the haploid number. Therefore, haploids and diploids are both cases of normal euploidy. Euploid types that have more than two sets of chromosomes are 'polyploid' such as 'triploid' (3n), 'tetraploid' (4n), 'pentaploid' (5n), and so forth. There are various natural euploid states with some organisms existing as haploids (fungi), diploids (most mammals), and polyploids (plants).
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernardo Orr
- Department of Biochemistry, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH, USA; Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Lebanon, NH, USA
| | - Kristina M Godek
- Department of Biochemistry, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH, USA; Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Lebanon, NH, USA
| | - Duane Compton
- Department of Biochemistry, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH, USA; Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Lebanon, NH, USA.
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178
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Potter H. Beyond Trisomy 21: Phenotypic Variability in People with Down Syndrome Explained by Further Chromosome Mis-segregation and Mosaic Aneuploidy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [PMID: 29516054 PMCID: PMC5837063 DOI: 10.4172/2472-1115.1000109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Phenotypic variability is a fundamental feature of the human population and is particularly evident among people with Down syndrome and/or Alzheimer’s disease. Herein, we review current theories of the potential origins of this phenotypic variability and propose a novel mechanism based on our finding that the Alzheimer’s disease-associated Aβ peptide, encoded on chromosome 21, disrupts the mitotic spindle, induces abnormal chromosome segregation, and produces mosaic populations of aneuploid cells in all tissues of people with Alzheimer’s disease and in mouse and cell models thereof. Thus, individuals exposed to increased levels of the Aβ peptide should accumulate mosaic populations of aneuploid cells, with different chromosomes affected in different tissues and in different individuals. Specifically, people with Down syndrome, who express elevated levels of Aβ peptide throughout their lifetimes, would be predicted to accumulate additional types of aneuploidy, beyond trisomy 21 and including changes in their trisomy 21 status, in mosaic cell populations. Such mosaic aneuploidy would introduce a novel form of genetic variability that could potentially underlie much of the observed phenotypic variability among people with Down syndrome, and possibly also among people with Alzheimer’s disease. This mosaic aneuploidy theory of phenotypic variability in Down syndrome is supported by several observations, makes several testable predictions, and identifies a potential approach to reducing the frequency of some of the most debilitating features of Down syndrome, including Alzheimer’s disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huntington Potter
- Department of Neurology, and Linda Crnic Institute for Down Syndrome, Rocky Mountain Alzheimer's Disease Center, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Center, USA
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179
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Murray A, Letourneau A, Canzonetta C, Stathaki E, Gimelli S, Sloan-Bena F, Abrehart R, Goh P, Lim S, Baldo C, Dagna-Bricarelli F, Hannan S, Mortensen M, Ballard D, Syndercombe Court D, Fusaki N, Hasegawa M, Smart TG, Bishop C, Antonarakis SE, Groet J, Nizetic D. Brief report: isogenic induced pluripotent stem cell lines from an adult with mosaic down syndrome model accelerated neuronal ageing and neurodegeneration. Stem Cells 2016; 33:2077-84. [PMID: 25694335 PMCID: PMC4737213 DOI: 10.1002/stem.1968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2014] [Accepted: 01/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Trisomy 21 (T21), Down Syndrome (DS) is the most common genetic cause of dementia and intellectual disability. Modeling DS is beginning to yield pharmaceutical therapeutic interventions for amelioration of intellectual disability, which are currently being tested in clinical trials. DS is also a unique genetic system for investigation of pathological and protective mechanisms for accelerated ageing, neurodegeneration, dementia, cancer, and other important common diseases. New drugs could be identified and disease mechanisms better understood by establishment of well-controlled cell model systems. We have developed a first nonintegration-reprogrammed isogenic human induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) model of DS by reprogramming the skin fibroblasts from an adult individual with constitutional mosaicism for DS and separately cloning multiple isogenic T21 and euploid (D21) iPSC lines. Our model shows a very low number of reprogramming rearrangements as assessed by a high-resolution whole genome CGH-array hybridization, and it reproduces several cellular pathologies seen in primary human DS cells, as assessed by automated high-content microscopic analysis. Early differentiation shows an imbalance of the lineage-specific stem/progenitor cell compartments: T21 causes slower proliferation of neural and faster expansion of hematopoietic lineage. T21 iPSC-derived neurons show increased production of amyloid peptide-containing material, a decrease in mitochondrial membrane potential, and an increased number and abnormal appearance of mitochondria. Finally, T21-derived neurons show significantly higher number of DNA double-strand breaks than isogenic D21 controls. Our fully isogenic system therefore opens possibilities for modeling mechanisms of developmental, accelerated ageing, and neurodegenerative pathologies caused by T21.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aoife Murray
- The Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine, London, United Kingdom.,The LonDownS Consortium, Wellcome Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Audrey Letourneau
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Development, University of Geneva Medical School, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Claudia Canzonetta
- The Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Elisavet Stathaki
- Service of Genetic Medicine, University Geneva Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Stefania Gimelli
- Service of Genetic Medicine, University Geneva Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | - Robert Abrehart
- The Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Pollyanna Goh
- The Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine, London, United Kingdom.,The LonDownS Consortium, Wellcome Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Shuhui Lim
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Chiara Baldo
- Human Genetics Laboratory, Galliera Hospital, Genoa, Italy
| | | | - Saad Hannan
- Department of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Martin Mortensen
- Department of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - David Ballard
- Department of Forensic and Analytical Science, King's College, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Noemi Fusaki
