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Pattnaik GP, Chakraborty H. Fusogenic Effect of Cholesterol Prevails over the Inhibitory Effect of a Peptide-Based Membrane Fusion Inhibitor. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2021; 37:3477-3489. [PMID: 33689373 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.1c00319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Membrane fusion is the primary step in the entry of enveloped viruses into the host cell. Membrane composition modulates the membrane fusion by changing the organization dynamics of the fusion proteins, peptides, and membranes. The asymmetric lipid compositions of the viral envelope and the host cell influence the membrane fusion. Cholesterol is an important constituent of mammalian cells and plays a vital role in the entry of several viruses. In our pursuit of developing peptide-based general fusion inhibitors, we have previously shown that a coronin 1-derived peptide, TG-23, inhibited polyethylene glycol-induced fusion between symmetric membranes without cholesterol. In this work, we have studied the effect of TG-23 on the polyethylene glycol-mediated fusion between 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DOPC), 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine (DOPE), and 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho-(1'-rac-glycerol) (DOPG) (60/30/10 mol %) and DOPC/DOPE/DOPG/CH (50/30/10/10 mol %) membranes and between DOPC/DOPE/DOPG (60/30/10 mol %) and DOPC/DOPE/DOPG/CH (40/30/10/20 mol %) membranes. Our results demonstrate that the TG-23 peptide inhibited the fusion between membranes containing 0 and 10 mol % cholesterol though the efficacy is less than that of symmetric fusion between membranes devoid of cholesterol, and the inhibitory efficacy becomes negligible in the fusion between membranes containing 0 and 20 mol % cholesterol. Several steady-state and time-resolved fluorescence spectroscopic techniques have been successfully utilized to evaluate the organization, dynamics, and membrane penetration of the TG-23 peptide. Taken together, our results demonstrate that the reduction of the inhibitory effect of TG-23 in asymmetric membrane fusion containing cholesterol of varying concentrations is not due to the altered peptide structure, organization, and dynamics, rather owing to the intrinsic negative curvature-inducing property of cholesterol. Therefore, the membrane composition is an added complexity in the journey of developing peptide-based membrane fusion inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hirak Chakraborty
- School of Chemistry, Sambalpur University, Jyoti Vihar, Burla, Odisha 768 019, India
- Centre of Excellence in Natural Products and Therapeutics, Sambalpur University, Jyoti Vihar, Burla, Odisha 768 019, India
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152
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Giant Vesicles Produced with Phosphatidylcholines (PCs) and Phosphatidylethanolamines (PEs) by Water-in-Oil Inverted Emulsions. Life (Basel) 2021; 11:life11030223. [PMID: 33801936 PMCID: PMC7998898 DOI: 10.3390/life11030223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Revised: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: giant vesicles (GVs) are widely employed as models for studying physicochemical properties of bio-membranes and artificial cell construction due to their similarities to natural cell membranes. Considering the critical roles of GVs, various methods have been developed to prepare them. Notably, the water-in-oil (w/o) inverted emulsion-transfer method is reported to be the most promising, owning to the relatively higher productivity and better encapsulation efficiency of biomolecules. Previously, we successfully established an improved approach to acquire detailed information of 1-Palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (POPC)-derived GVs with imaging flow cytometry (IFC); (2) Methods: we prepared GVs with different lipid compositions, including phosphatidylcholines (PCs), phosphatidylethanolamines (PEs), and PC/PE mixtures by w/o inverted emulsion methods. We comprehensively compared the yield, purity, size, and encapsulation efficiency of the resulting vesicles; (3) Results: the relatively higher productivities of GVs could be obtained from POPC, 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DOPC), 1,2-dilauroyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine (DLPE), DOPC: DLPE (7:3), and POPC: DLPE (6:4) pools. Furthermore, we also demonstrate that these GVs are stable during long term preservation in 4 °C. (4) Conclusions: our results will be useful for the analytical study of GVs and GV-based applications.
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153
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Chadwick SR, Grinstein S, Freeman SA. From the inside out: Ion fluxes at the centre of endocytic traffic. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2021; 71:77-86. [PMID: 33706237 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2021.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Endocytic traffic is a complex and elegant operation involving cargo sorting, membrane budding and tubulation, generation of force, and the formation of organellar contacts. The role of specific proteins and lipids in these processes has been studied extensively. By comparison, precious little is understood about the contribution of the endocytic fluid to these events, despite much evidence that alteration of the contents can severely affect membrane traffic along the endocytic pathway. In particular, it has long been appreciated that dissipation of ionic gradients arrests endosome-to-lysosome maturation. How cells sense inorganic ions and transmit this information have remained largely enigmatic. Herein, we review the experimental findings that reveal an intimate association between luminal ions, their transport, and endocytic traffic. We then discuss the ionic sensors and the mechanisms proposed to convert ion concentrations into protein-based trafficking events, highlighting the current paucity of convincing explanations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah R Chadwick
- Program in Cell Biology, Peter Gilgan Centre for Research and Learning, Hospital for Sick Children, 686 Bay Street, 19-9800, Toronto, ON, M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Sergio Grinstein
- Program in Cell Biology, Peter Gilgan Centre for Research and Learning, Hospital for Sick Children, 686 Bay Street, 19-9800, Toronto, ON, M5G 0A4, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Canada.
| | - Spencer A Freeman
- Program in Cell Biology, Peter Gilgan Centre for Research and Learning, Hospital for Sick Children, 686 Bay Street, 19-9800, Toronto, ON, M5G 0A4, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Canada.
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154
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Scheu M, Komorowski K, Shen C, Salditt T. A stalk fluid forming above the transition from the lamellar to the rhombohedral phase of lipid membranes. EUROPEAN BIOPHYSICS JOURNAL : EBJ 2021; 50:265-278. [PMID: 33590276 PMCID: PMC8071804 DOI: 10.1007/s00249-020-01493-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we present evidence for the formation of transient stalks in aligned multilamellar stacks of lipid membranes. Just above the phase transition from the fluid ([Formula: see text]) lamellar phase to the rhombohedral phase (R), where lipid stalks crystallize on a super-lattice within the lipid bilayer stack, we observe a characteristic scattering pattern, which can be attributed to a correlated fluid of transient stalks. Excess (off-axis) diffuse scattering with a broad modulation around the position which later transforms to a sharp peak of the rhombohedral lattice, gives evidence for the stalk fluid forming as a pre-critical effect, reminiscent of critical phenomena in the vicinity of second-order phase transitions. Using high-resolution off-specular X-ray scattering and lineshape analysis we show that this pre-critical regime is accompanied by an anomalous elasticity behavior of the membrane stack, in particular an increase in inter-bilayer compressibility, i.e., a decrease in the compression modulus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max Scheu
- Institute for X-ray Physics, Friedrich-Hund-Platz 1, 37073, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Karlo Komorowski
- Institute for X-ray Physics, Friedrich-Hund-Platz 1, 37073, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Chen Shen
- DESY Photon Science, Notkestr.85, 22607, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Tim Salditt
- Institute for X-ray Physics, Friedrich-Hund-Platz 1, 37073, Göttingen, Germany.
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155
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Quinn Z, Mao W, Xia Y, John R, Wan Y. Conferring receptors on recipient cells with extracellular vesicles for targeted drug delivery. Bioact Mater 2021; 6:749-756. [PMID: 33024896 PMCID: PMC7522541 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2020.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Revised: 08/23/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) is a heterogeneous subset of breast cancer characterized by its lack of estrogen receptor, progesterone receptor, and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2), which altogether prevents TNBC from being treated effectively. For many years, the treatment paradigms and overall survival of patients with TNBC have remained largely stagnant. Recent attempts to convert cold tumors to hot tumors by promoting antigen presentation have shown increased T cell infiltration and significantly induced immune responses for tumor killing. Inspired by this concept, the expression of specific targetable antigens on TNBC cells may further benefit relevant targeted drug delivery. In this study, we successfully conferred sufficient HER2 on the surface of TNBC MDA-MB-231 cells via simple EV-plasma membrane fusion with HER2+ extracellular vesicles (EV) derived from HER2 overexpressing BT-474 cells. Subsequently, anti-HER2 antibody conjugated paclitaxel-loaded liposomes were used for HER2-targeted drug delivery. Our findings demonstrated this HER2 grafting, in conjunction with targeted drug delivery, can improve the treatment efficacy in vitro and in vivo. This novel approach represents a facile method of altering cell membrane antigen presentation via convenient EVs uptake and may pave the way for the burgeoning wave of targeted therapy and/or immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary Quinn
- The Pq Laboratory of Micro/Nano BiomeDx, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Binghamton University-SUNY, Binghamton, NY, 13902, United States
| | - Wenjun Mao
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, The Affiliated Wuxi People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214023, PR China
| | - Yiqiu Xia
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, United States
| | - Rhea John
- The Pq Laboratory of Micro/Nano BiomeDx, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Binghamton University-SUNY, Binghamton, NY, 13902, United States
| | - Yuan Wan
- The Pq Laboratory of Micro/Nano BiomeDx, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Binghamton University-SUNY, Binghamton, NY, 13902, United States
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156
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Witt H, Savić F, Verbeek S, Dietz J, Tarantola G, Oelkers M, Geil B, Janshoff A. Membrane fusion studied by colloidal probes. EUROPEAN BIOPHYSICS JOURNAL : EBJ 2021; 50:223-237. [PMID: 33599795 PMCID: PMC8071799 DOI: 10.1007/s00249-020-01490-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Membrane-coated colloidal probes combine the benefits of solid-supported membranes with a more complex three-dimensional geometry. This combination makes them a powerful model system that enables the visualization of dynamic biological processes with high throughput and minimal reliance on fluorescent labels. Here, we want to review recent applications of colloidal probes for the study of membrane fusion. After discussing the advantages and disadvantages of some classical vesicle-based fusion assays, we introduce an assay using optical detection of fusion between membrane-coated glass microspheres in a quasi two-dimensional assembly. Then, we discuss free energy considerations of membrane fusion between supported bilayers, and show how colloidal probes can be combined with atomic force microscopy or optical tweezers to access the fusion process with even greater detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannes Witt
- Institute for Physical Chemistry, University of Göttingen, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
- Physics of Living Systems, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Filip Savić
- Institute for Physical Chemistry, University of Göttingen, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Sarah Verbeek
- Institute for Physical Chemistry, University of Göttingen, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Jörn Dietz
- Institute for Physical Chemistry, University of Göttingen, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Gesa Tarantola
- Institute for Physical Chemistry, University of Göttingen, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Marieelen Oelkers
- Institute for Physical Chemistry, University of Göttingen, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Burkhard Geil
- Institute for Physical Chemistry, University of Göttingen, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Andreas Janshoff
- Institute for Physical Chemistry, University of Göttingen, 37075, Göttingen, Germany.
