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152
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153
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Transdifferentiation: a new promise for neurodegenerative diseases. Cell Death Dis 2018; 9:830. [PMID: 30082779 PMCID: PMC6078988 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-018-0891-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2018] [Revised: 06/18/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases are characterized by a gradual loss of cognitive and physical functions. Medications for these disorders are limited and treat the symptoms only. There are no disease-modifying therapies available, which have been shown to slow or stop the continuing loss of neurons. Transdifferentiation, whereby somatic cells are reprogrammed into another lineage without going through an intermediate proliferative pluripotent stem cell stage, provides an alternative strategy for regenerative medicine and disease modeling. In particular, the transdifferentiation of somatic cells into specific subset of patient-specific neuronal cells offers alternative autologous cell therapeutic strategies for neurodegenerative disorders and presents a rich source of using diverse somatic cell types for relevant applications in translational, personalized medicine, as well as human mechanistic study, new drug-target identification, and novel drug screening systems. Here, we provide a comprehensive overview of the recent development of transdifferentiation research, with particular attention to chemical-induced transdifferentiation and perspectives for modeling and treatment of neurodegenerative diseases.
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154
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COSTA RODRIGOMDA, KARMIRIAN KARINA, REHEN STEVENSK. Deformation of Mitochondrial Cristae in Human Neural Progenitor Cells Exposed to Valproic Acid. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 90:2223-2232. [DOI: 10.1590/0001-3765201820170762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2017] [Accepted: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - STEVENS K. REHEN
- Instituto D’Or de Pesquisa e Ensino, Brazil; Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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155
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Grochowski C, Radzikowska E, Maciejewski R. Neural stem cell therapy-Brief review. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 2018; 173:8-14. [PMID: 30053745 DOI: 10.1016/j.clineuro.2018.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2018] [Revised: 07/09/2018] [Accepted: 07/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Adult mammalian neural stem cells are unique because of their properties, such as differentiation capacity, self-renewal, quiescence, and also because they exist in specific niches, which are the subventricular zone (SVZ) and subgranular zone (SGZ) - the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus. SVZ is situated along the ependymal cell layer, dividing the ventricular area and subventricular zone. There are several sources of neural stem cells such as human embryonic stem cells, human fetal brain-derived neural stem/progenitor cells, human induced pluripotent stem cells, direct reprogrammed astrocytes. Stem cell sciences are a promising tool for research purposes as well as therapy. Induced pluripotent stem cells appear to be very useful for human neuron studies, allowing the creation of defined neuron populations, particularly for neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative diseases as well as ischemic events. Neural stem cell sciences have a promising future in terms of stem cell therapy as well as research. There is, however, still a great need for further research to overcome obstacles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cezary Grochowski
- Department of Anatomy, Medical University of Lublin, Doktora Kazimierza Jaczewskiego 4, 20-400, Lublin, Poland; Department of Neurosurgery and Pediatric Neurosurgery in Lublin, Medical University of Lublin, Poland.
| | - Elżbieta Radzikowska
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Central Clinical Hospital of the MSWiA in Warsaw, Poland
| | - Ryszard Maciejewski
- Department of Anatomy, Medical University of Lublin, Doktora Kazimierza Jaczewskiego 4, 20-400, Lublin, Poland
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156
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Dasgupta S, Bader GD, Goyal S. Single-Cell RNA Sequencing: A New Window into Cell Scale Dynamics. Biophys J 2018; 115:429-435. [PMID: 30033145 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2018.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Revised: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 07/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Single-cell genomics has recently emerged as a powerful tool for observing multicellular systems at a much higher level of resolution and depth than previously possible. High-throughput single-cell RNA sequencing techniques are able to simultaneously quantify expression levels of several thousands of genes within individual cells for tens of thousands of cells within a complex tissue. This has led to development of novel computational methods to analyze this high-dimensional data, investigating longstanding and fundamental questions regarding the granularity of cell types, the definition of cell states, and transitions from one cell type to another along developmental trajectories. In this perspective, we outline this emerging field starting from the "input data" (e.g., quantifying transcription levels in single cells), which are analyzed to define "identities" (e.g., cell types, states, and key genes) and to build "interactions" using models that can infer relations and transitions between cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gary D Bader
- The Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Sidhartha Goyal
- Department of Physics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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157
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Yuva-Aydemir Y, Almeida S, Gao FB. Insights into C9ORF72-Related ALS/FTD from Drosophila and iPSC Models. Trends Neurosci 2018; 41:457-469. [PMID: 29729808 PMCID: PMC6015541 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2018.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2018] [Revised: 03/24/2018] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
GGGGCC (G4C2) repeat expansion in C9ORF72 is the most common genetic cause of ALS and FTD. An important issue is how repeat RNAs and their translation products, various dipeptide repeat (DPR) proteins, cause neurodegeneration. Drosophila has been widely used to model G4C2 repeat RNA and DPR protein toxicity. Overexpression of disease molecules in flies has revealed important molecular insights. These have been validated and further explored in human neurons differentiated from induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), a disease-relevant model in which expanded G4C2 repeats are expressed in their native molecular context. Approaches that combine the genetic power of Drosophila and the disease relevance of iPSC-derived patient neurons will continue to unravel the underlying pathogenic mechanisms and help identify potential therapeutic targets in C9ORF72-ALS/FTD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeliz Yuva-Aydemir
- Department of Neurology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Sandra Almeida
- Department of Neurology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Fen-Biao Gao
- Department of Neurology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA.
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158
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Abstract
In the current review, we discuss the process of modeling pediatric epileptic encephalopathies with a focus on in vitro iPSC-based technologies. We highlight the potential benefits as well as the challenges of these approaches and propose appropriate standards for the field.
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159
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Verstraelen P, Van Dyck M, Verschuuren M, Kashikar ND, Nuydens R, Timmermans JP, De Vos WH. Image-Based Profiling of Synaptic Connectivity in Primary Neuronal Cell Culture. Front Neurosci 2018; 12:389. [PMID: 29997468 PMCID: PMC6028601 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2018.00389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2017] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurological disorders display a broad spectrum of clinical manifestations. Yet, at the cellular level, virtually all these diseases converge into a common phenotype of dysregulated synaptic connectivity. In dementia, synapse dysfunction precedes neurodegeneration and cognitive impairment by several years, making the synapse a crucial entry point for the development of diagnostic and therapeutic strategies. Whereas high-resolution imaging and biochemical fractionations yield detailed insight into the molecular composition of the synapse, standardized assays are required to quickly gauge synaptic connectivity across large populations of cells under a variety of experimental conditions. Such screening capabilities have now become widely accessible with the advent of high-throughput, high-content microscopy. In this review, we discuss how microscopy-based approaches can be used to extract quantitative information about synaptic connectivity in primary neurons with deep coverage. We elaborate on microscopic readouts that may serve as a proxy for morphofunctional connectivity and we critically analyze their merits and limitations. Finally, we allude to the potential of alternative culture paradigms and integrative approaches to enable comprehensive profiling of synaptic connectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Verstraelen
- Laboratory of Cell Biology and Histology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Michiel Van Dyck
- Laboratory of Cell Biology and Histology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Marlies Verschuuren
- Laboratory of Cell Biology and Histology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | | | - Rony Nuydens
- Janssen Research and Development, Janssen Pharmaceutica N.V., Beerse, Belgium
| | - Jean-Pierre Timmermans
- Laboratory of Cell Biology and Histology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Winnok H. De Vos
- Laboratory of Cell Biology and Histology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- Cell Systems and Imaging, Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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160
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Direct pericyte-to-neuron reprogramming via unfolding of a neural stem cell-like program. Nat Neurosci 2018; 21:932-940. [PMID: 29915193 PMCID: PMC6319609 DOI: 10.1038/s41593-018-0168-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Ectopic expression of defined transcription factors can force direct cell fate conversion from one lineage to another in the absence of cell division. Several transcription factor cocktails have enabled successful reprogramming of various somatic cell types into induced neurons (iNs) of distinct neurotransmitter phenotype. However, the nature of the intermediate states that drive the reprogramming trajectory towards distinct iN types is largely unknown. Here we show that successful direct reprogramming of adult human brain pericytes into functional iNs by Ascl1 and Sox2 (AS) encompasses transient activation of a neural stem cell-like gene expression program that precedes bifurcation into distinct neuronal lineages. Intriguingly, during this transient state key signaling components relevant for neural induction and neural stem cell maintenance are regulated and functionally contribute to iN reprogramming and maturation. Thus, AS-mediated reprogramming into a broad spectrum of iN types involves the unfolding of a developmental program via neural stem cell-like intermediates.