- Precursory Research for Embryonic Science and Technology, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Saitama, Japan
| | | | - Trevor G Smart
- Department of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Cleo Bishop
- The Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Stylianos E Antonarakis
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Development, University of Geneva Medical School, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Jürgen Groet
- The Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine, London, United Kingdom.,Stem Cell Laboratory, National Centre for Bowel Research and Surgical Innovation, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom.,The LonDownS Consortium, Wellcome Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Dean Nizetic
- The Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine, London, United Kingdom.,The LonDownS Consortium, Wellcome Trust, London, United Kingdom.,Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
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180
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Loo LS, Tang N, Al-Haddawi M, Dawe GS, Hong W. A role for sorting nexin 27 in AMPA receptor trafficking. Nat Commun 2016; 5:3176. [PMID: 24458027 PMCID: PMC3921469 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms4176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2013] [Accepted: 12/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Sorting nexin 27 (SNX27), a PDZ domain-containing endosomal protein, was recently shown to modulate glutamate receptor recycling in Down's syndrome. However, the precise molecular role of SNX27 in GluA1 trafficking is unclear. Here we report that SNX27 is enriched in dendrites and spines, along with recycling endosomes. Significantly, the mobilization of SNX27 along with recycling endosomes into spines was observed. Mechanistically, SNX27 interacts with K-ras GTPase via the RA domain; and following chemical LTP stimuli, K-ras is recruited to SNX27-enriched endosomes through a Ca(2+)/CaM-dependent mechanism, which in turn drives the synaptic delivery of homomeric GluA1 receptors. Impairment of SNX27 prevents LTP and associated trafficking of AMPARs. These results demonstrate a role for SNX27 in neuronal plasticity, provide a molecular explanation for the K-ras signal during LTP and identify SNX27 as the PDZ-containing molecular linker that couples the plasticity stimuli to the delivery of postsynaptic cargo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Shen Loo
- 1] Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Singapore 138673, Singapore [2] Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637553, Singapore
| | - Ning Tang
- Department of Pharmacology, Neurobiology and Ageing Programme, Singapore Institute for Neurotechnology, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117597, Singapore
| | | | - Gavin Stewart Dawe
- Department of Pharmacology, Neurobiology and Ageing Programme, Singapore Institute for Neurotechnology, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117597, Singapore
| | - Wanjin Hong
- 1] Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Singapore 138673, Singapore [2] Department of Biochemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117597, Singapore
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181
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Andersson EM, Axelsson S, Katsaris KP. Malocclusion and the need for orthodontic treatment in 8-year-old children with Down syndrome: a cross-sectional population-based study. SPECIAL CARE IN DENTISTRY 2016; 36:194-200. [DOI: 10.1111/scd.12160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Els-Marie Andersson
- TAKO-centre; National Resource Centre for Oral Health in Rare Medical Conditions; Lovisenberg Diakonale Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Orthodontics; Faculty of Dentistry, University of Oslo; Oslo Norway
| | - Stefan Axelsson
- TAKO-centre; National Resource Centre for Oral Health in Rare Medical Conditions; Lovisenberg Diakonale Hospital, Oslo, Norway
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182
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Yao Y, Liao Y, Han M, Li SL, Luo J, Zhang B. Two kinds of common prenatal screening tests for Down's syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sci Rep 2016; 6:18866. [PMID: 26732706 PMCID: PMC4702166 DOI: 10.1038/srep18866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2015] [Accepted: 11/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
As the chromosomal examination of foetal cells for the prenatal diagnosis of Down's syndrome (DS) carries a risk of inducing miscarriage, serum screening tests are commonly used before invasive procedures. In this study, a total of 374 records from PubMed, EMBASE, and the ISI Science Citation Index databases were reviewed. As a result of duplication, insufficient data, and inappropriate article types, 18 independent articles containing 183,998 samples were used in the final systematic review and meta-analysis of the diagnostic performance of the serum triple screening test (STS) and the integrated screening test (INS). Data extracted from the selected studies were statistically analysed, and the presence of heterogeneity and publication bias was assessed using specific software. The overall sensitivity, specificity, positive likelihood ratio, negative likelihood ratio, diagnostic odds ratio, and the area under the curve for the STS were 0.77 (95% confidence interval = 0.73-0.81), 0.94 (0.94-0.94), 9.78 (6.87-13.93), 0.26 (0.22-0.31), 44.72 (30.77-65.01), and 0.9064, respectively. For the INS, these values were 0.93 (0.90-0.95), 0.93 (0.93-0.93), 22.38 (12.47-40.14), 0.08 (0.05-0.11), 289.81 (169.08-496.76), and 0.9781, respectively. These results indicate that the INS exhibits better diagnostic value for DS. However, further research is needed to identify other biomarkers to improve prenatal screening tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Yao
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University of PLA, Chongqing 400038, PR China
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, No. 191 Clinical Department of No. 303 Hospital of PLA, Guigang 537100, Guangxi, PR China
| | - Yang Liao
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Guangzhou General Hospital of Guangzhou Military Command of PLA, Guangzhou 510010, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Mei Han
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University of PLA, Chongqing 400038, PR China
| | - Sheng-Lan Li
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University of PLA, Chongqing 400038, PR China
| | - Juan Luo
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University of PLA, Chongqing 400038, PR China
| | - Bo Zhang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University of PLA, Chongqing 400038, PR China
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183
