151
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Bai L, Wang T, Zhao G, Kovach A, Li H. The atomic structure of a eukaryotic oligosaccharyltransferase complex. Nature 2018; 555:328-333. [PMID: 29466327 PMCID: PMC6112861 DOI: 10.1038/nature25755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2017] [Accepted: 01/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
N-glycosylation is a ubiquitous modification of eukaryotic secretory and membrane-bound proteins; about 90% of glycoproteins are N-glycosylated. The reaction is catalyzed by an eight-protein oligosaccharyltransferase complex, OST, embedded in the ER membrane. Our understanding of eukaryotic protein N-glycosylation has been limited due to the lack of high-resolution structures. Here we report a 3.5-Å resolution cryo-EM structure of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae OST, revealing the structures of Ost1–5, Stt3, Wbp1, and Swp1. We found that seven phospholipids mediate many of the inter-subunit interactions, and an Stt3 N-glycan mediates interaction with Wbp1 and Swp1 in the lumen. Ost3 was found to mediate the OST-Sec61 translocon interface, funneling the acceptor peptide towards the OST catalytic site as the nascent peptide emerges from the translocon. The structure provides novel insights into co-translational protein N-glycosylation and may facilitate the development of small-molecule inhibitors targeting this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Bai
- Center for Epigenetics, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, Michigan, USA
| | - Tong Wang
- Advanced Science Research Center at the Graduate Center of the City University of New York, New York, New York, USA
| | - Gongpu Zhao
- David Van Andel Advanced Cryo-Electron Microscopy Suite, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, Michigan, USA
| | - Amanda Kovach
- Center for Epigenetics, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, Michigan, USA
| | - Huilin Li
- Center for Epigenetics, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, Michigan, USA
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152
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Russell J, Kim SK, Duma J, Nothaft H, Himmel ME, Bomble YJ, Szymanski CM, Westpheling J. Deletion of a single glycosyltransferase in Caldicellulosiruptor bescii eliminates protein glycosylation and growth on crystalline cellulose. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2018; 11:259. [PMID: 30258493 PMCID: PMC6151902 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-018-1266-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2018] [Accepted: 09/19/2018] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Protein glycosylation pathways have been identified in a variety of bacteria and are best understood in pathogens and commensals in which the glycosylation targets are cell surface proteins, such as S layers, pili, and flagella. In contrast, very little is known about the glycosylation of bacterial enzymes, especially those secreted by cellulolytic bacteria. Caldicellulosiruptor bescii secretes several unique synergistic multifunctional biomass-degrading enzymes, notably cellulase A which is largely responsible for this organism's ability to grow on lignocellulosic biomass without the conventional pretreatment. It was recently discovered that extracellular CelA is heavily glycosylated. In this work, we identified an O-glycosyltransferase in the C. bescii chromosome and targeted it for deletion. The resulting mutant was unable to grow on crystalline cellulose and showed no detectable protein glycosylation. Multifunctional biomass-degrading enzymes in this strain were rapidly degraded. With the genetic tools available in C. bescii, this system represents a unique opportunity to study the role of bacterial enzyme glycosylation as well an investigation of the pathway for protein glycosylation in a non-pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan Russell
- Microbiology Department, University of Georgia, Athens, GA USA
- Genetics Department, University of Georgia, Athens, GA USA
- The BioEnergy Science Center and The Center for Bioenergy Innovation U.S. Department of Energy Office of Science, Oak Ridge, Tennessee USA
| | - Sun-Ki Kim
- Genetics Department, University of Georgia, Athens, GA USA
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, Gyeonggi 17546 Republic of Korea
- The BioEnergy Science Center and The Center for Bioenergy Innovation U.S. Department of Energy Office of Science, Oak Ridge, Tennessee USA
| | - Justin Duma
- Microbiology Department, University of Georgia, Athens, GA USA
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA USA
| | - Harald Nothaft
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB Canada
| | - Michael E. Himmel
- Biosciences Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO USA
- The BioEnergy Science Center and The Center for Bioenergy Innovation U.S. Department of Energy Office of Science, Oak Ridge, Tennessee USA
| | - Yannick J. Bomble
- Biosciences Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO USA
- The BioEnergy Science Center and The Center for Bioenergy Innovation U.S. Department of Energy Office of Science, Oak Ridge, Tennessee USA
| | - Christine M. Szymanski
- Microbiology Department, University of Georgia, Athens, GA USA
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA USA
| | - Janet Westpheling
- Genetics Department, University of Georgia, Athens, GA USA
- The BioEnergy Science Center and The Center for Bioenergy Innovation U.S. Department of Energy Office of Science, Oak Ridge, Tennessee USA
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153
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Yu H, Zhong Y, Zhang Z, Liu X, Zhang K, Zhang F, Zhang J, Shu J, Ding L, Chen W, Du H, Zhang C, Wang X, Li Z. Characterization of proteins with Siaα2-3/6Gal-linked glycans from bovine milk and role of their glycans against influenza A virus. Food Funct 2018; 9:5198-5208. [DOI: 10.1039/c8fo00950c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The bovine milk proteins have a wide range of functions, but the role of the attached glycans in their biological functions has not been fully understood yet.
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154
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Moreno-Gonzalo O, Fernandez-Delgado I, Sanchez-Madrid F. Post-translational add-ons mark the path in exosomal protein sorting. Cell Mol Life Sci 2018; 75:1-19. [PMID: 29080091 PMCID: PMC11105655 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-017-2690-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2017] [Revised: 10/11/2017] [Accepted: 10/23/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are released by cells to the extracellular environment to mediate inter-cellular communication. Proteins, lipids, nucleic acids and metabolites shuttled in these vesicles modulate specific functions in recipient cells. The enrichment of selected sets of proteins in EVs compared with global cellular levels suggests the existence of specific sorting mechanisms to specify EV loading. Diverse post-translational modifications (PTMs) of proteins participate in the loading of specific elements into EVs. In this review, we offer a perspective on PTMs found in EVs and discuss the specific role of some PTMs, specifically Ubiquitin and Ubiquitin-like modifiers, in exosomal sorting of protein components. The understanding of these mechanisms will provide new strategies for biomedical applications. Examples include the presence of defined PTM marks on EVs as novel biomarkers for the diagnosis and prognosis of certain diseases, or the specific import of immunogenic components into EVs for vaccine generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Moreno-Gonzalo
- Vascular Pathophysiology Research Area, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
- Servicio de Inmunología, Instituto Investigación Sanitaria Princesa, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Irene Fernandez-Delgado
- Vascular Pathophysiology Research Area, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
- Servicio de Inmunología, Instituto Investigación Sanitaria Princesa, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco Sanchez-Madrid
- Vascular Pathophysiology Research Area, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III (CNIC), Madrid, Spain.
- Servicio de Inmunología, Instituto Investigación Sanitaria Princesa, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Madrid, Spain.
- CIBERCV, Madrid, Spain.
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155
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Yates LE, Mills DC, DeLisa MP. Bacterial Glycoengineering as a Biosynthetic Route to Customized Glycomolecules. ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY 2018; 175:167-200. [PMID: 30099598 DOI: 10.1007/10_2018_72] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Bacteria have garnered increased interest in recent years as a platform for the biosynthesis of a variety of glycomolecules such as soluble oligosaccharides, surface-exposed carbohydrates, and glycoproteins. The ability to engineer commonly used laboratory species such as Escherichia coli to efficiently synthesize non-native sugar structures by recombinant expression of enzymes from various carbohydrate biosynthesis pathways has allowed for the facile generation of important products such as conjugate vaccines, glycosylated outer membrane vesicles, and a variety of other research reagents for studying and understanding the role of glycans in living systems. This chapter highlights some of the key discoveries and technologies for equipping bacteria with the requisite biosynthetic machinery to generate such products. As the bacterial glyco-toolbox continues to grow, these technologies are expected to expand the range of glycomolecules produced recombinantly in bacterial systems, thereby opening up this platform to an even larger number of applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura E Yates
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Dominic C Mills
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Matthew P DeLisa
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA.
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156
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Noronha MF, Lacerda Júnior GV, Gilbert JA, de Oliveira VM. Taxonomic and functional patterns across soil microbial communities of global biomes. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 609:1064-1074. [PMID: 28787780 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.07.159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2017] [Revised: 07/17/2017] [Accepted: 07/18/2017] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Melline Fontes Noronha
- Microbial Resources Division, Multidisciplinary Center for Chemistry, Biology and Agriculture Research (CPQBA), Campinas University, Brazil; Institute of Biology, Campinas University, Brazil.