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161
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Use of induced pluripotent stem cells to investigate the effects of purine nucleoside phosphorylase deficiency on neuronal development. LYMPHOSIGN JOURNAL-THE JOURNAL OF INHERITED IMMUNE DISORDERS 2018. [DOI: 10.14785/lymphosign-2018-0003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Background: Inherited defects in the function of the purine nucleoside phosphorylase (PNP) enzyme can cause severe T cell immune deficiency and early death from infection, autoimmunity, or malignancy. In addition, more than 50% of patients suffer diverse non-infectious neurological complications. However the cause for the neurological abnormalities are not known. Objectives: Differentiate induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC) from PNP-deficient patients into neuronal cells to better understand the effects of impaired purine metabolism on neuronal development. Methods: Sendai virus was used to generate pluripotent stem cells from PNP-deficient and healthy control lymphoblastoid cells. Cells were differentiated into neuronal cells through the formation of embryoid bodies. Results: After demonstration of pluripotency, normal karyotype, and retention of the PNP deficiency state, iPSC were differentiated into neuronal cells. PNP-deficient neuronal cells had reduced soma and nuclei size in comparison to cells derived from healthy controls. Spontaneous apoptosis, determined by Caspase-3 expression, was increased in PNP-deficient cells. Conclusions: iPSC from PNP-deficient patients can be differentiated into neuronal cells, thereby providing an important tool to study the effects of impaired purine metabolism on neuronal development and potential treatments. Statement of novelty: We report here the first generation and use of neuronal cells derived from induced pluripotent stem cells to model human PNP deficiency, thereby providing an important tool for better understanding and management of this condition.
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162
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Hazelbaker DZ, Beccard A, Bara AM, Dabkowski N, Messana A, Mazzucato P, Lam D, Manning D, Eggan K, Barrett LE. A Scaled Framework for CRISPR Editing of Human Pluripotent Stem Cells to Study Psychiatric Disease. Stem Cell Reports 2018; 9:1315-1327. [PMID: 29020615 PMCID: PMC5639480 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2017.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2017] [Revised: 09/08/2017] [Accepted: 09/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Scaling of CRISPR-Cas9 technology in human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) represents an important step for modeling complex disease and developing drug screens in human cells. However, variables affecting the scaling efficiency of gene editing in hPSCs remain poorly understood. Here, we report a standardized CRISPR-Cas9 approach, with robust benchmarking at each step, to successfully target and genotype a set of psychiatric disease-implicated genes in hPSCs and provide a resource of edited hPSC lines for six of these genes. We found that transcriptional state and nucleosome positioning around targeted loci was not correlated with editing efficiency. However, editing frequencies varied between different hPSC lines and correlated with genomic stability, underscoring the need for careful cell line selection and unbiased assessments of genomic integrity. Together, our step-by-step quantification and in-depth analyses provide an experimental roadmap for scaling Cas9-mediated editing in hPSCs to study psychiatric disease, with broader applicability for other polygenic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dane Z Hazelbaker
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Amanda Beccard
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Anne M Bara
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Nicole Dabkowski
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Angelica Messana
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Patrizia Mazzucato
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Daisy Lam
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Danielle Manning
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Kevin Eggan
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.
| | - Lindy E Barrett
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.
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163
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Abernathy DG, Kim WK, McCoy MJ, Lake AM, Ouwenga R, Lee SW, Xing X, Li D, Lee HJ, Heuckeroth RO, Dougherty JD, Wang T, Yoo AS. MicroRNAs Induce a Permissive Chromatin Environment that Enables Neuronal Subtype-Specific Reprogramming of Adult Human Fibroblasts. Cell Stem Cell 2018; 21:332-348.e9. [PMID: 28886366 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2017.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Revised: 06/26/2017] [Accepted: 08/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Directed reprogramming of human fibroblasts into fully differentiated neurons requires massive changes in epigenetic and transcriptional states. Induction of a chromatin environment permissive for acquiring neuronal subtype identity is therefore a major barrier to fate conversion. Here we show that the brain-enriched miRNAs miR-9/9∗ and miR-124 (miR-9/9∗-124) trigger reconfiguration of chromatin accessibility, DNA methylation, and mRNA expression to induce a default neuronal state. miR-9/9∗-124-induced neurons (miNs) are functionally excitable and uncommitted toward specific subtypes but possess open chromatin at neuronal subtype-specific loci, suggesting that such identity can be imparted by additional lineage-specific transcription factors. Consistently, we show that ISL1 and LHX3 selectively drive conversion to a highly homogeneous population of human spinal cord motor neurons. This study shows that modular synergism between miRNAs and neuronal subtype-specific transcription factors can drive lineage-specific neuronal reprogramming, providing a general platform for high-efficiency generation of distinct subtypes of human neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel G Abernathy
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Program in Developmental, Regenerative, and Stem Cell Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Woo Kyung Kim
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Matthew J McCoy
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Program in Molecular Genetics & Genomics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Allison M Lake
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Rebecca Ouwenga
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Seong Won Lee
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Xiaoyun Xing
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Daofeng Li
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Hyung Joo Lee
- Program in Molecular Genetics & Genomics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Robert O Heuckeroth
- Department of Pediatrics, The Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, and The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Joseph D Dougherty
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Ting Wang
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Andrew S Yoo
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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164
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Mansour AA, Gonçalves JT, Bloyd CW, Li H, Fernandes S, Quang D, Johnston S, Parylak SL, Jin X, Gage FH. An in vivo model of functional and vascularized human brain organoids. Nat Biotechnol 2018; 36:432-441. [PMID: 29658944 DOI: 10.1038/nbt.4127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 696] [Impact Index Per Article: 116.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2017] [Accepted: 03/23/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Differentiation of human pluripotent stem cells to small brain-like structures known as brain organoids offers an unprecedented opportunity to model human brain development and disease. To provide a vascularized and functional in vivo model of brain organoids, we established a method for transplanting human brain organoids into the adult mouse brain. Organoid grafts showed progressive neuronal differentiation and maturation, gliogenesis, integration of microglia, and growth of axons to multiple regions of the host brain. In vivo two-photon imaging demonstrated functional neuronal networks and blood vessels in the grafts. Finally, in vivo extracellular recording combined with optogenetics revealed intragraft neuronal activity and suggested graft-to-host functional synaptic connectivity. This combination of human neural organoids and an in vivo physiological environment in the animal brain may facilitate disease modeling under physiological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abed AlFatah Mansour
- Laboratory of Genetics, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - J Tiago Gonçalves
- Laboratory of Genetics, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Cooper W Bloyd
- Laboratory of Genetics, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Hao Li
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Sarah Fernandes
- Laboratory of Genetics, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California, USA.,Department of Biology, San Diego State University, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Daphne Quang
- Laboratory of Genetics, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Stephen Johnston
- Laboratory of Genetics, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Sarah L Parylak
- Laboratory of Genetics, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Xin Jin
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Fred H Gage
- Laboratory of Genetics, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California, USA
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165
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Fink JJ, Levine ES. Uncovering True Cellular Phenotypes: Using Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Neurons to Study Early Insults in Neurodevelopmental Disorders. Front Neurol 2018; 9:237. [PMID: 29713304 PMCID: PMC5911479 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2018.00237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2017] [Accepted: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Animal models of neurodevelopmental disorders have provided invaluable insights into the molecular-, cellular-, and circuit-level defects associated with a plethora of genetic disruptions. In many cases, these deficits have been linked to changes in disease-relevant behaviors, but very few of these findings have been translated to treatments for human disease. This may be due to significant species differences and the difficulty in modeling disorders that involve deletion or duplication of multiple genes. The identification of primary underlying pathophysiology in these models is confounded by the accumulation of secondary disease phenotypes in the mature nervous system, as well as potential compensatory mechanisms. The discovery of induced pluripotent stem cell technology now provides a tool to accurately model complex genetic neurogenetic disorders. Using this technique, patient-specific cell lines can be generated and differentiated into specific subtypes of neurons that can be used to identify primary cellular and molecular phenotypes. It is clear that impairments in synaptic structure and function are a common pathophysiology across neurodevelopmental disorders, and electrophysiological analysis at the earliest stages of neuronal development is critical for identifying changes in activity and excitability that can contribute to synaptic dysfunction and identify targets for disease-modifying therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- James J Fink
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, CT, United States
| | - Eric S Levine
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, CT, United States
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166
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Sonntag KC, Song B, Lee N, Jung JH, Cha Y, Leblanc P, Neff C, Kong SW, Carter BS, Schweitzer J, Kim KS. Pluripotent stem cell-based therapy for Parkinson's disease: Current status and future prospects. Prog Neurobiol 2018; 168:1-20. [PMID: 29653250 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2018.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2017] [Revised: 03/13/2018] [Accepted: 04/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is one of the most common neurodegenerative disorders, which affects about 0.3% of the general population. As the population in the developed world ages, this creates an escalating burden on society both in economic terms and in quality of life for these patients and for the families that support them. Although currently available pharmacological or surgical treatments may significantly improve the quality of life of many patients with PD, these are symptomatic treatments that do not slow or stop the progressive course of the disease. Because motor impairments in PD largely result from loss of midbrain dopamine neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta, PD has long been considered to be one of the most promising target diseases for cell-based therapy. Indeed, numerous clinical and preclinical studies using fetal cell transplantation have provided proof of concept that cell replacement therapy may be a viable therapeutic approach for PD. However, the use of human fetal cells as a standardized therapeutic regimen has been fraught with fundamental ethical, practical, and clinical issues, prompting scientists to explore alternative cell sources. Based on groundbreaking establishments of human embryonic stem cells and induced pluripotent stem cells, these human pluripotent stem cells have been the subject of extensive research, leading to tremendous advancement in our understanding of these novel classes of stem cells and promising great potential for regenerative medicine. In this review, we discuss the prospects and challenges of human pluripotent stem cell-based cell therapy for PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai-C Sonntag
- Department of Psychiatry, McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, United States; Laboratory for Translational Research on Neurodegeneration, 115 Mill Street, Belmont, MA, 02478, United States; Program for Neuropsychiatric Research, 115 Mill Street, Belmont, MA, 02478, United States
| | - Bin Song
- Department of Psychiatry, McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, United States; Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, Program in Neuroscience and Harvard Stem Cell Institute, McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 115 Mill Street, Belmont, MA, 02478, United States
| | - Nayeon Lee
- Department of Psychiatry, McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, United States; Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, Program in Neuroscience and Harvard Stem Cell Institute, McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 115 Mill Street, Belmont, MA, 02478, United States
| | - Jin Hyuk Jung
- Department of Psychiatry, McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, United States; Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, Program in Neuroscience and Harvard Stem Cell Institute, McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 115 Mill Street, Belmont, MA, 02478, United States
| | - Young Cha
- Department of Psychiatry, McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, United States; Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, Program in Neuroscience and Harvard Stem Cell Institute, McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 115 Mill Street, Belmont, MA, 02478, United States
| | - Pierre Leblanc
- Department of Psychiatry, McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, United States; Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, Program in Neuroscience and Harvard Stem Cell Institute, McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 115 Mill Street, Belmont, MA, 02478, United States
| | - Carolyn Neff
- Kaiser Permanente Medical Group, Irvine, CA, 92618, United States
| | - Sek Won Kong
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, United States; Computational Health Informatics Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, United States
| | - Bob S Carter
- Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, 02114, United States
| | - Jeffrey Schweitzer
- Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, 02114, United States.