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157
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Risselada HJ, Grubmüller H. How proteins open fusion pores: insights from molecular simulations. EUROPEAN BIOPHYSICS JOURNAL : EBJ 2021; 50:279-293. [PMID: 33340336 PMCID: PMC8071795 DOI: 10.1007/s00249-020-01484-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Fusion proteins can play a versatile and involved role during all stages of the fusion reaction. Their roles go far beyond forcing the opposing membranes into close proximity to drive stalk formation and fusion. Molecular simulations have played a central role in providing a molecular understanding of how fusion proteins actively overcome the free energy barriers of the fusion reaction up to the expansion of the fusion pore. Unexpectedly, molecular simulations have revealed a preference of the biological fusion reaction to proceed through asymmetric pathways resulting in the formation of, e.g., a stalk-hole complex, rim-pore, or vertex pore. Force-field based molecular simulations are now able to directly resolve the minimum free-energy path in protein-mediated fusion as well as quantifying the free energies of formed reaction intermediates. Ongoing developments in Graphics Processing Units (GPUs), free energy calculations, and coarse-grained force-fields will soon gain additional insights into the diverse roles of fusion proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- H. Jelger Risselada
- Department of Theoretical Physics, Georg-August University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
- Leiden University, Leiden Institute of Chemistry (LIC), Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Helmut Grubmüller
- Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Theoretical and Computational Biophysics Department, Göttingen, Germany
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158
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Srivastava N, Nader GPDF, Williart A, Rollin R, Cuvelier D, Lomakin A, Piel M. Nuclear fragility, blaming the blebs. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2021; 70:100-108. [PMID: 33662810 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2021.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Revised: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Although textbook pictures depict the cell nucleus as a simple ovoid object, it is now clear that it adopts a large variety of shapes in tissues. When cells deform, because of cell crowding or migration through dense matrices, the nucleus is subjected to large constraints that alter its shape. In this review, we discuss recent studies related to nuclear fragility, focusing on the surprising finding that the nuclear envelope can form blebs. Contrary to the better-known plasma membrane blebs, nuclear blebs are unstable and almost systematically lead to nuclear envelope opening and uncontrolled nucleocytoplasmic mixing. They expand, burst, and repair repeatedly when the nucleus is strongly deformed. Although blebs are a major source of nuclear instability, they are poorly understood so far, which calls for more in-depth studies of these structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nishit Srivastava
- Institut Curie and Institut Pierre Gilles de Gennes, PSL Research University, CNRS, UMR 144, Paris, France
| | | | - Alice Williart
- Institut Curie and Institut Pierre Gilles de Gennes, PSL Research University, CNRS, UMR 144, Paris, France
| | - Romain Rollin
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, UMR 168, Paris France
| | - Damien Cuvelier
- Institut Curie and Institut Pierre Gilles de Gennes, PSL Research University, CNRS, UMR 144, Paris, France
| | - Alexis Lomakin
- St. Anna Children's Cancer Research Institute, Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Rare and Undiagnosed Diseases, And Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Matthieu Piel
- Institut Curie and Institut Pierre Gilles de Gennes, PSL Research University, CNRS, UMR 144, Paris, France.
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159
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Grothe T, Nowak J, Jahn R, Walla PJ. Selected tools to visualize membrane interactions. EUROPEAN BIOPHYSICS JOURNAL : EBJ 2021; 50:211-222. [PMID: 33787948 PMCID: PMC8071796 DOI: 10.1007/s00249-021-01516-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Revised: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In the past decade, we developed various fluorescence-based methods for monitoring membrane fusion, membrane docking, distances between membranes, and membrane curvature. These tools were mainly developed using liposomes as model systems, which allows for the dissection of specific interactions mediated by, for example, fusion proteins. Here, we provide an overview of these methods, including two-photon fluorescence cross-correlation spectroscopy and intramembrane Förster energy transfer, with asymmetric labelling of inner and outer membrane leaflets and the calibrated use of transmembrane energy transfer to determine membrane distances below 10 nm. We discuss their application range and their limitations using examples from our work on protein-mediated vesicle docking and fusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Grothe
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Max-Planck-Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
- Department of Biophysical Chemistry, Institute for Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Braunschweig, 38106, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Julia Nowak
- Department of Biophysical Chemistry, Institute for Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Braunschweig, 38106, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Reinhard Jahn
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Max-Planck-Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Peter Jomo Walla
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Max-Planck-Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, 37077, Göttingen, Germany.
- Department of Biophysical Chemistry, Institute for Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Braunschweig, 38106, Braunschweig, Germany.
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160
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Lu M. Single-Molecule FRET Imaging of Virus Spike-Host Interactions. Viruses 2021; 13:v13020332. [PMID: 33669922 PMCID: PMC7924862 DOI: 10.3390/v13020332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Revised: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
As a major surface glycoprotein of enveloped viruses, the virus spike protein is a primary target for vaccines and anti-viral treatments. Current vaccines aiming at controlling the COVID-19 pandemic are mostly directed against the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein. To promote virus entry and facilitate immune evasion, spikes must be dynamic. Interactions with host receptors and coreceptors trigger a cascade of conformational changes/structural rearrangements in spikes, which bring virus and host membranes in proximity for membrane fusion required for virus entry. Spike-mediated viral membrane fusion is a dynamic, multi-step process, and understanding the structure–function-dynamics paradigm of virus spikes is essential to elucidate viral membrane fusion, with the ultimate goal of interventions. However, our understanding of this process primarily relies on individual structural snapshots of endpoints. How these endpoints are connected in a time-resolved manner, and the order and frequency of conformational events underlying virus entry, remain largely elusive. Single-molecule Förster resonance energy transfer (smFRET) has provided a powerful platform to connect structure–function in motion, revealing dynamic aspects of spikes for several viruses: SARS-CoV-2, HIV-1, influenza, and Ebola. This review focuses on how smFRET imaging has advanced our understanding of virus spikes’ dynamic nature, receptor-binding events, and mechanism of antibody neutralization, thereby informing therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maolin Lu
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06536, USA
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161
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Flagging fusion: Phosphatidylserine signaling in cell-cell fusion. J Biol Chem 2021; 296:100411. [PMID: 33581114 PMCID: PMC8005811 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.100411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Revised: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Formations of myofibers, osteoclasts, syncytiotrophoblasts, and fertilized zygotes share a common step, cell–cell fusion. Recent years have brought about considerable progress in identifying some of the proteins involved in these and other cell-fusion processes. However, even for the best-characterized cell fusions, we still do not know the mechanisms that regulate the timing of cell-fusion events. Are they fully controlled by the expression of fusogenic proteins or do they also depend on some triggering signal that activates these proteins? The latter scenario would be analogous to the mechanisms that control the timing of exocytosis initiated by Ca2+ influx and virus-cell fusion initiated by low pH- or receptor interaction. Diverse cell fusions are accompanied by the nonapoptotic exposure of phosphatidylserine at the surface of fusing cells. Here we review data on the dependence of membrane remodeling in cell fusion on phosphatidylserine and phosphatidylserine-recognizing proteins and discuss the hypothesis that cell surface phosphatidylserine serves as a conserved “fuse me” signal regulating the time and place of cell-fusion processes.
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162
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Wertz PW. Lipid Metabolic Events Underlying the Formation of the Corneocyte Lipid Envelope. Skin Pharmacol Physiol 2021; 34:38-50. [PMID: 33567435 DOI: 10.1159/000513261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Cornified cells of the stratum corneum have a monolayer of an unusual lipid covalently attached to the outer surface. This is referred to as the corneocyte lipid envelope (CLE). It consists of a monolayer of ω-hydroxyceramides covalently attached to the outer surface of the cornified envelope. The CLE is essential for proper barrier function of the skin and is derived from linoleate-rich acylglucosylceramides synthesized in the viable epidermis. Biosynthesis of acylglucosylceramide and its conversion to the cornified envelope is complex. Acylglucosylceramide in the bounding membrane of the lamellar granule is the precursor of the CLE. The acylglucosylceramide in the limiting membrane of the lamellar granule may be oriented with the glucosyl moiety on the inside. Conversion of the acylglucosylceramide to the CLE requires removal of the glucose by action of a glucocerebrosidase. The ester-linked fatty acid may be removed by an as yet unidentified esterase, and the resulting ω-hydroxyceramide may become ester linked to the outer surface of the cornified envelope through action of transglutaminase 1. Prior to removal of ester-linked fatty acids, linoleate is oxidized to an epoxy alcohol through action of 2 lipoxygenases. This can be further oxidized to an epoxy-enone, which can spontaneously attach to the cornified envelope through Schiff's base formation. Mutations of genes coding for enzymes involved in biosynthesis of the CLE result in ichthyosis, often accompanied by neurologic dysfunction. The CLE is recognized as essential for barrier function of skin, but many questions about details of this essentiality remain. What are the relative roles of the 2 mechanisms of lipid attachment? What is the orientation of acylglucosylceramide in the bounding membrane of lamellar granules? Some evidence supports a role for CLE as a scaffold upon which intercellular lamellae unfold, but other evidence does not support this role. There is also controversial evidence for a role in stratum corneum cohesion. Evidence is presented to suggest that covalently bound ω-hydroxyceramides serve as a reservoir for free sphingosine that can serve in communicating with the viable epidermis and act as a potent broad-acting antimicrobial at the skin surface. Many questions remain.