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Patel A, Yamashita N, Ascaño M, Bodmer D, Boehm E, Bodkin-Clarke C, Ryu YK, Kuruvilla R. RCAN1 links impaired neurotrophin trafficking to aberrant development of the sympathetic nervous system in Down syndrome. Nat Commun 2015; 6:10119. [PMID: 26658127 PMCID: PMC4682116 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms10119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2015] [Accepted: 11/05/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Down syndrome is the most common chromosomal disorder affecting the nervous system in humans. To date, investigations of neural anomalies in Down syndrome have focused on the central nervous system, although dysfunction of the peripheral nervous system is a common manifestation. The molecular and cellular bases underlying peripheral abnormalities have remained undefined. Here, we report the developmental loss of sympathetic innervation in human Down syndrome organs and in a mouse model. We show that excess regulator of calcineurin 1 (RCAN1), an endogenous inhibitor of the calcineurin phosphatase that is triplicated in Down syndrome, impairs neurotrophic support of sympathetic neurons by inhibiting endocytosis of the nerve growth factor (NGF) receptor, TrkA. Genetically correcting RCAN1 levels in Down syndrome mice markedly improves NGF-dependent receptor trafficking, neuronal survival and innervation. These results uncover a critical link between calcineurin signalling, impaired neurotrophin trafficking and neurodevelopmental deficits in the peripheral nervous system in Down syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ami Patel
- Department of Biology, Johns Hopkins University, 3400N. Charles Street, 224 Mudd Hall, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, USA
| | - Naoya Yamashita
- Department of Biology, Johns Hopkins University, 3400N. Charles Street, 224 Mudd Hall, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, USA
| | - Maria Ascaño
- Department of Biology, Johns Hopkins University, 3400N. Charles Street, 224 Mudd Hall, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, USA
| | - Daniel Bodmer
- Department of Biology, Johns Hopkins University, 3400N. Charles Street, 224 Mudd Hall, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, USA
| | - Erica Boehm
- Department of Biology, Johns Hopkins University, 3400N. Charles Street, 224 Mudd Hall, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, USA
| | - Chantal Bodkin-Clarke
- Department of Biology, Johns Hopkins University, 3400N. Charles Street, 224 Mudd Hall, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, USA
| | - Yun Kyoung Ryu
- Department of Biology, Johns Hopkins University, 3400N. Charles Street, 224 Mudd Hall, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, USA
| | - Rejji Kuruvilla
- Department of Biology, Johns Hopkins University, 3400N. Charles Street, 224 Mudd Hall, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, USA
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184
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Aneuploidy causes premature differentiation of neural and intestinal stem cells. Nat Commun 2015; 6:8894. [PMID: 26573328 PMCID: PMC4660207 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms9894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2015] [Accepted: 10/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Aneuploidy is associated with a variety of diseases such as cancer and microcephaly. Although many studies have addressed the consequences of a non-euploid genome in cells, little is known about their overall consequences in tissue and organism development. Here we use two different mutant conditions to address the consequences of aneuploidy during tissue development and homeostasis in Drosophila. We show that aneuploidy causes brain size reduction due to a decrease in the number of proliferative neural stem cells (NSCs), but not through apoptosis. Instead, aneuploid NSCs present an extended G1 phase, which leads to cell cycle exit and premature differentiation. Moreover, we show that this response to aneuploidy is also present in adult intestinal stem cells but not in the wing disc. Our work highlights a neural and intestine stem cell-specific response to aneuploidy, which prevents their proliferation and expansion. It is unclear why certain tissues are more susceptible to the consequences of aneuploidy. Here, in Drosophila, Gogendeau et al. identify aneuploidy as the cause of lengthened G1 and premature differentiation in both neural and adult intestinal stem cells, which prevents cells with abnormal genomes from cycling.
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185
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Kurabayashi N, Nguyen MD, Sanada K. DYRK1A overexpression enhances STAT activity and astrogliogenesis in a Down syndrome mouse model. EMBO Rep 2015; 16:1548-62. [PMID: 26373433 PMCID: PMC4641506 DOI: 10.15252/embr.201540374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2015] [Revised: 08/10/2015] [Accepted: 08/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Down syndrome (DS) arises from triplication of genes on human chromosome 21 and is associated with anomalies in brain development such as reduced production of neurons and increased generation of astrocytes. Here, we show that differentiation of cortical progenitor cells into astrocytes is promoted by DYRK1A, a Ser/Thr kinase encoded on human chromosome 21. In the Ts1Cje mouse model of DS, increased dosage of DYRK1A augments the propensity of progenitors to differentiate into astrocytes. This tendency is associated with enhanced astrogliogenesis in the developing neocortex. We also find that overexpression of DYRK1A upregulates the activity of the astrogliogenic transcription factor STAT in wild-type progenitors. Ts1Cje progenitors exhibit elevated STAT activity, and depletion of DYRK1A in these cells reverses the deregulation of STAT. In sum, our findings indicate that potentiation of the DYRK1A-STAT pathway in progenitors contributes to aberrant astrogliogenesis in DS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuhiro Kurabayashi
- Molecular Genetics Research Laboratory, Graduate School of Science The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Minh Dang Nguyen
- Departments of Clinical Neurosciences, Cell Biology & Anatomy, Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Calgary, Hotchkiss Brain Institute University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Kamon Sanada
- Molecular Genetics Research Laboratory, Graduate School of Science The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
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186
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Abstract
Chromosome missegregation leads to aneuploidy which is defined as the cellular state of having a chromosome count that is not an exact multiple of the haploid number. Aneuploidy is associated with human diseases including mental retardation, neurodegenerative diseases and cancer. In addition, aneuploidy is the major cause of spontaneous abortions and its occurrence increases with aging. Therefore, it is important to understand the molecular mechanisms by which cells respond and adapt to aneuploidy. Saccharomyces cerevisiae has proven to be a good model to study the effects aneuploidy elicits on cellular homeostasis and physiology. This chapter focuses on the current understanding of how the yeast S. cerevisiae responds to the acquisition of extra chromosomes and highlights how studies in aneuploid yeasts provide insights onto the effects of aneuploidy in human cells.