| | - Kwang-Soo Kim
- Department of Psychiatry, McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, United States; Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, Program in Neuroscience and Harvard Stem Cell Institute, McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 115 Mill Street, Belmont, MA, 02478, United States.
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167
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Drouin-Ouellet J, Lau S, Brattås PL, Rylander Ottosson D, Pircs K, Grassi DA, Collins LM, Vuono R, Andersson Sjöland A, Westergren-Thorsson G, Graff C, Minthon L, Toresson H, Barker RA, Jakobsson J, Parmar M. REST suppression mediates neural conversion of adult human fibroblasts via microRNA-dependent and -independent pathways. EMBO Mol Med 2018. [PMID: 28646119 PMCID: PMC5538296 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.201607471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Direct conversion of human fibroblasts into mature and functional neurons, termed induced neurons (iNs), was achieved for the first time 6 years ago. This technology offers a promising shortcut for obtaining patient‐ and disease‐specific neurons for disease modeling, drug screening, and other biomedical applications. However, fibroblasts from adult donors do not reprogram as easily as fetal donors, and no current reprogramming approach is sufficiently efficient to allow the use of this technology using patient‐derived material for large‐scale applications. Here, we investigate the difference in reprogramming requirements between fetal and adult human fibroblasts and identify REST as a major reprogramming barrier in adult fibroblasts. Via functional experiments where we overexpress and knockdown the REST‐controlled neuron‐specific microRNAs miR‐9 and miR‐124, we show that the effect of REST inhibition is only partially mediated via microRNA up‐regulation. Transcriptional analysis confirmed that REST knockdown activates an overlapping subset of neuronal genes as microRNA overexpression and also a distinct set of neuronal genes that are not activated via microRNA overexpression. Based on this, we developed an optimized one‐step method to efficiently reprogram dermal fibroblasts from elderly individuals using a single‐vector system and demonstrate that it is possible to obtain iNs of high yield and purity from aged individuals with a range of familial and sporadic neurodegenerative disorders including Parkinson's, Huntington's, as well as Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janelle Drouin-Ouellet
- Division of Neurobiology and Lund Stem Cell Center, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Wallenberg Neuroscience Center, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Shong Lau
- Division of Neurobiology and Lund Stem Cell Center, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Wallenberg Neuroscience Center, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Per Ludvik Brattås
- Division of Neurobiology and Lund Stem Cell Center, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Wallenberg Neuroscience Center, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Daniella Rylander Ottosson
- Division of Neurobiology and Lund Stem Cell Center, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Wallenberg Neuroscience Center, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Karolina Pircs
- Division of Neurobiology and Lund Stem Cell Center, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Wallenberg Neuroscience Center, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Daniela A Grassi
- Division of Neurobiology and Lund Stem Cell Center, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Wallenberg Neuroscience Center, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Lucy M Collins
- John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair & Department of Neurology, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Forvie Site, Cambridge, UK
| | - Romina Vuono
- John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair & Department of Neurology, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Forvie Site, Cambridge, UK
| | - Annika Andersson Sjöland
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Unit of Lung Biology BMC, C12 Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | | | - Caroline Graff
- Division for Neurogeriatrics, Department of NVS, Center for Alzheimer Research, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden.,Department of Geriatric Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lennart Minthon
- Clinical Memory Research Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Håkan Toresson
- Clinical Memory Research Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Roger A Barker
- Division of Neurobiology and Lund Stem Cell Center, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Wallenberg Neuroscience Center, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.,John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair & Department of Neurology, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Forvie Site, Cambridge, UK
| | - Johan Jakobsson
- Division of Neurobiology and Lund Stem Cell Center, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Wallenberg Neuroscience Center, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Malin Parmar
- Division of Neurobiology and Lund Stem Cell Center, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Wallenberg Neuroscience Center, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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168
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Vőfély G, Berecz T, Szabó E, Szebényi K, Hathy E, Orbán TI, Sarkadi B, Homolya L, Marchetto MC, Réthelyi JM, Apáti Á. Characterization of calcium signals in human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived dentate gyrus neuronal progenitors and mature neurons, stably expressing an advanced calcium indicator protein. Mol Cell Neurosci 2018; 88:222-230. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2018.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2017] [Revised: 01/08/2018] [Accepted: 02/02/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
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169
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Lee YS, Jung WY, Heo H, Park MG, Oh SH, Park BG, Kim S. Exosome-Mediated Ultra-Effective Direct Conversion of Human Fibroblasts into Neural Progenitor-like Cells. ACS NANO 2018; 12:2531-2538. [PMID: 29462562 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.7b08297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Exosomes, naturally secreted nanoparticles, have been introduced as vehicles for horizontal transfer of genetic material. We induced autologous exosomes containing a cocktail of reprogramming factors ("reprosomes") to convert fibroblasts into neural progenitor cells (NPCs). The fibroblasts were treated with ultrasound and subsequently cultured in neural stem cell medium for 1 day to induce the release of reprosomes composed of reprogramming factors associated with chromatin remodeling and neural lineage-specific factors. After being treated with reprosomes, fibroblasts were converted into NPCs (rNPCs) with great efficiency via activation of chromatin remodeling, so quickly that only 5 days were required for the formation of 1500 spheroids showing an NPC-like phenotype. The rNPCs maintained self-renewal and proliferative properties for several weeks and successfully differentiated into neurons, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes in vitro and in vivo. Reprosome-mediated cellular reprogramming is simple, safe, and efficient to produce autologous stem cells for clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Seung Lee
- Institute for Bio-Medical Convergence, College of Medicine , Catholic Kwandong University , Gangneung-si , Gangwon-do 270-701 , Republic of Korea
- Catholic Kwandong University International St. Mary's Hospital , Incheon Metropolitan City 404-834 , Republic of Korea
| | - Woon Yong Jung
- Department of Pathology , Catholic Kwandong University International St. Mary's Hospital , Incheon Metropolitan City 404-834 , Republic of Korea
| | - Hyejung Heo
- Institute for Bio-Medical Convergence, College of Medicine , Catholic Kwandong University , Gangneung-si , Gangwon-do 270-701 , Republic of Korea
- Catholic Kwandong University International St. Mary's Hospital , Incheon Metropolitan City 404-834 , Republic of Korea
| | - Min Geun Park
- Department of Surgery , Catholic Kwandong University International St. Mary's Hospital , Incheon Metropolitan City 404-834 , Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Hun Oh
- Department of Neurology, CHA Bundang Medical Center , CHA University , Seongnam 13497 , Republic of Korea
| | - Byong-Gon Park
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine , Catholic Kwandong University , Gangneung-si , Gangwon-do 270-701 , Republic of Korea
| | - Soonhag Kim
- Institute for Bio-Medical Convergence, College of Medicine , Catholic Kwandong University , Gangneung-si , Gangwon-do 270-701 , Republic of Korea
- Catholic Kwandong University International St. Mary's Hospital , Incheon Metropolitan City 404-834 , Republic of Korea
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170
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Abstract
Functional repair of damage in the nervous system requires re-establishment of precise patterns of synaptic connectivity. A new study shows that after selective ablation, zebrafish retinal neurons regenerate and reconstruct some, although not all, of their stereotypic wiring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela A Raymond
- University of Michigan, Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1048, USA.