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163
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Urbina FL, Menon S, Goldfarb D, Edwards R, Ben Major M, Brennwald P, Gupton SL. TRIM67 regulates exocytic mode and neuronal morphogenesis via SNAP47. Cell Rep 2021; 34:108743. [PMID: 33567284 PMCID: PMC7941186 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.108743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Revised: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuronal morphogenesis involves dramatic plasma membrane expansion, fueled by soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein eceptors (SNARE)-mediated exocytosis. Distinct fusion modes described at synapses include full-vesicle fusion (FVF) and kiss-and-run fusion (KNR). During FVF, lumenal cargo is secreted and vesicle membrane incorporates into the plasma membrane. During KNR, a transient fusion pore secretes cargo but closes without membrane addition. In contrast, fusion modes are not described in developing neurons. Here, we resolve individual exocytic events in developing murine cortical neurons and use classification tools to identify four distinguishable fusion modes: two FVF-like modes that insert membrane material and two KNR-like modes that do not. Discrete fluorescence profiles suggest distinct behavior of the fusion pore. Simulations and experiments agree that FVF-like exocytosis provides sufficient membrane material for morphogenesis. We find the E3 ubiquitin ligase TRIM67 promotes FVF-like exocytosis in part by limiting incorporation of the Qb/Qc SNARE SNAP47 into SNARE complexes and, thus, SNAP47 involvement in exocytosis. Urbina et al. identify four exocytic modes in developing neurons: KNRd, KNRi, FVFd, FVFi. Simulations and experiments suggest that FVFi and FVFd provide material for plasma membrane expansion. Deletion of Trim67 decreases FVFi and FVFd while reducing surface area. SNAP47 incorporation into SNARE complexes alters fusion pore behavior, increasing KNRd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio L Urbina
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Shalini Menon
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Dennis Goldfarb
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Institute for Informatics, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Reginald Edwards
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - M Ben Major
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Patrick Brennwald
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Stephanie L Gupton
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Neuroscience Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
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164
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Liu Y, Castro Bravo KM, Liu J. Targeted liposomal drug delivery: a nanoscience and biophysical perspective. NANOSCALE HORIZONS 2021; 6:78-94. [PMID: 33400747 DOI: 10.1039/d0nh00605j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Liposomes are a unique platform for drug delivery, and a number of liposomal formulations have already been commercialized. Doxil is a representative example, which uses PEGylated liposomes to load doxorubicin for cancer therapy. Its delivery relies on the enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect or passive targeting. Drug loading can be achieved using both standard liposomes and also those containing a solid core such as mesoporous silica and poly(lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA). Developments have also been made on active targeted delivery using bioaffinity ligands such as small molecules, antibodies, peptides and aptamers. Compared to other types of nanoparticles, the surface of liposomes is fluid, allowing dynamic organization of targeting ligands to achieve optimal binding to cell surface receptors. This review article summarizes development of liposomal targeted drug delivery systems, with an emphasis on the biophysical properties of lipids. In both passive and active targeting, the effects of liposome size, charge, fluidity, rigidity, head-group chemistry and PEGylation are discussed along with recent examples. Most of the examples are focused on targeting tumors or cancer cells. Finally, a few examples of commercialized formulations are described, and some future research opportunities are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yibo Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada.
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165
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Kwok ZH, Wang C, Jin Y. Extracellular Vesicle Transportation and Uptake by Recipient Cells: A Critical Process to Regulate Human Diseases. Processes (Basel) 2021; 9. [PMID: 34336602 PMCID: PMC8323758 DOI: 10.3390/pr9020273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Emerging evidence highlights the relevance of extracellular vesicles
(EVs) in modulating human diseases including but not limited to cancer,
inflammation, and neurological disorders. EVs can be found in almost all types
of human body fluids, suggesting that their trafficking may allow for their
targeting to remote recipient cells. While molecular processes underlying EV
biogenesis and secretion are increasingly elucidated, mechanisms governing EV
transportation, target finding and binding, as well as uptake into recipient
cells remain to be characterized. Understanding the specificity of EV transport
and uptake is critical to facilitating the development of EVs as valuable
diagnostics and therapeutics. In this mini review, we focus on EV uptake
mechanisms and specificities, as well as their implications in human
diseases.
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166
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Nguyen BY, Azam T, Wang X. Cellular signaling cross-talk between different cardiac cell populations: an insight into the role of exosomes in the heart diseases and therapy. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2021; 320:H1213-H1234. [PMID: 33513083 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00718.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Exosomes are a subgroup of extracellular bilayer membrane nanovesicles that are enriched in a variety of bioactive lipids, receptors, transcription factors, surface proteins, DNA, and noncoding RNAs. They have been well recognized to play essential roles in mediating intercellular signaling by delivering bioactive molecules from host cells to regulate the physiological processes of recipient cells. In the context of heart diseases, accumulating studies have indicated that exosome-carried cellular proteins and noncoding RNA derived from different types of cardiac cells, including cardiomyocytes, fibroblasts, endothelial cells, immune cells, adipocytes, and resident stem cells, have pivotal roles in cardiac remodeling under disease conditions such as cardiac hypertrophy, diabetic cardiomyopathy, and myocardial infarction. In addition, exosomal contents derived from stem cells have been shown to be beneficial for regenerative potential of the heart. In this review, we discuss current understanding of the role of exosomes in cardiac communication, with a focus on cardiovascular pathophysiology and perspectives for their potential uses as cardiac therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binh Yen Nguyen
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Tayyiba Azam
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Xin Wang
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
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167
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Abstract
During multicellular organism development, complex structures are sculpted to form organs and tissues, which are maintained throughout adulthood. Many of these processes require cells to fuse with one another, or with themselves. These plasma membrane fusions merge endoplasmic cellular content across external, exoplasmic, space. In the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, such cell fusions serve as a unique sculpting force, involved in the embryonic morphogenesis of the skin-like multinuclear hypodermal cells, but also in refining delicate structures, such as valve openings and the tip of the tail. During post-embryonic development, plasma membrane fusions continue to shape complex neuron structures and organs such as the vulva, while during adulthood fusion participates in cell and tissue repair. These processes rely on two fusion proteins (fusogens): EFF-1 and AFF-1, which are part of a broader family of structurally related membrane fusion proteins, encompassing sexual reproduction, viral infection, and tissue remodeling. The established capabilities of these exoplasmic fusogens are further expanded by new findings involving EFF-1 and AFF-1 in endocytic vesicle fission and phagosome sealing. Tight regulation by cell-autonomous and non-cell autonomous mechanisms orchestrates these diverse cell fusions at the correct place and time-these processes and their significance are discussed in this review.
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168
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Golani G, Leikina E, Melikov K, Whitlock JM, Gamage DG, Luoma-Overstreet G, Millay DP, Kozlov MM, Chernomordik LV. Myomerger promotes fusion pore by elastic coupling between proximal membrane leaflets and hemifusion diaphragm. Nat Commun 2021; 12:495. [PMID: 33479215 PMCID: PMC7820291 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-20804-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Myomerger is a muscle-specific membrane protein involved in formation of multinucleated muscle cells by mediating the transition from the early hemifusion stage to complete fusion. Here, we considered the physical mechanism of the Myomerger action based on the hypothesis that Myomerger shifts the spontaneous curvature of the outer membrane leaflets to more positive values. We predicted, theoretically, that Myomerger generates the outer leaflet elastic stresses, which propagate into the hemifusion diaphragm and accelerate the fusion pore formation. We showed that Myomerger ectodomain indeed generates positive spontaneous curvature of lipid monolayers. We substantiated the mechanism by experiments on myoblast fusion and influenza hemagglutinin-mediated cell fusion. In both processes, the effects of Myomerger ectodomain were strikingly similar to those of lysophosphatidylcholine known to generate a positive spontaneous curvature of lipid monolayers. The control of post-hemifusion stages by shifting the spontaneous curvature of proximal membrane monolayers may be utilized in diverse fusion processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gonen Golani
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 69978, Israel
| | - Evgenia Leikina
- Section on Membrane Biology, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Kamran Melikov
- Section on Membrane Biology, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Jarred M Whitlock
- Section on Membrane Biology, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Dilani G Gamage
- Division of Molecular Cardiovascular Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA
| | - Gracia Luoma-Overstreet
- Section on Membrane Biology, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Douglas P Millay
- Division of Molecular Cardiovascular Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA
| | - Michael M Kozlov
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 69978, Israel.
| | - Leonid V Chernomordik
- Section on Membrane Biology, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
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169
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Löffler PMG, Rabe A, Vogel S. Lipid-Modified Peptide Nucleic Acids: Synthesis and Application to Programmable Liposome Fusion. Methods Mol Biol 2021; 2105:75-96. [PMID: 32088865 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-0243-0_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Peptide nucleic acids (PNAs) can be modified with aliphatic lipid chains and designed to be water soluble and able to spontaneously insert into phospholipid bilayers. Liposomes with 1.5% negatively charged POPG can be driven to fuse and mix their inner content volumes via functionalization with such lipidated peptide nucleic acids (LiPNAs). During fusion, only low amounts of leakage occur (<5%). We describe here the synthesis and purification of such LiPNAs using an automated peptide synthesizer and the preparation of LiPNA functionalized liposomes. Further, we describe the measurement of LiPNA-induced fusion using a fluorescence-based assay for the content mixing between a liposome population with an encapsulated self-quenching fluorescent dye (SRB) and a buffer-filled liposome population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp M G Löffler
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Alexander Rabe
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Stefan Vogel
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.