| | - Gileno Vieira Lacerda Júnior
- Microbial Resources Division, Multidisciplinary Center for Chemistry, Biology and Agriculture Research (CPQBA), Campinas University, Brazil; Institute of Biology, Campinas University, Brazil
| | - Jack A Gilbert
- The Microbiome Center, Department of Surgery, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA; The Microbiome Center, Bioscience Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, USA
| | - Valéria Maia de Oliveira
- Microbial Resources Division, Multidisciplinary Center for Chemistry, Biology and Agriculture Research (CPQBA), Campinas University, Brazil
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157
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Kitajima T, Xue W, Liu YS, Wang CD, Liu SS, Fujita M, Gao XD. Construction of green fluorescence protein mutant to monitor STT3B-dependent N-glycosylation. FEBS J 2017; 285:915-928. [PMID: 29282902 DOI: 10.1111/febs.14375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2017] [Revised: 11/06/2017] [Accepted: 12/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Oligosaccharyltransferases (OSTs) mediate the en bloc transfer of N-glycan intermediates onto the asparagine residue in glycosylation sequons (N-X-S/T, X≠P). These enzymes are typically heteromeric complexes composed of several membrane-associated subunits, in which STT3 is highly conserved as a catalytic core. Metazoan organisms encode two STT3 genes (STT3A and STT3B) in their genome, resulting in the formation of at least two distinct OST isoforms consisting of shared subunits and complex specific subunits. The STT3A isoform of OST primarily glycosylates substrate polypeptides cotranslationally, whereas the STT3B isoform is involved in cotranslational and post-translocational glycosylation of sequons that are skipped by the STT3A isoform. Here, we describe mutant constructs of monomeric enhanced green fluorescent protein (mEGFP), which are susceptible to STT3B-dependent N-glycosylation. The endoplasmic reticulum-localized mEGFP (ER-mEGFP) mutants contained an N-glycosylation sequon at their C-terminus and exhibited increased fluorescence in response to N-glycosylation. Isoform-specific glycosylation of the constructs was confirmed by using STT3A- or STT3B-knockout cell lines. Among the mutant constructs that we tested, the ER-mEGFP mutant containing the N185 -C186 -T187 sequon was the best substrate for the STT3B isoform in terms of glycosylation efficiency and fluorescence change. Our results suggest that the mutant ER-mEGFP is useful for monitoring STT3B-dependent post-translocational N-glycosylation in cells of interest, such as those from putative patients with a congenital disorder of glycosylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshihiko Kitajima
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Wei Xue
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Yi-Shi Liu
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Chun-Di Wang
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Si-Si Liu
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Morihisa Fujita
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Xiao-Dong Gao
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
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158
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Schoborg JA, Hershewe JM, Stark JC, Kightlinger W, Kath JE, Jaroentomeechai T, Natarajan A, DeLisa MP, Jewett MC. A cell-free platform for rapid synthesis and testing of active oligosaccharyltransferases. Biotechnol Bioeng 2017; 115:739-750. [PMID: 29178580 DOI: 10.1002/bit.26502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Revised: 11/15/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Protein glycosylation, or the attachment of sugar moieties (glycans) to proteins, is important for protein stability, activity, and immunogenicity. However, understanding the roles and regulations of site-specific glycosylation events remains a significant challenge due to several technological limitations. These limitations include a lack of available tools for biochemical characterization of enzymes involved in glycosylation. A particular challenge is the synthesis of oligosaccharyltransferases (OSTs), which catalyze the attachment of glycans to specific amino acid residues in target proteins. The difficulty arises from the fact that canonical OSTs are large (>70 kDa) and possess multiple transmembrane helices, making them difficult to overexpress in living cells. Here, we address this challenge by establishing a bacterial cell-free protein synthesis platform that enables rapid production of a variety of OSTs in their active conformations. Specifically, by using lipid nanodiscs as cellular membrane mimics, we obtained yields of up to 420 μg/ml for the single-subunit OST enzyme, "Protein glycosylation B" (PglB) from Campylobacter jejuni, as well as for three additional PglB homologs from Campylobacter coli, Campylobacter lari, and Desulfovibrio gigas. Importantly, all of these enzymes catalyzed N-glycosylation reactions in vitro with no purification or processing needed. Furthermore, we demonstrate the ability of cell-free synthesized OSTs to glycosylate multiple target proteins with varying N-glycosylation acceptor sequons. We anticipate that this broadly applicable production method will advance glycoengineering efforts by enabling preparative expression of membrane-embedded OSTs from all kingdoms of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer A Schoborg
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois.,Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Evanston, Illinois
| | - Jasmine M Hershewe
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois.,Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Evanston, Illinois.,Master of Biotechnology Program, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois
| | - Jessica C Stark
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois.,Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Evanston, Illinois
| | - Weston Kightlinger
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois.,Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Evanston, Illinois
| | - James E Kath
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois.,Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Evanston, Illinois
| | - Thapakorn Jaroentomeechai
- Robert Frederick Smith School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York
| | | | - Matthew P DeLisa
- Robert Frederick Smith School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York.,Department of Microbiology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York
| | - Michael C Jewett
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois.,Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Evanston, Illinois.,Master of Biotechnology Program, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois.,Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois.,Simpson Querrey Institute, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois.,Center for Synthetic Biology, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois
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159
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Sulzenbacher G, Roig-Zamboni V, Lebrun R, Guérardel Y, Murat D, Mansuelle P, Yamakawa N, Qian XX, Vincentelli R, Bourne Y, Wu LF, Alberto F. Glycosylate and move! The glycosyltransferase Maf is involved in bacterial flagella formation. Environ Microbiol 2017; 20:228-240. [DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.13975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2017] [Revised: 10/17/2017] [Accepted: 10/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Régine Lebrun
- Plate-forme Protéomique; Institut de Microbiologie de la Méditerranée, FR3479 Aix-Marseille Université and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique; Marseille 13402 France
| | - Yann Guérardel
- Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle; UMR 8576 Université de Lille and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique; Lille 59000 France
| | - Dorothée Murat
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, LCB UMR7283; Marseille 13402 France
- International Associated Laboratory of Evolution and Development of Magnetotactic Organisms (LIA-MagMC); Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique; Marseille 13402 France
| | - Pascal Mansuelle
- Plate-forme Protéomique; Institut de Microbiologie de la Méditerranée, FR3479 Aix-Marseille Université and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique; Marseille 13402 France
| | - Nao Yamakawa
- Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle; UMR 8576 Université de Lille and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique; Lille 59000 France
| | - Xin-Xin Qian
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, LCB UMR7283; Marseille 13402 France
- International Associated Laboratory of Evolution and Development of Magnetotactic Organisms (LIA-MagMC); Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique; Marseille 13402 France
| | | | - Yves Bourne
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, AFMB UMR7257; Marseille 13288 France
| | - Long-Fei Wu
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, LCB UMR7283; Marseille 13402 France
- International Associated Laboratory of Evolution and Development of Magnetotactic Organisms (LIA-MagMC); Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique; Marseille 13402 France
| | - François Alberto
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, LCB UMR7283; Marseille 13402 France
- International Associated Laboratory of Evolution and Development of Magnetotactic Organisms (LIA-MagMC); Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique; Marseille 13402 France
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160
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Kupferschmid M, Aquino-Gil MO, Shams-Eldin H, Schmidt J, Yamakawa N, Krzewinski F, Schwarz RT, Lefebvre T. Identification of O-GlcNAcylated proteins in Plasmodium falciparum. Malar J 2017; 16:485. [PMID: 29187233 PMCID: PMC5707832 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-017-2131-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2017] [Accepted: 11/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Post-translational modifications (PTMs) constitute a huge group of chemical modifications increasing the complexity of the proteomes of living beings. PTMs have been discussed as potential anti-malarial drug targets due to their involvement in many cell processes. O-GlcNAcylation is a widespread PTM found in different organisms including Plasmodium falciparum. The aim of this study was to identify O-GlcNAcylated proteins of P. falciparum, to learn more about the modification process and to understand its eventual functions in the Apicomplexans. METHODS The P. falciparum strain 3D7 was amplified in erythrocytes and purified. The proteome was checked for O-GlcNAcylation using different methods. The level of UDP-GlcNAc, the donor of the sugar moiety for O-GlcNAcylation processes, was measured using high-pH anion exchange chromatography. O-GlcNAcylated proteins were enriched and purified utilizing either click chemistry labelling or adsorption on succinyl-wheat germ agglutinin beads. Proteins were then identified by mass-spectrometry (nano-LC MS/MS). RESULTS While low when compared to MRC5 control cells, P. falciparum disposes of its own pool of UDP-GlcNAc. By using proteomics methods, 13 O-GlcNAcylated proteins were unambiguously identified (11 by click-chemistry and 6 by sWGA-beads enrichment; 4 being identified by the 2 approaches) in late trophozoites. These proteins are all part of pathways, functions and structures important for the parasite survival. By probing clicked-proteins with specific antibodies, Hsp70 and α-tubulin were identified as P. falciparum O-GlcNAc-bearing proteins. CONCLUSIONS This study is the first report on the identity of P. falciparum O-GlcNAcylated proteins. While the parasite O-GlcNAcome seems close to those of other species, the structural differences exhibited by the proteomes provides a glimpse of innovative therapeutic paths to fight malaria. Blocking biosynthesis of UDP-GlcNAc in the parasites is another promising option to reduce Plasmodium life cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mattis Kupferschmid
- Institute for Virology, Laboratory of Parasitology, Philipps-University, Marburg, Germany
| | - Moyira Osny Aquino-Gil
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR 8576, UGSF, Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, 59000, Lille, France.,Instituto Tecnológico de Oaxaca, Tecnológico Nacional de México, Oaxaca, Mexico.,Centro de Investigación UNAM-UABJO, Universidad Autónoma Benito Juárez de Oaxaca, Oaxaca, Mexico
| | - Hosam Shams-Eldin
- Institute for Virology, Laboratory of Parasitology, Philipps-University, Marburg, Germany
| | - Jörg Schmidt
- Institute for Virology, Laboratory of Parasitology, Philipps-University, Marburg, Germany
| | - Nao Yamakawa
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR 8576, UGSF, Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, 59000, Lille, France
| | - Frédéric Krzewinski
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR 8576, UGSF, Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, 59000, Lille, France
| | - Ralph T Schwarz
- Institute for Virology, Laboratory of Parasitology, Philipps-University, Marburg, Germany.,Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR 8576, UGSF, Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, 59000, Lille, France
| | - Tony Lefebvre
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR 8576, UGSF, Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, 59000, Lille, France.
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161
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Powers MJ, Trent MS. Expanding the paradigm for the outer membrane: Acinetobacter baumannii in the absence of endotoxin. Mol Microbiol 2017; 107:47-56. [PMID: 29114953 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.13872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Asymmetry in the outer membrane has long defined the cell envelope of Gram-negative bacteria. This asymmetry, with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or lipooligosaccharide (LOS) exclusively in the outer leaflet of the membrane, establishes an impermeable barrier that protects the cell from a number of stressors in the environment. Work done over the past 5 years has shown that Acinetobacter baumannii has the remarkable capability to survive with inactivated production of lipid A biosynthesis and the absence of LOS in its outer membrane. The implications of LOS-deficient A. baumannii are far-reaching - from impacts on cell envelope biogenesis and maintenance, bacterial physiology, antibiotic resistance and virulence. This review examines recent work that has contributed to our understanding of LOS-deficiency and compares it to studies done on Neisseria meningitidis and Moraxella catarrhalis; the two other organisms with this capability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Joseph Powers
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, 510 DW Brooks Drive, Athens, GA 30602, USA.,Department of Microbiology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - M Stephen Trent
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, 510 DW Brooks Drive, Athens, GA 30602, USA
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162
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Kolinko S, Wu YW, Tachea F, Denzel E, Hiras J, Gabriel R, Bäcker N, Chan LJG, Eichorst SA, Frey D, Chen Q, Azadi P, Adams PD, Pray TR, Tanjore D, Petzold CJ, Gladden JM, Simmons BA, Singer SW. A bacterial pioneer produces cellulase complexes that persist through community succession. Nat Microbiol 2017; 3:99-107. [PMID: 29109478 PMCID: PMC6794216 DOI: 10.1038/s41564-017-0052-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2017] [Accepted: 10/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Cultivation of microbial consortia provides low-complexity communities that can serve as tractable models to understand community dynamics. Time-resolved metagenomics demonstrated that an aerobic cellulolytic consortium cultivated from compost exhibited community dynamics consistent with the definition of an endogenous heterotrophic succession. The genome of the proposed pioneer population, ‘Candidatus Reconcilibacillus cellulovorans’, possessed a gene cluster containing multidomain glycoside hydrolases (GHs). Purification of the soluble cellulase activity from a 300litre cultivation of this consortium revealed that ~70% of the activity arose from the ‘Ca. Reconcilibacillus cellulovorans’ multidomain GHs assembled into cellulase complexes through glycosylation. These remarkably stable complexes have supramolecular structures for enzymatic cellulose hydrolysis that are distinct from cellulosomes. The persistence of these complexes during cultivation indicates that they may be active through multiple cultivations of this consortium and act as public goods that sustain the community. The provision of extracellular GHs as public goods may influence microbial community dynamics in native biomass-deconstructing communities relevant to agriculture, human health and biotechnology. Cultivation of a cellulolytic consortium reveals successional community dynamics and the presence of multidomain glycoside hydrolases assembled into stable complexes distinct from cellulosomes, which are produced by a potential pioneer population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Kolinko
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, CA, USA.,Biological Systems and Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Yu-Wei Wu
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, CA, USA.,Biological Systems and Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA.,Graduate Institute of Biomedical Informatics, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Firehiwot Tachea
- Biological Systems and Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA.,Advanced Biofuels Process Development Unit, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Emeryville, CA, USA
| | - Evelyn Denzel
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, CA, USA.,Physical Biosciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA.,Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Applied Sciences, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Jennifer Hiras
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, CA, USA.,Physical Biosciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA.,Corning Incorporated, Corning, NY, USA
| | - Raphael Gabriel
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, CA, USA.,Biological Systems and Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA.,Institut für Genetik, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Nora Bäcker
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, CA, USA.,Physical Biosciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA.,Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Applied Sciences, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Leanne Jade G Chan
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, CA, USA.,Biological Systems and Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Stephanie A Eichorst
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, CA, USA.,Physical Biosciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA.,Division of Microbial Ecology, Department of Microbiology and Ecosystem Science, Research network "Chemistry meets Microbiology", University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Dario Frey
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, CA, USA.,Biological Systems and Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA.,Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Applied Sciences, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Qiushi Chen
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Parastoo Azadi
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Paul D Adams
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, CA, USA.,Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Todd R Pray
- Biological Systems and Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA.,Advanced Biofuels Process Development Unit, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Emeryville, CA, USA
| | - Deepti Tanjore
- Biological Systems and Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA.,Advanced Biofuels Process Development Unit, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Emeryville, CA, USA
| | - Christopher J Petzold
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, CA, USA.,Biological Systems and Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - John M Gladden
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, CA, USA.,Biological and Materials Science Center, Sandia National Laboratories, Livermore, CA, USA
| | - Blake A Simmons
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, CA, USA.,Biological Systems and Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Steven W Singer
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, CA, USA. .,Biological Systems and Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA.