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187
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Jiang X, Liu C, Yu T, Zhang L, Meng K, Xing Z, Belichenko PV, Kleschevnikov AM, Pao A, Peresie J, Wie S, Mobley WC, Yu YE. Genetic dissection of the Down syndrome critical region. Hum Mol Genet 2015; 24:6540-51. [PMID: 26374847 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddv364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2015] [Accepted: 09/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Down syndrome (DS), caused by trisomy 21, is the most common chromosomal disorder associated with developmental cognitive deficits. Despite intensive efforts, the genetic mechanisms underlying developmental cognitive deficits remain poorly understood, and no treatment has been proven effective. The previous mouse-based experiments suggest that the so-called Down syndrome critical region of human chromosome 21 is an important region for this phenotype, which is demarcated by Setd4/Cbr1 and Fam3b/Mx2. We first confirmed the importance of the Cbr1-Fam3b region using compound mutant mice, which carry a duplication spanning the entire human chromosome 21 orthologous region on mouse chromosome 16 [Dp(16)1Yey] and Ms1Rhr. By dividing the Setd4-Mx2 region into complementary Setd4-Kcnj6 and Kcnj15-Mx2 intervals, we started an unbiased dissection through generating and analyzing Dp(16)1Yey/Df(16Setd4-Kcnj6)Yey and Dp(16)1Yey/Df(16Kcnj15-Mx2)Yey mice. Surprisingly, the Dp(16)1Yey-associated cognitive phenotypes were not rescued by either deletion in the compound mutants, suggesting the possible presence of at least one causative gene in each of the two regions. The partial rescue by a Dyrk1a mutation in a compound mutant carrying Dp(16)1Yey and the Dyrk1a mutation confirmed the causative role of Dyrk1a, whereas the absence of a similar rescue by Df(16Dyrk1a-Kcnj6)Yey in Dp(16)1Yey/Df(16Dyrk1a-Kcnj6)Yey mice demonstrated the importance of Kcnj6. Our results revealed the high levels of complexities of gene actions and interactions associated with the Setd4/Cbr1-Fam3b/Mx2 region as well as their relationship with developmental cognitive deficits in DS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoling Jiang
- The Children's Guild Foundation Down Syndrome Research Program, Genetics Program and Department of Cancer Genetics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
| | - Chunhong Liu
- The Children's Guild Foundation Down Syndrome Research Program, Genetics Program and Department of Cancer Genetics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
| | - Tao Yu
- The Children's Guild Foundation Down Syndrome Research Program, Genetics Program and Department of Cancer Genetics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA, Department of Medical Genetics, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China
| | - Li Zhang
- The Children's Guild Foundation Down Syndrome Research Program, Genetics Program and Department of Cancer Genetics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA, Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Medical School of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, China
| | - Kai Meng
- The Children's Guild Foundation Down Syndrome Research Program, Genetics Program and Department of Cancer Genetics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA, Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Medical School of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, China
| | - Zhuo Xing
- The Children's Guild Foundation Down Syndrome Research Program, Genetics Program and Department of Cancer Genetics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
| | - Pavel V Belichenko
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA and
| | - Alexander M Kleschevnikov
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA and
| | - Annie Pao
- The Children's Guild Foundation Down Syndrome Research Program, Genetics Program and Department of Cancer Genetics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
| | - Jennifer Peresie
- The Children's Guild Foundation Down Syndrome Research Program, Genetics Program and Department of Cancer Genetics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
| | - Sarah Wie
- The Children's Guild Foundation Down Syndrome Research Program, Genetics Program and Department of Cancer Genetics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
| | - William C Mobley
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA and
| | - Y Eugene Yu
- The Children's Guild Foundation Down Syndrome Research Program, Genetics Program and Department of Cancer Genetics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA, Genetics, Genomics and Bioinformatics Program, Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Roswell Park Division of Graduate School,State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
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188
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Sailani MR, Santoni FA, Letourneau A, Borel C, Makrythanasis P, Hibaoui Y, Popadin K, Bonilla X, Guipponi M, Gehrig C, Vannier A, Carre-Pigeon F, Feki A, Nizetic D, Antonarakis SE. DNA-Methylation Patterns in Trisomy 21 Using Cells from Monozygotic Twins. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0135555. [PMID: 26317209 PMCID: PMC4552626 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0135555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2015] [Accepted: 07/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA methylation is essential in mammalian development. We have hypothesized that methylation differences induced by trisomy 21 (T21) contribute to the phenotypic characteristics and heterogeneity in Down syndrome (DS). In order to determine the methylation differences in T21 without interference of the interindividual genomic variation, we have used fetal skin fibroblasts from monozygotic (MZ) twins discordant for T21. We also used skin fibroblasts from MZ twins concordant for T21, normal MZ twins without T21, and unrelated normal and T21 individuals. Reduced Representation Bisulfite Sequencing (RRBS) revealed 35 differentially methylated promoter regions (DMRs) (Absolute methylation differences = 25%, FDR < 0.001) in MZ twins discordant for T21 that have also been observed in comparison between unrelated normal and T21 individuals. The identified DMRs are enriched for genes involved in embryonic organ morphogenesis (FDR = 1.60 e -03) and include genes of the HOXB and HOXD clusters. These DMRs are maintained in iPS cells generated from this twin pair and are correlated with the gene expression changes. We have also observed an increase in DNA methylation level in the T21 methylome compared to the normal euploid methylome. This observation is concordant with the up regulation of DNA methyltransferase enzymes (DNMT3B and DNMT3L) and down regulation of DNA demethylation enzymes (TET2 and TET3) observed in the iPSC of the T21 versus normal twin. Altogether, the results of this study highlight the epigenetic effects of the extra chromosome 21 in T21 on loci outside of this chromosome that are relevant to DS associated phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Reza Sailani
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Development, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- National Center of Competence in Research Frontiers in Genetics Program, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Federico A. Santoni
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Development, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Audrey Letourneau
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Development, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- National Center of Competence in Research Frontiers in Genetics Program, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Christelle Borel
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Development, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Periklis Makrythanasis
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Development, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Youssef Hibaoui
- Stem Cell Research Laboratory, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hôpital Cantonal Fribourgeois, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Konstantin Popadin
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Development, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Ximena Bonilla
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Development, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Michel Guipponi
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Development, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Corinne Gehrig
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Development, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Anne Vannier
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Development, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Frederique Carre-Pigeon
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Reims, Service de Genetique et de Biologie de la Reproduction, CECOS, Hopital Maison Blanche, F-51092 Reims, France
| | - Anis Feki
- Stem Cell Research Laboratory, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hôpital Cantonal Fribourgeois, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Dean Nizetic