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170
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Shahrajabian MH, Sun W, Cheng Q. Product of natural evolution (SARS, MERS, and SARS-CoV-2); deadly diseases, from SARS to SARS-CoV-2. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2021; 17:62-83. [PMID: 32783700 PMCID: PMC7872062 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2020.1797369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Revised: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2, the virus causing COVID-19, is a single-stranded RNA virus belonging to the order Nidovirales, family Coronaviridae, and subfamily Coronavirinae. SARS-CoV-2 entry to cellsis initiated by the binding of the viral spike protein (S) to its cellular receptor. The roles of S protein in receptor binding and membrane fusion makes it a prominent target for vaccine development. SARS-CoV-2 genome sequence analysis has shown that this virus belongs to the beta-coronavirus genus, which includes Bat SARS-like coronavirus, SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV. A vaccine should induce a balanced immune response to elicit protective immunity. In this review, we compare and contrast these three important CoV diseases and how they inform on vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Wenli Sun
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qi Cheng
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- College of Life Sciences, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei, China
- Global Alliance of HeBAU-CLS&HeQiS for BioAl-Manufacturing, Baoding, Hebei, China
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171
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Kumar G, Narayan R, Kapoor S. Chemical Tools for Illumination of Tuberculosis Biology, Virulence Mechanisms, and Diagnosis. J Med Chem 2020; 63:15308-15332. [PMID: 33307693 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c01337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) remains one of the deadliest infectious diseases and begs the scientific community to up the ante for research and exploration of completely novel therapeutic avenues. Chemical biology-inspired design of tunable chemical tools has aided in clinical diagnosis, facilitated discovery of therapeutics, and begun to enable investigation of virulence mechanisms at the host-pathogen interface of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. This Perspective highlights chemical tools specific to mycobacterial proteins and the cell lipid envelope that have furnished rapid and selective diagnostic strategies and provided unprecedented insights into the function of the mycobacterial proteome and lipidome. We discuss chemical tools that have enabled elucidating otherwise intractable biological processes by leveraging the unique lipid and metabolite repertoire of mycobacterial species. Some of these probes represent exciting starting points with the potential to illuminate poorly understood aspects of mycobacterial pathogenesis, particularly the host membrane-pathogen interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gautam Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai 400 076, Maharashtra, India
| | - Rishikesh Narayan
- School of Chemical and Materials Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Goa, Ponda 403 401, Goa, India
| | - Shobhna Kapoor
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai 400 076, Maharashtra, India.,Wadhwani Research Center for Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai 400 076, Maharashtra, India
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172
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Makowski M, Felício MR, Fensterseifer ICM, Franco OL, Santos NC, Gonçalves S. EcDBS1R4, an Antimicrobial Peptide Effective against Escherichia coli with In Vitro Fusogenic Ability. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21239104. [PMID: 33265989 PMCID: PMC7730630 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21239104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Revised: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Discovering antibiotic molecules able to hold the growing spread of antimicrobial resistance is one of the most urgent endeavors that public health must tackle. The case of Gram-negative bacterial pathogens is of special concern, as they are intrinsically resistant to many antibiotics, due to an outer membrane that constitutes an effective permeability barrier. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) have been pointed out as potential alternatives to conventional antibiotics, as their main mechanism of action is membrane disruption, arguably less prone to elicit resistance in pathogens. Here, we investigate the in vitro activity and selectivity of EcDBS1R4, a bioinspired AMP. To this purpose, we have used bacterial cells and model membrane systems mimicking both the inner and the outer membranes of Escherichia coli, and a variety of optical spectroscopic methodologies. EcDBS1R4 is effective against the Gram-negative E. coli, ineffective against the Gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus and noncytotoxic for human cells. EcDBS1R4 does not form stable pores in E. coli, as the peptide does not dissipate its membrane potential, suggesting an unusual mechanism of action. Interestingly, EcDBS1R4 promotes a hemi-fusion of vesicles mimicking the inner membrane of E. coli. This fusogenic ability of EcDBS1R4 requires the presence of phospholipids with a negative curvature and a negative charge. This finding suggests that EcDBS1R4 promotes a large lipid spatial reorganization able to reshape membrane curvature, with interesting biological implications herein discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcin Makowski
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-028 Lisbon, Portugal; (M.M.); (M.R.F.)
| | - Mário R. Felício
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-028 Lisbon, Portugal; (M.M.); (M.R.F.)
| | - Isabel C. M. Fensterseifer
- Centro de Análises Proteômicas e Bioquímicas, Pós-graduação em Ciências Genômicas e Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica de Brasília, Brasília 71966-700, Brazil; (I.C.M.F.); (O.L.F.)
- S-Inova Biotech, Pós-graduação em Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Dom Bosco, Campo Grande 79117-010, Brazil
| | - Octávio L. Franco
- Centro de Análises Proteômicas e Bioquímicas, Pós-graduação em Ciências Genômicas e Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica de Brasília, Brasília 71966-700, Brazil; (I.C.M.F.); (O.L.F.)
- S-Inova Biotech, Pós-graduação em Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Dom Bosco, Campo Grande 79117-010, Brazil
| | - Nuno C. Santos
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-028 Lisbon, Portugal; (M.M.); (M.R.F.)
- Correspondence: (N.C.S.); (S.G.)
| | - Sónia Gonçalves
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-028 Lisbon, Portugal; (M.M.); (M.R.F.)
- Correspondence: (N.C.S.); (S.G.)
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173
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Wang TY, Tsao HK, Sheng YJ. Perforated Vesicles of ABA Triblock Copolymers with ON/OFF-Switchable Nanopores. Macromolecules 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.0c01550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ting-Ya Wang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Heng-Kwong Tsao
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, National Central University, Taoyuan 32001, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Yu-Jane Sheng
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan, ROC
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174
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Witkowska A, Spindler S, Mahmoodabadi RG, Sandoghdar V, Jahn R. Differential Diffusional Properties in Loose and Tight Docking Prior to Membrane Fusion. Biophys J 2020; 119:2431-2439. [PMID: 33189687 PMCID: PMC7822739 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2020.10.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Revised: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Fusion of biological membranes, although mediated by divergent proteins, is believed to follow a common pathway. It proceeds through distinct steps, including docking, merger of proximal leaflets (stalk formation), and formation of a fusion pore. However, the structure of these intermediates is difficult to study because of their short lifetime. Previously, we observed a loosely and tightly docked state preceding leaflet merger using arresting point mutations in SNARE proteins, but the nature of these states remained elusive. Here, we used interferometric scattering (iSCAT) microscopy to monitor diffusion of single vesicles across the surface of giant unilamellar vesicles (GUVs). We observed that the diffusion coefficients of arrested vesicles decreased during progression through the intermediate states. Modeling allowed for predicting the number of tethering SNARE complexes upon loose docking and the size of the interacting membrane patches upon tight docking. These results shed new light on the nature of membrane-membrane interactions immediately before fusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agata Witkowska
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Göttingen, Germany.
| | - Susann Spindler
- Max Planck Institute for the Science of Light, Erlangen, Germany; Department of Physics, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Reza Gholami Mahmoodabadi
- Max Planck Institute for the Science of Light, Erlangen, Germany; Max-Planck-Zentrum für Physik und Medizin, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Vahid Sandoghdar
- Max Planck Institute for the Science of Light, Erlangen, Germany; Department of Physics, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany; Max-Planck-Zentrum für Physik und Medizin, Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Reinhard Jahn
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Göttingen, Germany; University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.
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175
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Filippova N, Nabors LB. ELAVL1 Role in Cell Fusion and Tunneling Membrane Nanotube Formations with Implication to Treat Glioma Heterogeneity. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:E3069. [PMID: 33096700 PMCID: PMC7590168 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12103069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Revised: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Homotypic and heterotypic cell fusions via permanent membrane fusions and temporal tunneling nanotube formations in the glioma microenvironment were recently documented in vitro and in vivo and mediate glioma survival, plasticity, and recurrence. Chronic inflammation, a hypoxic environment, aberrant mitochondrial function, and ER stress due to unfolded protein accumulation upregulate cell fusion events, which leads to tumor heterogeneity and represents an adaptive mechanism to promote tumor cell survival and plasticity in cytotoxic, nutrient-deprived, mechanically stressed, and inflammatory microenvironments. Cell fusion is a multistep process, which consists of the activation of the cellular stress response, autophagy formation, rearrangement of cytoskeletal architecture in the areas of cell-to-cell contacts, and the expression of proinflammatory cytokines and fusogenic proteins. The mRNA-binding protein of ELAV-family HuR is a critical node, which orchestrates the stress response, autophagy formation, cytoskeletal architecture, and the expression of proinflammatory cytokines and fusogenic proteins. HuR is overexpressed in gliomas and is associated with poor prognosis and treatment resistance. Our review provides a link between the HuR role in the regulation of cell fusion and tunneling nanotube formations in the glioma microenvironment and the potential suppression of these processes by different classes of HuR inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Filippova
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Louis B. Nabors
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
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176
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Tetraspanins, More than Markers of Extracellular Vesicles in Reproduction. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21207568. [PMID: 33066349 PMCID: PMC7589920 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21207568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Revised: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The participation of extracellular vesicles in many cellular processes, including reproduction, is unquestionable. Although currently, the tetraspanin proteins found in extracellular vesicles are mostly applied as markers, increasing evidence points to their role in extracellular vesicle biogenesis, cargo selection, cell targeting, and cell uptake under both physiological and pathological conditions. In this review, we bring other insight into the involvement of tetraspanin proteins in extracellular vesicle physiology in mammalian reproduction. We provide knowledge regarding the involvement of extracellular vesicle tetraspanins in these processes in somatic cells. Furthermore, we discuss the future direction towards an understanding of their functions in the tissues and fluids of the mammalian reproductive system in gamete maturation, fertilization, and embryo development; their involvement in mutual cell contact and communication in their complexity.