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163
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Riegert AS, Thoden JB, Schoenhofen IC, Watson DC, Young NM, Tipton PA, Holden HM. Structural and Biochemical Investigation of PglF from Campylobacter jejuni Reveals a New Mechanism for a Member of the Short Chain Dehydrogenase/Reductase Superfamily. Biochemistry 2017; 56:6030-6040. [PMID: 29053280 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.7b00910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Within recent years it has become apparent that protein glycosylation is not limited to eukaryotes. Indeed, in Campylobacter jejuni, a Gram-negative bacterium, more than 60 of its proteins are known to be glycosylated. One of the sugars found in such glycosylated proteins is 2,4-diacetamido-2,4,6-trideoxy-α-d-glucopyranose, hereafter referred to as QuiNAc4NAc. The pathway for its biosynthesis, initiating with UDP-GlcNAc, requires three enzymes referred to as PglF, PglE, and PlgD. The focus of this investigation is on PglF, an NAD+-dependent sugar 4,6-dehydratase known to belong to the short chain dehydrogenase/reductase (SDR) superfamily. Specifically, PglF catalyzes the first step in the pathway, namely, the dehydration of UDP-GlcNAc to UDP-2-acetamido-2,6-dideoxy-α-d-xylo-hexos-4-ulose. Most members of the SDR superfamily contain a characteristic signature sequence of YXXXK where the conserved tyrosine functions as a catalytic acid or a base. Strikingly, in PglF, this residue is a methionine. Here we describe a detailed structural and functional investigation of PglF from C. jejuni. For this investigation five X-ray structures were determined to resolutions of 2.0 Å or better. In addition, kinetic analyses of the wild-type and site-directed variants were performed. On the basis of the data reported herein, a new catalytic mechanism for a SDR superfamily member is proposed that does not require the typically conserved tyrosine residue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander S Riegert
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin , Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - James B Thoden
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin , Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Ian C Schoenhofen
- National Research Council Canada, Human Health Therapeutics , Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0R6, Canada
| | - David C Watson
- National Research Council Canada, Human Health Therapeutics , Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0R6, Canada
| | - N Martin Young
- National Research Council Canada, Human Health Therapeutics , Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0R6, Canada
| | - Peter A Tipton
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri , Columbia, Missouri 65211, United States
| | - Hazel M Holden
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin , Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
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164
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Yao J, Wang J, Sun N, Deng C. One-step functionalization of magnetic nanoparticles with 4-mercaptophenylboronic acid for a highly efficient analysis of N-glycopeptides. NANOSCALE 2017; 9:16024-16029. [PMID: 29026904 DOI: 10.1039/c7nr04206j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
A very simple and amazing approach was proposed to synthesize MPBA functionalized magnetic nanoparticles via the interaction between Fe and SH, and the as-prepared nanoparticles were successfully applied for the efficient analysis of glycopeptides in complex bio-samples with sensitivity and selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jizong Yao
- Department of Chemistry and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Collaborative Innovation Centre of Genetics and Development, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, P. R. China.
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165
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Napiórkowska M, Boilevin J, Sovdat T, Darbre T, Reymond JL, Aebi M, Locher KP. Molecular basis of lipid-linked oligosaccharide recognition and processing by bacterial oligosaccharyltransferase. Nat Struct Mol Biol 2017; 24:1100-1106. [PMID: 29058712 DOI: 10.1038/nsmb.3491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2017] [Accepted: 09/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Oligosaccharyltransferase (OST) is a membrane-integral enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of glycans from lipid-linked oligosaccharides (LLOs) onto asparagine side chains, the first step in protein N-glycosylation. Here, we report the X-ray structure of a single-subunit OST, PglB from Campylobacter lari, trapped in an intermediate state bound to an acceptor peptide and a synthetic LLO analog. The structure reveals the role of the external loop EL5, present in all OST enzymes, in substrate recognition. Whereas the N-terminal half of EL5 binds LLO, the C-terminal half interacts with the acceptor peptide. The glycan moiety of LLO must thread under EL5 to access the active site. Reducing EL5 mobility decreases the catalytic rate of OST when full-size heptasaccharide LLO is provided, but not for a monosaccharide-containing LLO analog. Our results define the chemistry of a ternary complex state, assign functional roles to conserved OST motifs, and provide opportunities for glycoengineering by rational design of PglB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maja Napiórkowska
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biophysics, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jérémy Boilevin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Berne, Berne, Switzerland
| | - Tina Sovdat
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Berne, Berne, Switzerland
| | - Tamis Darbre
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Berne, Berne, Switzerland
| | - Jean-Louis Reymond
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Berne, Berne, Switzerland
| | - Markus Aebi
- Institute of Microbiology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Kaspar P Locher
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biophysics, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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166
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Castillo DS, Rey Serantes DA, Melli LJ, Ciocchini AE, Ugalde JE, Comerci DJ, Cassola A. A recombinant O-polysaccharide-protein conjugate approach to develop highly specific monoclonal antibodies to Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli O157 and O145 serogroups. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0182452. [PMID: 28981517 PMCID: PMC5628784 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0182452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2017] [Accepted: 09/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) is the major etiologic agent of hemolytic-uremic syndrome (HUS). The high rate of HUS emphasizes the urgency for the implementation of primary prevention strategies to reduce its public health impact. Argentina shows the highest rate of HUS worldwide, being E. coli O157 the predominant STEC-associated HUS serogroup (>70%), followed by E. coli O145 (>9%). To specifically detect these serogroups we aimed at developing highly specific monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against the O-polysaccharide (O-PS) section of the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) of the dominant STEC-associated HUS serogroups in Argentina. The development of hybridomas secreting mAbs against O157 or O145 was carried out through a combined immunization strategy, involving adjuvated-bacterial immunizations followed by immunizations with recombinant O-PS-protein conjugates. We selected hybridoma clones that specifically recognized the engineered O-PS-protein conjugates of O157 or O145 serogroups. Indirect ELISA of heat-killed bacteria showed specific binding to O157 or O145 serogroups, respectively, while no cross-reactivity with other epidemiological important STEC strains, Brucella abortus, Salmonella group N or Yersinia enterocolitica O9 was observed. Western blot analysis showed specific recognition of the sought O-PS section of the LPS by all mAbs. Finally, the ability of the developed mAbs to bind the surface of whole bacteria cells was confirmed by flow cytometry, confocal microscopy and agglutination assays, indicating that these mAbs present an exceptional degree of specificity and relative affinity in the detection and identification of E. coli O157 and O145 serogroups. These mAbs may be of significant value for clinical diagnosis and food quality control applications. Thus, engineered O-PS specific moieties contained in the recombinant glycoconjugates used for combined immunization and hybridoma selection are an invaluable resource for the development of highly specific mAbs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela S. Castillo
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas - Instituto Tecnológico de Chascomús (IIB-INTECH), Universidad Nacional de San Martín (UNSAM) - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), San Martín, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Diego A. Rey Serantes
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas - Instituto Tecnológico de Chascomús (IIB-INTECH), Universidad Nacional de San Martín (UNSAM) - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), San Martín, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Luciano J. Melli
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas - Instituto Tecnológico de Chascomús (IIB-INTECH), Universidad Nacional de San Martín (UNSAM) - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), San Martín, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Andrés E. Ciocchini
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas - Instituto Tecnológico de Chascomús (IIB-INTECH), Universidad Nacional de San Martín (UNSAM) - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), San Martín, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Juan E. Ugalde
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas - Instituto Tecnológico de Chascomús (IIB-INTECH), Universidad Nacional de San Martín (UNSAM) - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), San Martín, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Diego J. Comerci
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas - Instituto Tecnológico de Chascomús (IIB-INTECH), Universidad Nacional de San Martín (UNSAM) - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), San Martín, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Alejandro Cassola
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas - Instituto Tecnológico de Chascomús (IIB-INTECH), Universidad Nacional de San Martín (UNSAM) - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), San Martín, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- * E-mail:
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167
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Jaroentomeechai T, Zheng X, Hershewe J, Stark JC, Jewett MC, DeLisa MP. A Pipeline for Studying and Engineering Single-Subunit Oligosaccharyltransferases. Methods Enzymol 2017; 597:55-81. [PMID: 28935112 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2017.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/06/2022]
Abstract
Asparagine-linked (N-linked) protein glycosylation is one of the most abundant types of posttranslational modification, occurring in all domains of life. The central enzyme in N-linked glycosylation is the oligosaccharyltransferase (OST), which catalyzes the covalent attachment of preassembled glycans to specific asparagine residues in target proteins. Whereas in higher eukaryotes the OST is comprised of eight different membrane proteins, of which the catalytic subunit is STT3, in kinetoplastids and prokaryotes the OST is a monomeric enzyme bearing homology to STT3. Given their relative simplicity, these single-subunit OSTs (ssOSTs) have emerged as important targets for mechanistic dissection of poorly understood aspects of N-glycosylation and at the same time hold great potential for the biosynthesis of custom glycoproteins. To take advantage of this utility, this chapter describes a multipronged approach for studying and engineering ssOSTs that integrates in vivo screening technology with in vitro characterization methods, thereby creating a versatile and readily adaptable pipeline for virtually any ssOST of interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thapakorn Jaroentomeechai
- Robert Frederick Smith School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Xiaolu Zheng
- Robert Frederick Smith School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | | | | | - Michael C Jewett
- Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, United States; Center for Synthetic Biology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, United States
| | - Matthew P DeLisa
- Robert Frederick Smith School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States.