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171
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172
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In vivo simultaneous transcriptional activation of multiple genes in the brain using CRISPR-dCas9-activator transgenic mice. Nat Neurosci 2018; 21:440-446. [PMID: 29335603 DOI: 10.1038/s41593-017-0060-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 185] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2017] [Accepted: 12/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Despite rapid progresses in the genome-editing field, in vivo simultaneous overexpression of multiple genes remains challenging. We generated a transgenic mouse using an improved dCas9 system that enables simultaneous and precise in vivo transcriptional activation of multiple genes and long noncoding RNAs in the nervous system. As proof of concept, we were able to use targeted activation of endogenous neurogenic genes in these transgenic mice to directly and efficiently convert astrocytes into functional neurons in vivo. This system provides a flexible and rapid screening platform for studying complex gene networks and gain-of-function phenotypes in the mammalian brain.
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173
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Liu S, Schackel T, Weidner N, Puttagunta R. Biomaterial-Supported Cell Transplantation Treatments for Spinal Cord Injury: Challenges and Perspectives. Front Cell Neurosci 2018; 11:430. [PMID: 29375316 PMCID: PMC5768640 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2017.00430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2017] [Accepted: 12/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI), resulting in para- and tetraplegia caused by the partial or complete disruption of descending motor and ascending sensory neurons, represents a complex neurological condition that remains incurable. Following SCI, numerous obstacles comprising of the loss of neural tissue (neurons, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes), formation of a cavity, inflammation, loss of neuronal circuitry and function must be overcome. Given the multifaceted primary and secondary injury events that occur with SCI treatment options are likely to require combinatorial therapies. While several methods have been explored, only the intersection of two, cell transplantation and biomaterial implantation, will be addressed in detail here. Owing to the constant advance of cell culture technologies, cell-based transplantation has come to the forefront of SCI treatment in order to replace/protect damaged tissue and provide physical as well as trophic support for axonal regrowth. Biomaterial scaffolds provide cells with a protected environment from the surrounding lesion, in addition to bridging extensive damage and providing physical and directional support for axonal regrowth. Moreover, in this combinatorial approach cell transplantation improves scaffold integration and therefore regenerative growth potential. Here, we review the advances in combinatorial therapies of Schwann cells (SCs), astrocytes, olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs), mesenchymal stem cells, as well as neural stem and progenitor cells (NSPCs) with various biomaterial scaffolds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengwen Liu
- Spinal Cord Injury Center, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Thomas Schackel
- Spinal Cord Injury Center, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Norbert Weidner
- Spinal Cord Injury Center, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Radhika Puttagunta
- Spinal Cord Injury Center, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
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174
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Abstract
Neural stem cells (NSCs) give rise to the entire nervous system. Animal models suggest that defects in NSC proliferation and differentiation contribute to several brain disorders (e.g., microcephaly, macrocephaly, autism, schizophrenia, and Huntington's disease). However, animal models of such diseases do not fully recapitulate all disease-related phenotypes because of substantial differences in brain development between rodents and humans. Therefore, additional human-based evidence is required to understand the mechanisms that are involved in the development of neurological diseases that result from human NSC (hNSC) dysfunction. Human-induced pluripotent stem cells provide a new model to investigate the contribution of hNSCs to various neurological pathologies. In this chapter, we review the role of hNSCs in both neurodevelopment- and neurodegeneration-related human brain pathologies, with an emphasis on recent evidence that has been obtained using embryonic stem cell- or induced pluripotent stem cell-derived hNSCs and progenitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Liszewska
- International Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Jacek Jaworski
- International Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Warsaw, Poland.
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175
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Dierickx P, Van Laake LW, Geijsen N. Circadian clocks: from stem cells to tissue homeostasis and regeneration. EMBO Rep 2018; 19:18-28. [PMID: 29258993 PMCID: PMC5757216 DOI: 10.15252/embr.201745130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2017] [Revised: 10/30/2017] [Accepted: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The circadian clock is an evolutionarily conserved timekeeper that adapts body physiology to diurnal cycles of around 24 h by influencing a wide variety of processes such as sleep-to-wake transitions, feeding and fasting patterns, body temperature, and hormone regulation. The molecular clock machinery comprises a pathway that is driven by rhythmic docking of the transcription factors BMAL1 and CLOCK on clock-controlled output genes, which results in tissue-specific oscillatory gene expression programs. Genetic as well as environmental perturbation of the circadian clock has been implicated in various diseases ranging from sleep to metabolic disorders and cancer development. Here, we review the origination of circadian rhythms in stem cells and their function in differentiated cells and organs. We describe how clocks influence stem cell maintenance and organ physiology, as well as how rhythmicity affects lineage commitment, tissue regeneration, and aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pieterjan Dierickx
- Hubrecht Institute-KNAW and University Medical Center, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Institute for Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Linda W Van Laake
- Division of Heart and Lungs, Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Regenerative Medicine Center Utrecht, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Niels Geijsen
- Hubrecht Institute-KNAW and University Medical Center, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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176
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Gonzalez DM, Gregory J, Brennand KJ. The Importance of Non-neuronal Cell Types in hiPSC-Based Disease Modeling and Drug Screening. Front Cell Dev Biol 2017; 5:117. [PMID: 29312938 PMCID: PMC5742170 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2017.00117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2017] [Accepted: 12/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Current applications of human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC) technologies in patient-specific models of neurodegenerative and neuropsychiatric disorders tend to focus on neuronal phenotypes. Here, we review recent efforts toward advancing hiPSCs toward non-neuronal cell types of the central nervous system (CNS) and highlight their potential use for the development of more complex in vitro models of neurodevelopment and disease. We present evidence from previous works in both rodents and humans of the importance of these cell types (oligodendrocytes, microglia, astrocytes) in neurological disease and highlight new hiPSC-based models that have sought to explore these relationships in vitro. Lastly, we summarize efforts toward conducting high-throughput screening experiments with hiPSCs and propose methods by which new screening platforms could be designed to better capture complex relationships between neural cell populations in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Gonzalez
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States.,Department of Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States.,Black Family Stem Cell Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - Jill Gregory
- Instructional Technology Group, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - Kristen J Brennand
- Black Family Stem Cell Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States.,Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States.,Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States.,Department of Genetics and Genomics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
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177
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Savell KE, Day JJ. Applications of CRISPR/Cas9 in the Mammalian Central Nervous System. THE YALE JOURNAL OF BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2017; 90:567-581. [PMID: 29259522 PMCID: PMC5733858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Within the central nervous system, gene regulatory mechanisms are crucial regulators of cellular development and function, and dysregulation of these systems is commonly observed in major neuropsychiatric and neurological disorders. However, due to a lack of tools to specifically modulate the genome and epigenome in the central nervous system, many molecular and genetic mechanisms underlying cognitive function and behavior are still unknown. Although genome editing tools have been around for decades, the recent emergence of inexpensive, straightforward, and widely accessible CRISPR/Cas9 systems has led to a revolution in gene editing. The development of the catalytically dead Cas9 (dCas9) expanded this flexibility even further by acting as an anchoring system for fused effector proteins, structural scaffolds, and RNAs. Together, these advances have enabled robust, modular approaches for specific targeting and modification of the local chromatin environment at a single gene. This review highlights these advancements and how the combination of powerful modulatory tools paired with the versatility of CRISPR-Cas9-based systems offer great potential for understanding the underlying genetic and epigenetic contributions of neuronal function, behavior, and neurobiological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine E. Savell
- Department of Neurobiology and Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
| | - Jeremy J. Day
- Department of Neurobiology and Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
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178
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Playne R, Connor B. Understanding Parkinson's Disease through the Use of Cell Reprogramming. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2017; 13:151-169. [PMID: 28083784 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-017-9717-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Recent progress in the field of somatic cell reprogramming offers exciting new possibilities for the study and treatment of Parkinson's disease (PD). Reprogramming technology offers the ability to untangle the diverse contributing risk factors for PD, such as ageing, genetics and environmental toxins. In order to gain novel insights into such a complex disease, cell-based models of PD should represent, as closely as possible, aged human dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra. However, the generation of high yields of functionally mature, authentic ventral midbrain dopamine (vmDA) neurons has not been easy to achieve. Furthermore, ensuring cells represent aged rather than embryonic neurons has presented a significant challenge. To date, induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells have received much attention for modelling PD. Nonetheless, direct reprogramming strategies (either to a neuronal or neural stem/progenitor fate) represent a valid alternative that are yet to be extensively explored. Direct reprogramming is faster and more efficient than iPS cell reprogramming, and appears to conserve age-related markers. At present, however, protocols aiming to derive authentic, mature vmDA neurons by direct reprogramming of adult human somatic cells are sorely lacking. This review will discuss the strategies that have been employed to generate vmDA neurons and their potential for the study and treatment of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Playne
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, Centre for Brain Research, School of Medical Science, FMHS, University of Auckland, Auckland, 1023, New Zealand
| | - Bronwen Connor
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, Centre for Brain Research, School of Medical Science, FMHS, University of Auckland, Auckland, 1023, New Zealand.