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177
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Abstract
Earlier analysis of the Protein Data Bank derived the distribution of rotations from the plane of a protein hydrogen bond donor peptide group to the plane of its acceptor peptide group. The quasi Boltzmann formalism of Pohl-Finkelstein is employed to estimate free energies of protein elements with these hydrogen bonds, pinpointing residues with a high propensity for conformational change. This is applied to viral glycoproteins as well as capsids, where the 90th+ percentiles of free energies determine residues that correlate well with viral fusion peptides and other functional domains in known cases and thus provide a novel method for predicting these sites of importance as antiviral drug or vaccine targets in general. The method is implemented at https://bion-server.au.dk/hbonds/ from an uploaded Protein Data Bank file.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert C. Penner
- Institut des Hautes Études Scientifiques, Bures-sur-Yvette, France
- Mathematics Department, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
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178
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Lee HR, Lee Y, Oh SS, Choi SQ. Ultra-Stable Freestanding Lipid Membrane Array: Direct Visualization of Dynamic Membrane Remodeling with Cholesterol Transport and Enzymatic Reactions. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2020; 16:e2002541. [PMID: 32924281 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202002541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Revised: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Cell membranes actively change their local compositions, serving essential biological processes such as cellular signaling and endocytosis. Although membrane dynamics is vital in the cellular functions, the complexity of natural membranes has made its fundamental understanding and systematic assessment difficult. Here, a powerful artificial membrane system is developed for real-time visualization of the spatiotemporal dynamics of membrane remodeling. Through well-defined air/oil/water interfaces on grid holes, tens of planar lipid bilayer membranes are easily created, and their reproducibility, controllability, and generality are highlighted. The freestanding membranes are large but also highly stable, facilitating direct long-term monitoring of dynamic membrane reconstitution caused by external stimuli. As an example to demonstrate the superiority of this membrane system, the effect of cholesterol trafficking, which significantly affects biophysical properties of cell membranes, is investigated at different membrane compositions. Cholesterol transport into and out of the membranes at different rates causes anomalous lipid arrangements through cholesterol-mediated phase transitions and decomposition, which have never been witnessed before. Furthermore, enzyme-induced membrane dynamics is successfully shown in this platform; sphingomyelinases locally generate asymmetry between two membrane leaflets. This technique is broadly applicable for exploring the membrane heterogeneity under various membrane-based reactions, providing valuable insight into the membrane dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-Ro Lee
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Yohan Lee
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Soo Oh
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Siyoung Q Choi
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
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179
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Mechanistic insights of host cell fusion of SARS-CoV-1 and SARS-CoV-2 from atomic resolution structure and membrane dynamics. Biophys Chem 2020; 265:106438. [PMID: 32721790 PMCID: PMC7375304 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpc.2020.106438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Revised: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The emerging and re-emerging viral diseases are continuous threats to the wellbeing of human life. Previous outbreaks of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) and Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS had evidenced potential threats of coronaviruses in human health. The recent pandemic due to SARS-CoV-2 is overwhelming and has been going beyond control. Vaccines and antiviral drugs are ungently required to mitigate the pandemic. Therefore, it is important to comprehend the mechanistic details of viral infection process. The fusion between host cell and virus being the first step of infection, understanding the fusion mechanism could provide crucial information to intervene the infection process. Interestingly, all enveloped viruses contain fusion protein on their envelope that acts as fusion machine. For coronaviruses, the spike or S glycoprotein mediates successful infection through receptor binding and cell fusion. The cell fusion process requires merging of virus and host cell membranes, and that is essentially performed by the S2 domain of the S glycoprotein. In this review, we have discussed cell fusion mechanism of SARS-CoV-1 from available atomic resolution structures and membrane binding of fusion peptides. We have further discussed about the cell fusion of SARS-CoV-2 in the context of present pandemic situation.
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180
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Alam SB, Yang J, Bustillo KC, Ophus C, Ercius P, Zheng H, Chan EM. Hybrid nanocapsules for in situ TEM imaging of gas evolution reactions in confined liquids. NANOSCALE 2020; 12:18606-18615. [PMID: 32970077 DOI: 10.1039/d0nr05281g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Liquid cell transmission electron microscopy (TEM) enables the direct observation of dynamic physical and chemical processes in liquids at the nanoscale. Quantitative investigations into reactions with fast kinetics and/or multiple reagents will benefit from further advances in liquid cell design that facilitate rapid in situ mixing and precise control over reagent volumes and concentrations. This work reports the development of inorganic-organic nanocapsules for high-resolution TEM imaging of nanoscale reactions in liquids with well-defined zeptoliter volumes. These hybrid nanocapsules, with 48 nm average diameter, consist of a thin layer of gold coating a lipid vesicle. As a model reaction, the nucleation, growth, and diffusion of nanobubbles generated by the radiolysis of water is investigated inside the nanocapsules. When the nanobubbles are sufficiently small (10-25 nm diameter), they are mobile in the nanocapsules, but their movement deviates from Brownian motion, which may result from geometric confinement by the nanocapsules. Gases and fluids can be transported between two nanocapsules when they fuse, demonstrating in situ mixing without using complex microfluidic schemes. The ability to synthesize nanocapsules with controlled sizes and to monitor dynamics simultaneously inside multiple nanocapsules provides opportunities to investigate nanoscale processes such as single nanoparticle synthesis in confined volumes and biological processes such as biomineralization and membrane dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sardar B Alam
- The Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
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181
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Chen YC, Sood C, Marin M, Aaron J, Gratton E, Salaita K, Melikyan GB. Super-Resolution Fluorescence Imaging Reveals That Serine Incorporator Protein 5 Inhibits Human Immunodeficiency Virus Fusion by Disrupting Envelope Glycoprotein Clusters. ACS NANO 2020; 14:10929-10943. [PMID: 32441921 PMCID: PMC8274448 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c02699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Serine incorporator protein 5 (SERINC5) is the host antiretroviral factor that reduces HIV-1 infectivity by incorporating into virions and inhibiting the envelope glycoprotein (Env) mediated virus fusion with target cells. We and others have shown that SERINC5 incorporation into virions alters the Env structure and sensitizes the virus to broadly neutralizing antibodies targeting cryptic Env epitopes. We have also found that SERINC5 accelerates the loss of Env function over time compared to control viruses. However, the exact mechanism by which SERINC5 inhibits HIV-1 fusion is not understood. Here, we utilized 2D and 3D super-resolution microscopy to examine the effect of SERINC5 on the distribution of Env glycoproteins on single HIV-1 particles. We find that, in agreement with a previous report, Env glycoproteins form clusters on the surface of mature virions. Importantly, incorporation of SERINC5, but not SERINC2, which lacks antiviral activity, disrupted Env clusters without affecting the overall Env content. We also show that SERINC5 and SERINC2 also form clusters on single virions. Unexpectedly, Env and SERINC molecules exhibited poor codistribution on virions, as evidenced by much greater Env-SERINC pairwise distances compared to Env-Env distances. This observation is inconsistent with the previously reported interaction between Env and SERINC5 and suggests an indirect effect of SERINC5 on Env cluster formation. Collectively, our results reveal a multifaceted mechanism of SERINC5-mediated restriction of HIV-1 fusion that, aside from the effects on individual Env trimers, involves disruption of Env clusters, which likely serve as sites of viral fusion with target cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yen-Cheng Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Chetan Sood
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Mariana Marin
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Jesse Aaron
- Janelia Research Campus, Ashburn, VA, 20147, USA
| | - Enrico Gratton
- Laboratory for Fluorescence Dynamics, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92617, USA
| | - Khalid Salaita
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Gregory B. Melikyan
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
- Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
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182
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Shigematsu T, Koshiyama K, Wada S. Kelvin-Helmholtz-like instability of phospholipid bilayers under shear flow: System-size dependence. Phys Rev E 2020; 102:022408. [PMID: 32942508 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.102.022408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
We performed a series of molecular dynamics (MD) simulations of phospholipid bilayers under shear flow to estimate the effect of the system size on Kelvin-Helmholtz (KH)-like instability of the bilayer at the molecular scale. To extend the estimation by the MD simulations to the microscale, we introduced linear stability analysis for the fluid-fluid interface consisting of a thin membrane. For both the MD simulations and theoretical model, the critical velocity difference across the bilayer, where instability occurs, decreased with increasing wavelength of the bilayer undulation λ, which corresponds to the system size. When λ was more than about ten times larger than the bilayer thickness, the critical velocity difference in the MD simulations was in quantitative agreement with that obtained by the theoretical model. This means that the theoretical model is applicable for the shear-induced KH-like instability of the bilayer for large λ. The theoretical model showed that the critical velocity difference for the KH-like instability was proportional to λ^{-3/2}. Based on these results, we discuss the implications of the shear-induced bilayer instability in the shear-induced cell damage observed in experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taiki Shigematsu
- Department of Mechanical Science and Bioengineering, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka, 560-8531, Japan
| | - Kenichiro Koshiyama
- Graduate School of Technology, Industrial and Social Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima 770-8506, Japan
| | - Shigeo Wada
- Department of Mechanical Science and Bioengineering, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka, 560-8531, Japan
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183
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Wang K, Zhou L, Li J, Liu W, Wei Y, Guo Z, Fan C, Hu J, Li B, Wang L. Label-Free and Three-Dimensional Visualization Reveals the Dynamics of Plasma Membrane-Derived Extracellular Vesicles. NANO LETTERS 2020; 20:6313-6319. [PMID: 32794717 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.0c01735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Plasma membrane-derived extracellular vesicles (PEVs) are carriers of biological molecules that perform special cell-cell communications. Nevertheless, the characterization of complicated PEV biology is hampered by the failure of current methods, mainly due to lack of specific labels and insufficient resolution. Here, we employed atomic force microscopy and scanning ion conductance microscopy, both capable of three-dimensional nanoscale resolution, for the label-free visualization of the PEV morphology, release, and uptake at the single-vesicle level. Except for classical microvesicles, we observed a cluster-like PEVs subtype in tumor cells. Moreover, both PEV subtype release times positively correlated with size. Through three-dimensional nanoscale imaging, we visualized the multiform PEV-cell interaction behaviors of individual vesicles, which was challenged in conventional PEV imaging. Finally, we developed single-cell manipulation strategies to induce micrometer-sized PEV generation. Collectively, these results revealed the heterogeneous morphology and dynamics of PEVs at the single vesicle level, which provided new insight into the PEV biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaizhe Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Interfacial Physics and Technology, Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201800, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Limin Zhou
- CAS Key Laboratory of Interfacial Physics and Technology, Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201800, China
- Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Jiang Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Interfacial Physics and Technology, Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201800, China
- Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Wenjing Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Interfacial Physics and Technology, Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201800, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yuhui Wei
- CAS Key Laboratory of Interfacial Physics and Technology, Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201800, China
- Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Zhen Guo
- CAS Key Laboratory of Interfacial Physics and Technology, Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201800, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Chunhai Fan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, and Institute of Molecular Medicine, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Jun Hu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Interfacial Physics and Technology, Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201800, China
- Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Bin Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Interfacial Physics and Technology, Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201800, China
- Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Lihua Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Interfacial Physics and Technology, Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201800, China
- Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201210, China
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184
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Swelling-strengthening hydrogels by embedding with deformable nanobarriers. Nat Commun 2020; 11:4502. [PMID: 32908136 PMCID: PMC7481780 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-18308-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Biological tissues, such as muscle, can increase their mechanical strength after swelling due to the existence of many biological membrane barriers that can regulate the transmembrane transport of water molecules and ions. Oppositely, typical synthetic materials show a swelling-weakening behavior, which always suffers from a sharp decline in mechanical strength after swelling, because of the dilution of the network. Here, we describe a swelling-strengthening phenomenon of polymer materials achieved by a bioinspired strategy. Liposomal membrane nanobarriers are covalently embedded in a crosslinked network to regulate transmembrane transport. After swelling, the stretched network deforms the liposomes and subsequently initiates the transmembrane diffusion of the encapsulated molecules that can trigger the formation of a new network from the preloaded precursor. Thanks to the tough nature of the double-network structure, the swelling-strengthening phenomenon is achieved to polymer hydrogels successfully. Swelling-triggered self-strengthening enables the development of various dynamic materials.