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168
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Liu H, Zhang Y, Wei R, Andolina G, Li X. Total Synthesis of Pseudomonas aeruginosa 1244 Pilin Glycan via de Novo Synthesis of Pseudaminic Acid. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:13420-13428. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b06055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Han Liu
- Department of Chemistry,
State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong
Kong SAR 999077, China
| | - Yanfeng Zhang
- Department of Chemistry,
State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong
Kong SAR 999077, China
| | - Ruohan Wei
- Department of Chemistry,
State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong
Kong SAR 999077, China
| | - Gloria Andolina
- Department of Chemistry,
State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong
Kong SAR 999077, China
| | - Xuechen Li
- Department of Chemistry,
State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong
Kong SAR 999077, China
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169
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Engstrom MD, Pfleger BF. Transcription control engineering and applications in synthetic biology. Synth Syst Biotechnol 2017; 2:176-191. [PMID: 29318198 PMCID: PMC5655343 DOI: 10.1016/j.synbio.2017.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2017] [Revised: 09/26/2017] [Accepted: 09/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In synthetic biology, researchers assemble biological components in new ways to produce systems with practical applications. One of these practical applications is control of the flow of genetic information (from nucleic acid to protein), a.k.a. gene regulation. Regulation is critical for optimizing protein (and therefore activity) levels and the subsequent levels of metabolites and other cellular properties. The central dogma of molecular biology posits that information flow commences with transcription, and accordingly, regulatory tools targeting transcription have received the most attention in synthetic biology. In this mini-review, we highlight many past successes and summarize the lessons learned in developing tools for controlling transcription. In particular, we focus on engineering studies where promoters and transcription terminators (cis-factors) were directly engineered and/or isolated from DNA libraries. We also review several well-characterized transcription regulators (trans-factors), giving examples of how cis- and trans-acting factors have been combined to create digital and analogue switches for regulating transcription in response to various signals. Last, we provide examples of how engineered transcription control systems have been used in metabolic engineering and more complicated genetic circuits. While most of our mini-review focuses on the well-characterized bacterium Escherichia coli, we also provide several examples of the use of transcription control engineering in non-model organisms. Similar approaches have been applied outside the bacterial kingdom indicating that the lessons learned from bacterial studies may be generalized for other organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael D. Engstrom
- Genetics-Biotechnology Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, USA
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison College of Engineering, USA
| | - Brian F. Pfleger
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison College of Engineering, USA
- Microbiology Doctoral Training Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, USA
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170
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Scott NE, Giogha C, Pollock GL, Kennedy CL, Webb AI, Williamson NA, Pearson JS, Hartland EL. The bacterial arginine glycosyltransferase effector NleB preferentially modifies Fas-associated death domain protein (FADD). J Biol Chem 2017; 292:17337-17350. [PMID: 28860194 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m117.805036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2017] [Revised: 08/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The inhibition of host innate immunity pathways is essential for the persistence of attaching and effacing pathogens such as enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) and Citrobacter rodentium during mammalian infections. To subvert these pathways and suppress the antimicrobial response, attaching and effacing pathogens use type III secretion systems to introduce effectors targeting key signaling pathways in host cells. One such effector is the arginine glycosyltransferase NleB1 (NleBCR in C. rodentium) that modifies conserved arginine residues in death domain-containing host proteins with N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc), thereby blocking extrinsic apoptosis signaling. Ectopically expressed NleB1 modifies the host proteins Fas-associated via death domain (FADD), TNFRSF1A-associated via death domain (TRADD), and receptor-interacting serine/threonine protein kinase 1 (RIPK1). However, the full repertoire of arginine GlcNAcylation induced by pathogen-delivered NleB1 is unknown. Using an affinity proteomic approach for measuring arginine-GlcNAcylated glycopeptides, we assessed the global profile of arginine GlcNAcylation during ectopic expression of NleB1, EPEC infection in vitro, or C. rodentium infection in vivo NleB overexpression resulted in arginine GlcNAcylation of multiple host proteins. However, NleB delivery during EPEC and C. rodentium infection caused rapid and preferential modification of Arg117 in FADD. This FADD modification was extremely stable and insensitive to physiological temperatures, glycosidases, or host cell degradation. Despite its stability and effect on the inhibition of apoptosis, arginine GlcNAcylation did not elicit any proteomic changes, even in response to prolonged NleB1 expression. We conclude that, at normal levels of expression during bacterial infection, NleB1/NleBCR antagonizes death receptor-induced apoptosis of infected cells by modifying FADD in an irreversible manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nichollas E Scott
- From the Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne 3000, Australia,
| | - Cristina Giogha
- From the Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne 3000, Australia
| | - Georgina L Pollock
- From the Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne 3000, Australia
| | - Catherine L Kennedy
- From the Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne 3000, Australia
| | - Andrew I Webb
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Melbourne, Australia.,the Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3050, Australia, and
| | - Nicholas A Williamson
- Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Jaclyn S Pearson
- From the Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne 3000, Australia
| | - Elizabeth L Hartland
- From the Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne 3000, Australia
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171
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Barre Y, Nothaft H, Thomas C, Liu X, Li J, Ng KKS, Szymanski CM. A conserved DGGK motif is essential for the function of the PglB oligosaccharyltransferase from Campylobacter jejuni. Glycobiology 2017; 27:978-989. [DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwx067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2016] [Accepted: 07/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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172
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Gandini R, Reichenbach T, Tan TC, Divne C. Structural basis for dolichylphosphate mannose biosynthesis. Nat Commun 2017; 8:120. [PMID: 28743912 PMCID: PMC5526996 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-00187-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2017] [Accepted: 06/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein glycosylation is a critical protein modification. In biogenic membranes of eukaryotes and archaea, these reactions require activated mannose in the form of the lipid conjugate dolichylphosphate mannose (Dol-P-Man). The membrane protein dolichylphosphate mannose synthase (DPMS) catalyzes the reaction whereby mannose is transferred from GDP-mannose to the dolichol carrier Dol-P, to yield Dol-P-Man. Failure to produce or utilize Dol-P-Man compromises organism viability, and in humans, several mutations in the human dpm1 gene lead to congenital disorders of glycosylation (CDG). Here, we report three high-resolution crystal structures of archaeal DPMS from Pyrococcus furiosus, in complex with nucleotide, donor, and glycolipid product. The structures offer snapshots along the catalytic cycle, and reveal how lipid binding couples to movements of interface helices, metal binding, and acceptor loop dynamics to control critical events leading to Dol-P-Man synthesis. The structures also rationalize the loss of dolichylphosphate mannose synthase function in dpm1-associated CDG. The generation of glycolipid dolichylphosphate mannose (Dol-P-Man) is a critical step for protein glycosylation and GPI anchor synthesis. Here the authors report the structure of dolichylphosphate mannose synthase in complex with bound nucleotide and donor to provide insight into the mechanism of Dol-P-Man synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosaria Gandini
- School of Biotechnology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, S-10691, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tom Reichenbach
- School of Biotechnology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, S-10691, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tien-Chye Tan
- School of Biotechnology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, S-10691, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Christina Divne
- School of Biotechnology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, S-10691, Stockholm, Sweden.
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173
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Zhu F, Zhang H, Yang T, Haslam SM, Dell A, Wu H. Engineering and Dissecting the Glycosylation Pathway of a Streptococcal Serine-rich Repeat Adhesin. J Biol Chem 2017; 291:27354-27363. [PMID: 28039332 PMCID: PMC5207161 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.752998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2016] [Revised: 11/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Serine-rich repeat glycoproteins (SRRPs) are conserved in Gram-positive bacteria. They are crucial for modulating biofilm formation and bacterial-host interactions. Glycosylation of SRRPs plays a pivotal role in the process; thus understanding the glycosyltransferases involved is key to identifying new therapeutic drug targets. The glycosylation of Fap1, an SRRP of Streptococcus parasanguinis, is mediated by a gene cluster consisting of six genes: gtf1, gtf2, gly, gtf3, dGT1, and galT2. Mature Fap1 glycan possesses the sequence of Rha1–3Glc1-(Glc1–3GlcNAc1)-2,6-Glc1–6GlcNAc. Gtf12, Gtf3, and dGT1 are responsible for the first four steps of the Fap1 glycosylation, catalyzing the transfer of GlcNAc, Glc, Glc, and GlcNAc residues to the protein backbone sequentially. The role of GalT2 and Gly in the Fap1 glycosylation is unknown. In the present study, we synthesized the fully modified Fap1 glycan in Escherichia coli by incorporating all six genes from the cluster. This study represents the first reconstitution of an exogenous stepwise O-glycosylation synthetic pathway in E. coli. In addition, we have determined that GalT2 mediates the fifth step of the Fap1 glycosylation by adding a rhamnose residue, and Gly mediates the final glycosylation step by transferring glucosyl residues. Furthermore, inactivation of each glycosyltransferase gene resulted in differentially impaired biofilms of S. parasanguinis, demonstrating the importance of Fap1 glycosylation in the biofilm formation. The Fap1 glycosylation system offers an excellent model to engineer glycans using different permutations of glycosyltransferases and to investigate biosynthetic pathways of SRRPs because SRRP genetic loci are highly conserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Zhu
- From the Departments of Pediatric Dentistry and.,Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Schools of Dentistry and Medicine, Birmingham, Alabama 35244 and
| | - Hua Zhang
- From the Departments of Pediatric Dentistry and
| | - Tiandi Yang
- the Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Stuart M Haslam
- the Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Anne Dell
- the Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Hui Wu
- From the Departments of Pediatric Dentistry and .,Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Schools of Dentistry and Medicine, Birmingham, Alabama 35244 and
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174
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Davicino RC, Méndez-Huergo SP, Eliçabe RJ, Stupirski JC, Autenrieth I, Di Genaro MS, Rabinovich GA. Galectin-1–Driven Tolerogenic Programs AggravateYersinia enterocoliticaInfection by Repressing Antibacterial Immunity. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 199:1382-1392. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1700579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2017] [Accepted: 06/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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175
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Zamora CY, Schocker NS, Chang MM, Imperiali B. Chemoenzymatic Synthesis and Applications of Prokaryote-Specific UDP-Sugars. Methods Enzymol 2017; 597:145-186. [PMID: 28935101 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2017.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
This method describes the chemoenzymatic synthesis of several nucleotide sugars, which are essential substrates in the biosynthesis of prokaryotic N- and O-linked glycoproteins. Protein glycosylation is now known to be widespread in prokaryotes and proceeds via sequential action of several enzymes, utilizing both common and modified prokaryote-specific sugar nucleotides. The latter, which include UDP-hexoses such as UDP-diNAc-bacillosamine (UDP-diNAcBac), UDP-diNAcAlt, and UDP-2,3-diNAcManA, are also important components of other bacterial and archaeal glycoconjugates. The ready availability of these "high-value" intermediates will enable courses of study into inhibitor screening, glycoconjugate biosynthesis pathway discovery, and unnatural carbohydrate incorporation toward metabolic engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Michelle M Chang
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Barbara Imperiali
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States.