- The Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, 4 Newark Street, London E1 2AT, United Kingdom
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Unit 04–11, Proteos Building, 61 Biopolis Drive, Singapore 138673, Singapore
| | - Stylianos E. Antonarakis
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Development, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- National Center of Competence in Research Frontiers in Genetics Program, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- iGE3 institute of Genetics and Genomics of Geneva, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- * E-mail:
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189
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Zhao F, Chai D, Lu J, Yu J, Liu S. Novel chemiluminescent imaging microtiter plates for high-throughput detection of multiple serum biomarkers related to Down's syndrome via soybean peroxidase as label enzyme. Anal Bioanal Chem 2015; 407:6117-26. [PMID: 26105511 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-015-8788-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2015] [Revised: 05/05/2015] [Accepted: 05/18/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Novel chemiluminescent (CL) imaging microtiter plates with high-throughput, low-cost, and simple operation for detection of four biomarkers related to Down's syndrome screening were developed and evaluated. To enhance the sensitivity of CL immunosensing, soybean peroxidase (SBP) was used instead of horseradish peroxide (HRP) as a label enzyme. The microtiter plates were fabricated by simultaneously immobilizing four capture monoclonal antibodies, anti-inhibin-A, anti-unconjugated oestriol (anti-uE3), anti-alpha-fetoprotein (anti-AFP), and beta anti-HCG (anti-β-HCG), on nitrocellulose (NC) membrane to form immunosensing microtiter wells. Under a sandwiched immunoassay, the CL signals on each sensing site of the microtiter plates were collected by a charge-coupled device (CCD), presenting an array-based chemiluminescence imaging method for detection of four target antigens in a well at the same time. The linear response to the analyte concentration ranged from 0.1 to 40 ng/mL for inhibin-A, 0.075 to 40 ng/mL for uE3, 0.2 to 400 ng/mL for AFP, and 0.4 to 220 ng/mL for β-HCG. The proposed microtiter plates possessed high-throughput, good stability, and acceptable accuracy for detection of four antigens in clinical serum samples and demonstrated potential for practical applicability of the proposed method to Down's syndrome screening. Graphical Abstract Schematic evaluation of the microtiter plater for simultaneous detection of the four biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Zhao
- Jiangsu Province Hi-Tech Key Laboratory for Bio-medical Research, Suzhou Research Institute of Southeast University, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210096, China
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Postnatal Identification of Trisomy 21: An Overview of 7,133 Postnatal Trisomy 21 Cases Identified in a Diagnostic Reference Laboratory in China. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0133151. [PMID: 26176847 PMCID: PMC4503670 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0133151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2015] [Accepted: 06/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
This study describes the cytogenetic characteristics of 7,133 trisomy 21 (Tri21) identified from 247,818 consecutive postnatal cases karyotyped in a single reference laboratory in China for a period of 4 years. The average detection rate of Tri21 is 2.88% ranging from 3.39% in 2011 to 2.52% in 2014. The decreased detection rates over the years might reflect a possible impact of noninvasive prenatal testing applied rapidly in China and elective termination of affected pregnancies. 95.32% of the Tri21 karyotypes are standard Tri21, 4.53% are Robertsonian Tri21, and less than 1% are other Tri21 forms. There are more mosaic Tri21 in older children and adults, consistent with previous observations that clinical features in individuals with mosaic Tri21 are generally milder and easily missed during perinatal period. The male/female (M/F ratio) for the total 7,133 Tri21 cases and for the 6,671 cases with non-mosaic standard Tri21 are 1.50 and 1.53 respectively, significantly higher than the 0.93 for all the 247,818 cases we karyotyped, the 1.30 for the Down syndrome (DS) identified during perinatal period in China, and the 1.20 for the livebirth in Chinese population. In contrast, the mosaic standard Tri21 case has a significantly lower proportion of males when compared with the non-mosaic standard Tri21, indicating different underlying mechanisms leading to their formations. Opposite M/F ratios in different subtypes of ROB Tri21 were observed. A long list of rare or private karyotypes where Tri21 are concurrently present was identified. The large collection of Tri21 cases with a diversity of clinical findings and a wide age range allowed us to determine the frequency of the different karyotypes of Down syndrome in China, given the fact that this kind of national epidemiological data is lacking currently.
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191
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Molecular underpinnings of prefrontal cortex development in rodents provide insights into the etiology of neurodevelopmental disorders. Mol Psychiatry 2015; 20:795-809. [PMID: 25450230 PMCID: PMC4486649 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2014.147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2014] [Revised: 09/12/2014] [Accepted: 09/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The prefrontal cortex (PFC), seat of the highest-order cognitive functions, constitutes a conglomerate of highly specialized brain areas and has been implicated to have a role in the onset and installation of various neurodevelopmental disorders. The development of a properly functioning PFC is directed by transcription factors, guidance cues and other regulatory molecules and requires the intricate and temporal orchestration of a number of developmental processes. Disturbance or failure of any of these processes causing neurodevelopmental abnormalities within the PFC may contribute to several of the cognitive deficits seen in patients with neurodevelopmental disorders. In this review, we elaborate on the specific processes underlying prefrontal development, such as induction and patterning of the prefrontal area, proliferation, migration and axonal guidance of medial prefrontal progenitors, and their eventual efferent and afferent connections. We furthermore integrate for the first time the available knowledge from genome-wide studies that have revealed genes linked to neurodevelopmental disorders with experimental molecular evidence in rodents. The integrated data suggest that the pathogenic variants in the neurodevelopmental disorder-associated genes induce prefrontal cytoarchitectonical impairments. This enhances our understanding of the molecular mechanisms of prefrontal (mis)development underlying the four major neurodevelopmental disorders in humans, that is, intellectual disability, autism spectrum disorders, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and schizophrenia, and may thus provide clues for the development of novel therapies.
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192
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Asim A, Kumar A, Muthuswamy S, Jain S, Agarwal S. "Down syndrome: an insight of the disease". J Biomed Sci 2015; 22:41. [PMID: 26062604 PMCID: PMC4464633 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-015-0138-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2014] [Accepted: 04/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Down syndrome (DS) is one of the commonest disorders with huge medical and social cost. DS is associated with number of phenotypes including congenital heart defects, leukemia, Alzeihmer's disease, Hirschsprung disease etc. DS individuals are affected by these phenotypes to a variable extent thus understanding the cause of this variation is a key challenge. In the present review article, we emphasize an overview of DS, DS-associated phenotypes diagnosis and management of the disease. The genes or miRNA involved in Down syndrome associated Alzheimer's disease, congenital heart defects (AVSD), leukemia including AMKL and ALL, hypertension and Hirschprung disease are discussed in this article. Moreover, we have also reviewed various prenatal diagnostic method from karyotyping to rapid molecular methods - MLPA, FISH, QF-PCR, PSQ, NGS and noninvasive prenatal diagnosis in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ambreen Asim
- Department of Medical Genetics, Sanjay Gandhi Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, 226014, India.
| | - Ashok Kumar
- Department of Medical Genetics, Sanjay Gandhi Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, 226014, India.
| | - Srinivasan Muthuswamy
- Department of Medical Genetics, Sanjay Gandhi Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, 226014, India.
| | - Shalu Jain
- Department of Medical Genetics, Sanjay Gandhi Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, 226014, India.
| | - Sarita Agarwal
- Department of Medical Genetics, Sanjay Gandhi Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, 226014, India.