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179
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On-demand optogenetic activation of human stem-cell-derived neurons. Sci Rep 2017; 7:14450. [PMID: 29089561 PMCID: PMC5663899 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-14827-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2017] [Accepted: 10/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The widespread application of human stem-cell-derived neurons for functional studies is impeded by complicated differentiation protocols, immaturity, and deficient optogene expression as stem cells frequently lose transgene expression over time. Here we report a simple but precise Cre-loxP-based strategy for generating conditional, and thereby stable, optogenetic human stem-cell lines. These cells can be easily and efficiently differentiated into functional neurons, and optogene expression can be triggered by administering Cre protein to the cultures. This conditional expression system may be applied to stem-cell-derived neurons whenever timed transgene expression could help to overcome silencing at the stem-cell level.
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180
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NEUROG1 Regulates CDK2 to Promote Proliferation in Otic Progenitors. Stem Cell Reports 2017; 9:1516-1529. [PMID: 29033307 PMCID: PMC5829327 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2017.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2016] [Revised: 09/13/2017] [Accepted: 09/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Loss of spiral ganglion neurons (SGNs) significantly contributes to hearing loss. Otic progenitor cell transplantation is a potential strategy to replace lost SGNs. Understanding how key transcription factors promote SGN differentiation in otic progenitors accelerates efforts for replacement therapies. A pro-neural transcription factor, Neurogenin1 (Neurog1), is essential for SGN development. Using an immortalized multipotent otic progenitor (iMOP) cell line that can self-renew and differentiate into otic neurons, NEUROG1 was enriched at the promoter of cyclin-dependent kinase 2 (Cdk2) and neurogenic differentiation 1 (NeuroD1) genes. Changes in H3K9ac and H3K9me3 deposition at the Cdk2 and NeuroD1 promoters suggested epigenetic regulation during iMOP proliferation and differentiation. In self-renewing iMOP cells, overexpression of NEUROG1 increased CDK2 to drive proliferation, while knockdown of NEUROG1 decreased CDK2 and reduced proliferation. In iMOP-derived neurons, overexpression of NEUROG1 accelerated acquisition of neuronal morphology, while knockdown of NEUROG1 prevented differentiation. Our findings suggest that NEUROG1 can promote proliferation or neuronal differentiation.
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181
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Direct conversion from skin fibroblasts to functional dopaminergic neurons for biomedical application. BIOMEDICAL DERMATOLOGY 2017. [DOI: 10.1186/s41702-017-0004-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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182
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Langer S, Horn PA, Heinrichs S. From Stem Cell Research to Three-Dimensional Organoids and Their Applications in Cancer Research: Meeting Report on the 9th International Meeting of the Stem Cell Network North Rhine Westphalia. Cell Reprogram 2017; 19:285-288. [PMID: 28880575 DOI: 10.1089/cell.2017.0037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Langer
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital Essen , Essen, Germany
| | - Peter A Horn
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital Essen , Essen, Germany
| | - Stefan Heinrichs
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital Essen , Essen, Germany
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183
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Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell Neuronal Models for the Study of Autophagy Pathways in Human Neurodegenerative Disease. Cells 2017; 6:cells6030024. [PMID: 28800101 PMCID: PMC5617970 DOI: 10.3390/cells6030024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2017] [Revised: 08/08/2017] [Accepted: 08/09/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) are invaluable tools for research into the causes of diverse human diseases, and have enormous potential in the emerging field of regenerative medicine. Our ability to reprogramme patient cells to become hiPSCs, and to subsequently direct their differentiation towards those classes of neurons that are vulnerable to stress, is revealing how genetic mutations cause changes at the molecular level that drive the complex pathogeneses of human neurodegenerative diseases. Autophagy dysregulation is considered to be a major contributor in neural decline during the onset and progression of many human neurodegenerative diseases, meaning that a better understanding of the control of non-selective and selective autophagy pathways (including mitophagy) in disease-affected classes of neurons is needed. To achieve this, it is essential that the methodologies commonly used to study autophagy regulation under basal and stressed conditions in standard cell-line models are accurately applied when using hiPSC-derived neuronal cultures. Here, we discuss the roles and control of autophagy in human stem cells, and how autophagy contributes to neural differentiation in vitro. We also describe how autophagy-monitoring tools can be applied to hiPSC-derived neurons for the study of human neurodegenerative disease in vitro.
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184
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Tcw J, Wang M, Pimenova AA, Bowles KR, Hartley BJ, Lacin E, Machlovi SI, Abdelaal R, Karch CM, Phatnani H, Slesinger PA, Zhang B, Goate AM, Brennand KJ. An Efficient Platform for Astrocyte Differentiation from Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells. Stem Cell Reports 2017; 9:600-614. [PMID: 28757165 PMCID: PMC5550034 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2017.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 221] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2017] [Revised: 06/28/2017] [Accepted: 06/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Growing evidence implicates the importance of glia, particularly astrocytes, in neurological and psychiatric diseases. Here, we describe a rapid and robust method for the differentiation of highly pure populations of replicative astrocytes from human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs), via a neural progenitor cell (NPC) intermediate. We evaluated this protocol across 42 NPC lines (derived from 30 individuals). Transcriptomic analysis demonstrated that hiPSC-astrocytes from four individuals are highly similar to primary human fetal astrocytes and characteristic of a non-reactive state. hiPSC-astrocytes respond to inflammatory stimulants, display phagocytic capacity, and enhance microglial phagocytosis. hiPSC-astrocytes also possess spontaneous calcium transient activity. Our protocol is a reproducible, straightforward (single medium), and rapid (<30 days) method to generate populations of hiPSC-astrocytes that can be used for neuron-astrocyte and microglia-astrocyte co-cultures for the study of neuropsychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Tcw
- Department of Neuroscience & Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1425 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10029, USA; Ronald M. Loeb Center for Alzheimer's disease, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1425 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Minghui Wang
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn Institute of Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1470 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Anna A Pimenova
- Department of Neuroscience & Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1425 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10029, USA; Ronald M. Loeb Center for Alzheimer's disease, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1425 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Kathryn R Bowles
- Department of Neuroscience & Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1425 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10029, USA; Ronald M. Loeb Center for Alzheimer's disease, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1425 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Brigham J Hartley
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1425 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Emre Lacin
- Department of Neuroscience & Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1425 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Saima I Machlovi
- Department of Neuroscience & Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1425 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10029, USA; Ronald M. Loeb Center for Alzheimer's disease, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1425 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Rawan Abdelaal
- New York Genome Center, 101 Avenue of the Americas, New York, NY 10013, USA
| | - Celeste M Karch
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
| | - Hemali Phatnani
- New York Genome Center, 101 Avenue of the Americas, New York, NY 10013, USA
| | - Paul A Slesinger
- Department of Neuroscience & Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1425 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Bin Zhang
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn Institute of Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1470 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Alison M Goate
- Department of Neuroscience & Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1425 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10029, USA; Ronald M. Loeb Center for Alzheimer's disease, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1425 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10029, USA; Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn Institute of Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1470 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10029, USA.
| | - Kristen J Brennand
- Department of Neuroscience & Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1425 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10029, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1425 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10029, USA.
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185
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Xiang Y, Tanaka Y, Patterson B, Kang YJ, Govindaiah G, Roselaar N, Cakir B, Kim KY, Lombroso AP, Hwang SM, Zhong M, Stanley EG, Elefanty AG, Naegele JR, Lee SH, Weissman SM, Park IH. Fusion of Regionally Specified hPSC-Derived Organoids Models Human Brain Development and Interneuron Migration. Cell Stem Cell 2017; 21:383-398.e7. [PMID: 28757360 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2017.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 410] [Impact Index Per Article: 58.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2017] [Revised: 06/06/2017] [Accepted: 07/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Organoid techniques provide unique platforms to model brain development and neurological disorders. Whereas several methods for recapitulating corticogenesis have been described, a system modeling human medial ganglionic eminence (MGE) development, a critical ventral brain domain producing cortical interneurons and related lineages, has been lacking until recently. Here, we describe the generation of MGE and cortex-specific organoids from human pluripotent stem cells that recapitulate the development of MGE and cortex domains, respectively. Population and single-cell RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) profiling combined with bulk assay for transposase-accessible chromatin with high-throughput sequencing (ATAC-seq) analyses revealed transcriptional and chromatin accessibility dynamics and lineage relationships during MGE and cortical organoid development. Furthermore, MGE and cortical organoids generated physiologically functional neurons and neuronal networks. Finally, fusing region-specific organoids followed by live imaging enabled analysis of human interneuron migration and integration. Together, our study provides a platform for generating domain-specific brain organoids and modeling human interneuron migration and offers deeper insight into molecular dynamics during human brain development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangfei Xiang
- Department of Genetics, Yale Stem Cell Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Yoshiaki Tanaka
- Department of Genetics, Yale Stem Cell Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Benjamin Patterson
- Department of Genetics, Yale Stem Cell Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Young-Jin Kang
- Department of Neurology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
| | - Gubbi Govindaiah
- Department of Neurology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
| | - Naomi Roselaar
- Department of Genetics, Yale Stem Cell Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Bilal Cakir
- Department of Genetics, Yale Stem Cell Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Kun-Yong Kim
- Department of Genetics, Yale Stem Cell Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Adam P Lombroso
- Department of Biology, Program in Neuroscience and Behavior, Hall-Atwater Laboratory, Wesleyan University, Middletown, CT 06459, USA
| | - Sung-Min Hwang
- Department of Genetics, Yale Stem Cell Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Mei Zhong
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale Stem Cell Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Edouard G Stanley
- Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, The Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Andrew G Elefanty
- Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, The Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Janice R Naegele
- Department of Biology, Program in Neuroscience and Behavior, Hall-Atwater Laboratory, Wesleyan University, Middletown, CT 06459, USA
| | - Sang-Hun Lee
- Department of Neurology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
| | - Sherman M Weissman
- Department of Genetics, Yale Stem Cell Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - In-Hyun Park
- Department of Genetics, Yale Stem Cell Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.