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176
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Yang Y, Franc V, Heck AJ. Glycoproteomics: A Balance between High-Throughput and In-Depth Analysis. Trends Biotechnol 2017; 35:598-609. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2017.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2017] [Revised: 04/15/2017] [Accepted: 04/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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177
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Radomska KA, Wösten MMSM, Ordoñez SR, Wagenaar JA, van Putten JPM. Importance of Campylobacter jejuni FliS and FliW in Flagella Biogenesis and Flagellin Secretion. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:1060. [PMID: 28659885 PMCID: PMC5466977 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.01060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2017] [Accepted: 05/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Flagella-driven motility enables bacteria to reach their favorable niche within the host. The human foodborne pathogen Campylobacter jejuni produces two heavily glycosylated structural flagellins (FlaA and FlaB) that form the flagellar filament. It also encodes the non-structural FlaC flagellin which is secreted through the flagellum and has been implicated in host cell invasion. The mechanisms that regulate C. jejuni flagellin biogenesis and guide the proteins to the export apparatus are different from those in most other enteropathogens and are not fully understood. This work demonstrates the importance of the putative flagellar protein FliS in C. jejuni flagella assembly. A constructed fliS knockout strain was non-motile, displayed reduced levels of FlaA/B and FlaC flagellin, and carried severely truncated flagella. Pull-down and Far Western blot assays showed direct interaction of FliS with all three C. jejuni flagellins (FlaA, FlaB, and FlaC). This is in contrast to, the sensor and regulator of intracellular flagellin levels, FliW, which bound to FlaA and FlaB but not to FlaC. The FliS protein but not FliW preferred binding to glycosylated C. jejuni flagellins rather than to their non-glycosylated recombinant counterparts. Mapping of the binding region of FliS and FliW using a set of flagellin fragments showed that the C-terminal subdomain of the flagellin was required for FliS binding, whereas the N-terminal subdomain was essential for FliW binding. The separate binding subdomains required for FliS and FliW, the different substrate specificity, and the differential preference for binding of glycosylated flagellins ensure optimal processing and assembly of the C. jejuni flagellins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna A Radomska
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Utrecht UniversityUtrecht, Netherlands
| | - Marc M S M Wösten
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Utrecht UniversityUtrecht, Netherlands
| | - Soledad R Ordoñez
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Utrecht UniversityUtrecht, Netherlands
| | - Jaap A Wagenaar
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Utrecht UniversityUtrecht, Netherlands.,Wageningen Bioveterinary ResearchLelystad, Netherlands.,WHO Collaborating Centre for Campylobacter/OIE Reference Laboratory for CampylobacteriosisUtrecht, Netherlands
| | - Jos P M van Putten
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Utrecht UniversityUtrecht, Netherlands.,WHO Collaborating Centre for Campylobacter/OIE Reference Laboratory for CampylobacteriosisUtrecht, Netherlands
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178
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Ramírez AS, Boilevin J, Lin CW, Ha Gan B, Janser D, Aebi M, Darbre T, Reymond JL, Locher KP. Chemo-enzymatic synthesis of lipid-linked GlcNAc2Man5 oligosaccharides using recombinant Alg1, Alg2 and Alg11 proteins. Glycobiology 2017; 27:726-733. [PMID: 28575298 PMCID: PMC5881667 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwx045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2017] [Revised: 05/10/2017] [Accepted: 05/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The biosynthesis of eukaryotic lipid-linked oligosaccharides (LLOs) that act as donor substrates in eukaryotic protein N-glycosylation starts on the cytoplasmic side of the endoplasmic reticulum and includes the sequential addition of five mannose units to dolichol-pyrophosphate-GlcNAc2. These reactions are catalyzed by the Alg1, Alg2 and Alg11 gene products and yield Dol-PP-GlcNAc2Man5, an LLO intermediate that is subsequently flipped to the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum. While the purification of active Alg1 has previously been described, Alg11 and Alg2 have been mostly studied in vivo. We here describe the expression and purification of functional, full length Alg2 protein. Along with the purified soluble domains Alg1 and Alg11, we used Alg2 to chemo-enzymatically generate Dol-PP-GlcNAc2Man5 analogs starting from synthetic LLOs containing a chitobiose moiety coupled to oligoprenyl carriers of distinct lengths (C10, C15, C20 and C25). We found that while the addition of the first mannose unit by Alg1 was successful with all of the LLO molecules, the Alg2-catalyzed reaction was only efficient if the acceptor LLOs contained a sufficiently long lipid tail of four or five isoprenyl units (C20 and C25). Following conversion with Alg11, the resulting C20 or C25 -containing GlcNAc2Man5 LLO analogs were successfully used as donor substrates of purified single-subunit oligosaccharyltransferase STT3A from Trypanosoma brucei. Our results provide a chemo-enzymatic method for the generation of eukaryotic LLO analogs and are the basis of subsequent mechanistic studies of the enigmatic Alg2 reaction mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana S Ramírez
- Department of Biology, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biophysics, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule (ETH), Schafmattstrasse 20, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Jérémy Boilevin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Berne, CH-3012 Berne, Switzerland
| | - Chia-Wei Lin
- Institute of Microbiology, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule (ETH), CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Bee Ha Gan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Berne, CH-3012 Berne, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Janser
- Department of Biology, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biophysics, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule (ETH), Schafmattstrasse 20, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Markus Aebi
- Institute of Microbiology, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule (ETH), CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Tamis Darbre
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Berne, CH-3012 Berne, Switzerland
| | - Jean-Louis Reymond
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Berne, CH-3012 Berne, Switzerland
| | - Kaspar P Locher
- Department of Biology, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biophysics, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule (ETH), Schafmattstrasse 20, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
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179
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Nagar R, Rao A. An iterative glycosyltransferase EntS catalyzes transfer and extension of O- and S-linked monosaccharide in enterocin 96. Glycobiology 2017; 27:766-776. [PMID: 28498962 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwx042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2016] [Revised: 05/05/2017] [Accepted: 05/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Glycosyltransferases are essential tools for in vitro glycoengineering. Bacteria harbor an unexplored variety of protein glycosyltransferases. Here, we describe a peptide glycosyltransferase (EntS) encoded by ORF0417 of Enterococcus faecalis TX0104. EntS di-glycosylates linear peptide of enterocin 96 - a known antibacterial, in vitro. It is capable of transferring as well as extending the glycan onto the peptide in an iterative sequential dissociative manner. It can catalyze multiple linkages: Glc/Gal(-O)Ser/Thr, Glc/Gal(-S)Cys and Glc/Gal(β)Glc/Gal(-O/S)Ser/Thr/Cys, in one pot. Using EntS generated glycovariants of enterocin 96 peptide, size and identity of the glycan are found to influence bioactivity of the peptide. The study identifies EntS as an enzyme worth pursuing, for in vitro peptide glycoengineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rupa Nagar
- CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology, Sector 39A, Chandigarh 160036, India
| | - Alka Rao
- CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology, Sector 39A, Chandigarh 160036, India
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180
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In Silico Analyses of Staphylococcal Enterotoxin B as a DNA Vaccine for Cancer Therapy. Int J Pept Res Ther 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s10989-017-9595-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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181
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Lebreton F, Manson AL, Saavedra JT, Straub TJ, Earl AM, Gilmore MS. Tracing the Enterococci from Paleozoic Origins to the Hospital. Cell 2017; 169:849-861.e13. [PMID: 28502769 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2017.04.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2016] [Revised: 03/16/2017] [Accepted: 04/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
We examined the evolutionary history of leading multidrug resistant hospital pathogens, the enterococci, to their origin hundreds of millions of years ago. Our goal was to understand why, among the vast diversity of gut flora, enterococci are so well adapted to the modern hospital environment. Molecular clock estimation, together with analysis of their environmental distribution, phenotypic diversity, and concordance with host fossil records, place the origins of the enterococci around the time of animal terrestrialization, 425-500 mya. Speciation appears to parallel the diversification of hosts, including the rapid emergence of new enterococcal species following the End Permian Extinction. Major drivers of speciation include changing carbohydrate availability in the host gut. Life on land would have selected for the precise traits that now allow pathogenic enterococci to survive desiccation, starvation, and disinfection in the modern hospital, foreordaining their emergence as leading hospital pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- François Lebreton
- Department of Ophthalmology and Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Infectious Disease & Microbiome Program, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Abigail L Manson
- Infectious Disease & Microbiome Program, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Jose T Saavedra
- Department of Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Timothy J Straub
- Infectious Disease & Microbiome Program, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Ashlee M Earl
- Infectious Disease & Microbiome Program, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.
| | - Michael S Gilmore
- Department of Ophthalmology and Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Infectious Disease & Microbiome Program, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.
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182
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Eichler J, Guan Z. Lipid sugar carriers at the extremes: The phosphodolichols Archaea use in N-glycosylation. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2017; 1862:589-599. [PMID: 28330764 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2017.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2016] [Revised: 03/15/2017] [Accepted: 03/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
N-glycosylation, a post-translational modification whereby glycans are covalently linked to select Asn residues of target proteins, occurs in all three domains of life. Across evolution, the N-linked glycans are initially assembled on phosphorylated cytoplasmically-oriented polyisoprenoids, with polyprenol (mainly C55 undecaprenol) fulfilling this role in Bacteria and dolichol assuming this function in Eukarya and Archaea. The eukaryal and archaeal versions of dolichol can, however, be distinguished on the basis of their length, degree of saturation and by other traits. As is true for many facets of their biology, Archaea, best known in their capacity as extremophiles, present unique approaches for synthesizing phosphodolichols. At the same time, general insight into the assembly and processing of glycan-bearing phosphodolichols has come from studies of the archaeal enzymes responsible. In this review, these and other aspects of archaeal phosphodolichol biology are addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerry Eichler
- Department of Life Sciences, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beersheva 84105, Israel.
| | - Ziqiang Guan
- Department of Biochemistry, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
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183
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N-Glycosylation Is Important for Proper Haloferax volcanii S-Layer Stability and Function. Appl Environ Microbiol 2017; 83:AEM.03152-16. [PMID: 28039139 DOI: 10.1128/aem.03152-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2016] [Accepted: 12/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
N-Glycosylation, the covalent linkage of glycans to select Asn residues of target proteins, is an almost universal posttranslational modification in archaea. However, whereas roles for N-glycosylation have been defined in eukarya and bacteria, the function of archaeal N-glycosylation remains unclear. Here, the impact of perturbed N-glycosylation on the structure and physiology of the haloarchaeon Haloferax volcanii was considered. Cryo-electron microscopy was used to examine right-side-out membrane vesicles prepared from cells of a parent strain and from strains lacking genes encoding glycosyltransferases involved in assembling the N-linked pentasaccharide decorating the surface layer (S-layer) glycoprotein, the sole component of the S-layer surrounding H. volcanii cells. Whereas a regularly repeating S-layer covered the entire surface of vesicles prepared from parent strain cells, vesicles from the mutant cells were only partially covered. To determine whether such N-glycosylation-related effects on S-layer assembly also affected cell function, the secretion of a reporter protein was addressed in the parent and N-glycosylation mutant strains. Compromised S-layer glycoprotein N-glycosylation resulted in impaired transfer of the reporter past the S-layer and into the growth medium. Finally, an assessment of S-layer glycoprotein susceptibility to added proteases in the mutants revealed that in cells lacking AglD, which is involved in adding the final pentasaccharide sugar, a distinct S-layer glycoprotein conformation was assumed in which the N-terminal region was readily degraded. Perturbed N-glycosylation thus affects S-layer glycoprotein folding. These findings suggest that H. volcanii could adapt to changes in its surroundings by modulating N-glycosylation so as to affect S-layer architecture and function.IMPORTANCE Long held to be a process unique to eukaryotes, it is now accepted that bacteria and archaea also perform N-glycosylation, namely, the covalent attachment of sugars to select asparagine residues of target proteins. Yet, while information on the importance of N-glycosylation in eukaryotes and bacteria is available, the role of this posttranslational modification in archaea remains unclear. Here, insight into the purpose of archaeal N-glycosylation was gained by addressing the surface layer (S-layer) surrounding cells of the halophilic species Haloferax volcanii Relying on mutant strains defective in N-glycosylation, such efforts revealed that compromised N-glycosylation affected S-layer integrity and the transfer of a secreted reporter protein across the S-layer into the growth medium, as well as the conformation of the S-layer glycoprotein, the sole component of the S-layer. Thus, by modifying N-glycosylation, H. volcanii cells can change how they interact with their surroundings.