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185
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Villamil Giraldo AM, Kasson PM. Bilayer-Coated Nanoparticles Reveal How Influenza Viral Entry Depends on Membrane Deformability but Not Curvature. J Phys Chem Lett 2020; 11:7190-7196. [PMID: 32808796 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.0c01778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Enveloped viruses infect cells via fusion between the viral envelope and a cellular membrane. This membrane fusion process is driven by viral proteins, but slow stochastic protein activation dominates the fusion kinetics, making it challenging to probe the role of membrane mechanics in viral entry directly. Furthermore, many changes to the interacting membranes alter the curvature, deformability, and spatial organization of membranes simultaneously. We have used bilayer-coated silica nanoparticles to restrict the deformability of lipid membranes in a controllable manner. The single-event kinetics for fusion of influenza virus to coated nanoparticles permits independent testing of how the membrane curvature and deformability control the free energy barriers to fusion. Varying the free energy of membrane deformation, but not membrane curvature, causes a corresponding response in the fusion kinetics and fusion protein stoichiometry. Thus, the main free energy barrier to lipid mixing by influenza virus is controlled by membrane deformability and not the initial membrane curvature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana M Villamil Giraldo
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala 75124, Sweden
| | - Peter M Kasson
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala 75124, Sweden
- Departments of Molecular Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908, United States
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186
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Ding L, Pelcovits RA, Powers TR. Shapes of fluid membranes with chiral edges. Phys Rev E 2020; 102:032608. [PMID: 33075976 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.102.032608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
We carry out Monte Carlo simulations of a colloidal fluid membrane with a free edge and composed of chiral rodlike viruses. The membrane is modeled by a triangular mesh of beads connected by bonds in which the bonds and beads are free to move at each Monte Carlo step. Since the constituent viruses are experimentally observed to twist only near the membrane edge, we use an effective energy that favors a particular sign of the geodesic torsion of the edge. The effective energy also includes the membrane bending stiffness, edge bending stiffness, and edge tension. We find three classes of membrane shapes resulting from the competition of the various terms in the free energy: branched shapes, chiral disks, and vesicles. Increasing the edge bending stiffness smooths the membrane edge, leading to correlations among the membrane normals at different points along the edge. The normalized power spectrum for edge displacements shows a peak with increasing preferred geodesic torsion. We also consider membrane shapes under an external force by fixing the distance between two ends of the membrane and finding the shape for increasing values of the distance between the two ends. As the distance increases, the membrane twists into a ribbon, with the force eventually reaching a plateau.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijie Ding
- Department of Physics, Brown University, 182 Hope Street, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, USA
| | - Robert A Pelcovits
- Department of Physics, Brown University, 182 Hope Street, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, USA
- Brown Theoretical Physics Center and Department of Physics, Brown University, 182 Hope Street, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, USA
| | - Thomas R Powers
- Department of Physics, Brown University, 182 Hope Street, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, USA
- Center for Fluid Mechanics and Department of Physics, Brown University, 182 Hope Street, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, USA
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187
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Dadhich R, Kapoor S. Various Facets of Pathogenic Lipids in Infectious Diseases: Exploring Virulent Lipid-Host Interactome and Their Druggability. J Membr Biol 2020; 253:399-423. [PMID: 32833058 PMCID: PMC7443855 DOI: 10.1007/s00232-020-00135-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Lipids form an integral, structural, and functional part of all life forms. They play a significant role in various cellular processes such as membrane fusion, fission, endocytosis, protein trafficking, and protein functions. Interestingly, recent studies have revealed their more impactful and critical involvement in infectious diseases, starting with the manipulation of the host membrane to facilitate pathogenic entry. Thereafter, pathogens recruit specific host lipids for the maintenance of favorable intracellular niche to augment their survival and proliferation. In this review, we showcase the lipid-mediated host pathogen interplay in context of life-threatening viral and bacterial diseases including the recent SARS-CoV-2 infection. We evaluate the emergent lipid-centric approaches adopted by these pathogens, while delineating the alterations in the composition and organization of the cell membrane within the host, as well as the pathogen. Lastly, crucial nexus points in their interaction landscape for therapeutic interventions are identified. Lipids act as critical determinants of bacterial and viral pathogenesis by altering the host cell membrane structure and functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruchika Dadhich
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, 400076, India.
| | - Shobhna Kapoor
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, 400076, India.
- Wadhwani Research Centre for Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, 400076, India.
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188
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Botet-Carreras A, Montero MT, Sot J, Domènech Ò, Borrell JH. Characterization of monolayers and liposomes that mimic lipid composition of HeLa cells. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2020; 196:111288. [PMID: 32759004 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2020.111288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Revised: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
In this work, based on several studies, we develop an artificial lipid membrane to mimic the HeLa cell membrane using 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphatidylcholine (POPC), 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine (POPE), 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho-l-serine (POPS) and cholesterol (CHOL). This is then a means to further study the fusion process of specific engineered liposomes. To characterize the mimicked HeLa cell membrane, we determined a series of surface pressure-area (π-A) isotherms and the isothermal compression modulus was calculated together with the dipole moment normal to the plane of the monolayer. The existence of laterally segregated domains was assessed using a fluorescence technique (Laurdan) and two microscopy techniques: Brewster angle microscopy (BAM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) of Langmuir-Blodgett films (LBs) extracted at 30 mN m-1. To examine the nature and composition of the observed domains, force spectroscopy (FS) based on AFM was applied to the LBs. Finally, two engineered liposome formulations were tested in a fusion assay against mimicked HeLa cell membrane LBs, showing good results and thereby opening the door to further assays and uses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrià Botet-Carreras
- Secció de Fisicoquímica, Facultat de Farmàcia i Ciències de l'Alimentació, Spain; Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (IN(2)UB), Universitat de Barcelona (UB), 08028, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - M Teresa Montero
- Secció de Fisicoquímica, Facultat de Farmàcia i Ciències de l'Alimentació, Spain; Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (IN(2)UB), Universitat de Barcelona (UB), 08028, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Jesús Sot
- Instituto Biofisika (CSIC-UPV/HEU, Campus Universitario, 48940, Leioa, Basque Country, Spain
| | - Òscar Domènech
- Secció de Fisicoquímica, Facultat de Farmàcia i Ciències de l'Alimentació, Spain; Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (IN(2)UB), Universitat de Barcelona (UB), 08028, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Jordi H Borrell
- Secció de Fisicoquímica, Facultat de Farmàcia i Ciències de l'Alimentació, Spain; Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (IN(2)UB), Universitat de Barcelona (UB), 08028, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.
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189
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Akimov SA, Kondrashov OV, Zimmerberg J, Batishchev OV. Ectodomain Pulling Combines with Fusion Peptide Inserting to Provide Cooperative Fusion for Influenza Virus and HIV. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21155411. [PMID: 32751407 PMCID: PMC7432320 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21155411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Revised: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Enveloped viruses include the most dangerous human and animal pathogens, in particular coronavirus, influenza virus, and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). For these viruses, receptor binding and entry are accomplished by a single viral envelope protein (termed the fusion protein), the structural changes of which trigger the remodeling and merger of the viral and target cellular membranes. The number of fusion proteins required for fusion activity is still under debate, and several studies report this value to range from 1 to 9 for type I fusion proteins. Here, we consider the earliest stage of viral fusion based on the continuum theory of membrane elasticity. We demonstrate that membrane deformations induced by the oblique insertion of amphipathic fusion peptides mediate the lateral interaction of these peptides and drive them to form into a symmetric fusion rosette. The pulling force produced by the structural rearrangements of the fusion protein ectodomains gives additional torque, which deforms the membrane and additionally stabilizes the symmetric fusion rosette, thus allowing a reduction in the number of fusion peptides needed for fusion. These findings can resolve the large range of published cooperativity indices for HIV, influenza, and other type I fusion proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergey A. Akimov
- Laboratory of Bioelectrochemistry, A.N. Frumkin Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 31/4 Leninskiy Prospekt, 119071 Moscow, Russia; (O.V.K.); (O.V.B.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +7-495-955-4776
| | - Oleg V. Kondrashov
- Laboratory of Bioelectrochemistry, A.N. Frumkin Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 31/4 Leninskiy Prospekt, 119071 Moscow, Russia; (O.V.K.); (O.V.B.)
| | - Joshua Zimmerberg
- Section on Integrative Biophysics, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA;
| | - Oleg V. Batishchev
- Laboratory of Bioelectrochemistry, A.N. Frumkin Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 31/4 Leninskiy Prospekt, 119071 Moscow, Russia; (O.V.K.); (O.V.B.)