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186
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Verma I, Rashid Z, Sikdar SK, Seshagiri PB. Efficient neural differentiation of mouse pluripotent stem cells in a serum-free medium and development of a novel strategy for enrichment of neural cells. Int J Dev Neurosci 2017; 61:112-124. [PMID: 28673682 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2017.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2017] [Revised: 06/13/2017] [Accepted: 06/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) offer an excellent model to study neural development and function. Although various protocols have been developed to direct the differentiation of PSCs into desired neural cell types, many of them suffer from limitations including low efficiency, long duration of culture, and the use of expensive, labile, and undefined growth supplements. In this study, we achieved efficient differentiation of mouse PSCs to neural lineage, in the absence of exogenous molecules, by employing a serum-free culture medium containing knockout serum replacement (KSR). Embryoid bodies (EBs) cultured in this medium predominantly produced neural cells which included neural progenitors (15-18%), immature neurons (8-24%), mature neurons (10-26%), astrocytes (27-61%), and oligodendrocytes (∼1%). Different neuronal subtypes including glutamatergic, GABAergic, cholinergic, serotonergic, and dopaminergic neurons were generated. Importantly, neurons generated in the KSR medium were electrically active. Further, the EB scooping strategy, involving the removal of the EB core region from the peripheral EB outgrowth, resulted in the enrichment of PSC-derived neural cells. Taken together, this study provides the evidence that the KSR medium is ideal for the rapid and efficient generation of neural cells, including functional neurons, from PSCs without the requirement of any other additional molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isha Verma
- Department of Molecular Reproduction, Development and Genetics, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India.
| | - Zubin Rashid
- Centre for Nano Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India.
| | - Sujit K Sikdar
- Centre for Nano Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India; Molecular Biophysics Unit, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India.
| | - Polani B Seshagiri
- Department of Molecular Reproduction, Development and Genetics, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India.
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187
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Pourchet A, Modrek AS, Placantonakis DG, Mohr I, Wilson AC. Modeling HSV-1 Latency in Human Embryonic Stem Cell-Derived Neurons. Pathogens 2017; 6:E24. [PMID: 28594343 PMCID: PMC5488658 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens6020024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2017] [Revised: 06/02/2017] [Accepted: 06/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) uses latency in peripheral ganglia to persist in its human host, however, recurrent reactivation from this reservoir can cause debilitating and potentially life-threatening disease. Most studies of latency use live-animal infection models, but these are complex, multilayered systems and can be difficult to manipulate. Infection of cultured primary neurons provides a powerful alternative, yielding important insights into host signaling pathways controlling latency. However, small animal models do not recapitulate all aspects of HSV-1 infection in humans and are limited in terms of the available molecular tools. To address this, we have developed a latency model based on human neurons differentiated in culture from an NIH-approved embryonic stem cell line. The resulting neurons are highly permissive for replication of wild-type HSV-1, but establish a non-productive infection state resembling latency when infected at low viral doses in the presence of the antivirals acyclovir and interferon-α. In this state, viral replication and expression of a late viral gene marker are not detected but there is an accumulation of the viral latency-associated transcript (LAT) RNA. After a six-day establishment period, antivirals can be removed and the infected cultures maintained for several weeks. Subsequent treatment with sodium butyrate induces reactivation and production of new infectious virus. Human neurons derived from stem cells provide the appropriate species context to study this exclusively human virus with the potential for more extensive manipulation of the progenitors and access to a wide range of preexisting molecular tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aldo Pourchet
- Department of Microbiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA.
| | - Aram S Modrek
- Department of Neurosurgery, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA.
| | - Dimitris G Placantonakis
- Department of Neurosurgery, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA.
- Kimmel Center for Stem Cell Biology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA.
- Brain Tumor Center, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA.
- Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA.
- Neuroscience Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA.
| | - Ian Mohr
- Department of Microbiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA.
- Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA.
| | - Angus C Wilson
- Department of Microbiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA.
- Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA.
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188
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Wu S, Xu R, Duan B, Jiang P. Three-Dimensional Hyaluronic Acid Hydrogel-Based Models for In Vitro Human iPSC-Derived NPC Culture and Differentiation. J Mater Chem B 2017; 5:3870-3878. [PMID: 28775848 PMCID: PMC5536346 DOI: 10.1039/c7tb00721c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived neural progenitor cells (hiPSC-NPCs) are considered as a promising cell source for transplantation and have been used for organoid fabrication to recapitulate central nervous system (CNS) diseases in vitro. The establishment of three-dimensional (3D) in vitro model with hiPSC-NPCs and control of their differentiation is significantly critical for understanding biological processes and CNS disease and regeneration. Here we implemented 3D methacrylated hyaluronic acid (Me-HA) hydrogels with encapsulation of hiPSC-NPCs as in vitro culture models and further investigated the role of the hydrogel rigidity on the cell behavior of hiPSC-NPCs. We first encapsulated single dispersive hiPSC-NPCs within both soft and stiff Me-HA hydrogel and found that hiPSC-NPCs gradually self-assembled and aggregated to form 3D spheroids. Then, the hiPSC-NPCs were laden into Me-HA hydrogels in the form of spheroids to evaluate their spontaneous differentiation in response to hydrogel rigidity. The soft Me-HA hydrogel-encapsulated hiPSC-NPCs displayed robust neurite outgrowth and showed high levels of spontaneous neural differentiation. We further encapsulated Down Syndrome (DS) patient-specific hiPSC-derived NPCs (DS-NPCs) spheroids within our hydrogels. DS-NPCs remained excellent cell viability in both soft and stiff Me-HA hydrogels. Similarly, soft hydrogels promoted neural differentiation of DS-NPCs by significantly upregulating neural maturation markers. This study demonstrates that soft matrix promotes neural differentiation of hiPSC-NPCs and HA-based hydrogels with hiPSC-NPCs or DS-NPCs are effective 3D models for CNS disease study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaohua Wu
- Mary & Dick Holland Regenerative Medicine Program, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Ranjie Xu
- Mary & Dick Holland Regenerative Medicine Program, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
- Department of Developmental Neuroscience, Munroe-Meyer Institute, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Bin Duan
- Mary & Dick Holland Regenerative Medicine Program, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Peng Jiang
- Mary & Dick Holland Regenerative Medicine Program, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
- Department of Developmental Neuroscience, Munroe-Meyer Institute, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
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189
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Poon A, Zhang Y, Chandrasekaran A, Phanthong P, Schmid B, Nielsen TT, Freude KK. Modeling neurodegenerative diseases with patient-derived induced pluripotent cells: Possibilities and challenges. N Biotechnol 2017; 39:190-198. [PMID: 28579476 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbt.2017.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2016] [Revised: 04/21/2017] [Accepted: 05/29/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The rising prevalence of progressive neurodegenerative diseases coupled with increasing longevity poses an economic burden at individual and societal levels. There is currently no effective cure for the majority of neurodegenerative diseases and disease-affected tissues from patients have been difficult to obtain for research and drug discovery in pre-clinical settings. While the use of animal models has contributed invaluable mechanistic insights and potential therapeutic targets, the translational value of animal models could be further enhanced when combined with in vitro models derived from patient-specific induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) and isogenic controls generated using CRISPR-Cas9 mediated genome editing. The iPSCs are self-renewable and capable of being differentiated into the cell types affected by the diseases. These in vitro models based on patient-derived iPSCs provide the opportunity to model disease development, uncover novel mechanisms and test potential therapeutics. Here we review findings from iPSC-based modeling of selected neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease, frontotemporal dementia and spinocerebellar ataxia. Furthermore, we discuss the possibilities of generating three-dimensional (3D) models using the iPSCs-derived cells and compare their advantages and disadvantages to conventional two-dimensional (2D) models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Poon
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Gronnegaardsvej 7, 1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Yu Zhang
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Gronnegaardsvej 7, 1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | | | - Phetcharat Phanthong
- Stem Cell Research Group, Institute of Molecular Biosciences and Deparment of Anatomy, Faculty of Science, Bangkok, Mahidol University, 10400, Thailand
| | | | - Troels T Nielsen
- Danish Dementia Research Centre, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 9, 2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Kristine K Freude
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Gronnegaardsvej 7, 1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
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190
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An update on stem cell biology and engineering for brain development. Mol Psychiatry 2017; 22:808-819. [PMID: 28373686 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2017.66] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2017] [Accepted: 02/16/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Two recent technologies, induced-pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) and direct somatic reprogramming, have shown enormous potential for cell-based therapies against intractable diseases such as those that affect the central nervous system. Already, methods that generate most major cell types of the human brain exist. Whether the cell types are directly reprogrammed from human somatic cells or differentiated from an iPSC intermediate, the overview presented here demonstrates how these protocols vary greatly in their efficiencies, purity and maturation of the resulting cells. Possible solutions including micro-RNA switch technologies that purify target cell types are also outlined. Further, an update on the transition from 2D to 3D cultures and current organoid (mini-brain) cultures are reviewed to give the stem cell and developmental engineering communities an up-to-date account of the progress and future perspectives for modeling of central nervous system disease and brain development in vitro.