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184
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Jiang YL, Jin H, Yang HB, Zhao RL, Wang S, Chen Y, Zhou CZ. Defining the enzymatic pathway for polymorphic O-glycosylation of the pneumococcal serine-rich repeat protein PsrP. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:6213-6224. [PMID: 28246170 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.770446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Revised: 02/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein O-glycosylation is an important post-translational modification in all organisms, but deciphering the specific functions of these glycans is difficult due to their structural complexity. Understanding the glycosylation of mucin-like proteins presents a particular challenge as they are modified numerous times with both the enzymes involved and the glycosylation patterns being poorly understood. Here we systematically explored the O-glycosylation pathway of a mucin-like serine-rich repeat protein PsrP from the human pathogen Streptococcus pneumoniae TIGR4. Previous works have assigned the function of 3 of the 10 glycosyltransferases thought to modify PsrP, GtfA/B, and Gtf3 as catalyzing the first two reactions to form a unified disaccharide core structure. We now use in vivo and in vitro glycosylation assays combined with hydrolytic activity assays to identify the glycosyltransferases capable of decorating this core structure in the third and fourth steps of glycosylation. Specifically, the full-length GlyE and GlyG proteins and the GlyD DUF1792 domain participate in both steps, whereas full-length GlyA and the GlyD GT8 domain catalyze only the fourth step. Incorporation of different sugars to the disaccharide core structure at multiple sites along the serine-rich repeats results in a highly polymorphic product. Furthermore, crystal structures of apo- and UDP-complexed GlyE combined with structural analyses reveal a novel Rossmann-fold "add-on" domain that we speculate to function as a universal module shared by GlyD, GlyE, and GlyA to forward the peptide acceptor from one enzyme to another. These findings define the complete glycosylation pathway of a bacterial glycoprotein and offer a testable hypothesis of how glycosyltransferase coordination facilitates glycan assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Liang Jiang
- From the Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China and.,Key Laboratory of Structural Biology, Chinese Academy of Science, Hefei, Anhui 230027, China
| | - Hua Jin
- From the Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China and.,Key Laboratory of Structural Biology, Chinese Academy of Science, Hefei, Anhui 230027, China
| | - Hong-Bo Yang
- From the Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China and.,Key Laboratory of Structural Biology, Chinese Academy of Science, Hefei, Anhui 230027, China
| | - Rong-Li Zhao
- From the Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China and.,Key Laboratory of Structural Biology, Chinese Academy of Science, Hefei, Anhui 230027, China
| | - Shiliang Wang
- From the Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China and
| | - Yuxing Chen
- From the Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China and .,Key Laboratory of Structural Biology, Chinese Academy of Science, Hefei, Anhui 230027, China
| | - Cong-Zhao Zhou
- From the Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China and .,Key Laboratory of Structural Biology, Chinese Academy of Science, Hefei, Anhui 230027, China
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185
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De Schutter JW, Morrison JP, Morrison MJ, Ciulli A, Imperiali B. Targeting Bacillosamine Biosynthesis in Bacterial Pathogens: Development of Inhibitors to a Bacterial Amino-Sugar Acetyltransferase from Campylobacter jejuni. J Med Chem 2017; 60:2099-2118. [PMID: 28182413 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.6b01869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The glycoproteins of selected microbial pathogens often include highly modified carbohydrates such as 2,4-diacetamidobacillosamine (diNAcBac). These glycoconjugates are involved in host-cell interactions and may be associated with the virulence of medically significant Gram-negative bacteria. In light of genetic studies demonstrating the attenuated virulence of bacterial strains in which modified carbohydrate biosynthesis enzymes have been knocked out, we are developing small molecule inhibitors of selected enzymes as tools to evaluate whether such compounds modulate virulence. We performed fragment-based and high-throughput screens against an amino-sugar acetyltransferase enzyme, PglD, involved in biosynthesis of UDP-diNAcBac in Campylobacter jejuni. Herein we report optimization of the hits into potent small molecule inhibitors (IC50 < 300 nM). Biophysical characterization shows that the best inhibitors are competitive with acetyl coenzyme A and an X-ray cocrystal structure reveals that binding is biased toward occupation of the adenine subpocket of the AcCoA binding site by an aromatic ring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joris W De Schutter
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology , 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - James P Morrison
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology , 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Michael J Morrison
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology , 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Alessio Ciulli
- Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee , DD1 5EH Dundee, Scotland
| | - Barbara Imperiali
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology , 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States.,Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology , 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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186
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Fucosyltransferases produce N-glycans containing core l-galactose. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2017; 483:658-663. [PMID: 27993676 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.12.087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2016] [Accepted: 12/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
l-Galactose (l-Gal) containing N-glycans and cell wall polysaccharides have been detected in the l-Fuc deficient mur1 mutant of Arabidopsis thaliana. The l-Gal residue is thought to be transferred from GDP-l-Gal, which is a structurally related analog of GDP-l-Fuc, but in vitrol-galactosylation activity has never been detected. In this study, we carried out preparative scale GDP-l-Gal synthesis using recombinant A. thaliana GDP-mannose-3',5'-epimerase. We also demonstrated the l-galactosylation assay of mouse α1,6-fucosyltransferase (MmFUT8) and A. thaliana α1,3-fucosyltransferase (AtFucTA). Both fucosyltransferases showed l-galactosylation activity from GDP-l-Gal to asparagine-linked N-acetyl-β-d-glucosamine of asialo-agalacto-bi-antennary N-glycan instead of l-fucosylation. In addition, the apparent Km values of MmFUT8 and AtFucTA suggest that l-Fuc was preferentially transferred to N-glycan compared with l-Gal by fucosyltransferases. Our results clearly demonstrate that MmFUT8 and AtFucTA transfer l-Gal residues from GDP-l-Gal and synthesize l-Gal containing N-glycan in vitro.
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187
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Bleiziffer I, Eikmeier J, Pohlentz G, McAulay K, Xia G, Hussain M, Peschel A, Foster S, Peters G, Heilmann C. The Plasmin-Sensitive Protein Pls in Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) Is a Glycoprotein. PLoS Pathog 2017; 13:e1006110. [PMID: 28081265 PMCID: PMC5230774 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2016] [Accepted: 12/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Most bacterial glycoproteins identified to date are virulence factors of pathogenic bacteria, i.e. adhesins and invasins. However, the impact of protein glycosylation on the major human pathogen Staphylococcus aureus remains incompletely understood. To study protein glycosylation in staphylococci, we analyzed lysostaphin lysates of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) strains by SDS-PAGE and subsequent periodic acid-Schiff’s staining. We detected four (>300, ∼250, ∼165, and ∼120 kDa) and two (>300 and ∼175 kDa) glycosylated surface proteins with strain COL and strain 1061, respectively. The ∼250, ∼165, and ∼175 kDa proteins were identified as plasmin-sensitive protein (Pls) by mass spectrometry. Previously, Pls has been demonstrated to be a virulence factor in a mouse septic arthritis model. The pls gene is encoded by the staphylococcal cassette chromosome (SCC)mec type I in MRSA that also encodes the methicillin resistance-conferring mecA and further genes. In a search for glycosyltransferases, we identified two open reading frames encoded downstream of pls on the SCCmec element, which we termed gtfC and gtfD. Expression and deletion analysis revealed that both gtfC and gtfD mediate glycosylation of Pls. Additionally, the recently reported glycosyltransferases SdgA and SdgB are involved in Pls glycosylation. Glycosylation occurs at serine residues in the Pls SD-repeat region and modifying carbohydrates are N-acetylhexosaminyl residues. Functional characterization revealed that Pls can confer increased biofilm formation, which seems to involve two distinct mechanisms. The first mechanism depends on glycosylation of the SD-repeat region by GtfC/GtfD and probably also involves eDNA, while the second seems to be independent of glycosylation as well as eDNA and may involve the centrally located G5 domains. Other previously known Pls properties are not related to the sugar modifications. In conclusion, Pls is a glycoprotein and Pls glycosyl residues can stimulate biofilm formation. Thus, sugar modifications may represent promising new targets for novel therapeutic or prophylactic measures against life-threatening S. aureus infections. Staphylococcus aureus is a serious pathogen that causes life-threatening infections due to its ability to attach to surfaces, form biofilms, and persist inside the host. One of previously identified virulence factors in S. aureus pathogenesis is the plasmin-sensitive surface protein Pls. We here identified Pls as a posttranslationally modified glycoprotein and characterized the domain within Pls that becomes glycosylated as well as the modifying sugars. Moreover, we found that the glycosyltransferases GtfC and GtfD carry out the glycosylation reactions. In a search for a role for the modifying sugars, we found that Pls can stimulate biofilm formation apparently via two distinct mechanisms, one being dependent on glycosylation by GtfC and GtfD the other being independent of glycosylation as well as eDNA. Moreover, we found that none of the already known Pls functions is mediated by the sugar moieties. Thus, we conclude that GtfC/GtfD-glycosylated Pls may contribute to MRSA pathogenicity via stimulation of biofilm formation and may serve as future target to combat or prevent infections with this serious pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Bleiziffer
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
- Interdisciplinary Center for Clinical Research (IZKF), University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Julian Eikmeier
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
- Interdisciplinary Center for Clinical Research (IZKF), University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | | | - Kathryn McAulay
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Guoqing Xia
- Division of Infection, Immunity and Respiratory Medicine, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Muzaffar Hussain
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Andreas Peschel
- Interfaculty Institute of Microbiology and Infection Medicine, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Tübingen, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Simon Foster
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Georg Peters
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
- Interdisciplinary Center for Clinical Research (IZKF), University of Münster, Münster, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence EXC 1003, Cells in Motion, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Christine Heilmann
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
- Interdisciplinary Center for Clinical Research (IZKF), University of Münster, Münster, Germany
- * E-mail:
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188
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Bonham-Carter O, Thapa I, From S, Bastola D. A study of bias and increasing organismal complexity from their post-translational modifications and reaction site interplays. Brief Bioinform 2017; 18:69-84. [PMID: 26764274 PMCID: PMC5221421 DOI: 10.1093/bib/bbv111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2015] [Revised: 12/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Post-translational modifications (PTMs) are important steps in the biosynthesis of proteins. Aside from their integral contributions to protein development, i.e. perform specialized proteolytic cleavage of regulatory subunits, the covalent addition of functional groups of proteins or the degradation of entire proteins, PTMs are also involved in enabling proteins to withstand and recover from temporary environmental stresses (heat shock, microgravity and many others). The literature supports evidence of thousands of recently discovered PTMs, many of which may likely contribute similarly (perhaps, even, interchangeably) to protein stress response. Although there are many PTM actors on the biological stage, our study determines that these PTMs are generally cast into organism-specific, preferential roles. In this work, we study the PTM compositions across the mitochondrial (Mt) and non-Mt proteomes of 11 diverse organisms to illustrate that each organism appears to have a unique list of PTMs, and an equally unique list of PTM-associated residue reaction sites (RSs), where PTMs interact with protein. Despite the present limitation of available PTM data across different species, we apply existing and current protein data to illustrate particular organismal biases. We explore the relative frequencies of observed PTMs, the RSs and general amino-acid compositions of Mt and non-Mt proteomes. We apply these data to create networks and heatmaps to illustrate the evidence of bias. We show that the number of PTMs and RSs appears to grow along with organismal complexity, which may imply that environmental stress could play a role in this bias.