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Paz N, Felipe-Blanco I, Royo F, Zabala A, Guerra-Merino I, García-Orad Á, Zugaza JL, Parada LA. Expression of the DYRK1A gene correlates with its 3D positioning in the interphase nucleus of Down syndrome cells. Chromosome Res 2015; 23:285-98. [PMID: 25645734 DOI: 10.1007/s10577-015-9467-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2014] [Revised: 01/20/2015] [Accepted: 01/21/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Down syndrome is a common birth defect caused by trisomy of chromosome 21. Chromosomes occupy distinct territories in interphase nuclei, and their distribution within the nuclear space is nonrandom. In humans with Down syndrome, two chromosomes 21 frequently localize proximal to one another and distant from the third chromosome. Here, we investigated the nuclear organization of DYRK1A and SOD1, two genes mapping to chromosome 21 that greatly contribute to the pathology. We found that DYRK1A conserves its central positioning between normal and trisomic cells, whereas SOD1 adopts more peripheral distribution in trisomic cells. We also found that the relative position of these genes with respect to each other varies among the different copies of chromosome territories 21 within a cell, and that this distinct distribution is associated with differences in their expression levels. All together, our results may explain, at least in part, the difference in the expression level of these two genes implicated in the pathogenesis of Down syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nerea Paz
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, Biophysics Department, Planckstraβe 1, 64291, Darmstadt, Germany
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194
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Ng AP, Hu Y, Metcalf D, Hyland CD, Ierino H, Phipson B, Wu D, Baldwin TM, Kauppi M, Kiu H, Di Rago L, Hilton DJ, Smyth GK, Alexander WS. Early lineage priming by trisomy of Erg leads to myeloproliferation in a Down syndrome model. PLoS Genet 2015; 11:e1005211. [PMID: 25973911 PMCID: PMC4431731 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1005211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2014] [Accepted: 04/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Down syndrome (DS), with trisomy of chromosome 21 (HSA21), is the commonest human aneuploidy. Pre-leukemic myeloproliferative changes in DS foetal livers precede the acquisition of GATA1 mutations, transient myeloproliferative disorder (DS-TMD) and acute megakaryocytic leukemia (DS-AMKL). Trisomy of the Erg gene is required for myeloproliferation in the Ts(1716)65Dn DS mouse model. We demonstrate here that genetic changes specifically attributable to trisomy of Erg lead to lineage priming of primitive and early multipotential progenitor cells in Ts(1716)65Dn mice, excess megakaryocyte-erythroid progenitors, and malignant myeloproliferation. Gene expression changes dependent on trisomy of Erg in Ts(1716)65Dn multilineage progenitor cells were correlated with those associated with trisomy of HSA21 in human DS hematopoietic stem and primitive progenitor cells. These data suggest a role for ERG as a regulator of hematopoietic lineage potential, and that trisomy of ERG in the context of DS foetal liver hemopoiesis drives the pre-leukemic changes that predispose to subsequent DS-TMD and DS-AMKL. An excess number of genes in trisomy on human chromosome 21 leads to the development of specific diseases in human Down syndrome. An excess copy of the gene, ERG, an ETS family transcription factor, has been implicated in abnormal blood system development in Down syndrome. In this study we show how trisomy of Erg in a murine Down syndrome model perturbs hematopoietic progenitor cells in a manner similar to that observed in human Down syndrome by inducing gene expression changes and lineage priming in early multi-potential progenitors. We show that the gene expression signature specifically attributable to trisomy of Erg in the murine model is strongly correlated with gene expression changes in human Down syndrome hematopoietic cells. The data suggest that Erg is an important regulator of megakaryocyte-erythroid lineage specification in multipotential hematopoietic cells and that trisomy of Erg in the context of DS prediposes to a transient myeloproliferative disorder and acute megakaryocyte leukaemia in a multi-step model of leukemogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley P. Ng
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- * E-mail:
| | - Yifang Hu
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Donald Metcalf
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Craig D. Hyland
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Helen Ierino
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Belinda Phipson
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Di Wu
- Centre for Cancer Research, Monash Institute of Medical Research, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Statistics, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Tracey M. Baldwin
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Maria Kauppi
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Hiu Kiu
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ladina Di Rago
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Douglas J. Hilton
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Gordon K. Smyth
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Warren S. Alexander
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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195
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Letourneau A, Cobellis G, Fort A, Santoni F, Garieri M, Falconnet E, Ribaux P, Vannier A, Guipponi M, Carninci P, Borel C, Antonarakis SE. HSA21 Single-Minded 2 (Sim2) Binding Sites Co-Localize with Super-Enhancers and Pioneer Transcription Factors in Pluripotent Mouse ES Cells. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0126475. [PMID: 25955728 PMCID: PMC4425456 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0126475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2014] [Accepted: 04/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The HSA21 encoded Single-minded 2 (SIM2) transcription factor has key neurological functions and is a good candidate to be involved in the cognitive impairment of Down syndrome. We aimed to explore the functional capacity of SIM2 by mapping its DNA binding sites in mouse embryonic stem cells. ChIP-sequencing revealed 1229 high-confidence SIM2-binding sites. Analysis of the SIM2 target genes confirmed the importance of SIM2 in developmental and neuronal processes and indicated that SIM2 may be a master transcription regulator. Indeed, SIM2 DNA binding sites share sequence specificity and overlapping domains of occupancy with master transcription factors such as SOX2, OCT4 (Pou5f1), NANOG or KLF4. The association between SIM2 and these pioneer factors is supported by co-immunoprecipitation of SIM2 with SOX2, OCT4, NANOG or KLF4. Furthermore, the binding of SIM2 marks a particular sub-category of enhancers known as super-enhancers. These regions are characterized by typical DNA modifications and Mediator co-occupancy (MED1 and MED12). Altogether, we provide evidence that SIM2 binds a specific set of enhancer elements thus explaining how SIM2 can regulate its gene network in neuronal features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrey Letourneau
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Development, University of Geneva Medical School, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Gilda Cobellis
- Department of Biophysics, Biochemistry and General Pathology, Seconda Università di Napoli, Napoli, Italy
| | - Alexandre Fort
- Division of Genomic Technologies, RIKEN Center for Life Science Technologies, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Federico Santoni
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Development, University of Geneva Medical School, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Marco Garieri
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Development, University of Geneva Medical School, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Emilie Falconnet