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191
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Neuroregeneration versus neurodegeneration: toward a paradigm shift in Alzheimer's disease drug discovery. Future Med Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.4155/fmc-2017-0038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease represents an enormous global burden in terms of human suffering and economic cost. To tackle the current lack of effective drugs and the continuous clinical trial failures might require a shift from the prevailing paradigm targeting pathogenesis to the one targeting neural stem cells (NSCs) regeneration. In this context, small molecules have come to the forefront for their potential to manipulate NSCs, provide therapeutic tools and unveil NSCs biology. Classically, these molecules have been generated either by target-based or phenotypic approaches. To circumvent specific liabilities, nanomedicines emerge as a feasible alternative. However, this review is not intended to be comprehensive. Its purpose is to focus on recent examples that could accelerate development of neuroregenerative drugs against Alzheimer's disease.
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192
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J Brennand K. What if it was easier to prevent schizophrenia than to treat it? NPJ SCHIZOPHRENIA 2017; 3:9. [PMID: 28560255 PMCID: PMC5441527 DOI: 10.1038/s41537-017-0012-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2016] [Revised: 01/02/2017] [Accepted: 01/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kristen J Brennand
- Departments of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1425 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10029 USA.,Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1425 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10029 USA
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193
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Führmann T, Anandakumaran PN, Shoichet MS. Combinatorial Therapies After Spinal Cord Injury: How Can Biomaterials Help? Adv Healthc Mater 2017; 6. [PMID: 28247563 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201601130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2016] [Revised: 12/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI) results in an immediate loss of motor and sensory function below the injury site and is associated with a poor prognosis. The inhibitory environment that develops in response to the injury is mainly due to local expression of inhibitory factors, scarring and the formation of cystic cavitations, all of which limit the regenerative capacity of endogenous or transplanted cells. Strategies that demonstrate promising results induce a change in the microenvironment at- and around the lesion site to promote endogenous cell repair, including axonal regeneration or the integration of transplanted cells. To date, many of these strategies target only a single aspect of SCI; however, the multifaceted nature of SCI suggests that combinatorial strategies will likely be more effective. Biomaterials are a key component of combinatorial strategies, as they have the potential to deliver drugs locally over a prolonged period of time and aid in cell survival, integration and differentiation. Here we summarize the advantages and limitations of widely used strategies to promote recovery after injury and highlight recent research where biomaterials aided combinatorial strategies to overcome some of the barriers of spinal cord regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Führmann
- The Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research; 160 College Street, Room 514 Toronto ON M5S 3E1 Canada
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry; 200 College Street Toronto ON M5S 3E5 Canada
| | - Priya N. Anandakumaran
- The Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research; 160 College Street, Room 514 Toronto ON M5S 3E1 Canada
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering; 164 College Street Toronto ON M5S 3G9 Canada
| | - Molly S. Shoichet
- The Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research; 160 College Street, Room 514 Toronto ON M5S 3E1 Canada
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry; 200 College Street Toronto ON M5S 3E5 Canada
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering; 164 College Street Toronto ON M5S 3G9 Canada
- Department of Chemistry; University of Toronto; 80 St George St Toronto ON M5S 3H6 Canada
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194
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Wegscheid ML, Anastasaki C, Gutmann DH. Human stem cell modeling in neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1). Exp Neurol 2017; 299:270-280. [PMID: 28392281 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2017.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2016] [Revised: 03/15/2017] [Accepted: 04/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The future of precision medicine is heavily reliant on the use of human tissues to identify the key determinants that account for differences between individuals with the same disorder. This need is exemplified by the neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) neurogenetic condition. As such, individuals with NF1 are born with a germline mutation in the NF1 gene, but may develop numerous distinct neurological problems, ranging from autism and attention deficit to brain and peripheral nerve sheath tumors. Coupled with accurate preclinical mouse models, the availability of NF1 patient-derived induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) provides new opportunities to define the critical factors that underlie NF1-associated nervous system disease pathogenesis and progression. In this review, we discuss the generation and potential applications of iPSC technology to the study of NF1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle L Wegscheid
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, United States
| | - Corina Anastasaki
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, United States
| | - David H Gutmann
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, United States.
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195
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Clark AJ, Kaller MS, Galino J, Willison HJ, Rinaldi S, Bennett DLH. Co-cultures with stem cell-derived human sensory neurons reveal regulators of peripheral myelination. Brain 2017; 140:898-913. [PMID: 28334857 PMCID: PMC5637940 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awx012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2016] [Revised: 11/25/2016] [Accepted: 12/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
See Saporta and Shy (doi:10.1093/awx048) for a scientific commentary on this article.Effective bidirectional signalling between axons and Schwann cells is essential for both the development and maintenance of peripheral nerve function. We have established conditions by which human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived sensory neurons can be cultured with rat Schwann cells, and have produced for the first time long-term and stable myelinating co-cultures with human neurons. These cultures contain the specialized domains formed by axonal interaction with myelinating Schwann cells, such as clustered voltage-gated sodium channels at the node of Ranvier and Shaker-type potassium channel (Kv1.2) at the juxtaparanode. Expression of type III neuregulin-1 (TIIINRG1) in induced pluripotent stem cell-derived sensory neurons strongly enhances myelination, while conversely pharmacological blockade of the NRG1-ErbB pathway prevents myelination, providing direct evidence for the ability of this pathway to promote the myelination of human sensory axons. The β-secretase, BACE1 is a protease needed to generate active NRG1 from the full-length form. Due to the fact that it also cleaves amyloid precursor protein, BACE1 is a therapeutic target in Alzheimer's disease, however, consistent with its role in NRG1 processing we find that BACE1 inhibition significantly impairs myelination in our co-culture system. In order to exploit co-cultures to address other clinically relevant problems, they were exposed to anti-disialosyl ganglioside antibodies, including those derived from a patient with a sensory predominant, inflammatory neuropathy with mixed axonal and demyelinating electrophysiology. The co-cultures reveal that both mouse and human disialosyl antibodies target the nodal axolemma, induce acute axonal degeneration in the presence of complement, and impair myelination. The human, neuropathy-associated IgM antibody is also shown to induce complement-independent demyelination. Myelinating co-cultures using human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived sensory neurons thus provide insights into the cellular and molecular specialization of axoglial signalling, how pharmacological agents may promote or impede such signalling and the pathogenic effects of ganglioside antibodies.awx012media15372351982001.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex J Clark
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, West Wing, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Malte S Kaller
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, West Wing, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Jorge Galino
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, West Wing, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Hugh J Willison
- Neuroimmunology Group, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, UK
| | - Simon Rinaldi
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, West Wing, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - David L H Bennett
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, West Wing, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
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196
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Bassett AR. Editing the genome of hiPSC with CRISPR/Cas9: disease models. Mamm Genome 2017; 28:348-364. [PMID: 28303292 PMCID: PMC5569153 DOI: 10.1007/s00335-017-9684-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2016] [Accepted: 03/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The advent of human-induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC) technology has provided a unique opportunity to establish cellular models of disease from individual patients, and to study the effects of the underlying genetic aberrations upon multiple different cell types, many of which would not normally be accessible. Combining this with recent advances in genome editing techniques such as the clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat (CRISPR) system has provided an ability to repair putative causative alleles in patient lines, or introduce disease alleles into a healthy “WT” cell line. This has enabled analysis of isogenic cell pairs that differ in a single genetic change, which allows a thorough assessment of the molecular and cellular phenotypes that result from this abnormality. Importantly, this establishes the true causative lesion, which is often impossible to ascertain from human genetic studies alone. These isogenic cell lines can be used not only to understand the cellular consequences of disease mutations, but also to perform high throughput genetic and pharmacological screens to both understand the underlying pathological mechanisms and to develop novel therapeutic agents to prevent or treat such diseases. In the future, optimising and developing such genetic manipulation technologies may facilitate the provision of cellular or molecular gene therapies, to intervene and ultimately cure many debilitating genetic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew R Bassett
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK.