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189
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Strutton B, Jaffé SRP, Pandhal J, Wright PC. Generation of Recombinant N-Linked Glycoproteins in E. coli. Methods Mol Biol 2017; 1586:233-250. [PMID: 28470609 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-6887-9_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The production of N-linked recombinant glycoproteins is possible in a variety of biotechnology host cells, and more recently in the bacterial workhorse, Escherichia coli. This methods chapter will outline the components and procedures needed to produce N-linked glycoproteins in E. coli, utilizing Campylobacter jejuni glycosylation machinery, although other related genes can be used with minimal tweaks to this methodology. To ensure a successful outcome, various methods will be highlighted that can confirm glycoprotein production to a high degree of confidence, including the gold standard of mass spectrometry analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Strutton
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, ChELSI Institute, University of Sheffield, Mappin Street, Sheffield, S1 3JD, UK
| | - Stephen R P Jaffé
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, ChELSI Institute, University of Sheffield, Mappin Street, Sheffield, S1 3JD, UK
| | - Jagroop Pandhal
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, ChELSI Institute, University of Sheffield, Mappin Street, Sheffield, S1 3JD, UK.
| | - Phillip C Wright
- Faculty of Science, Agriculture and Engineering, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
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190
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Kurniyati K, Kelly JF, Vinogradov E, Robotham A, Tu Y, Wang J, Liu J, Logan SM, Li C. A novel glycan modifies the flagellar filament proteins of the oral bacterium Treponema denticola. Mol Microbiol 2017; 103:67-85. [PMID: 27696564 PMCID: PMC5182079 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.13544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
While protein glycosylation has been reported in several spirochetes including the syphilis bacterium Treponema pallidum and Lyme disease pathogen Borrelia burgdorferi, the pertinent glycan structures and their roles remain uncharacterized. Herein, a novel glycan with an unusual chemical composition and structure in the oral spirochete Treponema denticola, a keystone pathogen of periodontitis was reported. The identified glycan of mass 450.2 Da is composed of a monoacetylated nonulosonic acid (Non) with a novel extended N7 acyl modification, a 2-methoxy-4,5,6-trihydroxy-hexanoyl residue in which the Non has a pseudaminic acid configuration (L-glycero-L-manno) and is β-linked to serine or threonine residues. This novel glycan modifies the flagellin proteins (FlaBs) of T. denticola by O-linkage at multiple sites near the D1 domain, a highly conserved region of bacterial flagellins that interact with Toll-like receptor 5. Furthermore, mutagenesis studies demonstrate that the glycosylation plays an essential role in the flagellar assembly and motility of T. denticola. To our knowledge, this novel glycan and its unique modification sites have not been reported previously in any bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kurni Kurniyati
- Department of Oral Biology, The State University of New York at Buffalo, New York 14214, USA
| | - John F. Kelly
- Vaccine Program, Human Health Therapeutics, National Research Council, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1A 0R6
| | - Evgeny Vinogradov
- Vaccine Program, Human Health Therapeutics, National Research Council, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1A 0R6
| | - Anna Robotham
- Vaccine Program, Human Health Therapeutics, National Research Council, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1A 0R6
| | - Youbing Tu
- Department of Oral Biology, The State University of New York at Buffalo, New York 14214, USA
| | - Juyu Wang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, McGovern Medical School at UT Health Science Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Jun Liu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, McGovern Medical School at UT Health Science Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Susan M. Logan
- Vaccine Program, Human Health Therapeutics, National Research Council, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1A 0R6
| | - Chunhao Li
- Department of Oral Biology, The State University of New York at Buffalo, New York 14214, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The State University of New York at Buffalo, New York 14214, USA
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191
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Abstract
The glycosylation systems of Campylobacter jejuni (C. jejuni) are considered archetypal examples of both N- and O-linked glycosylations in the field of bacterial glycosylation. The discovery and characterization of these systems both have revealed important biological insight into C. jejuni and have led to the refinement and enhancement of methodologies to characterize bacterial glycosylation. In general, mass spectrometry-based characterization has become the preferred methodology for the study of C. jejuni glycosylation because of its speed, sensitivity, and ability to enable both qualitative and quantitative assessments of glycosylation events. In these experiments the generation of insightful data requires the careful selection of experimental approaches and mass spectrometry (MS) instrumentation. As such, it is essential to have a deep understanding of the technologies and approaches used for characterization of glycosylation events. Here we describe protocols for the initial characterization of C. jejuni glycoproteins using protein-/peptide-centric approaches and discuss considerations that can enhance the generation of insightful data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nichollas E Scott
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Doherty Institute, The University of Melbourne, 792 Elizabeth St., Melbourne, Victoria, 3001, Australia.
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192
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Abstract
α2-macroglobulins are broad-spectrum endopeptidase inhibitors, which have to date been characterised from metazoans (vertebrates and invertebrates) and Gram-negative bacteria. Their structural and biochemical properties reveal two related modes of action: the "Venus flytrap" and the "snap-trap" mechanisms. In both cases, peptidases trigger a massive conformational rearrangement of α2-macroglobulin after cutting in a highly flexible bait region, which results in their entrapment. In some homologs, a second action takes place that involves a highly reactive β-cysteinyl-γ-glutamyl thioester bond, which covalently binds cleaving peptidases and thus contributes to the further stabilization of the enzyme:inhibitor complex. Trapped peptidases are still active, but have restricted access to their substrates due to steric hindrance. In this way, the human α2-macroglobulin homolog regulates proteolysis in complex biological processes, such as nutrition, signalling, and tissue remodelling, but also defends the host organism against attacks by external toxins and other virulence factors during infection and envenomation. In parallel, it participates in several other biological functions by modifying the activity of cytokines and regulating hormones, growth factors, lipid factors and other proteins, which has a great impact on physiology. Likewise, bacterial α2-macroglobulins may participate in defence by protecting cell wall components from attacking peptidases, or in host-pathogen interactions through recognition of host peptidases and/or antimicrobial peptides. α2-macroglobulins are more widespread than initially thought and exert multifunctional roles in both eukaryotes and prokaryotes, therefore, their on-going study is essential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Garcia-Ferrer
- Proteolysis Lab, Structural Biology Unit, "María de Maeztu" Unit of Excellence, Molecular Biology Institute of Barcelona (CSIC), Barcelona Science Park; c/Baldiri Reixac, 15-21, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
- Present address: EMBL Grenoble, 71 Avenue des Martyrs; 38042 CS 90181, Grenoble Cedex 9, France
| | - Aniebrys Marrero
- Proteolysis Lab, Structural Biology Unit, "María de Maeztu" Unit of Excellence, Molecular Biology Institute of Barcelona (CSIC), Barcelona Science Park; c/Baldiri Reixac, 15-21, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
- Present address: Department of Chemistry, University of Zürich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - F Xavier Gomis-Rüth
- Proteolysis Lab, Structural Biology Unit, "María de Maeztu" Unit of Excellence, Molecular Biology Institute of Barcelona (CSIC), Barcelona Science Park; c/Baldiri Reixac, 15-21, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Theodoros Goulas
- Proteolysis Lab, Structural Biology Unit, "María de Maeztu" Unit of Excellence, Molecular Biology Institute of Barcelona (CSIC), Barcelona Science Park; c/Baldiri Reixac, 15-21, 08028, Barcelona, Spain.
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193
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Ladevèze S, Laville E, Despres J, Mosoni P, Potocki-Véronèse G. Mannoside recognition and degradation by bacteria. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2016; 92:1969-1990. [PMID: 27995767 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2016] [Revised: 11/01/2016] [Accepted: 11/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Mannosides constitute a vast group of glycans widely distributed in nature. Produced by almost all organisms, these carbohydrates are involved in numerous cellular processes, such as cell structuration, protein maturation and signalling, mediation of protein-protein interactions and cell recognition. The ubiquitous presence of mannosides in the environment means they are a reliable source of carbon and energy for bacteria, which have developed complex strategies to harvest them. This review focuses on the various mannosides that can be found in nature and details their structure. It underlines their involvement in cellular interactions and finally describes the latest discoveries regarding the catalytic machinery and metabolic pathways that bacteria have developed to metabolize them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Ladevèze
- LISBP, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INRA, INSA, 31077, Toulouse, France
| | - Elisabeth Laville
- LISBP, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INRA, INSA, 31077, Toulouse, France
| | - Jordane Despres
- INRA, UR454 Microbiologie, F-63122, Saint-Genès Champanelle, France
| | - Pascale Mosoni
- INRA, UR454 Microbiologie, F-63122, Saint-Genès Champanelle, France
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194
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Wang S, Corcilius L, Sharp PP, Rajkovic A, Ibba M, Parker BL, Payne RJ. Synthesis of rhamnosylated arginine glycopeptides and determination of the glycosidic linkage in bacterial elongation factor P. Chem Sci 2016; 8:2296-2302. [PMID: 28451332 PMCID: PMC5363394 DOI: 10.1039/c6sc03847f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2016] [Accepted: 12/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
We describe the synthesis and incorporation of α- and β-configured rhamnosyl arginine cassettes into Pseudomonas aeruginosa elongation factor P-derived glycopeptides. These were used to unequivocally determine the native anomeric configuration of the rhamnose moiety in EF-P.
A new class of N-linked protein glycosylation – arginine rhamnosylation – has recently been discovered as a critical modification for the function of bacterial elongation factor P (EF-P). Herein, we describe the synthesis of suitably protected α- and β-rhamnosylated arginine amino acid “cassettes” that can be directly installed into rhamnosylated peptides. Preparation of a proteolytic fragment of Pseudomonas aeruginosa EF-P bearing both α- and β-rhamnosylated arginine enabled the unequivocal determination of the native glycosidic linkage to be α through 2D NMR and nano-UHPLC-tandem mass spectrometry studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyao Wang
- School of Chemistry , The University of Sydney , Sydney , NSW 2006 , Australia .
| | - Leo Corcilius
- School of Chemistry , The University of Sydney , Sydney , NSW 2006 , Australia .
| | - Phillip P Sharp
- ACRF Chemical Biology Division , Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research , 1G Royal Parade , VIC3052 , Australia
| | - Andrei Rajkovic
- Department of Microbiology and Center for RNA Biology , Ohio State University , Columbus , Ohio , USA
| | - Michael Ibba
- Department of Microbiology and Center for RNA Biology , Ohio State University , Columbus , Ohio , USA
| | - Benjamin L Parker
- Charles Perkins Centre , The University of Sydney , NSW 2006 , Australia
| | - Richard J Payne
- School of Chemistry , The University of Sydney , Sydney , NSW 2006 , Australia .