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190
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Tolosa-Díaz A, Almendro-Vedia VG, Natale P, López-Montero I. The GDP-Bound State of Mitochondrial Mfn1 Induces Membrane Adhesion of Apposing Lipid Vesicles through a Cooperative Binding Mechanism. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10071085. [PMID: 32708307 PMCID: PMC7407159 DOI: 10.3390/biom10071085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2020] [Revised: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria are double-membrane organelles that continuously undergo fission and fusion. Outer mitochondrial membrane fusion is mediated by the membrane proteins mitofusin 1 (Mfn1) and mitofusin 2 (Mfn2), carrying a GTP hydrolyzing domain (GTPase) and two coiled-coil repeats. The detailed mechanism on how the GTP hydrolysis allows Mfns to approach adjacent membranes into proximity and promote their fusion is currently under debate. Using model membranes built up as giant unilamellar vesicles (GUVs), we show here that Mfn1 promotes membrane adhesion of apposing lipid vesicles. The adhesion forces were sustained by the GDP-bound state of Mfn1 after GTP hydrolysis. In contrast, the incubation with the GDP:AlF4−, which mimics the GTP transition state, did not induce membrane adhesion. Due to the flexible nature of lipid membranes, the adhesion strength depended on the surface concentration of Mfn1 through a cooperative binding mechanism. We discuss a possible scenario for the outer mitochondrial membrane fusion based on the modulated action of Mfn1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrés Tolosa-Díaz
- Dto. Química Física, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Avenida Complutense s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (A.T.-D.); (V.G.A.-V.)
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica Hospital Doce de Octubre (imas12), Avenida de Córdoba s/n, 28041 Madrid, Spain
| | - Víctor G. Almendro-Vedia
- Dto. Química Física, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Avenida Complutense s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (A.T.-D.); (V.G.A.-V.)
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica Hospital Doce de Octubre (imas12), Avenida de Córdoba s/n, 28041 Madrid, Spain
| | - Paolo Natale
- Dto. Química Física, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Avenida Complutense s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (A.T.-D.); (V.G.A.-V.)
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica Hospital Doce de Octubre (imas12), Avenida de Córdoba s/n, 28041 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence: (P.N.); (I.L.-M.)
| | - Iván López-Montero
- Dto. Química Física, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Avenida Complutense s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (A.T.-D.); (V.G.A.-V.)
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica Hospital Doce de Octubre (imas12), Avenida de Córdoba s/n, 28041 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence: (P.N.); (I.L.-M.)
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191
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Calcium-triggered fusion of lipid membranes is enabled by amphiphilic nanoparticles. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:18470-18476. [PMID: 32690682 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1902597117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Lipid membrane fusion is an essential process for a number of critical biological functions. The overall process is thermodynamically favorable but faces multiple kinetic barriers along the way. Inspired by nature's engineered proteins such as SNAP receptor [soluble N-ethylmale-imide-sensitive factor-attachment protein receptor (SNARE)] complexes or viral fusogenic proteins that actively promote the development of membrane proximity, nucleation of a stalk, and triggered expansion of the fusion pore, here we introduce a synthetic fusogen that can modulate membrane fusion and equivalently prime lipid membranes for calcium-triggered fusion. Our fusogen consists of a gold nanoparticle functionalized with an amphiphilic monolayer of alkanethiol ligands that had previously been shown to fuse with lipid bilayers. While previous efforts to develop synthetic fusogens have only replicated the initial steps of the fusion cascade, we use molecular simulations and complementary experimental techniques to demonstrate that these nanoparticles can induce the formation of a lipid stalk and also drive its expansion into a fusion pore upon the addition of excess calcium. These results have important implications in general understanding of stimuli-triggered fusion and the development of synthetic fusogens for biomedical applications.
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192
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Winkeljohn CM, Himberg B, Vanegas JM. Balance of Solvent and Chain Interactions Determines the Local Stress State of Simulated Membranes. J Phys Chem B 2020; 124:6963-6971. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.0c03937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Conner M. Winkeljohn
- Department of Physics, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont 05405, United States
| | - Benjamin Himberg
- Materials Science Graduate Program, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont 05405, United States
| | - Juan M. Vanegas
- Department of Physics, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont 05405, United States
- Materials Science Graduate Program, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont 05405, United States
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193
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SNAREs, tethers and SM proteins: how to overcome the final barriers to membrane fusion? Biochem J 2020; 477:243-258. [PMID: 31951000 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20190050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Revised: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Physiological membrane vesicles are built to separate reaction spaces in a stable manner, even when they accidentally collide or are kept in apposition by spatial constraints in the cell. This requires a natural resistance to fusion and mixing of their content, which originates from substantial energetic barriers to membrane fusion [1]. To facilitate intracellular membrane fusion reactions in a controlled manner, proteinaceous fusion machineries have evolved. An important open question is whether protein fusion machineries actively pull the fusion reaction over the present free energy barriers, or whether they rather catalyze fusion by lowering those barriers. At first sight, fusion proteins such as SNARE complexes and viral fusion proteins appear to act as nano-machines, which mechanically transduce force to the membranes and thereby overcome the free energy barriers [2,3]. Whether fusion proteins additionally alter the free energy landscape of the fusion reaction via catalytic roles is less obvious. This is a question that we shall discuss in this review, with particular focus on the influence of the eukaryotic SNARE-dependent fusion machinery on the final step of the reaction, the formation and expansion of the fusion pore.
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194
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Kang JH, Ko HM, Han GD, Lee SY, Moon JS, Kim MS, Koh JT, Kim SH. Dual role of phosphatidylserine and its receptors in osteoclastogenesis. Cell Death Dis 2020; 11:497. [PMID: 32612123 PMCID: PMC7330034 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-020-2712-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Revised: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Fusion and apoptosis share a breakdown of the membrane phospholipids asymmetry, modes of which are largely unknown in osteoclastogenesis. Here, we investigated the externalization of phosphatidylserine (PS) and its receptors, and their biological functions in osteoclastogenesis. Strong immunoreactivities in vivo for the PS receptors TIM4, BAI1, and STAB2 were observed in the TRAP-positive multinucleated cells in the alveolar bone that was being remodeled around the developing dental follicles in rats. These receptors were significantly upregulated during M-CSF/RANKL-induced in vitro osteoclastogenesis using mouse bone marrow-derived cells. PS externalization in preosteoclasts was increased by the M-CSF/RANKL treatment. Multinucleation of preosteoclasts was markedly inhibited by antibodies against PS and its receptors. Among the investigated lipid transporter proteins, floppases (Abcb4, Abcc5, and Abcg1) were upregulated, whereas flippases (Atp11c and Atp8a1) downregulated during osteoclastogenesis. Preosteoclast fusion was markedly blocked by the ATPase inhibitor Na3VO4 and siRNAs against Abcc5 and Abcg1, revealing the importance of these lipid transporters in PS externalization. Further, the levels of Cd47 and Cd31, don't-eat-me signal inducers, were increased or sustained in the early phase of osteoclastogenesis, whereas those of AnnexinI and Mfg-e8, eat-me signals inducers, were increased in the late apoptotic phase. In addition, Z-VAD-FMK, a pan caspase inhibitor, had no effect on preosteoclast fusion in the early phase of osteoclastogenesis, whereas Abs against PS, TIM4, and BAI1 decreased osteoclast apoptosis during the late phase. These results suggest that PS externalization is essential for the whole process of osteoclastogenesis and share PS receptors and transporters in the early stage fusion and late stage apoptosis. Therefore, modulation of PS and its receptors could be a useful strategy to develop anti-bone resorptive agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jee-Hae Kang
- Dental Science Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, Korea
| | - Hyun-Mi Ko
- Dental Science Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, Korea
| | - Geum-Dong Han
- Dental Science Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, Korea
| | - Su-Young Lee
- Dental Science Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, Korea
| | - Jung-Sun Moon
- Dental Science Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, Korea
| | - Min-Seok Kim
- Dental Science Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, Korea
| | - Jeong-Tae Koh
- Dental Science Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, Korea
| | - Sun-Hun Kim
- Dental Science Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, Korea.