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197
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Gao L, Guan W, Wang M, Wang H, Yu J, Liu Q, Qiu B, Yu Y, Ping Y, Bian X, Shen L, Pei G. Direct Generation of Human Neuronal Cells from Adult Astrocytes by Small Molecules. Stem Cell Reports 2017; 8:538-547. [PMID: 28216149 PMCID: PMC5355633 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2017.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Revised: 01/16/2017] [Accepted: 01/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Astrocytes, due to the proximity to neuronal lineage and capability to proliferate, are ideal starting cells to regenerate neurons. Human fetal astrocytes have been successfully converted into neuronal cells by small molecules, which offered a broader range of further applications than transcription factor-mediated neuronal reprogramming. Here we report that human adult astrocytes could also be converted into neuronal cells by a different set of small molecules. These induced cells exhibited typical neuronal morphologies, expressed neuronal markers, and displayed neuronal electrophysiological properties. Genome-wide RNA-sequencing analysis showed that the global gene expression profile of induced neuronal cells resembled that of human embryonic stem cell-differentiated neurons. When transplanted into post-natal mouse brains, these induced neuronal cells could survive and become electrophysiologically mature. Altogether, our study provides a strategy to directly generate transgene-free neuronal cells from human adult astrocytes by small molecules. Human adult astrocytes can be converted into neuronal cells by small molecules Induced neuronal cells possess neuronal markers and electrophysiological properties The transcriptome of induced neuronal cells resembles that of hESC-derived neurons Induced neuronal cells survive and become electrophysiologically mature in mice brain
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Affiliation(s)
- Longfei Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yueyang Road, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Wuqiang Guan
- Institute of Neurobiology, Institutes of Brain Science, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Min Wang
- Institute of Neurobiology, Institutes of Brain Science, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Huihan Wang
- Life Sciences Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Jiali Yu
- Life Sciences Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Qing Liu
- Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, and Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunopathology, Ministry of Education of China, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Binlong Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yueyang Road, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Yongchun Yu
- Institute of Neurobiology, Institutes of Brain Science, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yifang Ping
- Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, and Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunopathology, Ministry of Education of China, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Xiuwu Bian
- Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, and Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunopathology, Ministry of Education of China, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Li Shen
- Life Sciences Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China.
| | - Gang Pei
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yueyang Road, Shanghai 200031, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China.
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198
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Shi Y, Inoue H, Wu JC, Yamanaka S. Induced pluripotent stem cell technology: a decade of progress. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2017; 16:115-130. [PMID: 27980341 PMCID: PMC6416143 DOI: 10.1038/nrd.2016.245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 886] [Impact Index Per Article: 126.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Since the advent of induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) technology a decade ago, enormous progress has been made in stem cell biology and regenerative medicine. Human iPSCs have been widely used for disease modelling, drug discovery and cell therapy development. Novel pathological mechanisms have been elucidated, new drugs originating from iPSC screens are in the pipeline and the first clinical trial using human iPSC-derived products has been initiated. In particular, the combination of human iPSC technology with recent developments in gene editing and 3D organoids makes iPSC-based platforms even more powerful in each area of their application, including precision medicine. In this Review, we discuss the progress in applications of iPSC technology that are particularly relevant to drug discovery and regenerative medicine, and consider the remaining challenges and the emerging opportunities in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanhong Shi
- Division of Stem Cell Biology Research, Department of Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, 1500 East Duarte Road, Duarte, California 91010, USA
| | - Haruhisa Inoue
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, 53 Kawahara-cho Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Joseph C Wu
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, 265 Campus Drive, Room G1120B, Stanford, California 94305-5454, USA
| | - Shinya Yamanaka
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, 53 Kawahara-cho Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
- Gladstone Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, San Francisco, California 94158, USA
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199
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Doerr J, Schwarz MK, Wiedermann D, Leinhaas A, Jakobs A, Schloen F, Schwarz I, Diedenhofen M, Braun NC, Koch P, Peterson DA, Kubitscheck U, Hoehn M, Brüstle O. Whole-brain 3D mapping of human neural transplant innervation. Nat Commun 2017; 8:14162. [PMID: 28102196 PMCID: PMC5253698 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms14162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2016] [Accepted: 12/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
While transplantation represents a key tool for assessing in vivo functionality of neural stem cells and their suitability for neural repair, little is known about the integration of grafted neurons into the host brain circuitry. Rabies virus-based retrograde tracing has developed into a powerful approach for visualizing synaptically connected neurons. Here, we combine this technique with light sheet fluorescence microscopy (LSFM) to visualize transplanted cells and connected host neurons in whole-mouse brain preparations. Combined with co-registration of high-precision three-dimensional magnetic resonance imaging (3D MRI) reference data sets, this approach enables precise anatomical allocation of the host input neurons. Our data show that the same neural donor cell population grafted into different brain regions receives highly orthotopic input. These findings indicate that transplant connectivity is largely dictated by the circuitry of the target region and depict rabies-based transsynaptic tracing and LSFM as efficient tools for comprehensive assessment of host–donor cell innervation. Transplantation of cells into the central nervous system has developed into a major avenue for replacing neurons lost to neurodegenerative disease. Here the authors develop an approach combining viral-based transynaptic tracing labeling and whole brain imaging to trace synaptic innervation of human neurons transplanted into a mouse background.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Doerr
- Institute of Reconstructive Neurobiology, University of Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Strasse 25, 53127 Bonn, Germany.,Life&Brain GmbH, Sigmund-Freud-Strasse 25, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Martin Karl Schwarz
- Life&Brain GmbH, Sigmund-Freud-Strasse 25, 53127 Bonn, Germany.,Department of Epileptology, Functional Neuroconnectomics Group, University of Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Strasse 25, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Dirk Wiedermann
- Max Planck Institute for Metabolism Research, In-vivo-NMR Laboratory, Gleuelerstrasse 50, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Anke Leinhaas
- Institute of Reconstructive Neurobiology, University of Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Strasse 25, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Alina Jakobs
- Institute of Reconstructive Neurobiology, University of Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Strasse 25, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Florian Schloen
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Bonn, Wegeler Strasse 12, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Inna Schwarz
- Department of Epileptology, Functional Neuroconnectomics Group, University of Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Strasse 25, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Michael Diedenhofen
- Max Planck Institute for Metabolism Research, In-vivo-NMR Laboratory, Gleuelerstrasse 50, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Nils Christian Braun
- Institute of Reconstructive Neurobiology, University of Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Strasse 25, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Philipp Koch
- Institute of Reconstructive Neurobiology, University of Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Strasse 25, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Daniel A Peterson
- Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, 3333 Green Bay Road, 60064 North Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Ulrich Kubitscheck
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Bonn, Wegeler Strasse 12, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Mathias Hoehn
- Max Planck Institute for Metabolism Research, In-vivo-NMR Laboratory, Gleuelerstrasse 50, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Oliver Brüstle
- Institute of Reconstructive Neurobiology, University of Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Strasse 25, 53127 Bonn, Germany.,Life&Brain GmbH, Sigmund-Freud-Strasse 25, 53127 Bonn, Germany
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200
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Lieberman R, Kranzler HR, Levine ES, Covault J. Examining FKBP5 mRNA expression in human iPSC-derived neural cells. Psychiatry Res 2017; 247:172-181. [PMID: 27915167 PMCID: PMC5191911 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2016.11.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2016] [Revised: 10/03/2016] [Accepted: 11/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
In peripheral blood leukocytes, FKBP5 mRNA expression is upregulated following glucocorticoid receptor activation. The single nucleotide polymorphism rs1360780 in FKBP5 is associated with psychiatric illness and has functional molecular effects. However, examination of FKBP5 regulation has largely been limited to peripheral cells, which may not reflect regulation in neural cells. We used 27 human induced pluripotent stem cell lines (iPSCs) derived from 20 subjects to examine FKBP5 mRNA expression following GR activation. Following differentiation into forebrain-lineage neural cultures, cells were exposed to 1μM dexamethasone and mRNA expression of FKBP5 and NR3C1 analyzed. Results from the iPSC-derived neural cells were compared with those from 15 donor matched fibroblast lines. Following dexamethasone treatment, there was a 670% increase in FKBP5 expression in fibroblasts, mimicking findings in peripheral blood-derived cells, but only a 23% increase in iPSC-derived neural cultures. FKBP5 rs1360780 genotype did not affect the induction of FKBP5 mRNA in either fibroblasts or neural cells. These results suggest that iPSC-derived forebrain-lineage neurons may not be an optimal neural cell type in which to examine relationships between GR activation, FKBP5 expression, and genetic variation in human subjects. Further, FKBP5 induction following GR activation may differ between cell types derived from the same individual.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Lieberman
- Alcohol Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington 06030-1410, CT, USA
| | - Henry R Kranzler
- Center for Studies of Addiction, Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia 19104, PA, USA; VISN4 MIRECC, Crescenz Philadelphia VAMC, Philadelphia 19104, PA, USA
| | - Eric S Levine
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington 06030, CT, USA
| | - Jonathan Covault
- Alcohol Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington 06030-1410, CT, USA.
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