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195
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De Maayer P, Cowan DA. Comparative genomic analysis of the flagellin glycosylation island of the Gram-positive thermophile Geobacillus. BMC Genomics 2016; 17:913. [PMID: 27842516 PMCID: PMC5109656 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-016-3273-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2016] [Accepted: 11/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Protein glycosylation involves the post-translational attachment of sugar chains to target proteins and has been observed in all three domains of life. Post-translational glycosylation of flagellin, the main structural protein of the flagellum, is a common characteristic among many Gram-negative bacteria and Archaea. Several distinct functions have been ascribed to flagellin glycosylation, including stabilisation and maintenance of the flagellar filament, motility, surface recognition, adhesion, and virulence. However, little is known about this trait among Gram-positive bacteria. RESULTS Using comparative genomic approaches the flagellin glycosylation loci of multiple strains of the Gram-positive thermophilic genus Geobacillus were identified and characterized. Eighteen of thirty-six compared strains of the genus carry these loci, which show evidence of horizontal acquisition. The Geobacillus flagellin glycosylation islands (FGIs) can be clustered into five distinct types, which are predicted to encode highly variable glycans decorated with distinct and heavily modified sugars. CONCLUSIONS Our comparative genomic analyses showed that, while not universal, flagellin glycosylation islands are relatively common among members of the genus Geobacillus and that the encoded flagellin glycans are highly variable. This suggests that flagellin glycosylation plays an important role in the lifestyles of members of this thermophilic genus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pieter De Maayer
- School of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of the Witwatersrand, Private Bag 3, Wits, 2050, Johannesburg, South Africa.
| | - Don A Cowan
- Centre for Microbial Ecology and Genomics, Genomics Research Institute, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, 0002, South Africa
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196
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van Teeseling MCF, Maresch D, Rath CB, Figl R, Altmann F, Jetten MSM, Messner P, Schäffer C, van Niftrik L. The S-Layer Protein of the Anammox Bacterium Kuenenia stuttgartiensis Is Heavily O-Glycosylated. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:1721. [PMID: 27847504 PMCID: PMC5088730 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.01721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2016] [Accepted: 10/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Anaerobic ammonium oxidation (anammox) bacteria are a distinct group of Planctomycetes that are characterized by their unique ability to perform anammox with nitrite to dinitrogen gas in a specialized organelle. The cell of anammox bacteria comprises three membrane-bound compartments and is surrounded by a two-dimensional crystalline S-layer representing the direct interaction zone of anammox bacteria with the environment. Previous results from studies with the model anammox organism Kuenenia stuttgartiensis suggested that the protein monomers building the S-layer lattice are glycosylated. In the present study, we focussed on the characterization of the S-layer protein glycosylation in order to increase our knowledge on the cell surface characteristics of anammox bacteria. Mass spectrometry (MS) analysis showed an O-glycan attached to 13 sites distributed over the entire 1591-amino acid S-layer protein. This glycan is composed of six monosaccharide residues, of which five are N-acetylhexosamine (HexNAc) residues. Four of these HexNAc residues have been identified as GalNAc. The sixth monosaccharide in the glycan is a putative dimethylated deoxyhexose. Two of the HexNAc residues were also found to contain a methyl group, thereby leading to an extensive degree of methylation of the glycan. This study presents the first characterization of a glycoprotein in a planctomycete and shows that the S-layer protein Kustd1514 of K. stuttgartiensis is heavily glycosylated with an O-linked oligosaccharide which is additionally modified by methylation. S-layer glycosylation clearly contributes to the diversification of the K. stuttgartiensis cell surface and can be expected to influence the interaction of the bacterium with other cells or abiotic surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muriel C. F. van Teeseling
- Department of Microbiology, Institute for Water and Wetland Research, Faculty of Science, Radboud UniversityNijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Daniel Maresch
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life SciencesVienna, Austria
| | - Cornelia B. Rath
- NanoGlycobiology Unit, Department of NanoBiotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life SciencesVienna, Austria
| | - Rudolf Figl
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life SciencesVienna, Austria
| | - Friedrich Altmann
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life SciencesVienna, Austria
| | - Mike S. M. Jetten
- Department of Microbiology, Institute for Water and Wetland Research, Faculty of Science, Radboud UniversityNijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Paul Messner
- NanoGlycobiology Unit, Department of NanoBiotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life SciencesVienna, Austria
| | - Christina Schäffer
- NanoGlycobiology Unit, Department of NanoBiotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life SciencesVienna, Austria
| | - Laura van Niftrik
- Department of Microbiology, Institute for Water and Wetland Research, Faculty of Science, Radboud UniversityNijmegen, Netherlands
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197
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Glycolipid substrates for ABC transporters required for the assembly of bacterial cell-envelope and cell-surface glycoconjugates. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2016; 1862:1394-1403. [PMID: 27793707 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2016.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2016] [Revised: 10/19/2016] [Accepted: 10/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Glycoconjugates, molecules that contain sugar components, are major components of the cell envelopes of bacteria and cover much of their exposed surfaces. These molecules are involved in interactions with the surrounding environment and, in pathogens, play critical roles in the interplay with the host immune system. Despite the remarkable diversity in glycoconjugate structures, most are assembled by glycosyltransferases that act on lipid acceptors at the cytosolic membrane. The resulting glycolipids are then transported to the cell surface in processes that frequently begin with ATP-binding cassette transporters. This review summarizes current understanding of the structure and biosynthesis of glycolipid substrates and the structure and functions of their transporters. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Bacterial Lipids edited by Russell E. Bishop.
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198
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Horie T, Inomata M, Into T, Hasegawa Y, Kitai N, Yoshimura F, Murakami Y. Identification of OmpA-Like Protein of Tannerella forsythia as an O-Linked Glycoprotein and Its Binding Capability to Lectins. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0163974. [PMID: 27711121 PMCID: PMC5053532 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0163974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Accepted: 09/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial glycoproteins are associated with physiological and pathogenic functions of bacteria. It remains unclear whether bacterial glycoproteins can bind to specific classes of lectins expressed on host cells. Tannerella forsythia is a gram-negative oral anaerobe that contributes to the development of periodontitis. In this study, we aimed to find lectin-binding glycoproteins in T. forsythia. We performed affinity chromatography of wheat germ agglutinin, which binds to N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) and sialic acid (Sia), and identified OmpA-like protein as the glycoprotein that has the highest affinity. Mass spectrometry revealed that OmpA-like protein contains O-type N-acetylhexosamine and hexose. Fluorometry quantitatively showed that OmpA-like protein contains Sia. OmpA-like protein was found to bind to lectins including E-selectin, P-selectin, L-selectin, Siglec-5, Siglec-9, Siglec-10, and DC-SIGN. The binding of OmpA-like protein to these lectins, except for the Siglecs, depends on the presence of calcium. N-acetylneuraminic acid (NeuAc), which is the most abundant Sia, inhibited the binding of OmpA-like protein to all of these lectins, whereas GlcNAc and mannose only inhibited the binding to DC-SIGN. We further found that T. forsythia adhered to human oral epithelial cells, which express E-selectin and P-selectin, and that this adhesion was inhibited by addition of NeuAc. Moreover, adhesion of an OmpA-like protein-deficient T. forsythia strain to the cells was reduced compared to that of the wild-type strain. Our findings indicate that OmpA-like protein of T. forsythia contains O-linked sugar chains that can mediate interactions with specific lectins. This interaction is suggested to facilitate adhesion of T. forsythia to the surface of host cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshi Horie
- Department of Oral Microbiology, Division of Oral Infections and Health Sciences, Asahi University School of Dentistry, Mizuho, Gifu, Japan
- Department of Orthodontics, Division of Oral Structure, Function and Development, Asahi University School of Dentistry, Mizuho, Gifu, Japan
| | - Megumi Inomata
- Department of Oral Microbiology, Division of Oral Infections and Health Sciences, Asahi University School of Dentistry, Mizuho, Gifu, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Takeshi Into
- Department of Oral Microbiology, Division of Oral Infections and Health Sciences, Asahi University School of Dentistry, Mizuho, Gifu, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Hasegawa
- Department of Microbiology, School of Dentistry, Aichi Gakuin University, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Noriyuki Kitai
- Department of Orthodontics, Division of Oral Structure, Function and Development, Asahi University School of Dentistry, Mizuho, Gifu, Japan
| | - Fuminobu Yoshimura
- Department of Microbiology, School of Dentistry, Aichi Gakuin University, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Yukitaka Murakami
- Department of Oral Microbiology, Division of Oral Infections and Health Sciences, Asahi University School of Dentistry, Mizuho, Gifu, Japan
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199
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Li H, Debowski AW, Liao T, Tang H, Nilsson HO, Marshall BJ, Stubbs KA, Benghezal M. Understanding protein glycosylation pathways in bacteria. Future Microbiol 2016; 12:59-72. [PMID: 27689684 DOI: 10.2217/fmb-2016-0166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Through advances in analytical methods to detect glycoproteins and to determine glycan structures, there have been increasing reports of protein glycosylation in bacteria. In this review, we summarize the known pathways for bacterial protein glycosylation: lipid carrier-mediated 'en bloc' glycosylation; and cytoplasmic stepwise protein glycosylation. The exploitation of bacterial protein glycosylation systems, especially the 'mix and match' of three independent but similar pathways (oligosaccharyltransferase-mediated protein glycosylation, lipopolysaccharide and peptidoglycan biosynthesis) in Gram-negative bacteria for glycoengineering recombinant glycoproteins is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Li
- West China Marshall Research Centre for Infectious Diseases, Centre of Infectious Diseases, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.,Helicobacter Pylori Research Laboratory, School of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Marshall Centre for Infectious Disease Research & Training, The University of Western Australia, M504, L Block, QEII Medical Centre, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Aleksandra W Debowski
- Helicobacter Pylori Research Laboratory, School of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Marshall Centre for Infectious Disease Research & Training, The University of Western Australia, M504, L Block, QEII Medical Centre, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia.,School of Chemistry & Biochemistry, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Tingting Liao
- Helicobacter Pylori Research Laboratory, School of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Marshall Centre for Infectious Disease Research & Training, The University of Western Australia, M504, L Block, QEII Medical Centre, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Hong Tang
- West China Marshall Research Centre for Infectious Diseases, Centre of Infectious Diseases, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Hans-Olof Nilsson
- Ondek Pty Ltd, School of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Marshall Centre for Infectious Disease Research & Training, The University of Western Australia, M504, L Block, QEII Medical Centre, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Barry J Marshall
- Helicobacter Pylori Research Laboratory, School of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Marshall Centre for Infectious Disease Research & Training, The University of Western Australia, M504, L Block, QEII Medical Centre, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Keith A Stubbs
- School of Chemistry & Biochemistry, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Mohammed Benghezal
- Helicobacter Pylori Research Laboratory, School of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Marshall Centre for Infectious Disease Research & Training, The University of Western Australia, M504, L Block, QEII Medical Centre, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia.,Swiss Vitamin Institute, Route de la Corniche 1, CH-1066 Epalinges, Switzerland
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200
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Silverman JM, Imperiali B. Bacterial N-Glycosylation Efficiency Is Dependent on the Structural Context of Target Sequons. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:22001-22010. [PMID: 27573243 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.747121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Site selectivity of protein N-linked glycosylation is dependent on many factors, including accessibility of the modification site, amino acid composition of the glycosylation consensus sequence, and cellular localization of target proteins. Previous studies have shown that the bacterial oligosaccharyltransferase, PglB, of Campylobacter jejuni favors acceptor proteins with consensus sequences ((D/E)X1NX2(S/T), where X1,2 ≠ proline) in flexible, solvent-exposed motifs; however, several native glycoproteins are known to harbor consensus sequences within structured regions of the acceptor protein, suggesting that unfolding or partial unfolding is required for efficient N-linked glycosylation in the native environment. To derive insight into these observations, we generated structural homology models of the N-linked glycoproteome of C. jejuni This evaluation highlights the potential diversity of secondary structural conformations of previously identified N-linked glycosylation sequons. Detailed assessment of PglB activity with a structurally characterized acceptor protein, PEB3, demonstrated that this natively folded substrate protein is not efficiently glycosylated in vitro, whereas structural destabilization increases glycosylation efficiency. Furthermore, in vivo glycosylation studies in both glyco-competent Escherichia coli and the native system, C. jejuni, revealed that efficient glycosylation of glycoproteins, AcrA and PEB3, depends on translocation to the periplasmic space via the general secretory pathway. Our studies provide quantitative evidence that many acceptor proteins are likely to be N-linked-glycosylated before complete folding and suggest that PglB activity is coupled to general secretion-mediated translocation to the periplasm. This work extends our understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying N-linked glycosylation in bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Michelle Silverman
- From the Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
| | - Barbara Imperiali
- From the Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
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