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195
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Di Marino D, Bruno A, Grimaldi M, Scrima M, Stillitano I, Amodio G, Della Sala G, Romagnoli A, De Santis A, Moltedo O, Remondelli P, Boccia G, D'Errico G, D'Ursi AM, Limongelli V. Binding of the Anti-FIV Peptide C8 to Differently Charged Membrane Models: From First Docking to Membrane Tubulation. Front Chem 2020; 8:493. [PMID: 32676493 PMCID: PMC7333769 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2020.00493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Gp36 is the virus envelope glycoproteins catalyzing the fusion of the feline immunodeficiency virus with the host cells. The peptide C8 is a tryptophan-rich peptide corresponding to the fragment 770W-I777 of gp36 exerting antiviral activity by binding the membrane cell and inhibiting the virus entry. Several factors, including the membrane surface charge, regulate the binding of C8 to the lipid membrane. Based on the evidence that imperceptible variation of membrane charge may induce a dramatic effect in several critical biological events, in the present work we investigate the effect induced by systematic variation of charge in phospholipid bilayers on the aptitude of C8 to interact with lipid membranes, the tendency of C8 to assume specific conformational states and the re-organization of the lipid bilayer upon the interaction with C8. Accordingly, employing a bottom-up multiscale protocol, including CD, NMR, ESR spectroscopy, atomistic molecular dynamics simulations, and confocal microscopy, we studied C8 in six membrane models composed of different ratios of zwitterionic/negatively charged phospholipids. Our data show that charge content modulates C8-membrane binding with significant effects on the peptide conformations. C8 in micelle solution or in SUV formed by DPC or DOPC zwitterionic phospholipids assumes regular β-turn structures that are progressively destabilized as the concentration of negatively charged SDS or DOPG phospholipids exceed 40%. Interaction of C8 with zwitterionic membrane surface is mediated by Trp1 and Trp4 that are deepened in the membrane, forming H-bonds and cation-π interactions with the DOPC polar heads. Additional stabilizing salt bridge interactions involve Glu2 and Asp3. MD and ESR data show that the C8-membrane affinity increases as the concentration of zwitterionic phospholipid increases. In the lipid membrane characterized by an excess of zwitterionic phospholipids, C8 is adsorbed at the membrane interface, inducing a stiffening of the outer region of the DOPC bilayer. However, the bound of C8 significantly perturbs the whole organization of lipid bilayer resulting in membrane remodeling. These events, measurable as a variation of the bilayer thickness, are the onset mechanism of the membrane fusion and vesicle tubulation observed in confocal microscopy by imaging zwitterionic MLVs in the presence of C8 peptide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Di Marino
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, New York-Marche Structural Biology Center (NY-MaSBiC), Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Agostino Bruno
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | | | - Mario Scrima
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Fisciano, Italy
| | | | - Giuseppina Amodio
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry "Scuola Medica Salernitana", University of Salerno, Baronissi, Italy
| | - Grazia Della Sala
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Alice Romagnoli
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, New York-Marche Structural Biology Center (NY-MaSBiC), Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Augusta De Santis
- Department of Chemical Science, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Ornella Moltedo
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Fisciano, Italy
| | - Paolo Remondelli
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry "Scuola Medica Salernitana", University of Salerno, Baronissi, Italy
| | - Giovanni Boccia
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry "Scuola Medica Salernitana", University of Salerno, Baronissi, Italy
| | - Gerardino D'Errico
- Department of Chemical Science, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | | | - Vittorio Limongelli
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy.,Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Computational Science, Università della Svizzera italiana (USI), Lugano, Switzerland
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196
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Tang T, Bidon M, Jaimes JA, Whittaker GR, Daniel S. Coronavirus membrane fusion mechanism offers a potential target for antiviral development. Antiviral Res 2020. [PMID: 32272173 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/17/2023]
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has focused attention on the need to develop effective therapies against the causative agent, SARS-CoV-2, and also against other pathogenic coronaviruses (CoV) that have emerged in the past or might appear in future. Researchers are therefore focusing on steps in the CoV replication cycle that may be vulnerable to inhibition by broad-spectrum or specific antiviral agents. The conserved nature of the fusion domain and mechanism across the CoV family make it a valuable target to elucidate and develop pan-CoV therapeutics. In this article, we review the role of the CoV spike protein in mediating fusion of the viral and host cell membranes, summarizing the results of research on SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, and recent peer-reviewed studies of SARS-CoV-2, and suggest that the fusion mechanism be investigated as a potential antiviral target. We also provide a supplemental file containing background information on the biology, epidemiology, and clinical features of all human-infecting coronaviruses, along with a phylogenetic tree of these coronaviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiffany Tang
- Robert Frederick Smith School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Miya Bidon
- Robert Frederick Smith School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Javier A Jaimes
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Gary R Whittaker
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Susan Daniel
- Robert Frederick Smith School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA.
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197
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Tang T, Bidon M, Jaimes JA, Whittaker GR, Daniel S. Coronavirus membrane fusion mechanism offers a potential target for antiviral development. Antiviral Res 2020; 178:104792. [PMID: 32272173 PMCID: PMC7194977 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2020.104792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 521] [Impact Index Per Article: 130.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2020] [Revised: 04/05/2020] [Accepted: 04/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has focused attention on the need to develop effective therapies against the causative agent, SARS-CoV-2, and also against other pathogenic coronaviruses (CoV) that have emerged in the past or might appear in future. Researchers are therefore focusing on steps in the CoV replication cycle that may be vulnerable to inhibition by broad-spectrum or specific antiviral agents. The conserved nature of the fusion domain and mechanism across the CoV family make it a valuable target to elucidate and develop pan-CoV therapeutics. In this article, we review the role of the CoV spike protein in mediating fusion of the viral and host cell membranes, summarizing the results of research on SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, and recent peer-reviewed studies of SARS-CoV-2, and suggest that the fusion mechanism be investigated as a potential antiviral target. We also provide a supplemental file containing background information on the biology, epidemiology, and clinical features of all human-infecting coronaviruses, along with a phylogenetic tree of these coronaviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiffany Tang
- Robert Frederick Smith School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Miya Bidon
- Robert Frederick Smith School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Javier A Jaimes
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Gary R Whittaker
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Susan Daniel
- Robert Frederick Smith School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA.
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198
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Akimov SA, Molotkovsky RJ, Kuzmin PI, Galimzyanov TR, Batishchev OV. Continuum Models of Membrane Fusion: Evolution of the Theory. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E3875. [PMID: 32485905 PMCID: PMC7312925 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21113875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 05/24/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Starting from fertilization, through tissue growth, hormone secretion, synaptic transmission, and sometimes morbid events of carcinogenesis and viral infections, membrane fusion regulates the whole life of high organisms. Despite that, a lot of fusion processes still lack well-established models and even a list of main actors. A merger of membranes requires their topological rearrangements controlled by elastic properties of a lipid bilayer. That is why continuum models based on theories of membrane elasticity are actively applied for the construction of physical models of membrane fusion. Started from the view on the membrane as a structureless film with postulated geometry of fusion intermediates, they developed along with experimental and computational techniques to a powerful tool for prediction of the whole process with molecular accuracy. In the present review, focusing on fusion processes occurring in eukaryotic cells, we scrutinize the history of these models, their evolution and complication, as well as open questions and remaining theoretical problems. We show that modern approaches in this field allow continuum models of membrane fusion to stand shoulder to shoulder with molecular dynamics simulations, and provide the deepest understanding of this process in multiple biological systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergey A. Akimov
- Laboratory of Bioelectrochemistry, A.N. Frumkin Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 31/4 Leninskiy Prospekt, 119071 Moscow, Russia; (R.J.M.); (P.I.K.); (T.R.G.); (O.V.B.)
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Kitano VJF, Ohyama Y, Hayashida C, Ito J, Okayasu M, Sato T, Ogasawara T, Tsujita M, Kakino A, Shimada J, Sawamura T, Hakeda Y. LDL uptake-dependent phosphatidylethanolamine translocation to the cell surface promotes fusion of osteoclast-like cells. J Cell Sci 2020; 133:jcs243840. [PMID: 32295848 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.243840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteoporosis is associated with vessel diseases attributed to hyperlipidemia, and bone resorption by multinucleated osteoclasts is related to lipid metabolism. In this study, we generated low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR)/lectin-like oxidized LDL receptor-1 (LOX-1, also known as Olr1) double knockout (dKO) mice. We found that, like LDLR single KO (sKO), LDLR/LOX-1 dKO impaired cell-cell fusion of osteoclast-like cells (OCLs). LDLR/LOX-1 dKO and LDLR sKO preosteoclasts exhibited decreased uptake of LDL. The cell surface cholesterol levels of both LDLR/LOX-1 dKO and LDLR sKO osteoclasts were lower than the levels of wild-type OCLs. Additionally, the amount of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) on the cell surface was attenuated in LDLR/LOX-1 dKO and LDLR sKO preosteoclasts, whereas the PE distribution in wild-type OCLs was concentrated on the filopodia in contact with neighboring cells. Abrogation of the ATP binding cassette G1 (ABCG1) transporter, which transfers PE to the cell surface, caused decreased PE translocation to the cell surface and subsequent cell-cell fusion. The findings of this study indicate the involvement of a novel cascade (LDLR∼ABCG1∼PE translocation to cell surface∼cell-cell fusion) in multinucleation of OCLs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor J F Kitano
- Division of Oral Anatomy, Meikai University School of Dentistry, Sakado, Saitama 350-0283, Japan
- Division of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Meikai University School of Dentistry, Sakado, Saitama 350-0283, Japan
| | - Yoko Ohyama
- Division of Oral Anatomy, Meikai University School of Dentistry, Sakado, Saitama 350-0283, Japan
- Division of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Meikai University School of Dentistry, Sakado, Saitama 350-0283, Japan
| | - Chiyomi Hayashida
- Division of Oral Anatomy, Meikai University School of Dentistry, Sakado, Saitama 350-0283, Japan
| | - Junta Ito
- Josai University, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Clinical Dietetics and Human Nutrition, Sakado, Saitama 350-0295, Japan
| | - Mari Okayasu
- Division of Oral-maxillofacial Surgery, Dentistry and Orthodontics, The University of Tokyo Hospital, Hongo, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Takuya Sato
- Division of Oral Anatomy, Meikai University School of Dentistry, Sakado, Saitama 350-0283, Japan
| | - Toru Ogasawara
- Division of Oral-maxillofacial Surgery, Dentistry and Orthodontics, The University of Tokyo Hospital, Hongo, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Maki Tsujita
- Department of Biochemistry, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Kawasumi, Mizuho-cho, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 467-8601, Japan
| | - Akemi Kakino
- Department of Physiology, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Nagano 390-8621, Japan
| | - Jun Shimada
- Division of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Meikai University School of Dentistry, Sakado, Saitama 350-0283, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Sawamura
- Department of Physiology, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Nagano 390-8621, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Hakeda
- Division of Oral Anatomy, Meikai University School of Dentistry, Sakado, Saitama 350-0283, Japan
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200
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Structural characteristics of measles virus entry. Curr Opin Virol 2020; 41:52-58. [PMID: 32413678 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2020.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2020] [Revised: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Measles virus, a member of the genus Morbillivirus, is highly contagious and still shows considerable mortality with over 100000 deaths annually, although efficient attenuated vaccines exist. Recent studies of measles virus haemagglutinin (MeV-H) and its receptor, including crystallographic and electron microscopic structural analyses combined with functional assays, have revealed how the MeV-H protein recognizes its cognate receptors, SLAM and Nectin-4, and how the glycan shield ensures effective vaccination. In addition, the crystal structure of the MeV-F protein indicated its similarity to those of other paramyxoviruses. Taking into account these data, several models of viral entry/membrane fusion of measles viruses and related paramyxoviruses have been proposed. Furthermore, anti-MeV-F inhibitors targeted to specific regions to inhibit MeV-F protein activation were reported, with potency for preventing MeV infection. The inhibitors targeted for entry events may potentially be applied to treatment of MeV-derived diseases, although escape mutations and drug profiles should be considered.
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