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Development, University of Geneva Medical School, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Pascale Ribaux
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Development, University of Geneva Medical School, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Anne Vannier
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Development, University of Geneva Medical School, Geneva, Switzerland
- University Hospitals of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Michel Guipponi
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Development, University of Geneva Medical School, Geneva, Switzerland
- University Hospitals of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Piero Carninci
- Division of Genomic Technologies, RIKEN Center for Life Science Technologies, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Christelle Borel
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Development, University of Geneva Medical School, Geneva, Switzerland
- * E-mail: (SEA); (CB)
| | - Stylianos E. Antonarakis
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Development, University of Geneva Medical School, Geneva, Switzerland
- University Hospitals of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- iGE3 Institute of Genetics and Genomics of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- * E-mail: (SEA); (CB)
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196
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Hose J, Yong CM, Sardi M, Wang Z, Newton MA, Gasch AP. Dosage compensation can buffer copy-number variation in wild yeast. eLife 2015; 4. [PMID: 25955966 PMCID: PMC4448642 DOI: 10.7554/elife.05462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2014] [Accepted: 05/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Aneuploidy is linked to myriad diseases but also facilitates organismal evolution. It remains unclear how cells overcome the deleterious effects of aneuploidy until new phenotypes evolve. Although laboratory strains are extremely sensitive to aneuploidy, we show here that aneuploidy is common in wild yeast isolates, which show lower-than-expected expression at many amplified genes. We generated diploid strain panels in which cells carried two, three, or four copies of the affected chromosomes, to show that gene-dosage compensation functions at >30% of amplified genes. Genes subject to dosage compensation are under higher expression constraint in wild populations—but they show elevated rates of gene amplification, suggesting that copy-number variation is buffered at these genes. We find that aneuploidy provides a clear ecological advantage to oak strain YPS1009, by amplifying a causal gene that escapes dosage compensation. Our work presents a model in which dosage compensation buffers gene amplification through aneuploidy to provide a natural, but likely transient, route to rapid phenotypic evolution. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.05462.001 Evolution is driven by changes to the genes and other genetic information found in the DNA of an organism. These changes might, for example, alter the physical characteristics of the organism, or change how efficiently crucial tasks are carried out inside cells. Whatever the change, if it makes it easier for the organism to survive and reproduce, it is more likely to be passed on to future generations. DNA is organized inside cells in structures called chromosomes. Most of the cells in animals, plants, and fungi contain two copies of each chromosome. However, sometimes mistakes happen during cell division and extra copies of a chromosome—and hence the genes contained within it—may end up in a cell. These extra copies of genes might help to speed up the rate at which a species evolves, as the ‘spare’ copies are free to adapt to new roles. However, having extra copies of genes can also often be harmful, and in humans can cause genetic disorders such as Down syndrome. In the laboratory, chromosomes are commonly studied in a species of yeast called Saccharomyces cerevisiae. This species consists of several groups—or strains—that are genetically distinct from each other. Over the years, breeding the yeast for experiments has created laboratory strains that have lost some of the characteristics seen in wild strains. Earlier studies suggested that these cells fail to grow properly if they contain extra copies of chromosomes. Now, Hose et al. have studied nearly 50 wild strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. In these, extra copies of chromosomes are commonplace, and seemingly have no detrimental effect on growth. Instead, Hose et al. found that cells with too many copies of a gene use many of those genes less often than would be expected. This process is known as ‘dosage compensation’. This dosage compensation has not been observed in laboratory strains, in part because the extra gene copies make them sickly and hard to study. Together, the results provide examples of how dosage compensation could help new traits to evolve in a species by reducing the negative effects of duplicated genes. This knowledge may have broad application, from suggesting methods to alleviate human disorders to implicating new ways to engineer useful traits in yeast and other microbes. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.05462.002
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Affiliation(s)
- James Hose
- Laboratory of Genetics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, United States
| | - Chris Mun Yong
- Laboratory of Genetics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, United States
| | - Maria Sardi
- Laboratory of Genetics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, United States
| | - Zhishi Wang
- Department of Statistics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, United States
| | - Michael A Newton
- Department of Statistics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, United States
| | - Audrey P Gasch
- Laboratory of Genetics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, United States
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197
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Bosman A, Letourneau A, Sartiani L, Del Lungo M, Ronzoni F, Kuziakiv R, Tohonen V, Zucchelli M, Santoni F, Guipponi M, Dumevska B, Hovatta O, Antonarakis SE, Jaconi ME. Perturbations of Heart Development and Function in Cardiomyocytes from Human Embryonic Stem Cells with Trisomy 21. Stem Cells 2015; 33:1434-46. [DOI: 10.1002/stem.1961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2014] [Accepted: 12/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexis Bosman
- Department of Pathology and Immunology; Faculty of Medicine; University of Geneva; Geneva Switzerland
- Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute; Darlinghurst New South Wales Australia
| | - Audrey Letourneau
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Development; Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva; Geneva Switzerland
| | - Laura Sartiani
- Department of Neuroscience; Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health, Center of Molecular Medicine, University of Florence; Florence Italy
| | - Martina Del Lungo
- Department of Neuroscience; Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health, Center of Molecular Medicine, University of Florence; Florence Italy
| | - Flavio Ronzoni
- Department of Pathology and Immunology; Faculty of Medicine; University of Geneva; Geneva Switzerland
| | - Rostyslav Kuziakiv
- Department of Pathology and Immunology; Faculty of Medicine; University of Geneva; Geneva Switzerland
| | - Virpi Tohonen
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition; Karolinska Institute; Huddinge Sweden
| | - Marco Zucchelli
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition; Karolinska Institute; Huddinge Sweden
| | - Federico Santoni
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Development; Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva; Geneva Switzerland
| | - Michel Guipponi
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Development; Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva; Geneva Switzerland
| | | | - Outi Hovatta
- Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology; Department of Clinical Science; Karolinska Institute; Huddinge Stockholm Sweden
| | - Stylianos E. Antonarakis
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Development; Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva; Geneva Switzerland
- iGE3 Institute of Genetics and Genomics of Geneva; Geneva Switzerland
| | - Marisa E. Jaconi
- Department of Pathology and Immunology; Faculty of Medicine; University of Geneva; Geneva Switzerland
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198
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Levy BJ, Schulz JF, Fornari ED, Wollowick AL. Complications associated with surgical repair of syndromic scoliosis. SCOLIOSIS 2015; 10:14. [PMID: 25949273 PMCID: PMC4422098 DOI: 10.1186/s13013-015-0035-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2014] [Accepted: 02/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Background There are a number of syndromes that have historically been associated with scoliosis e.g.: Marfan, Down, and Neurofibromatosis. These syndromes have been grouped together as one etiology of scoliosis, known as syndromic scoliosis. While multiple studies indicate that these patients are at high risk for perioperative complications, there is a paucity of literature regarding the collective complication rates and surgical needs of this population. Methods PubMed and Embase databases were searched for literature encompassing the surgical complications associated with the surgical management of patients undergoing correction of scoliosis in the syndromic scoliosis population. Following exclusion criteria, 24 articles were analyzed for data regarding these complications. Results The collective complication rates and findings of these articles were categorized based on specific syndrome. The rates and types of complications for each syndrome and the special needs of patients with each syndrome are discussed. Several complication trends of note were observed, including but not limited to the universally nearly high rate of wound infections (>5% in each group), high rate of pulmonary complications in patients with Rett syndrome (29.2%), high rate (>10%) of dural tears in Marfan and Ehlers-Danlos syndrome patients, high rate (>20%) of implant failure in Down and Prader-Willi syndrome patients, and high rate (>25%) of pseudarthrosis in Down and Ehlers-Danlos patients. Conclusions Though these syndromes have been classically grouped together under the umbrella term “syndromic,” there may be specific needs for patients with each of these ailments. Given the high rate of complications, further research is necessary to understand the unique needs for each of these patient groups in the preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin J Levy
- Montefiore Medical Center and Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1250 Waters Place, 11th Floor, Bronx, NY 10461 USA
| | - Jacob F Schulz
- Montefiore Medical Center and Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1250 Waters Place, 11th Floor, Bronx, NY 10461 USA
| | - Eric D Fornari
- Montefiore Medical Center and Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1250 Waters Place, 11th Floor, Bronx, NY 10461 USA
| | - Adam L Wollowick
- Orthopaedic Surgery, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, USA
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199
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The role of antioxidants in the chemistry of oxidative stress: A review. Eur J Med Chem 2015; 97:55-74. [PMID: 25942353 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2015.04.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1373] [Impact Index Per Article: 152.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2014] [Revised: 04/13/2015] [Accepted: 04/18/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
This Review Article is focused on the action of the reactive oxygenated species in inducing oxidative injury of the lipid membrane components, as well as on the ability of antioxidants (of different structures and sources, and following different mechanisms of action) in fighting against oxidative stress. Oxidative stress is defined as an excessive production of reactive oxygenated species that cannot be counteracted by the action of antioxidants, but also as a perturbation of cell redox balance. Reactive oxygenated/nitrogenated species are represented by superoxide anion radical, hydroxyl, alkoxyl and lipid peroxyl radicals, nitric oxide and peroxynitrite. Oxidative stress determines structure modifications and function modulation in nucleic acids, lipids and proteins. Oxidative degradation of lipids yields malondialdehyde and 4-hydroxynonenal, but also isoprostanes, from unsaturated fatty acids. Protein damage may occur with thiol oxidation, carbonylation, side-chain oxidation, fragmentation, unfolding and misfolding, resulting activity loss. 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine is an index of DNA damage. The involvement of the reactive oxygenated/nitrogenated species in disease occurrence is described. The unbalance between the oxidant species and the antioxidant defense system may trigger specific factors responsible for oxidative damage in the cell: over-expression of oncogene genes, generation of mutagen compounds, promotion of atherogenic activity, senile plaque occurrence or inflammation. This leads to cancer, neurodegeneration, cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, kidney diseases. The concept of antioxidant is defined, along with a discussion of the existent classification criteria: enzymatic and non-enzymatic, preventative or repair-systems, endogenous and exogenous, primary and secondary, hydrosoluble and liposoluble, natural or synthetic. Primary antioxidants are mainly chain breakers, able to scavenge radical species by hydrogen donation. Secondary antioxidants are singlet oxygen quenchers, peroxide decomposers, metal chelators, oxidative enzyme inhibitors or UV radiation absorbers. The specific mechanism of action of the most important representatives of each antioxidant class (endogenous and exogenous) in preventing or inhibiting particular factors leading to oxidative injury in the cell, is then reviewed. Mutual influences, including synergistic effects are presented and discussed. Prooxidative influences likely to occur, as for instance in the presence of transition metal ions, are also reminded.
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200
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Ohe K, Hagiwara M. Modulation of alternative splicing with chemical compounds in new therapeutics for human diseases. ACS Chem Biol 2015; 10:914-24. [PMID: 25560473 DOI: 10.1021/cb500697f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Alternative splicing is a critical step where a limited number of human genes generate a complex and diverse proteome. Various diseases, including inherited diseases with abnormalities in the "genome code," have been found to result in an aberrant mis-spliced "transcript code" with correlation to the resulting phenotype. Chemical compound-based and nucleic acid-based strategies are trying to target this mis-spliced "transcript code". We will briefly mention about how to obtain splicing-modifying-compounds by high-throughput screening and overview of what is known about compounds that modify splicing pathways. The main focus will be on RNA-binding protein kinase inhibitors. In the main text, we will refer to diseases where splicing-modifying-compounds have been intensively investigated, with comparison to nucleic acid-based strategies. The information on their involvement in mis-splicing as well as nonsplicing events will be helpful in finding better compounds with less off-target effects for future implications in mis-splicing therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Ohe
- †Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology and ‡Training Program of Leaders for Integrated Medical System for Fruitful Healthy-Longevity Society (LIMS), Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto 606-8315, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Hagiwara
- †Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology and ‡Training Program of Leaders for Integrated Medical System for Fruitful Healthy-Longevity Society (LIMS), Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto 606-8315, Japan
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